wilfuladj.¹adv.n.

Brit.

/ˈwɪlf(ᵿ)l/, U.S.

/ˈwɪlf(ə)l/

Forms: Compared wilfuller, wilfullest (both rare). Also Middle English wil(le)uol, wyl(le)fol, Middle English–1600s wilfull, Middle English, 1600s–1700s (1800s U.S.) willful, Middle English wyluolle, ( weleful), Middle English willef(f)ul, Middle English–1500s Scottish vilful(l, also various forms with y, ll, ff, with or without final e.

Etymology: < will n.¹+ -ful suffix: not recorded in Old English (but see wilfully adv.): compare willesful adj.

A. adj.¹

a. Asserting or disposed to assert one's own will against persuasion, instruction, or command; governed by will without regard to reason; determined to take one's own way; obstinately self-willed or perverse. (Of persons or personal attributes, or transferred of actions: see also A. 5)

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adjective] > wilful

onwileOE

wilfulc1200

willesfulc1225

headstronga1398

wilsomea1400

headya1425

overthrowing?a1425

self-willya1425

self-willedc1450

sensual1524

wayward1528

headish1530

affectionate1534

self-will1562

strongheaded1579

hard-mouthed1610

brag-brained1648

self-wilful1648

overwilled1650

will-strong1654

cobby1785

willyart1791

brain-strong1863

c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 75 Pertinaces in malo eliminat ecclesia holie chirche deleð fro cristendom, þo þe wilfulle ben here sinnes to luuen.

c1250 in Old Eng. Misc. 184 Hwan þu sixst on leode King þat is wilful.

c1374 G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde iii. 935 For verray slouþe and oþere wilful tacches.

c1400 Rule St. Benet (verse) 280 Men or wemen of wilful mode, Þat order of religion takes.

1529 in I. S. Leadam Select Cases Star Chamber (1911) II. 34 The seid Henry is sklanderus and a wylfull person and wyll not be ordered but after his owne wyll.

1576 W. Lambarde Perambulation of Kent 256 Some blinde & wilfull worshipper.

1578 J. Lyly Euphues f. 40^v He that to day is not willyng, will to morrowe bee more wilfull.

1608 W. Shakespeare King Lear vii. 459 To wilfull men The iniuries that they themselues procure, Must be their schoolemasters.

1773 H. Chapone Lett. Improvem. Mind II. 24 The smallest disappointment..will put wilful young people out of temper.

1821 P. B. Shelley Adonais xi. 10 Another in her wilful grief would break Her bow and winged reeds.

1868 A. C. Swinburne W. Blake 190 These opinions, and stranger than these, he put forth in the cloudiest style, the wilfullest humour, and the stormiest excitement.

in combination.1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. i. 34 What wilfull-hearted man can be so apt to belieue, that our blessed Lady had such estimation of morter and stones?

†b. In good sense: Strong-willed, strongly persistent. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > decision > constancy or steadfastness > [adjective] > capable of moral effort or endurance

strongeOE

dreicha1200

stable13..

wilfulc1330

toughc1400

durable1541

strong-minded1544

unbending1796

cast iron1829

backboned1940

c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. Wace (Rolls) 5663 A myghtful [v.r. wilfull] man was Maryus, Of fair speche merueillous.

1633 T. James Strange Voy. 92 Being now become wilfull in our indeauours.

c. In nonce combination with wavy.

ΚΠ

1877 G. M. Hopkins Poems (1967) 70 What lovely behaviour Of silk-sack clouds! has wilder, wilful-wavier Meal-drift moulded ever and melted across skies?

†2. Having the will to do something; purposing, intending; wishful, desirous. Also said of the purpose or desire: Eager, earnest. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > wish or inclination > desire > [adjective] > desirous

willesfula1250

desirousc1300

wilful1340

desiringc1386

desireda1400

talentivec1400

willinga1425

lusty1493

desiranta1500

desireful?1520

fond1551

lusting1559

desirable1759

the mind > will > intention > [adjective] > relating to intention or purpose > intending or purposing

wilful1340

meaning1498

purposing1532

intended1576

intending1660

intendant1884

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 162 Nou yziȝ ane yongne boryeis and ane newene kniȝt. Mochel habbeþ þos of uele þoȝtes newe diuerses and wyluolle. Þe borgeys wylneþ to chapfari..þe knyȝt..wilneþ corteysyes to done an largeliche yeue.

1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 361 Whan that he..hadde his wilful pourpos wonne Of al this Erthe under the Sonne.

1489 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (Adv.) ii. 348 Arayit rycht awisely, Willful to do chewalry.

a1500 Ratis Raving 2919 Wysmen ar wylfull to do grace, & mercyable in petwous cas.

1513 G. Douglas in tr. Virgil Æneid xii. Prol. 270 On fut I sprent into my bayr sark, Wilfull for till compleyt my langsum wark.

c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 725 [She] Wan þe thy worship & wilfull desire.

1573 T. Tusser Fiue Hundreth Points Good Husbandry (new ed.) f. 32^v Be wilfull to kill, and vnskilfull to store, and looke not for foyzen.

†3. Willing; consenting; ready to comply with a request, desire, or requirement. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > wish or inclination > willingness > [adjective]

freeeOE

well-willingOE

readyc1175

fainc1275

buxoma1300

prestc1300

liefc1325

rifec1390

willyc1390

baina1400

willinga1400

listyc1440

towardc1440

appliable1449

pronea1450

wilfulc1460

prompt?a1475

content1477

towardly1513

contenteda1525

towards1525

fond1529

comingc1576

unrefusinga1586

open-armed1594

voluntary1598

gainsome1629

easy1653

unreluctant1654

nothing loath1667

applicable1702

irreluctanta1706

unhesitating1753

unloath1861

prone-minded1869

c1460 Oseney Reg. 39 With þe wilfull consent of þe Kyng and of the Aduocates of the same church.

c1475 Partenay 1641 With A wilfull hert full gentilly resceyuyng..thys souerayn.

c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Law of Armys (2005) 195 Gif thai lordis..defendis maliciously the ref, and is nocht wilfull to mak reformacioun and redress.

1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) xi. 266 The worthy kyng, quhen he has seyn His host..wilfull to fulfill His liking, with gud hert and will.

1600 W. Shakespeare Midsummer Night's Dream v. i. 207 When wals are so wilfull, to heare without warning.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor (1623) iii. ii. 38 I will..divulge Page..for a secure and wilfull Acteon.

†4.

a. Proceeding from the will; done, undertaken, assumed, or undergone of one's own free will or choice; not compulsory or enforced: = voluntary adj. 3 Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > free will > [adjective] > proceeding from free will

selflyOE

self-willOE

willesOE

needlessc1225

wilninga1250

wilfulc1374

voluntaryc1449

spontany1532

voluntarious1532

spontaneal1602

voluntaire1615

self-willing1625

ultroneous1637

unimposed1642

elective1643

spontaneous1656

contingent1660

unmechanic1709

volitient1844

unmechanical1865

c1374 G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (1868) iii. pr. xi. 98 I ne trete nat heere now of weleful moeuynges of the sowle.

c1380 J. Wyclif Wks. (1880) 14 Men þat haue..taken cristis mekenesse and gret pouert bi wilful profession.

c1400 Rule St. Benet (prose) 142 The secunde is, þat þe behouis liue in wilfull powerte.

1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) xi. l. 218 The gret debait in Wallace wit can waid Betwix kyndnes and wyllfull wow he maid.

a1500 R. Henryson tr. Æsop Fables: Fox & Wolf l. 794 in Poems (1981) 34 Do wilfull pennance here; and ȝe sall wend..to blis withouttin end.

1531 W. Tyndale Expos. 1 John (1538) 37 b By wylfull kepynge of the commaundement we be sure that we loue God.

1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage ii. ix. 131 He there died..through his wilfull want of bread and water.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost x. 1042 No more be mention'd then of violence Against our selves, and wilful barrenness, That cuts us off from hope.

1687 J. Dryden Hind & Panther ii. 72 The silent stranger stood amaz'd to see Contempt of wealth, and wilfull poverty.

b. Involving unfettered exercise of will; arbitrary; wilful empire, absolute sovereignty, autocracy. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > [noun] > absolute authority

empery1529

wilful empire1533

empire1579

dictatorship1580

imperiousness1630

incorrigibilitya1631

tyranny1651

despotism1797

1533 J. Bellenden tr. Livy Hist. Rome (1903) II. iii. xviii. 24 Thus sall It be clerely schewin..quhidder wilfull empire or public liberte be erast establist be þir lawis.

5. Done on purpose or wittingly; purposed, deliberate, intentional; not accidental or casual. Chiefly, now always, in bad sense, of an action either evil in itself or blameworthy in the particular case; often (with colour of sense A. 1) implying ‘perverse, obstinate’. Also transferred of the agent, as wilful murderer, one who commits wilful murder.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > intention > [adjective] > performed with intention

bethoughtc1200

expressa1400

wilfula1400

purposedc1422

purpensed1436

malice prepensed1454

aforethought1472

studiedc1475

setc1485

voluntary1495

deliberate?1527

willing1550

witting1553

propensed1560

fore-intendeda1586

affected1586

designed1586

determinate1586

intended1592

deliberated1594

uncasual1614

recollecteda1616

resolved1624

industriousa1628

intentionate1631

pre-intended1636

advised1642

malice prepense1647

sedentary1647

propense1650

consultive1651

(crime, evil, etc.) of forethought1692

conscious1726

intentionala1729

systematic1746

studious1750

systematical1750

prepensive1752

advertent1832

self-conscious1832

volitive1839

designful1852

purposeful1853

purposive1864

thought-controlled1926

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 9633 It was his aun..wilful sin þat did vs all fra him to tuin.

1526 Pilgr. Perf. (1531) Mortall synnes, & carnall consentes to the same, and wylfull delectacyons in synne.

1548 Hall's Vnion: Edward V f. ix^v Wylfull murtherers, whom God commaundeth to be taken from the aulter.

1583 P. Stubbes Second Pt. Anat. Abuses sig. C5 Although it be wilfull and purposed murther.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 1 (1623) iv. i. 142 How will their grudging stomackes be prouok'd To wilfull Disobedience, and Rebell?

a1627 J. Fletcher & T. Middleton Nice Valour v. ii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Xxx2/1 Can there be wilfuller destruction?

1736 N. Bailey et al. Dictionarium Britannicum (ed. 2) at Waste Wilful Waste makes woful Want.

1781 W. Cowper Truth 20 Charge not..Your wilful suicide on God's decree.

1844 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece VIII. lxvi. 387 Though his character has..been misrepresented through hostile prejudices and wilful calumny.

1883 D. C. Murray Hearts xxviii On a charge of wilful and corrupt perjury.

B. adv.

†1. = wilfully adv. 4, 5 Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > intention > [adverb]

willesOE

with one's willc1175

willes and waldesc1225

adviselya1325

wittinglya1340

wilfullyc1374

witting1377

a-purposea1382

of purpose (also (out) of (a) (set) purpose)a1382

wilfulc1381

willingly1402

of intention1430

knowingly1435

advisedlyc1449

deliberately1471

purpensely1472

purposely1495

prepensedly1496

purpensedly1496

purposedlya1540

proposely?1550

studiously1567

on (also upon) purpose1569

on set purpose1569

of industry1575

affectedly1582

premeditatelya1595

deliberatively1598

consultively1599

intentionallya1673

affectionally1603

by (also out of, on, upon) design1603

intentionately1609

industriouslya1616

perpensedly1624

intendedlya1641

unspontaneously1640

industrously1643

consultedly1645

consideringly1647

designedly1652

premeditatedly1653

wittily1653

intendingly1678

premeditatinglya1679

self-consciously1685

propensely1694

thinkingly1705

accidentally on purpose1711

affectionatelya1716

prepensely?1725

systematically1744

advertently1745

systemically1761

reflectively1775

purposefullya1854

meaningly1867

aimfully1870

purposively1878

designingly1879

proposedly1887

the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adverb] > wilfully

yernec888

wilfulc1381

for wilnesfulc1400

willesfullyc1400

selfwilledly1530

wilfullya1586

wilsomelya1835

c1381 G. Chaucer Parl. Foules 429 Dishobeysaunt or wilful necligent.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 16429 To þaa wilful wod he taght þe lauerd es al-weldand.

?1541 M. Coverdale Confut. Standish sig. dvij Forgetfull what ye sayd afore, or els wilfull blind.

1592 T. Kyd Spanish Trag. i. sig. B2^v Could she [sc. Fortune] heare, yet is she wilfull mad.

1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 iii. i. 173 In faith my Lord you are too wilfull blame.

1609 W. Shakespeare Sonnets li. sig. D3^v Since from thee going he went wilfull slow.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Winter's Tale (1623) i. ii. 257 If euer I were wilfull-negligent.

a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) v. ii. 124 The Dolphin is too wilfull opposite And will not temporize with my intreaties.

†2. Voluntarily, of free will: = wilfully adv. 2.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > free will > [adverb]

freelyeOE

wilfullyc1000

by one's willOE

of oneselfOE

self-willesOE

of one's own willOE

willyOE

with one's willc1175

voluntarilyc1374

wilfulc1380

of one's own heada1393

willea1400

willilya1400

of (free) voluntyc1402

of or at one's (own) voluntyc1402

of one's own motion1419

of (also by, with) one's (own) goodwill?a1425

on one's own heada1425

of (also by, on, upon) one's own accorda1450

activelyc1454

willinglyc1475

voluntary1480

liberallya1500

of one's own swinge1548

voluntariously1550

voluntarlyc1568

for favour1574

at voluntary1585

of, out of, upon, or at (a person's) own voluntary1585

selfly1595

motu proprio1603

ultroneously1627

unimposedly1647

spontaneously1660

needlessly1710

unmechanically1764

c1380 J. Wyclif Wks. (1880) 87 So þat whanne þei schulden ben most wilful pore & preche þe gospel of cristis pouert & his apostlis.

1530 Myroure Oure Ladye (Fawkes) (1873) ii. 161 These myghty are they that..god throwyth downe from..the sete of dome where the wylfullwyth powre shall sytte and deme wyth cryste.

C. n.

A wilful person; rarely, a wilful act.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [noun] > wilfulness > instance or act of

wilfulling1606

wilful1819

wilfulnessa1834

the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [noun] > wilfulness > wilful person

rannigala1560

young head1565

wilful1819

1819 W. Scott Ivanhoe III. i. 25 Nay, then, if wilful will to water, wilful must drench.

1829 W. Scott Anne of Geierstein II. iv. 103 That is as much as to say, wilful will to it.

1875 Ld. Tennyson Queen Mary iii. v. 162 One of those wicked wilfuls that men make, Nor shame to call it nature.

1885 Academy 14 Nov. 322/1 The unfortunates or the wilfuls who are under restraint.

Derivatives

† wilfulhead n. Obsolete = wilfulship n.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [noun] > wilfulness

willOE

wilfulnessc1200

wilfulshipc1200

own-willa1225

wilsomenessa1382

wilfulheadc1385

headiness1447

self-willa1450

self-willednessc1450

willerdoma1475

wilfulheadness1485

self-wilfulness1511

sensuality1536

headstrongness1598

self-williness1611

prodigity1623

c1385 G. Chaucer Legend Good Women Prol. 355 Lyk tyrauntis of lumbardye That vsyn wilfulhed & tyrannye.

c1400 Pilgr. Sowle (1483) iv. xii. 63 Only that thyng euery wyght may which he may by ryght and nought of wilful-hede.

wilfulheadness n. = wilfulship n.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [noun] > wilfulness

willOE

wilfulnessc1200

wilfulshipc1200

own-willa1225

wilsomenessa1382

wilfulheadc1385

headiness1447

self-willa1450

self-willednessc1450

willerdoma1475

wilfulheadness1485

self-wilfulness1511

sensuality1536

headstrongness1598

self-williness1611

prodigity1623

1485 Coventry Leet Bk. 523 Yf any personne of obstinacie or wilful-hednesse will withstand..the said..Rules.

† wilfulling n. [irregularly < wilful + -ing suffix¹] Obsolete a wilful act.Apparently an isolated use.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [noun] > wilfulness > instance or act of

wilfulling1606

wilful1819

wilfulnessa1834

1606 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. (new ed.) ii. iii. 75 No more bay with thy wilfullings His Wrath's dread Torrent.

† †wilfulship n. Obsolete wilfulness.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [noun] > wilfulness

willOE

wilfulnessc1200

wilfulshipc1200

own-willa1225

wilsomenessa1382

wilfulheadc1385

headiness1447

self-willa1450

self-willednessc1450

willerdoma1475

wilfulheadness1485

self-wilfulness1511

sensuality1536

headstrongness1598

self-williness1611

prodigity1623

c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 205 Þat oðer is wilfulshipe and lichamliche lustes.

c1280 MS Douce 139 lf. 157 Þe idel mon..Þat þurstes of wilfulscipe and drinket sorwenesse.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1924; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	wilful
释义	wilfuladj.¹adv.n. Brit. /ˈwɪlf(ᵿ)l/, U.S. /ˈwɪlf(ə)l/ Forms: Compared wilfuller, wilfullest (both rare). Also Middle English wil(le)uol, wyl(le)fol, Middle English–1600s wilfull, Middle English, 1600s–1700s (1800s U.S.) willful, Middle English wyluolle, ( weleful), Middle English willef(f)ul, Middle English–1500s Scottish vilful(l, also various forms with y, ll, ff, with or without final e. Etymology: < will n.¹+ -ful suffix: not recorded in Old English (but see wilfully adv.): compare willesful adj. A. adj.¹ 1. a. Asserting or disposed to assert one's own will against persuasion, instruction, or command; governed by will without regard to reason; determined to take one's own way; obstinately self-willed or perverse. (Of persons or personal attributes, or transferred of actions: see also A. 5) ΘΚΠ the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adjective] > wilful onwileOE wilfulc1200 willesfulc1225 headstronga1398 wilsomea1400 headya1425 overthrowing?a1425 self-willya1425 self-willedc1450 sensual1524 wayward1528 headish1530 affectionate1534 self-will1562 strongheaded1579 hard-mouthed1610 brag-brained1648 self-wilful1648 overwilled1650 will-strong1654 cobby1785 willyart1791 brain-strong1863 c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 75 Pertinaces in malo eliminat ecclesia holie chirche deleð fro cristendom, þo þe wilfulle ben here sinnes to luuen. c1250 in Old Eng. Misc. 184 Hwan þu sixst on leode King þat is wilful. c1374 G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde iii. 935 For verray slouþe and oþere wilful tacches. c1400 Rule St. Benet (verse) 280 Men or wemen of wilful mode, Þat order of religion takes. 1529 in I. S. Leadam Select Cases Star Chamber (1911) II. 34 The seid Henry is sklanderus and a wylfull person and wyll not be ordered but after his owne wyll. 1576 W. Lambarde Perambulation of Kent 256 Some blinde & wilfull worshipper. 1578 J. Lyly Euphues f. 40^v He that to day is not willyng, will to morrowe bee more wilfull. 1608 W. Shakespeare King Lear vii. 459 To wilfull men The iniuries that they themselues procure, Must be their schoolemasters. View more context for this quotation 1773 H. Chapone Lett. Improvem. Mind II. 24 The smallest disappointment..will put wilful young people out of temper. 1821 P. B. Shelley Adonais xi. 10 Another in her wilful grief would break Her bow and winged reeds. 1868 A. C. Swinburne W. Blake 190 These opinions, and stranger than these, he put forth in the cloudiest style, the wilfullest humour, and the stormiest excitement. in combination.1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. i. 34 What wilfull-hearted man can be so apt to belieue, that our blessed Lady had such estimation of morter and stones? †b. In good sense: Strong-willed, strongly persistent. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > decision > constancy or steadfastness > [adjective] > capable of moral effort or endurance strongeOE dreicha1200 stable13.. wilfulc1330 toughc1400 durable1541 strong-minded1544 unbending1796 cast iron1829 backboned1940 c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. Wace (Rolls) 5663 A myghtful [v.r. wilfull] man was Maryus, Of fair speche merueillous. 1633 T. James Strange Voy. 92 Being now become wilfull in our indeauours. c. In nonce combination with wavy. ΚΠ 1877 G. M. Hopkins Poems (1967) 70 What lovely behaviour Of silk-sack clouds! has wilder, wilful-wavier Meal-drift moulded ever and melted across skies? †2. Having the will to do something; purposing, intending; wishful, desirous. Also said of the purpose or desire: Eager, earnest. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > wish or inclination > desire > [adjective] > desirous willesfula1250 desirousc1300 wilful1340 desiringc1386 desireda1400 talentivec1400 willinga1425 lusty1493 desiranta1500 desireful?1520 fond1551 lusting1559 desirable1759 the mind > will > intention > [adjective] > relating to intention or purpose > intending or purposing wilful1340 meaning1498 purposing1532 intended1576 intending1660 intendant1884 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 162 Nou yziȝ ane yongne boryeis and ane newene kniȝt. Mochel habbeþ þos of uele þoȝtes newe diuerses and wyluolle. Þe borgeys wylneþ to chapfari..þe knyȝt..wilneþ corteysyes to done an largeliche yeue. 1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 361 Whan that he..hadde his wilful pourpos wonne Of al this Erthe under the Sonne. 1489 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (Adv.) ii. 348 Arayit rycht awisely, Willful to do chewalry. a1500 Ratis Raving 2919 Wysmen ar wylfull to do grace, & mercyable in petwous cas. 1513 G. Douglas in tr. Virgil Æneid xii. Prol. 270 On fut I sprent into my bayr sark, Wilfull for till compleyt my langsum wark. c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 725 [She] Wan þe thy worship & wilfull desire. 1573 T. Tusser Fiue Hundreth Points Good Husbandry (new ed.) f. 32^v Be wilfull to kill, and vnskilfull to store, and looke not for foyzen. †3. Willing; consenting; ready to comply with a request, desire, or requirement. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > wish or inclination > willingness > [adjective] freeeOE well-willingOE readyc1175 fainc1275 buxoma1300 prestc1300 liefc1325 rifec1390 willyc1390 baina1400 willinga1400 listyc1440 towardc1440 appliable1449 pronea1450 wilfulc1460 prompt?a1475 content1477 towardly1513 contenteda1525 towards1525 fond1529 comingc1576 unrefusinga1586 open-armed1594 voluntary1598 gainsome1629 easy1653 unreluctant1654 nothing loath1667 applicable1702 irreluctanta1706 unhesitating1753 unloath1861 prone-minded1869 c1460 Oseney Reg. 39 With þe wilfull consent of þe Kyng and of the Aduocates of the same church. c1475 Partenay 1641 With A wilfull hert full gentilly resceyuyng..thys souerayn. c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Law of Armys (2005) 195 Gif thai lordis..defendis maliciously the ref, and is nocht wilfull to mak reformacioun and redress. 1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) xi. 266 The worthy kyng, quhen he has seyn His host..wilfull to fulfill His liking, with gud hert and will. 1600 W. Shakespeare Midsummer Night's Dream v. i. 207 When wals are so wilfull, to heare without warning. View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor (1623) iii. ii. 38 I will..divulge Page..for a secure and wilfull Acteon. View more context for this quotation †4. a. Proceeding from the will; done, undertaken, assumed, or undergone of one's own free will or choice; not compulsory or enforced: = voluntary adj. 3 Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > free will > [adjective] > proceeding from free will selflyOE self-willOE willesOE needlessc1225 wilninga1250 wilfulc1374 voluntaryc1449 spontany1532 voluntarious1532 spontaneal1602 voluntaire1615 self-willing1625 ultroneous1637 unimposed1642 elective1643 spontaneous1656 contingent1660 unmechanic1709 volitient1844 unmechanical1865 c1374 G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (1868) iii. pr. xi. 98 I ne trete nat heere now of weleful moeuynges of the sowle. c1380 J. Wyclif Wks. (1880) 14 Men þat haue..taken cristis mekenesse and gret pouert bi wilful profession. c1400 Rule St. Benet (prose) 142 The secunde is, þat þe behouis liue in wilfull powerte. 1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) xi. l. 218 The gret debait in Wallace wit can waid Betwix kyndnes and wyllfull wow he maid. a1500 R. Henryson tr. Æsop Fables: Fox & Wolf l. 794 in Poems (1981) 34 Do wilfull pennance here; and ȝe sall wend..to blis withouttin end. 1531 W. Tyndale Expos. 1 John (1538) 37 b By wylfull kepynge of the commaundement we be sure that we loue God. 1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage ii. ix. 131 He there died..through his wilfull want of bread and water. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost x. 1042 No more be mention'd then of violence Against our selves, and wilful barrenness, That cuts us off from hope. View more context for this quotation 1687 J. Dryden Hind & Panther ii. 72 The silent stranger stood amaz'd to see Contempt of wealth, and wilfull poverty. b. Involving unfettered exercise of will; arbitrary; wilful empire, absolute sovereignty, autocracy. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > authority > [noun] > absolute authority empery1529 wilful empire1533 empire1579 dictatorship1580 imperiousness1630 incorrigibilitya1631 tyranny1651 despotism1797 1533 J. Bellenden tr. Livy Hist. Rome (1903) II. iii. xviii. 24 Thus sall It be clerely schewin..quhidder wilfull empire or public liberte be erast establist be þir lawis. 5. Done on purpose or wittingly; purposed, deliberate, intentional; not accidental or casual. Chiefly, now always, in bad sense, of an action either evil in itself or blameworthy in the particular case; often (with colour of sense A. 1) implying ‘perverse, obstinate’. Also transferred of the agent, as wilful murderer, one who commits wilful murder. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > intention > [adjective] > performed with intention bethoughtc1200 expressa1400 wilfula1400 purposedc1422 purpensed1436 malice prepensed1454 aforethought1472 studiedc1475 setc1485 voluntary1495 deliberate?1527 willing1550 witting1553 propensed1560 fore-intendeda1586 affected1586 designed1586 determinate1586 intended1592 deliberated1594 uncasual1614 recollecteda1616 resolved1624 industriousa1628 intentionate1631 pre-intended1636 advised1642 malice prepense1647 sedentary1647 propense1650 consultive1651 (crime, evil, etc.) of forethought1692 conscious1726 intentionala1729 systematic1746 studious1750 systematical1750 prepensive1752 advertent1832 self-conscious1832 volitive1839 designful1852 purposeful1853 purposive1864 thought-controlled1926 a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 9633 It was his aun..wilful sin þat did vs all fra him to tuin. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (1531) Mortall synnes, & carnall consentes to the same, and wylfull delectacyons in synne. 1548 Hall's Vnion: Edward V f. ix^v Wylfull murtherers, whom God commaundeth to be taken from the aulter. 1583 P. Stubbes Second Pt. Anat. Abuses sig. C5 Although it be wilfull and purposed murther. a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 1 (1623) iv. i. 142 How will their grudging stomackes be prouok'd To wilfull Disobedience, and Rebell? View more context for this quotation a1627 J. Fletcher & T. Middleton Nice Valour v. ii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Xxx2/1 Can there be wilfuller destruction? 1736 N. Bailey et al. Dictionarium Britannicum (ed. 2) at Waste Wilful Waste makes woful Want. 1781 W. Cowper Truth 20 Charge not..Your wilful suicide on God's decree. 1844 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece VIII. lxvi. 387 Though his character has..been misrepresented through hostile prejudices and wilful calumny. 1883 D. C. Murray Hearts xxviii On a charge of wilful and corrupt perjury. B. adv. †1. = wilfully adv. 4, 5 Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > intention > [adverb] willesOE with one's willc1175 willes and waldesc1225 adviselya1325 wittinglya1340 wilfullyc1374 witting1377 a-purposea1382 of purpose (also (out) of (a) (set) purpose)a1382 wilfulc1381 willingly1402 of intention1430 knowingly1435 advisedlyc1449 deliberately1471 purpensely1472 purposely1495 prepensedly1496 purpensedly1496 purposedlya1540 proposely?1550 studiously1567 on (also upon) purpose1569 on set purpose1569 of industry1575 affectedly1582 premeditatelya1595 deliberatively1598 consultively1599 intentionallya1673 affectionally1603 by (also out of, on, upon) design1603 intentionately1609 industriouslya1616 perpensedly1624 intendedlya1641 unspontaneously1640 industrously1643 consultedly1645 consideringly1647 designedly1652 premeditatedly1653 wittily1653 intendingly1678 premeditatinglya1679 self-consciously1685 propensely1694 thinkingly1705 accidentally on purpose1711 affectionatelya1716 prepensely?1725 systematically1744 advertently1745 systemically1761 reflectively1775 purposefullya1854 meaningly1867 aimfully1870 purposively1878 designingly1879 proposedly1887 the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adverb] > wilfully yernec888 wilfulc1381 for wilnesfulc1400 willesfullyc1400 selfwilledly1530 wilfullya1586 wilsomelya1835 c1381 G. Chaucer Parl. Foules 429 Dishobeysaunt or wilful necligent. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 16429 To þaa wilful wod he taght þe lauerd es al-weldand. ?1541 M. Coverdale Confut. Standish sig. dvij Forgetfull what ye sayd afore, or els wilfull blind. 1592 T. Kyd Spanish Trag. i. sig. B2^v Could she [sc. Fortune] heare, yet is she wilfull mad. 1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 iii. i. 173 In faith my Lord you are too wilfull blame. View more context for this quotation 1609 W. Shakespeare Sonnets li. sig. D3^v Since from thee going he went wilfull slow. View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare Winter's Tale (1623) i. ii. 257 If euer I were wilfull-negligent. View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) v. ii. 124 The Dolphin is too wilfull opposite And will not temporize with my intreaties. †2. Voluntarily, of free will: = wilfully adv. 2. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > free will > [adverb] freelyeOE wilfullyc1000 by one's willOE of oneselfOE self-willesOE of one's own willOE willyOE with one's willc1175 voluntarilyc1374 wilfulc1380 of one's own heada1393 willea1400 willilya1400 of (free) voluntyc1402 of or at one's (own) voluntyc1402 of one's own motion1419 of (also by, with) one's (own) goodwill?a1425 on one's own heada1425 of (also by, on, upon) one's own accorda1450 activelyc1454 willinglyc1475 voluntary1480 liberallya1500 of one's own swinge1548 voluntariously1550 voluntarlyc1568 for favour1574 at voluntary1585 of, out of, upon, or at (a person's) own voluntary1585 selfly1595 motu proprio1603 ultroneously1627 unimposedly1647 spontaneously1660 needlessly1710 unmechanically1764 c1380 J. Wyclif Wks. (1880) 87 So þat whanne þei schulden ben most wilful pore & preche þe gospel of cristis pouert & his apostlis. 1530 Myroure Oure Ladye (Fawkes) (1873) ii. 161 These myghty are they that..god throwyth downe from..the sete of dome where the wylfullwyth powre shall sytte and deme wyth cryste. C. n. A wilful person; rarely, a wilful act. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [noun] > wilfulness > instance or act of wilfulling1606 wilful1819 wilfulnessa1834 the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [noun] > wilfulness > wilful person rannigala1560 young head1565 wilful1819 1819 W. Scott Ivanhoe III. i. 25 Nay, then, if wilful will to water, wilful must drench. 1829 W. Scott Anne of Geierstein II. iv. 103 That is as much as to say, wilful will to it. 1875 Ld. Tennyson Queen Mary iii. v. 162 One of those wicked wilfuls that men make, Nor shame to call it nature. 1885 Academy 14 Nov. 322/1 The unfortunates or the wilfuls who are under restraint. Derivatives † wilfulhead n. Obsolete = wilfulship n. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [noun] > wilfulness willOE wilfulnessc1200 wilfulshipc1200 own-willa1225 wilsomenessa1382 wilfulheadc1385 headiness1447 self-willa1450 self-willednessc1450 willerdoma1475 wilfulheadness1485 self-wilfulness1511 sensuality1536 headstrongness1598 self-williness1611 prodigity1623 c1385 G. Chaucer Legend Good Women Prol. 355 Lyk tyrauntis of lumbardye That vsyn wilfulhed & tyrannye. c1400 Pilgr. Sowle (1483) iv. xii. 63 Only that thyng euery wyght may which he may by ryght and nought of wilful-hede. wilfulheadness n. = wilfulship n. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [noun] > wilfulness willOE wilfulnessc1200 wilfulshipc1200 own-willa1225 wilsomenessa1382 wilfulheadc1385 headiness1447 self-willa1450 self-willednessc1450 willerdoma1475 wilfulheadness1485 self-wilfulness1511 sensuality1536 headstrongness1598 self-williness1611 prodigity1623 1485 Coventry Leet Bk. 523 Yf any personne of obstinacie or wilful-hednesse will withstand..the said..Rules. † wilfulling n. [irregularly < wilful + -ing suffix¹] Obsolete a wilful act.Apparently an isolated use. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [noun] > wilfulness > instance or act of wilfulling1606 wilful1819 wilfulnessa1834 1606 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. (new ed.) ii. iii. 75 No more bay with thy wilfullings His Wrath's dread Torrent. † †wilfulship n. Obsolete wilfulness. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [noun] > wilfulness willOE wilfulnessc1200 wilfulshipc1200 own-willa1225 wilsomenessa1382 wilfulheadc1385 headiness1447 self-willa1450 self-willednessc1450 willerdoma1475 wilfulheadness1485 self-wilfulness1511 sensuality1536 headstrongness1598 self-williness1611 prodigity1623 c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 205 Þat oðer is wilfulshipe and lichamliche lustes. c1280 MS Douce 139 lf. 157 Þe idel mon..Þat þurstes of wilfulscipe and drinket sorwenesse. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1924; most recently modified version published online December 2021). † wilfuladj.² Etymology: < wil, wile n. + -ful suffix. Obsolete. rare. Crafty, wily. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > ability > skill or skilfulness > cunning > [adjective] warec888 craftyOE hinderyeapc1000 yepec1000 foxc1175 slya1200 hinderc1200 quaint?c1225 wrenchfulc1225 wiltfula1250 wilyc1330 subtle1340 cautelous138. sleightful1380 subtile1387 enginousa1393 wilfula1400 wilyc1407 sleighty1412 serpentinec1422 ginnousa1425 wittya1425 semyc1440 artificial?a1475 sleight1495 slapea1500 shrewdc1525 craftly1526 foxy1528 gleering?1533 foxish1535 insidious1545 vafrous1548 wily beguile1550 wilely1556 fine1559 todly1571 practic1585 subdolous1588 captious1590 witryff1598 cautel1606 cunninga1616 versute1616 shiftfula1618 artificious1624 insidiary1625 canny1628 lapwing-like1638 pawky?a1640 tricksome1648 callid1656 versutious1660 artful1663 slim1674 dexterous1701 trickish1705 supple1710 slid1719 vulpinary1721 tricksy1766 trickful1775 sneck-drawing1786 tricky1786 louche1819 sneck-drawn1820 slyish1828 vulpine1830 kokum1839 spidery1843 dodgy1861 ladino1863 carney1881 slinky1951 a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 11807 Heroude..Þat wilful [Vesp. wili] wolf þat ferde so fals Aȝeynes fremde & frendes als. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1924; most recently modified version published online September 2020). < adj.¹adv.n.c1200adj.²a1400
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wilfuladj.1adv.n.

Derivatives

† wilfuladj.2

wilfuladj.¹adv.n.

† wilfuladj.²