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单词 withhold
释义

withholdv.

Brit. /wɪðˈhəʊld/, /wɪθˈhəʊld/, U.S. /wɪθˈhoʊld/, /wɪðˈhoʊld/
Forms: see with- prefix and hold v.; Middle English–1600s occasionally as two words, 1500s–1700s frequently with hyphen; also Middle English wiðealden, Middle English withald, Middle English–1500s withalde, Middle English–1700s withold; past tense Middle English wiðeld, Middle English without, 1500s pseudo-archaic with hault; past participle Middle English–Middle English witholde, Middle English–1700s witholden (withholden was still frequently in the 19th century).
Etymology: < with- prefix + hold v.
1.
a. transitive. To keep from doing something; to keep in check or under restraint; to hold back, restrain.Formerly also const. inf. = from doing a thing.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restrain [verb (intransitive)]
withholdc1200
restraina1425
retract1548
society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restrain [verb (transitive)]
pindeOE
steerc950
hold971
forbidc1000
withstewc1175
withholdc1200
stewa1225
crempa1250
bistintc1300
i-stillc1315
withdraw1340
entemperc1380
rebukec1380
forfenda1382
refraina1382
refrainc1390
restraina1393
restayc1400
retainc1415
to hold abackc1440
overholda1450
reclaim?c1450
revokec1450
bedwynge1480
sniba1500
repressa1525
rein1531
inhibit1535
to keep back1535
cohibit1544
reprimec1550
lithe1552
to rein up1574
check1581
embridle1583
to rein in1593
retrench1594
refrenate1599
to hold back1600
snip1601
becheck1605
sneap1611
trasha1616
supersede1645
reprimand1689
snape1691
to clap a guy on1814
to pull up1861
to pull in1893
withstrain1904
c1200 Vices & Virtues 107 Alle unwilles ðe cumeð of ðe manne, ðies hes atempreð, & wiðhalt te misdon.
c1200 Vices & Virtues 143 Godd..wiðeld alle reines þrie hier & six moneþes.
c1290 Beket 1254 in S. Eng. Leg. 142 The teres fullen out of is eiȝene, he ne miȝte with-holden heom nouȝt.
1379 MS Gloucester Cathedral 19 No. 1. i. iv. lf. 11 b It..letteth & withholdeth the colre froo his kind decoccion.
1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis II. 240 Jason..Ne mihte noght with~holde his lok, Bot so good hiede on hire he tok, That [etc.].
1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis II. 284 To be withholde ayein largesse.
c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness l. 740 I schal..wyth-halde my honde for hortyng on lede.
c1400 tr. Secr. Secr., Gov. Lordsh. 113 Y withdrew me, & ouercome my self, for to withholde my couetyse.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) Job xvii. 4 Thou hast with holden their hertes from vnder~stondinge.
1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry V f. lxx Forasmuche as our saied father is witholden with diuerse sicknes, in such maner as he maie not intende in his owne persone.
a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) v. vi. 38 With-hold thine indignation, mighty heauen. View more context for this quotation
a1616 W. Shakespeare Julius Caesar (1623) iii. ii. 104 What cause with-holds you then, to mourne for him? View more context for this quotation
1696 N. Tate & N. Brady New Version Psalms of David xl. 9 Nor did [I]..my Lips with-hold.
1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 276 So I with-held my Passion, though I was indeed enrag'd to the highest Degree.
1742 S. Johnson Sydenham's Wks. (1787) IV. 493 He was with-held from the university by the commencement of the war.
1742 H. Fielding Joseph Andrews I. ii. v. 194 Had not some Awe of the Company..with-held his Rage. View more context for this quotation
1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones II. v. ii. 123 From serenading his Patient every Hunting Morning with the Horn.., it was impossible to withhold him. View more context for this quotation
1780 S. Johnson Let. 8 May (1992) III. 253 Such is the call for your presence; what is there to withold you.
1868 T. T. Lynch Rivulet (ed. 3) cxvii. 138 While darkness yet withheld the dawn.
1873 J. G. Holland Arthur Bonnicastle ii I longed to go nearer it, but the prohibition withheld me.
1912 Eng. Hist. Rev. Jan. 53 Walpole..withheld Great Britain from giving support..to..Frederick William.
absolute.c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) 2 Thess. ii. 6 Now what withholdith, ȝe witen, that he be schewid in his tyme.1560 Bible (Geneva) 2 Thess. ii. 7 He which now withholdeth, shal let til he be taken out of the waye.
b. reflexive. To restrain oneself.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > inaction > not doing > abstaining or refraining from action > abstain or refrain from action [verb (reflexive)]
withholdc1200
withdrawc1290
defendc1350
abstainc1380
holda1400
deport1477
forbear1535
check1581
detract1637
the world > action or operation > behaviour > good behaviour > restrained or moderate behaviour > exercise moderation or restraint [verb (reflexive)]
hold971
withholdc1200
containc1290
keep1340
restraina1387
refrainc1450
retaina1500
attemper1548
retract1548
temper1560
reserve1586
check1833
c1200 Vices & Virtues 135 Ðe mann þe him wiðhalt..of ates & of drenches.
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 258 Ich halsi ow..þet ȝe wið halden ow from fleschliche lustes.
1303 R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne 12623 Ȝow to withholde Fro þe synnes þat byfore are tolde.
c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (Roxb.) xxii. 99 If it be swa þat any man..withhald him fra þis feste.
c1400 tr. Secr. Secr., Gov. Lordsh. 73 With-holde þe from latynge of blood.
c1400 tr. Secr. Secr., Gov. Lordsh. 116 He þat with-oldys him to sterre his hondes.
a1620 M. Fotherby Atheomastix (1622) ii. viii. §2. 283 He prayeth to God, to withhold him; because hee could not withhold himselfe.
1897 ‘P. Warung’ Tales Old Regime 246 Blake,..though tempted, yet withheld himself from yielding.
†c. intransitive. To refrain from; occasionally const. infinitive, or transitive with gerund. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > inaction > not doing > abstaining or refraining from action > abstain or refrain from (action) [verb (transitive)]
holdc897
forgoa1000
oversitOE
forbearc1200
letc1330
to let bec1385
to lay apart1526
refrain1528
to let pass1530
retainc1540
abstain1578
restrain1594
stay1599
nurture1627
withhold1650
waive1653
inhold1655
withstand1852
skip1961
1650 H. More Observ. in Enthusiasmus Triumphatus (1656) 103 You could not with-hold from telling us that you are but a young man.
c1650 W. Bradford Hist. Plymouth Plant. (1856) 104 They withheld and did no more hurte.
1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 123. ¶5 He could no longer withhold making himself known to him.
1807 W. H. Ireland Stultifera Navis 118 (note) No man should withhold from extending his hand to support the falling.
1807 W. H. Ireland Stultifera Navis 275 (note) The fools will carefully withhold from the mention of their own fooleries.
1817 J. Mill Hist. Brit. India II. v. iv. 453 He was incapable of giving, or capable of withholding to give..an opinion.
†d. transitive. To keep away or off, ward off. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > safety > escape > escape from [verb (transitive)] > ward off harm
withhold13..
defendc1330
to bear offc1380
withstand1398
shielda1400
repela1450
to keep off1548
repulse1560
warda1586
fence1589
shelter1621
ward1759
fend-off1830
to fend back1877
13.. K. Alis. 2302 Glitoun..pulte forth a stelene scheld, Ny~gusars dunt withhuld.
1560 J. Knox et al. Buke Discipline in J. Knox Wks. (1848) II. 252 Everie Churche must have..thak..able to withhold raine.
†e. To hinder, prevent. (With dir. object, clause, or accusative and inf.) Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > difficulty > hindrance > hindering completely or preventing > hinder completely or prevent [verb (transitive)]
forbidc1000
forrunc1275
forbar1303
before-comec1384
withstanda1400
withholdc1400
prevenec1485
supprime1490
interrupt1497
resist?a1513
prevent1522
discourage1528
prohibit1531
stop1534
forleta1555
bar1559
to bar by and main1567
disbar1567
to cut off1576
embar1577
forestall1579
obvent1588
cancel1594
waylay1625
suppress1651
antevene1655
arceate1657
exarceate1657
interpel1722
stump1858
estop1876
plug1887
pre-empt1957
deter1961
c1400 tr. Secr. Secr., Gov. Lordsh. 93 Vnderstandynge..ys luge wirkand, and withhaldand þat þat vndoynge by~comes.
1486 Bk. St. Albans c vj b It is anoyus sekenes..and with holdeth hir strengthe.
1674 N. Fairfax Treat. Bulk & Selvedge 39 Nothing with-holds, but that from an infinite tale of finites there may at length arise an infinite.
1753 S. Richardson Hist. Sir Charles Grandison II. iii. 22 Nothing with-holds my wishes to be released, but my desire of seeing the darling..happy.
f. To keep away or separated from. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > distance > distance or farness > be far from [verb (transitive)] > keep (a thing or person) at a distance
to hold offc1420
withhold1513
to keep away1548
to keep off1548
to stop off1722
1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid iv. vi. 150 Quham of the realm of Itail I defraud, And fra the ground to him promist withhad.
1854 C. Patmore Betrothal in Angel in House 140 Like a ship frost-bound and far Withheld in ice from the ocean's roar.
†g. To defer, postpone. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > a suitable time or opportunity > untimeliness > delay or postponement > delay [verb (transitive)]
forslowc888
eldc897
forsita940
gele971
lengOE
drilla1300
delayc1300
onfrestc1300
tarryc1320
jornc1330
dretchc1380
defer1382
forbida1387
to put offa1387
to put (also set) (something) in (or on) delaya1393
dilate1399
fordrawa1400
to put overc1410
latch?c1422
adjournc1425
prolongc1425
proloynec1425
rejournc1425
to put in respite1428
sleuthc1430
respitea1450
prorogue1453
refer1466
sleep1470
supersede1482
respectc1487
postpone1496
overseta1500
respett1500
enjourna1513
relong1523
retract1524
tarde1524
track1524
to fode forth1525
tract1527
protract1528
further1529
to make stay of1530
surcease1530
prorogate1534
to fay upon longc1540
linger1543
retard?1543
slake1544
procrastine1548
reprieve1548
remit1550
suspense1556
leave1559
shiftc1562
suspend1566
procrastinate1569
dally1574
post1577
to hold off1580
drift1584
loiter1589
postpose1598
to take one's (own) timea1602
flag1602
slug1605
elong1610
belay1613
demur1613
tardya1616
to hang up1623
frist1637
disjourn1642
future1642
off1642
waive1653
superannuate1655
perendinate1656
stave1664
detard1675
remora1686
to put back1718
withhold1726
protract1737
to keep over1847
to hold over1853
laten1860
to lay over1885
hold1891
back-burner1975
1726 A. Pope tr. Homer Odyssey V. xxii. 258 She..willing longer to survey The sire and son's great acts, with-held the day.
2. To keep back; to keep in one's possession (what belongs to, is due to, or is desired by another); to refrain from giving, granting, or allowing. †Formerly with dative of person. (The current sense.)
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > retaining > retain or keep [verb (intransitive)] > keep what is due to or desired by another
withholdc1200
the mind > possession > retaining > retain or keep [verb (transitive)] > keep what is due to or desired by another
ofholdOE
withholdc1200
abstaina1387
keep?1463
to hold up?1499
refrain?1504
outhold1512
detainc1535
to keep back1535
subtracta1538
substract1542
to hold out1907
c1200 Vices & Virtues 139 Ða þinges ðe ne sculen ben iȝiuen, þa bieð to wiðealden mid michele skele.
a1300 Cursor Mundi 28427 Gains godd i haue bene vn-hende, Þat i wit-halden ha my tende.
a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 914 Wid-held he ðor-of neu[er]e on del, Oc al ðat euere fel him to, Sac-les he let hin welden it so.
1362 W. Langland Piers Plowman A. vi. 42 He with-halt non hyne his huire.
c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 5620 Ȝeld me þe relyqes vp agayn, þat þou with-halst of myne.
?c1455 J. Fastolf in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) II. 123/2 The Pryore and Convent of Norwyche have wythhalden [v.r. wyth holden] certeyn rent for landes that they halden of me.
1470–85 T. Malory Morte d'Arthur x. xli. 480 A knyghte that hyght Goneryes that withhelde her alle her landes.
1493 in T. Stapleton Plumpton Corr. (1839) 105 That ye without your duty belonging to the sayd Mr. Lee.
1548 Hall's Vnion: Edward IV f. ccxxxiv Your old rightes & possessions, which wer from you..wrongfully with holden.
1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. xi. sig. Y8v Soone as Titan gan his head exault, And soone againe as he his light withhault.
1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 186 Blessings..not with-held from Pagan people.
1728 A. Pope Dunciad iii. 226 These Fate reserv'd to grace thy reign divine, Foreseen by me, but ah! with-held from mine.
1794 R. J. Sulivan View of Nature I. 480 From such an inference, I must..withhold my assent.
1847 C. Dickens Dombey & Son (1848) xlvi. 449 Perch, the messenger..could not withhold the tribute of his admiration from this zealous conduct.
1861 Ld. Brougham Brit. Constit. (ed. 2) xiii. 178 [Parliament's] acknowledged power to give or to withhold supplies.
a1873 S. Wilberforce Ess. (1874) I. 381 The other branches of the Church Catholic, with which..communion was..withholden from us.
1883 E. B. Tylor in Encycl. Brit. XV. 199/1 Such divine beings as can..give or withhold the rain.
1911 Act 1 & 2 George V c. 46 §4 That by reason of such refusal [to republish] the work is withheld from the public.
absolute.1782 W. Cowper Hope in Poems 158 He will give freely, or he will withold.1859 J. G. Whittier My Psalm 42 All as God wills, who wisely heeds To give or to withhold.
†3. To detain; to keep in bondage, in custody, or under control. Also figurative. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > deprive of liberty by restraint [verb (transitive)]
at-hold?c1225
to hold inc1300
withholda1325
distrainc1340
restrain1397
stressa1425
detain1485
to lay fast1560
constrain1590
enstraiten1619
embinda1628
pin1738
coerce1780
deport1909
a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 3019 He [sc. Pharaoh] wid-held hem and, al-so he [sc. Moses] it bad, Al ðe erf of egipt wurð dead.
c1374 G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde iv. 597 It is no shame vn-to ȝow,..Hire to with-holden þat ye loueth most.
1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 308 If thou art on of alle, That with this vice hast ben withholde.
1422 J. Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. 161 Verite in this dayes is wyth-holde, bonde, and prisoner.
1523 J. Skelton Goodly Garlande of Laurell sig. F.iv The twayne last [sc. Right and Reason] Be wt holde so fast Wt mony as men sayne They can not come agayne.
1600 W. Shakespeare Midsummer Night's Dream ii. i. 26 Shee, perforce, withhoulds the loued boy. View more context for this quotation
1611 C. Tourneur Atheist's Trag. (new ed.) i. sig. B4 Your fauour had by his duty beene preuented, If we had not with-held him in the way.
1714 ‘N. Ironside’ Orig. Canto Spencer xxxvi The strugling Fly he firmly doth with-hold. [Cf. quot. 1854 at sense 1f.]
†4.
a. To keep in use or possession; rarely, to keep in place; to retain; esp. to retain in the memory; occasionally to reserve to oneself. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > retaining > retain or keep [verb (transitive)]
holda855
haveeOE
witec1000
at-holdc1175
withholdc1200
keepc1400
reserve?a1439
retain1449
detain1541
to stick to ——1560
contain1600
to make good1606
preserve1617
inhold1726
to hang on to1873
the mind > mental capacity > memory > retention in the mind > retain in the memory [verb (transitive)]
i-mune971
to have (also bear, keep, hold, etc.) in minda1200
withholdc1200
membera1382
treasure1382
demeanc1460
mindc1460
retain1474
keep1574
to take (a thing) with one1577
carry1583
weara1586
the mind > possession > retaining > retain or keep [verb (transitive)] > for oneself or another
reserve1399
withholdc1430
c1200 Vices & Virtues 27 Hit is al ȝedwoll, and of haðenesse ȝiet wiðhealden.
c1374 G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (1868) iv. pr. vi. 139 He wolde for-leten perauenture to continue innocence, by þe whiche he ne may nat wiþholden fortune.
c1386 G. Chaucer Parson's Tale ⁋967 [The Pater noster] is short,..for to withholden it the moore esily in herte.
1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum v. ii. (Tollem. MS.) Þe heed is sumdel comynge narow and hyȝe, and þat to with holde þe bagge of þe brayne.
c1400 tr. Secr. Secr., Gov. Lordsh. 78 Study..to kepe and witholde kyndly hete.
c1430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhode (1869) i. xv. 10 He hath with holde to him alle vengeaunces.
1484 W. Caxton tr. G. de la Tour-Landry Bk. Knight of Tower (1971) li. 74 I wold ye couthe and wel withheld the example of a knyght that had thre wyues.
1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in Wks. G. Chaucer ii. f. cccxliiii Al though it be a whyle swete, it maye not be with holde.
†b. To keep attached to one's person or engaged in one's service; to retain for one's pleasure or profit, keep on one's side. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > retaining > retain or keep [verb (transitive)] > attached to one's person or service
at-holdc1200
withholdc1300
retain1449
reservea1529
c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) 2356 A thusand knihtes ful wel o bon With-held þe king, with him to lede.
c1380 Antecrist in J. H. Todd Three Treat. Wycklyffe (1851) 150 Crist wiþhelde no men of lawe ne pleders at þe barr for robes and fees.
c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (1919) xxvi. 157 All the mynstrelles þat comen before hym..ben withholden with him as of his houshold.
c1412 T. Hoccleve De Regimine Principum 1250 With-holde hir on þi side.
1423 Acts Privy Council III. 90 He has bene with~holde and of retenue for a yere wyt the..noble Kyng Henry.
1426–7 W. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 11 [He] neuer was seruaunt to þe..Duc..ne wythhaldyn in hese seruice.
c1500 Three Kings' Sons (1895) 22 My lorde withhelde him for his seruaunt.
†5. To keep, maintain, preserve. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > retaining > retain or keep [verb (transitive)] > keep, maintain, or preserve
holdc1000
i-haldOE
keepc1175
withholdc1200
keepa1325
maintaina1375
preservea1393
c1200 Vices & Virtues 71 Ðat tu hes kunne wel ȝecnawen & mid godes fultume wiðhealden.
c1374 G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (1868) iv. pr. vi. 142 God..hastiþ to wiþhalden þe þinges þat he haþ maked in to hys semblaunce.
1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 7 Knyhthode..Wherof the wyde worldes fame Write in Cronique is yit withholde.
c1405 (c1387–95) G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Prol. (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 513 To seeken hym a Chauntrye for soules Or with a breetherede to been withhoolde.
c1418 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 244 Hem nedethe nether spere ne shulde, Ne in no castel to be withholde.
†6.
a. To hold. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > absence of movement > hold or holding > hold [verb (transitive)]
holdc1000
takec1225
withhold1513
1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid viii. xi. 44 In thair hand wythhaldand, euery knycht, Twa javilling speris.
b. To hold up, sustain. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > support > [verb (transitive)]
to bear upeOE
underbearc950
bearOE
holdc1000
weighc1200
to hold up1297
upholda1300
sustainc1330
undersetc1330
comforta1382
underbear1382
upbear1390
sustaina1398
upkeepc1412
carrya1425
supporta1425
chargea1500
convey1514
avoke1529
confirm1542
stay1548
to carry up1570
bolster1581
lift1590
upstay1590
atlas1593
sustent1605
statuminatea1628
firm1646
appui1656
establish1664
shoulder1674
to keep up1681
upheave1729
withhold1769
1769 H. Brooke Fool of Quality IV. xvii. 28 [He] cut the hair that withheld me in twain; so down I thought I fell.
†7. intransitive. To hold or adhere to. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > agreement > observance > observe, adhere, or keep a promise [verb (intransitive)]
to make (hold, pay, keep, yield or break) a vowc1290
beholda1400
to hold touch (also the touches)c1400
faithc1410
withholda1450
to keep touch1541
adherec1550
as good as one's word (also promise)c1560
inhere1563
watch1608
maximize1875
a1450 Knt. de la Tour Prol. 4 Forto flee euelle and with~holde the good.
a1450 Knt. de la Tour Prol. 54 Alle these men that kepithe hem selff clene..haue free hert to witholde good ensaumples of lyff.

Derivatives

withˈholdable adj. liable to be or capable of being withheld.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > retaining > [adjective] > able to be retained > able to be withheld
withholdable1821
1821 J. Bentham Elements Art of Packing 248 The habitual, but ever withholdable bribes, with which they are fed.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1928; most recently modified version published online December 2021).
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更新时间：2024/11/11 0:33:38