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† westernn.1Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with Old Frisian wēstene , wōstene , Old Dutch wuostinna , Old Saxon wōstunnia , Old High German wuostin , wuostun , wuastin (Middle High German wüesten ) < the Germanic base of weste adj. + the Germanic base of -en suffix2. Compare later wastern n.In Old English usually a strong neuter; however, a strong masculine and strong feminine are also occasionally attested. The β. forms show the frequent Old English (Northumbrian) spelling of unstressed -en as -ern , and its reflex in northern Middle English and Older Scots; compare similar forms at even n.1, fasten n., and Lenten n. Obsolete ( Scottish in later use). the world > the earth > land > landscape > wild or uncultivated land > [noun] α. eOE tr. Orosius (BL Add.) (1980) i. i. 9 Swa ofer Ethiopica westenne oþ þone suþgarsecg. OE Ælfric (St. John's Oxf.) 312 Desertum uel heremus, westen. OE Ælfric Old Test. Summary: Maccabees (Julius) in W. W. Skeat (1900) II. 94 Iudas eac ferde ofer Iordanen ða ea, geond þæt widgille wæsten, and gewylde ða hæðenan. c1175 ( Homily (Bodl. 343) in S. Irvine (1993) 136 Þe Hælend wæs ilæd fram Gaste on wæsten þæt he were ifondod of deofle. a1225 ( (Winteney) (1888) i. 13 Þet oðor mynecene cyn is ancræne, þat is westensetlena, næng þare þe mid radlicære hyȝunge þæt westen ȝesecæð, ac þare þe þurh langsumere fandunge munstrelicere drohnunge habboð ȝeleornod. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2011; most recently modified version published online September 2021). † westernn.3Origin: Of unknown origin. Etymology: Origin unknown. Obsolete. the world > animals > birds > order Passeriformes (singing) > non-arboreal (larks, etc.) > [noun] > family Hirundinidae > genus Riparia (sand-martin) 1553 J. Withals f. 5v/2 A westorne or marten, whiche breedeth in water bankes, riparia. 1589 J. Rider 1702 Birds, A Marten, or westerne. 1668 W. Charleton 90 Hirundo Riparia..the Sand, or Bank Marten, or Western. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2011; most recently modified version published online December 2020). westernadj.n.2adv. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with Old Frisian western , Old Saxon westrōni , westroni (Middle Low German western ), Old High German westrōni , Old Icelandic vestrœnn < the Germanic base of west adv. + the Germanic base of -ern suffix. In sense A. 8f after Southern n.2, punningly after southern adj. (compare quot. 19811 at sense A. 8f, and compare earlier northern adj. 8). With the β. forms perhaps compare Old Icelandic vestrœnn . Compare also discussion at northern adj., n., and adv. Also attested early as a surname (in sense A. 2): Geoffrey le Westerne (c1172–80), Willelmus le Westren (c1200), Henricus le Westerne (1250), etc. A. adj.the world > the earth > direction > cardinal points > West > [adjective] the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > wind > [adjective] > from specific point of compass the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > current > [adjective] > flowing in specific direction OE tr. Bede (Corpus Cambr.) v. xvii. 458 Sona ðæs þe he on scip eode, ða astah westerne wind & bleow [OE Corpus Oxf. sona þæs þe he on scyp eode & astagh, bleow westwind]. OE Aldhelm Glosses (Cambr. Gg.5.35) in A. S. Napier (1900) 191/2 Zepheri, westernes windes. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. xii. xv. 625 Whanne þe westerne wynde blowiþ. a1425 ( H. Daniel (Wellcome 225) 92 (MED) Þare are 4 wyndys of þe same qualiteis..Zephirus, þe western wynd. 1530 J. Palsgrave 288/1 Westerne wynde, le vent daual. 1581 A. Hall tr. Homer ii. 23 When as the western winde doth meete a field of graine, In haruest time. 1604 E. Grimeston tr. J. de Acosta iii. iv. 128 They saile with a westerne winde vntill they come to the burning Zone. 1613 W. Browne I. iv. 79 A westerne milde, and prettie whispering gale. 1673 J. Ray 386 The commixture of the warm Southerly and Western air, with the cold Northerly and Eastern. 1748 B. Robins & R. Walter i. x. 103 The western winds which blew almost constantly there. 1803 J. Leyden Mermaid in W. Scott (ed. 2) III. 307 Softly blow, thou western Breeze! 1814 H. M. Williams tr. A. von Humboldt I. i. i. 58 The brother-in-law of Columbus..found..pieces of bamboo of an extraordinary size, brought thither by the western currents. 1867 W. Morris iv. 68 The..piping of the following western breeze. 1903 Apr. 148/1 Somewhere out there the great Atlantic rollers were driven in by the western gale. 2007 A. L. Hall vii. 42 That's a western breeze. Comes all the way from the Gulf Stream, maybe. the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of specific region > [adjective] > western people OE (Tiber. B.iv) anno 1013 Swegen cyng..sæt þær mid his fyrde, & com Æþelmær ealdorman þyder & þa wæstrena [OE Tiber. B.i westernan] ðegenas mid him. c1450 (?a1370) (1990) l. 7 Dare neuer no westren wy..Send his sone southewarde to see ne to here. 1536 R. Morison sig. E It were wel in Englande, if we were all called Englyshemen, of this countrey,..and not these northern men, these southerne, these western. 1576 W. Lambarde 316 Muche are the Westerne men bound..to Polydore, who..remouing the infamous reuenge from Dorsetshyre, laieth it vpon our men of Kent. 1605 R. Verstegan vii. 195 The westerne man saith: Chud eat more cheese an chad it. 1611 J. Speed ix. xix. 719/2 The Duke..meant to passe Seuerne, and so haue ioined his Army with the Courtneys, & other Western men. 1693 T. Pitts (ed. 4) 527 The..Christian Courage of the Western Sufferers. 1711 5 To the Complaints of these Gentlemen of the Associated Counties, the Northern and Western Men Answer, That you are near the very great Market of London. 1788 G. R. Minot 169 The unconquered spirit of the western inhabitants of Massachusetts. 1822 W. Scott i. ii. 67 O, were my western horsemen but come up, I would take part with you! 1841 C. J. Lever xiii Few Western gentlemen were without constant intercourse with the Athlone attorney. 1869 A. Macdonald xxv. 576 There was a respectable muster of western folks got up for the occasion. 1913 27 Dec. 8/4 A band of poets arose who wrote for western folk in this obsolete old metre, rich in native mother-words. 1930 3 192 The dialectical distinctions existing between the eastern and western inhabitants of the Kilimanjaro. 1994 D. E. Jordan 7 A larger struggle within the Land League leadership between representatives of the large graziers, located primarily in eastern and southern Ireland, and advocates of the small western farmers. 3. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. viii. ix. 462 Þe westrene triplicite haþ Saturnus, Mercurius, and Iubiter. ?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius (BL Add. 10340) (1868) iv. met. vi. l. 4127 Þe same sterre vrsa nis neuer mo wasshen in þe depe westerne see. ?a1450 ( J. Lydgate (McClean) (1911) 55 (MED) Þe sonne..muste descende and baþe his golde tressid hornes in þe westryne walis [read wawes]. 1584 H. Llwyd & D. Powel 96 With a great armie out of Mercia and other westerne countries. 1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden i. 694 Pennigent, which among the Westerne hils mounteth aloft aboue the rest. 1649 J. Taylor 14 The farthest Western Parish of..Cornwall. 1691 G. Mackenzie (new ed.) 12 As to the bringing in the Highlanders on the Western shires..it is answered, that [etc.]. 1748 B. Robins & R. Walter ii. ix. 224 Tempestuous weather from the western quarter. 1785 W. Cowper vi. 484 Where England, stretch'd towards the setting sun,..o'erlooks the western wave. 1810 W. Scott i. 11 The hunter marked that mountain high, The lone lake's western boundary. 1848 B. Webb 117 The plan is quite basilican, containing a western bay between two western towers. 1886 R. L. Stevenson xxiv. 242 We were to pass through the western end of the country of Balquidder. 1919 Mar. 340/2 With the canoe the whole western part of the province is your oyster. 1949 A. E. Trueman xi. 153 On the western margin at Buxton the limestones dip to the west under the Millstone Grit moors of Axe Edge. 1998 6 July viii. 3/5 Political violence has paralyzed central and eastern Karachi and is spilling into western districts. the world > the universe > sky, heavens > [adjective] > west 1593 B. Barnes 113 Diana did inforce to yeeld My muse to prayse the Westerne starre. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) v. i. 1 The Sun begins to guild the westerne skie. View more context for this quotation 1633 P. Fletcher vi. lxxvii. 84 But see, the stealing night with softly pace, To flie the Western Sunne, creeps up the East. 1667 J. Milton x. 92 Now was the Sun in Western cadence low From Noon. View more context for this quotation 1718 M. Prior Solomon on Vanity ii, in (new ed.) 445 The Sun declin'd had shot his Western Ray. 1747 W. Collins 36 The bright-hair'd Sun Sits in yon western Tent. 1805 W. Scott iii. xxiv. 83 Her blue eye sought the west afar, For lovers love the western star. 1860 J. Tyndall i. xxi. 146 The sun was near the western horizon. 1893 Aug. 141 The dawn stole gradually onward, fading the flying star and western moon. 1908 J. Payne 5 Blow from thy home beyond the Western beams And bring with thee All the mild magic of the sunset-haze. 1976 J. Mirritji 56 They saw us coming from the eastern sunrise and going towards the western sundown. 2008 D. Koontz xvi. 85 At the horizon, the blood-drop sun pressed on jagged mountains, swelled, burst, and streamed red across the western heavens. 1614 J. Selden 75 Since his time its well known that the Western Asia and Greece or Macedon are names confounded. 1768 G. Baretti II. xxxvii. 270 I have but seldom or never met in the books of English travellers with any account..of those parts of northern and western Italy, which are, one may say, but a stone's throw from the great road of Rome. 1776 E. Gibbon I. vi. 135 It was agreed, that Caracalla..should remain in possession of Europe and the western Africa. 1839 H. T. De la Beche xv. 572 Water-whims..are seldom employed in western Cornwall. 1876 W. S. Dallas tr. O. Heer I. vii. 292 The second Miocene stage..is also known as the Aquitanian stage, a rich marine fauna belonging to it having been preserved in western France, the ancient Aquitania. 1925 Mar. 343/1 Denmark is notoriously the broadest-skulled of the Scandinavian countries and in Western Norway there really exists a brachycephalic population. 1971 L. H. Matthews II. ix. 266 The red or lesser panda..inhabits parts of western China and the slopes of the Himalayas. 2007 26 Feb. 5/5 [His]..return to Manhattan after an extended period of reclusion in the rolling hills of western Massachusetts. 4. the world > the earth > named regions of earth > Europe > British Isles > England > [adjective] > districts of England 1545 sig. dvjv A dossen karsay iij. A westerne dossen ii. 1591 Inventory of Robert Howldsworth 25 Feb. in R. W. Ambler et al. (1987) 88 Itm one westren coveringe... Itm two pare of blankets. 1610 E. Bolton 75 The Tremains (a Cornish, or westerne house of Gentlemen) beare three armes so disposed, the hands directed toward the angles of the Sheild. a1651 E. Grey (1653) sig. D11 To scald Milk after the Western Fashion. 1711 J. Addison No. 129. ¶3 Being a Lawyer of the Middle-Temple, a Cornish Man by Birth, I generally ride the Western Circuit. 1782 R. Locke (title) The Western Rebellion. 1886 T. L. Kington-Oliphant I. 564 The Western dialect appears, as ch'am, ich cham, vilthy. 1896 W. H. K. Wright 429 He undoubtedly merits the appellation bestowed upon him by the Western press of the Cornish poet. 1982 J. C. Wells II. iv. 341 Full rhoticity is to be observed in any kind of broad western accent. the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of specific region > [adjective] > western people > native or inhabitant of western hemisphere 1587 Sir P. Sidney & A. Golding tr. P. de Mornay viii. 119 Thus doe ye see the latenesse of the Westerne Nations. 1600 E. Fairfax tr. T. Tasso iv. xvi. 58 These westren rebels, with your power withstand, Plucke vp these weedes, before they ouergroe The gentle garden of the Hebrewes land. 1603 R. Johnson tr. G. Botero 121 For such an other piece of ground..is not to be found againe in all our western world. ?a1645 W. Browne in i. 133 Isis the glory of the Westerne world..Why doe not now Her waues reflow? 1704 F. Atterbury 22 Those Conspiracies and Rebellions, with which they have..disturb'd the Quiet of this Western World. 1771 C. Burney 272 (note) As yet there is no regular catalogue of the western MSS. in the Vatican library. 1787 J. Banks 15 May (2000) 91 A sort much superior..to all kinds cultivated in the Western World. 1839 XIII. 307/1 The little intercourse that subsisted between the inhabitants of India and the Western nations. 1847 L. H. Kerr tr. L. von Ranke 449 They who are desirous of ascertaining..the reaction of Eastern on Western affairs, may examine the Egyptian question. 1883 T. Watts in Mar. 413 The mystic type of all Eastern, and yet the mother of all Western, beauty. 1905 P. Landon II. 136 In Tibet there are ways and means unknown to western nations. 1946 19 311 It was not easy to practice Western medicine in China, since China has her traditional herbal medicine. 2002 May 10/2 It appears as though Muslims have internalized all those historic and contemporary Western representations of Islam that have been used to demonize them for centuries. the world > the earth > direction > cardinal points > West > [adjective] > character 1600 W. Shakespeare ii. i. 166 Yet markt I, where the bolt of Cupid fell. It fell vpon a little westerne flower. View more context for this quotation 1685 J. Chamberlayne tr. A. Colmenero de Ladesma Treat. Chocolate in P. S. Dufour 89 Some hold there are but two sorts of Chiles or Chilli, the one the Eastern which is Ginger, and the other Western, which is the Pepper of Mexico. 1713 II. 26 The Tuscaroroes have surprised and robbed our traders going to the Western Indians. 1764 O. Goldsmith 17 My genius spreads her wing, And flies where Britain broods the western spring. 1790 W. Blount Let. 10 July in (1924) I. 67 My Western Lands had become so great an object to me that it had become absolutely necessary that I should go to the Western Country, to secure them. 1812 3 13/1 The Western papers..abound with the severest animadversions on General Hull. 1853 E. K. Kane xxi. 161 He himself would take the western search. 1885 38 130 In them, whether they be eastern or western kinds, the uniformity on the whole is very remarkable. 1900 16 437 A division can be made into a western and an eastern group of handicrafts, the dividing-line being somewhere about Freshwater bay. 2007 E. Verhoeven i. 5 The western variety is spoken in the northwest of the peninsula. society > armed hostility > armed forces > [adjective] > specific countries 1914 10 Aug. 1/2 The combined armies of the three western allies have upward of 300,000 trained soldiers. 1917 I. F. Marcosson viii. 141 German imperialism, after having defeated our Western Allies, will turn against us the whole power of its arms. 1938 E. Ambler viii. 132 The Nazis and the Fascisti..agreed to present a united front to the Western powers. 1940 13 Jan. 51/2 The outbreak of open hostilities between the U.S.S.R. and the Western Powers. 1974 XIX. 1006/1 The western Allies' ‘Operation Overlord’..took place on June 6, 1944. 2000 J. Simpson (2001) vi. 194 After the war, the three Western allies were careful not to go in for denazification too harshly in Austria since they were in competition with Russia. society > authority > rule or government > a or the state > [adjective] > non-communist state 1947 219 The need [of Russia] for an American loan and the consequent recognition of the desirability of making some concessions to the Western Powers. 1956 60 The jamming..of certain language transmissions of the BBC and other Western Bloc broadcasters. 1959 18 Dec. 1 Expectations of some progress in Western politics rose in Paris to-night on the eve of the ‘Western Summit’ meetings which will take place here this weekend. 1982 67 The fourth [proposal] called on the Soviet Union to accept Western plans for reducing the risks of surprise attack. 1991 27 June 48/1 Now the crumbling of Soviet power and the war in the Gulf have shattered the assumptions that underlie Western nuclear policies. 5. society > faith > sect > Christianity > Roman Catholicism > [adjective] 1562 tr. J. Jewel f. 62v It ought not to seme new or strange.., if the Byshops of the weste called councels amongest them selues..for that hath bene done..of the Westerne Byshoppes not a fewe times. 1620 Bp. J. Hall ii. x. 199 The Westerne Bishops..that is, the Italian or Latine..finding themselues galled with the Canons of this Synod, haue giuen it out not to be Generall. 1699 Bp. G. Burnet (1700) xxi. 201 All the First General Councils were made up for most part of Eastern Bishops; there being a very inconsiderable Number of the Western among any of them. 1755 T. Amory 73 The eastern christians, called in contempt Arians by the western tritheists. 1790 J. Priestley II. 311 The Western bishops in general and Liberius himself at their head, were the avowed advocates of the Nicene faith. 1850 J. M. Neale I. 317 The whole body of Eastern and Western Liturgies may be divided into four branches. 1853 C. Hardwick 265 Gregory VII., who seems to have expected that Crusades, while strengthening his throne, would tend to reunite the Eastern and the Western Christians. 1880 May 600 The Roman Church..remains the great trunk from which the other communions have been divided in Western Christendom. 1903 C. E. Osborne (1905) xxiv. 229 The sequence was that usual at the burial of the dead in Western Christendom, the Dies Iræ. 1972 J. G. Davies 282/2 No other individual issue has so divided Western Christendom since the sixteenth century as the oblatory concept of the eucharist. 1999 K. Noakes in D. Longenecker 69 This understanding of Church as communion, so firmly rooted in the Fathers, is one shared by Eastern and Western Christian traditions. society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > [noun] > aggregate of sovereign states under one rule > the Roman Empire > part of society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > sovereign ruler or monarch > emperor > [noun] > of western or Holy Roman Empire 1584 J. Rainolds & J. Hart vi. 376 He that was king of Germanie held also the kingdome of Italie with the westerne Empire, and therefore did receiue three crownes. 1621 R. Crakanthorpe i. xiv. 344 Charles by being made westerne Emperour, receiued an addition of reall power or right. 1679 C. Ness 162 This Western empire was forsaken, which after molder'd into an ignoble exarchate. 1722 46 Henry the sixth, the then Western Emperor, injoined Leopold Duke of Austria..That one of the Conditions for his Releasement should be, to make Savaricus..Bishop of Bath and Wells. 1781 E. Gibbon (1787) III. xxvii. 38 Maximus would have obtained, without a struggle, the sole possession of the western empire. 1790 J. Priestley II. 332 After the death of Constantine, the Western emperors were of the Nicene faith. 1840 H. H. Milman II. iii. i. 343 In the Western provinces, Gaul, Spain, and Britain..the constitution of society was very different. 1866 J. Bryce (new ed.) v. 69 Odoacer..did not abolish the Western Empire as a separate power. 1921 A. E. R. Boak iv. xxiv. 375 The goal of Justinian's imperial policy was the recovery of the lands of the western empire from their Germanic rulers. 1962 J. Bowle vii. 117 One art flourished as the Western Empire foundered: the earlier mosaic floors and wall decorations. 2002 J. Curran i. ii. 60 Scrupulous care was taken to ensure that the ritual investment of the western emperor clearly designated his subordinate status to the pope. 6. 1577 R. Willes & R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria sig. Doo.v Two passengers depart..the one Westward, the other Eastwarde, rounde about the worlde, and both returne home..Mydsommer daye..that day woulde be..to the westerne traueylers but Mydsommer euen. 1589 R. Hakluyt To Rdr. sig. *4 Touching the westerne Nauigations, and trauailes of ours, they succeede naturallie in the third and last roome. 1635 L. Foxe sig. F4v He [sc. John Davis] had sailed by Chart and precise account 15, leagues S, by W, yet upon observation he found it S, W. so as he saith, it was by a Westerne Current. 1684 J. Harington v. 279 Bright Noon succeeds..His Charet drives the Princely Sun in haste, Down th' Azure Western Road, with blazing Head. 1713 J. Addison in 14 July 2/1 A Ship at Sea has no certain Method, in either her Eastern or Western Voyages,..to know her Longitude. 1784 J. Filson 14 Salt river..runs a western course near ninety miles. 1851 Sept. 551/2 He travelled on his western path to the meridian of America. 1881 July 434 The Western movement of the urban American population. 1945 24 Nov. 61/2 The Western trek was halted before the giraffe got that far west. 2003 18 Dec. 16/3 If the wall follows the route approved by Sharon on its western course. 1614 W. Lithgow sig. C2 That Crosse of Cedar, which standeth at the side of the litle westerne window, was made by the Apostles. a1661 T. Fuller (1662) Northampt. 279 A Majestick Western Front of Columel-work. 1706 G. London & H. Wise I. i. 21 Of the Western Aspect... The Western Exposition begins at half an Hour after Eleven, and continues 'till the Sun sets. 1795 W. Cowper 18 Distant a little mile he spied A western bank's still sunny side. 1819 J. Keats 6 And on the western window panes, The chilly sunset faintly told Of unmatur'd green vallies cold. 1886 Aug. 128 Hunstanton..is the only watering-place on the east coast of England with a western aspect. 1903 A. Agassiz 86 We struck the central part of the western face of Tahanea. 1958 July 122/2 As the sun sinks on summer afternoons, aiming its rays almost on a horizontal line through your western windows. 2002 H. Sharp vii. 155 From here a good path traverses the western slopes of the Aiguilles de la Lé and the Garde de Bordon. the world > life > source or principle of life > age > old age > [adjective] > growing old 1615 T. Tomkis v. vi. sig. I Fye, that a gentleman..Crown'd with such reputation in your youth, Should in your Westerne dayes, loose th' good opinion Of all your friends. 8. the world > the earth > named regions of earth > America > North America > [adjective] > U.S.A. > Western States 1703 in (1838) 3rd Ser. VII. 61 Letters from Piscataqua come in the Western mail. 1757 G. Washington Let. 25 Oct. in (1988) V. 33 The inhabitants of this fertile..valley, are now become our most western settlers. 1787 J. Madison IV. 266 The Western people are already calling out for slaves for their new lands. 1834 R. C. Sands II. 179 One of the favorite and most expressive words of Western invention. 1845 P. B. St. John 69 The Eutaws reined in as the two hunters faced them with the deadly western rifle levelled in their direction. 1880 June 747 The changing conditions in agriculture caused by Western competition. 1905 (Bull. U.S. Dept. Agric., Bureau Forestry, No. 62) 9 The great bulk of the western stockmen are definitely in favor of the Government control of the open range. 1947 28 June 8/4 I like to hear people from the West—that's where I come from, and I like Western ways. 2003 July–Aug. 16/3 She can sing a Western song with tremendous emotion. society > leisure > the arts > literature > prose > narrative or story > novel > [adjective] > types of novel society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > cinematography > a film > type of film > [adjective] > western 1846 June 473/1 Mrs. Farnham is the best writer of western tales. 1872 Apr. 572/1 In a recent Western novel, ‘Robert Greathouse’, an amusing instance is given of that tendency existing in the uneducated mind to confound profanity with the solemn taking of an oath. 1909 6 Nov. 638 The success of their Western series of last year was abundantly satisfying and added greatly to the reputation of the firm. 1913 29 Many film makers still turn out great quantities of so-called Western and Indian pictures. 1959 5 Aug. 6/4 Many Western novels are abominably written. 1967 J. M. Argyle i. 28 An indirect form of aggression will occur, which may consist of..mere aggression in fantasy, such as watching western films or wrestling matches. 1992 J. Stern & M. Stern 325/1 Actual cowboying was a whole lot less fun than the thrilling lives of the heroes and desperadoes who populate most western movies. the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > [adjective] > other 1881 W. Whitman in 15 Aug. 5/5 The carbines, the broad-brimmed Western hats,..the clouds of war-bonneted Sioux in the background. 1931 8 June 4/4 You must dude it with chic, for there's a complete fashion round-up for western wear. 1962 14 Aug. 16/1 (advt.) Stretch Riders still have the same authentic western tailoring. 1998 D. Smith (1999) ix. 104 All wore..shirts with colorful western piping, western boots, and plenty of makeup. 2005 A. St. John xvii. 157 McGee was spiffed out with a fancy Western shirt and a bolo tie. 1883 20 Aug. 5/3 He has with him a Western saddle weighing sixty-eight pounds, and other similar accoutrements. 1900 G. Seton-Thompson ii. 35 Western riding is not Central Park riding, nor is it Rotten Row riding. 1947 5 May 61 A large part of this renaissance in riding can be attributed to the Western style of riding, for which clothes are easy-going, attractive and inexpensive. 1993 T. Kirksmith ii. 40 Neck rein, also called bearing rein, is the classic Western way to turn a horse while riding one-handed. 2008 E. Esterson iii. 72 A Western rider may only be able to hug the horse marginally with just her arms on his shoulders. the world > health and disease > ill health > animal disease or disorder > disorders of horses > [noun] > other disorders of horses the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > disorders of nervous system > [noun] > disorders of brain > inflammation of brain > encephalitis > types of 1933 C. Ten Broeck & M. H. Merrill in 31 217 (title) A serological difference between Eastern and Western Equine Encephalomyelitis virus. 1954 3 299 The Venezuelan virus is restricted to tropical areas, western and St. Louis viruses to temperate zones. 1961 7 295 Western equine encephalitis has been a disease of public health importance in Saskatchewan since it was first recognized in 1935. 1988 J. C. Bell et al. 79 Western encephalitis (WEE) occurs in North America, Mexico, Guyana, Brazil and Argentina. 2005 A. Pavia vi. 69 Western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE), Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE), and Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) all have unique annual vaccines to combat this illness. the world > life > biology > biological processes > immunogenesis > [noun] > immunological assays > blot procedures 1981 W. N. Burnette in 112 196/1 With due respect to Southern..the established tradition of ‘geographic’ naming of transfer techniques (‘Southern’, ‘Northern’) is continued; the method described in this manuscript is referred to as ‘Western’ blotting. 1981 W. N. Burnette in 112 201/1 Figure 5 is the Western blot of the 2-DGE of E♂G2 and C3H cell lysates. 1994 June 37/2 Even the Western Blot, which targets specific Borrelia burgdorferi proteins on the bacterial cell wall, cannot detect early infection. 1999 D. C. Hirsh & Y. C. Zee lxxiv. 450/1 Antibody to FIV [= feline immunodefociency virus] can be detected using ELISA tests, Western immunoblots, and indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA). 2004 8 May 55 (advt.) More importantly you'll need to have a thorough grounding in biochemical techniques such as Western blotting. 2009 M. Lieberman & A. D. Marks (ed. 3) xvii. 229 Western blots are one of the tests for the AIDS virus. 9. Designating animals and plants. See also Compounds 4. 1609 R. Hakluyt tr. xxiv. 100 There was another fish like a Westerne shad.] 1735 P. Collinson Let. 16 Aug. in J. Bartram (1992) 12 The Water Beach or Buttonwood Is known Here [sc. England] as the Western Plane. 1781 S. Fullmer 24 Western, or American Plane. 1785 T. Pennant II. ii. 564 Western [Duck]. Anas Stelleri, Pallas. 1824 J. F. Stephens XII. ii. 206 Western Pochard. (Fuligula dispar.) 1842 J. E. De Kay iv. 269 The Western Mud-fish, Amia occidentalis,..is found in Lake Erie and Ontario. 1896 8 1 Western Kingbird would evidently be a more suitable, if not very original, name [for Tyrannus verticalis]. 1917 (U.S. Public Health Service) 32 1139 The great ragweed..is found in Wyoming, as well as the western ragweed. 1932 No. 3. 122 Scelidoporus occidentalis biseriatus Western Fence Lizard. Observed at Escondido, San Diego Co. 1962 C. L. Metcalf & W. P. Flint (ed. 4) xiv. 675 In the West it [sc. the parsleyworm] is replaced by the western parsley caterpillar. 1993 31 July 25/2 Hans Schäfer's group..has used electrochemical methods to synthesise..brevicomin, the sex attractant of the western pine beetle. 1847 J. Gould (1848) V. Pl. 9 Calyptorhynchus naso..Western Black Cockatoo..Red-Tailed Black Cockatoo of the Colonists. 1862 W. Landsborough 73 Western wood acacia..is called gidya in some places of Australia. 1941 E. Troughton 67 Marl or Western Barred-Bandicoot... The native's name of ‘Marl’ has been advocated as the popular name for the western race. 1966 T. Y. Harris (ed. 6) 12 Western Kurrajong... This elegant tree with its..well-balanced form is one of the more fortunate of our western trees. 1984 M. F. Soper 82 In the South Island, the principal subspecies, the Western Weka, occurs west of the divide. 2007 S. Dooley 106 Also present in this spectacular location are other highly elusive species such as the Western Bristlebird and Western Whipbird. the world > space > relative position > position at the back > [adjective] 1829 F. Marryat III. v. 150 What have you done to the western side of your gown? 1841 E. A. Theller xi. 167 After I had got my head and arm through, I at first stuck, but Partridge, putting his shoulder to my ‘western end’, helped me to ‘move on my ways’. 1868 Sept. 220 A double discharge took place in my rear, and a sharp tingling on my western side told me that some one had been making game of me. B. n.2 Chiefly with capital initial. the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > wool > [noun] > type of 1427 in A. H. Thomas (1943) IV. 213 (MED) [On 24 August 1427 William Waryn,] jueler, [avowed a quantity of woollen cloths called] Westerns. 1444 in P. E. Jones (1954) V. 58 (MED) [3 packs of] Westerns. 2. the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of specific region > [noun] > western person 1612 M. Drayton viii. 125 Urenhin and Brennin in the British are but significant words for King; and peraduenture almost as ordinary a name among these Westernes, as Pharaoh and Ptolemy in Aegypt. 1683 J. Bulteel tr. F. E. de Mézeray i. xxviii. 156 Arnold..besides the Neustrians, or Westerns not agreeing well with the Eastern or Germans: was much amazed that the Lords of Neustria..had Elected Eudes. 1796 J. Hey I. i. xvii. §6. 228 These and other reasons might induce the Ægyptians to continue the use of Hieroglyphics..and some westerns, or at least Grecians, are said to have done the same. 1863 H. Hayman in W. Smith II. 295/2 He [sc. Hippocrates] extols the discernment of Orientals above Westerns, and of Asiatics above Europeans, in medical diagnosis. 1882 J. Neil 44 The former figure ‘wings of the morning’ to a Western is not a little obscure. 1917 T. R. Glover vii. 218 The employment of the camel in war strikes the Western oddly. 1932 C. D. King vii. 127 The East, neither so youthful nor so cocksure as we Westerns, avoids our error of imagining that wisdom is of recent appearance upon the earth. 2003 31 302 It goes equally well for women and men, Asians and Westerns, etc. the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of America > native or inhabitant of North America > native or inhabitant of U.S.A. > [noun] > parts of 1846 G. Warburton II. 22 There were Southerners and Northerners, Downeasters, and Westerns. 1870 J. White ii. 344 The first striking event of the walk illustrated the carelessness of the Westerns about their mail service. 1888 J. Bryce II. lxv. 480 He [sc. Andrew Jackson] was a raw rude Western, a man of the people. 1918 I. S. Bartlett III. 254 Mr. Poole is not a member of that class of westerns who regard the east as ‘effete’. society > faith > sect > Christianity > Roman Catholicism > person > [noun] 1640 W. Vaughan 197 Our Westernes now by Romes Croisadoes spurr'd Made a brave League. 1701 S. Hill ii. xxi. 72 The Westerns challenged a concern and account in the Acts of the former Councils at Constantinople. 1771 T. Barker ii. x. 128 Chrysostom plainly did not believe Original sin in the sense of the Westerns and moderns. 1860 W. Bright ii. 50 Among the bishops who had received the sympathy of the Westerns was Paul of Constantinople. 1865 E. B. Pusey 60 S. Basil..blamed the Westerns for their ‘pride, haughtiness, precipitancy’. 1902 H. K. Mann I. i. 30 Despite the express declaration of Justinian..some of the Westerns persisted in maintaining [etc.]. 1945 G. Dix xiii. 494 The Westerns developed a ceremonial, stately enough in its own way though it never attained to anything like the dramatic quality found in the Eastern rites. 1991 S. G. Hall iii. 28 The Westerns, dominated by Augustine and councils associated with him.., generally regarded all the books as of equal authority. society > leisure > the arts > literature > prose > narrative or story > novel > [noun] > western society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > cinematography > a film > type of film > [noun] > western 1910 16 July 154/2 (advt.) Another of the always welcome Lubin Westerns. 1915 J. B. Rathbun 72 ‘Westerns’ are invariably taken in their proper locale, the ‘supes’ usually being drawn from the ranches and towns surrounding the studio. 1923 11 June 15/1 Love stories are their first choice, comedies second, society life as known to the De Mille brothers third, and then come the Westerns. 1962 L. Deighton xviii. 110 On the army table were a few books; German grammar..two paperback westerns. 1977 B. Pym xviii. 171 Watching a Western on the other channel. 2002 Mar. 24/1 It is the spectacular wide-screen sweep of the vast prairies and snaking wagon trains that resonates most in this pioneering Western. the world > life > biology > biological processes > immunogenesis > [noun] > immunological assays > blot procedures 1985 100 216 Hybridomas were screened..and the molecular specificities of the mcAbs were determined using electrophoretic transfer procedures, ‘Westerns’. 1990 B. P. Bradley in W. G. Landis & W. H. van der Schalie 342 Typical immunoblots (also known as Western blots or simply Westerns) are shown. 2005 D. A. Starr & M. Han in D. Chadwick 219 I did a Western and looked at the lower portion of the gel and I didn't see any obvious bands. C. adv.society > travel > transport > riding on horse (or other animal) > [adverb] > in western style 1913 H. Morrow v. 77 Jack and Billy rode Western fashion, long stirrup, an inseparable part of their horses.] 1947 11 Sept. ii. 8/9 (advt.) Reg. Palomino stallion 15.2 hands, rides English or Western. 1972 5 Oct. 817/1 In a year Lady Sarah was so used to riding Western that she found it almost strange to revert to English for hunting. 1995 June 98/2 Sherry, who usually rides western, lost her grip on the small, smooth English saddle. Compounds C1. Forming adjectives. society > education > [adjective] > educated or taught > western-educated 1841 W. D. Gallagher 7 Much the greater number of the persons selected from, are either western born or western educated, or both. 1933 N. Waln i. vi. 96 A Western educated woman doctor. 2004 23 Mar. 11/2 The Indian writers in English inspired by Salman Rushdie, the Western-educated midnight's children of Nehru's India..began to rework creatively their mixed cultural legacy. the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of specific region > [adjective] > western people > native or inhabitant of western hemisphere 1895 Spring & Summer 330/1 Three-Horn Western Style Side Saddle. 1953 114 255/2 Peking of course offers a complete contrast to such cities as Shanghai where large areas have been covered with western-style multi-storey buildings. 2006 J. Updike iv. 243 The older men visible on the streets have long since discarded the gallabiya and the fez for the dusty-black Western-style suits..favored by the Mediterranean males. society > education > [adjective] > educated or taught > western-educated 1877 8 May 4/3 The common school system..filled the State with a Western-born, Western-trained generation. 1962 E. Snow (1963) xlii. 309 Since 1958 all Western-trained doctors have been required to devote at least six months to the study of Chinese medicine. 1999 K. A. Appiah & H. L. Gates 1777/3 African music, especially its complex polyrhythms, is not easily comprehended by Western-trained ears. the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of specific region > [adjective] > western people > native or inhabitant of western hemisphere 1917 Jan. 44 The cars most widely used in stripping work are the Eastern and Western type side-dump cars. 1964 T. B. Bottomore vi. 111 The unified elite in Soviet-type societies is contrasted with the plurality of elites in Western-type societies. 1993 ‘A. McNab’ (1994) viii. 227 There were Land Cruisers straight from the showroom and jundies with shiny boots and clean, western-type uniforms. society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > vessel of specific construction or shape > flat-bottomed boat > [noun] > barge > sailing 1506 (P.R.O.: PROB. 11/15) f. 242 My body..in the nyghte season..to be layde in..a bote or A westurne barge. 1591 J. Lyly iv. ii. sig. Gv In a Westerne barge, when with a good winde and lustie pugges, one may goe ten miles in two daies. 1611 W. Austin in T. Coryate sig. g5 Slep't in his clothes, like westerne Pugge, Sans Monmouth cap or gowne of Rugge. 1669 S. Pepys 28 May (1976) IX. 563 Spent the evening on the water, making sport with the Westerne bargees. a1704 T. Brown Walk round London in (1708) iii. 59 A Western-Boat, stow'd with a mixture of both Sexes. a1704 T. Brown Walk round London in (1708) iii. 64 Others crowded into Boxes, like Passengers into a Western Wherry. 1758 R. Griffiths 146 Western Bargemen to be answerable for their Servants, and whom to employ as such. 1842 19 Dec. 7/2 There were saving clauses in favour of the western barges, as far as London-bridge only. 1925 J. Parkes iv. 106 When Charles I and his bride passed from Gravesend to London in the royal barge,..‘infinite numbers’ watched their progress from..wherries, ships, lighters, and western barges on the river. 2000 F. Morgan (2002) v. 130 Lightermen were plying their sea-coal laden vessels up and down to the Fleet to unload, western bargemen steering full barges out to the docks at Tilbury and back. C3. the mind > language > languages of the world > Indo-Hittite > [noun] > Indo-European > Germanic > English > American English > varieties of 1901 3 391 For this word an Algonquian (possibly through western American English) source suggests itself. 1919 G. P. Krapp 147 If your own speech is of the Eastern American type, transcribe a passage illustrating it into Western American speech. 1959 L. M. Myers (ed. 2) ii. 30 Three major dialect areas have long been recognised in American English—New England, Western or General American, and Southern. Linguistic geographers now prefer the terms Northern, Midland, and Southern. 1991 J. Baxter in A. Brown i. iii. 54 He happened to play a tape on which the speaker used the western American pronunciation of ‘aunt’ with a front vowel. the world > the earth > water > sea or ocean > specific seas > [noun] > Atlantic Ocean > North Atlantic > part near west Britain 1920 10 Feb. 17/5 The orders for the sloop Ladas to be commissioned..for service under the orders of the Commander-in-Chief of the Western Approaches, have been cancelled. 1946 W. S. Churchill 38 The powerful reinforcement of large-range aircraft..which were sent..to the Western Approaches are now active. 1976 62 177 Sometimes homeward-bound convoys would be routed away from the Western Approaches, the Bay of Biscay, and the English Channel. 1998 8 Oct. (Connected section) 3/4 The boats taking part in the year-long trial will be fishing for hake in the Western Approaches. 1703 W. Dampier iii. 119 The Clouds began to grow thick in the Western-board, and the Wind was already there. 1864 May 295 Now we are in the open Atlantic with nothing on the western board between us and Spain or America. a1939 F. Riesenberg (1947) 138 The distressed Centurion sighted two islands on her western board. 1841 W. D. Gallagher 7 Much the greater number of the persons selected from, are either western born or western educated, or both. 1880 L. Wallace 6 After years of residence with the Bedawin, the Western-born..will stop and wait the passing of the stately brute. 2006 G. Marranci vi. 114 Western-born Muslims belong to the West like any other person educated and born in this part of the world. society > faith > sect > Christianity > Roman Catholicism > person > [noun] > collective 1577 W. Fulke i. i. 3 The popish church..hath peruerted and corrupted all partes of the Latine, or Westerne Church, with Idolatry and false religion. 1628 Bp. J. Hall viii. i. 72 The Westerne, or Romane Church. 1659 H. Thorndike (1846) II. 557 Those controversies about which a settled division is once formed, as now in the western Church. 1709 J. Johnson (title page) Containing the Canonical Codes Of the Primitive, Universal, Eastern, and Western Church. 1775 J. Thorold ii. 144 The Doctrine of Transubstantiation disgraceth, and oppresseth both the Eastern, and the Western Church. 1838 W. Palmer I. 276 The Western churches..were in communion..with the great apostolical church of Rome. 1850 J. M. Neale I. Introd. 9 The tendency of the Western Church..has been to embroil herself with the kings and kingdoms of this world. 1904 A. F. Pollard vi. 172 The use of litanies had early grown up in the Western Church. 1955 20 188 The Protestant Reformation had torn the Western Church into fragments. 2007 18 Dec. a18/3 Russia..belongs to the Eastern Orthodox tradition, which split from the Western church in the 11th century. the world > the earth > named regions of earth > Europe > [adjective] the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > [adjective] > western 1639 T. Fuller v. xxi. 263 French men were so frequent at Jerusalem, that at this day all Western Europeans there are called Franks. 1785 Nov. 357 He was the first man that opened the knowledge of the remoter parts of the world to the Western Europeans. 1844 J. Macgregor II. xii. xxi. 655 Western European and tropical goods. 1893 J. Morrison tr. H. von Samson-Himmelstierna viii. 85 It is difficult to convince a Western European that Russia is in reality an entirely different and hardly intelligible world to the West. 1949 M. Mead vi. 132 Almost any Balinese male placed in a series of western-European males would look ‘feminine’. 1992 Sept. 51/1 In the two decades after 1917, tens of thousands of Americans and Western Europeans..went to live in Russia. 2005 23 Feb. i. 20/1 The problem lies in western European markets where flat or declining populations of drinking age are spending less of their disposable income on drinking. society > trade and finance > importing and exporting > [noun] > customs union society > authority > rule or government > politics > international politics or relations > international agreements > [noun] > customs union or common market society > authority > rule or government > politics > international politics or relations > international agreements > [noun] > alliance or confederacy > an alliance > specific alliances 1944 28 May 5/8 The Western European Union for certain common purposes, outlined by General de Gaulle last March..has now assumed more concrete shape. 1954 22 Oct. 8/2 The headquarters of what will now be the Western European Union is to be in London. 1973 B. Cocks viii. 67 The Assembly of the international organisation known as Western European Union has a close relationship with the Council of Europe. 1996 1 July i. 12/5 A flurry of activity this month..has seen Slovenia sign association agreements with the European Union and its defence wing, the Western European Union. society > armed hostility > armed encounter > battlefield > [noun] > front or front line 1914 28 Aug. 3/3 Passenger traffic..has been suspended for three days to permit the transfer of troops from the western front to reinforce on the eastern front. 1939 3 Nov. 35/1 The incalculable factor on the Western Front is the mind of Hitler. 1998 S. Faulks iv. vi. 472 William Gray was not sixty years old, but he had not worn well since his return from the Western Front. 1922 W. Tilden in 23 June 17/7 I strongly advocate the Eastern grip as opposed to the Californian or Western grip. 1981 12 Aug. b7/4 A Western grip on the forehand gives him fewer options on low, short balls near the net. 2014 (Nexis) 26 June 66 His strong western grip that makes him work his ass off. 1646 Sir T. Browne vi. vii. 312 The ancient Cosmographers doe place the division of the East and Westerne Hemisphere, that is the first terme of longitude in the Canary or fortunate Islands. View more context for this quotation 1762 J. Mair ii. 57 To take in the surface of the whole earth, there must likewise be two maps; one for the eastern and another for the western hemisphere. 1856 2 254/1 The New World, in the Western hemisphere, comprehending the great, united, double continent of North and South America, with the interjacent and circumjacent islands. 1940 22 Apr. 21/1 When German infantrymen slogged into Denmark on April 9, the long shadow of the European war crossed to the Western Hemisphere and darkened the black shores of Denmark's Greenland. 2004 J. McNamara ii. 30 In the Western Hemisphere (which is west of the prime meridian to 180 degrees west), longitude is expressed in degrees west. the world > the earth > named regions of earth > Europe > Iberian peninsula and islands > [noun] > Azores the world > the earth > named regions of earth > Europe > British Isles > Scotland > [noun] > islands 1577 R. Holinshed Hist. Scotl. (index) sig. Kkiv/1, in I Acho king of Norwey arriueth with an armie in the westerne Ilandes. 1582 G. Whetstone iv. sig. M.iii A Marchaunt of Venice, who traffiqued toward the Westerne Islands. 1687 Act for Establishing Rates Mar. in J. H. Trumbull (1859) III. 408 For every butt or pipe of Fayal wines or any other wines of the Western Islands, the sum of ten shillings. 1775 S. Johnson (title) Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland. 1810 J. E. Caldwell (ed. 2) 49 The Azores, or Western Islands, are nine in number. 1919 June 517/2 The Azores, or Western Islands, became the scene of many an historic event. 2009 (Nexis) 20 Jan. 3 The crew..transported the tiny, barely-alive babies..from Lewis in the remote Western Islands to emergency services in Glasgow early today. the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of specific region > [noun] > western person > man society > travel > travel by water > one who travels by water or sea > sailor > types of sailor > [noun] > sailor on barge or lighter 1607 T. Dekker & J. Webster ii. ii. sig. D The Lob has his Lasse,..the Westerne-man his Pug, [etc.]. 1849 10 Nov. 291/1 For the first time Western man turned his face towards heaven. ?1881 (?1885) 35 Westernman (Pilot Boat's Crew). 1909 G. K. Chesterton i. 14 An active and imaginative life,..a life such as western man at any rate always seems to have desired. 1993 Sept.–Oct. 12/2 Give Western man credit for what he did do. Music. Cathedrals. The status of women. the world > the earth > water > sea or ocean > specific seas > [noun] > Atlantic Ocean 1576 H. Gilbert v. sig. E.ii Hardly any ship..can come into our westerne Ocean, thorow that fret, from the west Seas of America. 1622 H. Peacham viii. 67 The Atlantick or Westerne Ocean is most rough and dangerfull. 1726 G. Wade in G. Chalmers (1824) III. 22 The Highlands..are, for the most part, on the Western Ocean. 1805 in (U.S. Office Naval Rec.) (1944) V. 366 It is my opinion, she is competent to be sent across the Western Ocean. 1935 J. Masefield 8 Did you ever see a storm, a real storm, a Western Ocean Hurricane? 2007 (Nexis) 24 Dec. 13 Thousands were sailing across the western ocean from both Ireland and Scotland in the 19th and early 20th centuries. 1931 27 Nov. 17/7 (advt.) Western Omelet. 2001 L. Block 13 He found another family restaurant and ordered orange juice and a western omelet with hash browns and a cup of coffee. 1916 30 Jan. vii. 3/1 It was [George] Horine who evolved the ‘Western roll’, which is the secret of his remarkable prowess. 1978 G. Wright 23/3 The western roll is rarely practised today, the favoured methods being the straddle and the flop. 2004 (Nexis) 1 Nov. 3 Until the Mexico Olympics of 1968 the customary way for a high jumper to cross the bar was with his body parallel to it, in a technique known as the Western Roll. the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > horse-gear > [noun] > saddle > types of saddle 1883Western saddle [see sense A. 8d]. 1946 M. C. Self 346 The Western or cowboy saddle..is characterized by its deep seat, high cantle and pommel... The stirrups are set about midway and the cowboy rides with an almost straight leg. 1991 17 404 What creature of elegance wants to find his well-being in the hands of an obviously untutored man rocking deep in a battered western saddle on a pathetic old beast. the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > bread with spread or filling > [noun] > sandwich > other sandwiches 1904 28 Dec. (advt.) The Best Western Egg Sandwich In the city is sold for 10c at Van Sleet's Main Street.] 1908 5 Aug. 3/7 Western Sandwiches. Chop fine uncooked bacon, green peppers and onions. 1959 M. Callaghan in R. Weaver (1968) 2nd Ser. 8 He thought of having a western sandwich in the café across the road from the hotel. 1992 10 Aug. 11/1 People who are on vacation are just driving along, wondering whether the next western sandwich will be as good as the last one. the world > the earth > named regions of earth > America > North America > [noun] > United States > western states 1787 G. Greive tr. F. J. de Chastellux I. 64 The plan of the English was to render themselves masters of the whole course of the North River, and thus to separate the Eastern and Western States. 1836 E. Everett 194 Allow me..to propose the following sentiment:—The Eastern and Western States. 1879 W. Saunders 131 The conditions under which first-class stall-fed beef may be produced in the Western States. 1935 P. G. Wodehouse iii. 75 Fred Patzel, the hog-calling champion of the Western States. What a man! 1997 28 Apr. 5/1 Common poaching incidents such as killing an elk out of season..are all misdemeanors in five of 10 Western states. 1940 9 Dec. 125 A talented floor show that ranges from slumberous oriental moods to hot Western swing. 1950 28 Apr. 8 d/6 (advt.) Jack Tom his T.V. Tomcats..with that Western Swing for your dancing pleasure. 2000 C. Seemann in D. Stanley xi. 140 It took the advent of western swing and western music played by multi-instrument combos to make such a setting for cowboy songs commonplace. society > authority > rule or government > politics > international politics or relations > international agreements > [noun] > alliance or confederacy > an alliance > specific alliances 1948 E. Bevin in 22 Jan. 390 We did not press the Western Union..in the hope that when we got the German and Austrian peace settlements, agreement between the Four Powers would close the breach between East and West. 1974 P. Gore-Booth 351 Mr Brown has recounted the stratagem he employed at a Ministerial Western Union meeting to ensure that the application was formally presented in a way that could not run into procedural objections. 2006 P. Cornish in H. Strachan iii. 76 After Montgomery's departure for the Western Union, the War Office began to focus more on the Middle East than on Europe. the world > the earth > named regions of earth > named cities or towns > [noun] > in Middle East and Asia Minor > part of Jerusalem society > faith > artefacts > land > structures of or in land > [noun] > prayer-wall 1899 I. Raffalovich & M. E. Sachs The Western Wall. This wall, the only relic of the greatness of our people, is called ‘The Wailing Wall’. 1973 Sept. 56 (caption) Israeli Hassidim celebrating Simhat Torah at the Western Wall. 2000 B. Segal 21 I found my way through the winding alleys to the narrow pavement by the great slabs of the Western Wall, with the ugly wooden partitions and the pale youths with their long side-curls under the broad-brimmed black hats. 1777 in (1940) 15 410/1 All persons who..had bona fide settled themselves..upon any waste and ungranted lands on the said Western Waters..shall be allowed for every family so settled four hundred acres of land. 1827 J. F. Cooper I. vii. 103 What will the Yankee Choppers say, when they have cut their path from the eastern to the western waters. 1896 T. Roosevelt IV. vi. 274 He showed that on the Western waters alone it would be possible to gather armies amounting in the aggregate to twenty or thirty thousand men. 1925 July 11/3 A prophet, a sorcerer, a tremendous personality among all the tribes by the ‘Western Waters’. 2006 Apr. 49/3 The year was 1811 when a newfangled contraption showed up on the ‘western’ waters just beyond the Appalachian mountains. C4. In the names of animals and plants (sense A. 9). 1837 7 188 Sialia. S. occidentalis. Western Blue Bird. Description. Colour bright blue; shoulders and lower part of breast, chestnut-rufous. 1916 Apr. 126 The Western Bluebird lays six eggs, sometimes seven. 1993 Apr. 32/2 North America, the only place in the world where bluebirds are found, is home to three species—eastern, mountain and western bluebirds. 1961 E. Worrell (ed. 4) 47 The rostral scale on the tip of the snout is more prominent in the western brown snake. 1995 C. Mattison 239/3 The western brown snake, P. nuchalis, occurs in several forms, some of which may later be described as distinct species. 1920 19 264 The Western Gorilla is thought to vary in type, and has been classified in three sub-species. 1972 7 149/2 The future of the western gorilla in Rio Muni is gravely threatened by hunting and destruction of the habitat. 2007 13 Sept. 17/5 The western gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) has moved from endangered to critically endangered on the Red List after the discovery that the main subspecies, the western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), has been devastated by the commercial bushmeat trade and the Ebola virus. 1857 J. S. Newberry in (U.S. War Dept.: Rep. Explor. Route to Pacific) ii. ii. 110 Podiceps occidentalis. Western Grebe. I obtained specimens of this beautiful grebe on San Pablo bay, California. 1902 May–June 86 May 15 Western Grebes commenced laying, and June 1 breeding was at its height. Their nests were huge masses of decayed vegetation. 2003 Apr. 11/1 This site—long known for its large Western Grebe colony..—was designated an Internationally Important Bird Area. 1967 J. A. W. Kirsche & W. E. Poole in 2 Sept. 1097/2 We refer to these groups [of grey kangaroo] as Eastern and Western.] 1968 R. F. Ewer 237 The position is complicated by the fact that Sharman and his co-workers have recently produced evidence that the western and eastern grey kangaroos constitute two distinct species. 1986 P. J. Joss et al. xii. 570/2 Many native herbivores, such as the western grey kangaroo, are being forced to survive on introduced pastures established for domestic livestock. 2008 (Nexis) 13 July 6 Since the eradication of dingos the number of red and western grey kangaroos has increased significantly. 1839 J. J. Audubon 328 Larus occidentalis, Aud. Western Gull... Bill robust, compressed, yellow. 1946 27 39 There does not seem to be any definite record of the western gull (Larus occidentalis) nesting within British Columbia waters. 1996 9 Mar. (Weekend Suppl.) 24/1 As a result of the dumping..of DDT.., female western gulls—they have come to be known as lesbian gulls—took to nesting together. the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular timber trees or shrubs > non-British timber trees > [noun] > North American 1867 J. Disturnell 103 On the North Pacific coast,..is found Sitka spruce, broad-leaved maple, Oregon crab-apple, Oregon alder, western hemlock,..and other species. 1957 (Forest Products Res. Lab.) 22 Consignments of western hemlock frequently contain a percentage of fir. 2003 May 24/2 They were seeing plants unknown in the world at the time, like western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), which Lewis recorded as the most plentiful tree. 1852 F. A. Michaux III. 143 Western Larch Tree. Larix occidentalis... We met with this, apparently distinct species of Larch, in the coves of the Rocky Mountains on the western slope towards Oregon. 1935 R. F. Luxford & G. W. Trayer 27 Western larch is used largely in building construction as rough dimension, small timbers, planks, and boards. 1997 1 Nov. 12/2 They first established that the heartwood of western larch trees was normally rotted by the fungi Phellinus pini and Fomitopsis pinicola. 1848 3 204 Sturnella neglecta, Aud. Western Meadow Lark. This nearly allied species we found abundant on the prairies in New Mexico. 1921 F. M. Bailey (rev. ed.) 293 The voice of the western meadowlark is so different from that of the eastern bird. 2003 Apr. 29 (caption) A Western Meadowlark in a field of cinnamon-colored Indian grass fills the air with song. the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular timber trees or shrubs > non-British timber trees > [noun] > North American 1874 198 With me it has proved valuable as a post, lasting side by side equally with our western Red Cedar. 1930 W. E. Hiley viii. 129 An example of a tree which is being cultivated to an increasing extent in Britain..is Thuja plicata, the western red cedar. 2006 17 Sept. 46/2 (advt.) Famous for its post-and-beam structures of Western red cedar featuring ‘prows’ of south-facing windows to utilize solar energy. 1903 D. Seth-Smith 178 The Stanley Parrakeet. Platycercus icterotis (Kuhl)... This species..is also known as the Yellow-cheeked Parrakeet, the Earl of Derby's Parrakeet, and the Western Rosella. 1945 C. Barrett 80 The western rosella..(P. icterotis) inhabits South-western Australia. 2005 D. Burke 640/2 Although rosellas seem to be common, populations of both the western rosella and the northern rosella are declining. 1868 T. F. Cronise vii. 459 The Western Tanager (108. Pyranga Ludoviciana) is yellow, wings and back black, head red; the female entirely yellowish. 1924 26 227 A male Western Tanager..was seen in the top branches of a red plum tree. 2004 Winter 15/1 Some birds, such as the Western Tanager, are at the northernmost part of their range. 1876 (U.S. Army Med. Museum) 39 Toads. Cran[ium]. Skel[eton]. Bufo microscaphus, Cope. Western Toad. 1937 40 343 Eleven species reach their maximum abundance here: box tortoise.., Woodhouse's toad, western toad, spadefoot, bull snake, [etc.]. 2000 26 Feb. 16/1 Increased UV radiation is killing off..the Western toad (Bufo boreas ) in the Pacific Northwest of the US. the world > plants > particular plants > trees and shrubs > conifers > [noun] > pines and allies 1857 34 New Ser. 159 The timber is of the best western white pine, except the wall plates and bolsters, which are of white oak. 1913 H. H. Gibson 27 The development of the fruit industry..has called for shipping boxes in large numbers, and western white pine has been found an ideal wood for that use. 1998 18 July 17/2 Fernando is now using the same method to cross two pines that do not normally hybridise, the western white pine and the bristlecone. the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular timber trees or shrubs > non-British timber trees > [noun] > North American 1857 J. S. Newberry in (U.S. War Dept.: Rep. Explor. Route to Pacific) ii. 90 The bark of the western yellow pine (P. brachyptera, Eng.) is particularly thick and cork-like, and is divided into plates of from four to eight inches in breadth. 1901 July 888/2 The wood of the western yellow pine..is used by them for mine timbers. 1996 190 Western Yellow Pine. A large and noble tree with stout shoots crowded with the dark green-grey needles up to 10 ins. long. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022). westernv. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: western adj. Etymology: < western adj. Compare earlier westerning adj., and compare also southern v., northern v. the world > the universe > sun > solar movement > move [verb (intransitive)] > set 1858 Minutes Evid. Select Comm. Harbours of Refuge 92 in XVII Whenever I stood down channel on the starboard tack, the wind westerned with me, and whenever I came up channel on the port tack it northened with me. 1873 10 Sept. 5/1 The unwelcome truth fastens itself upon the mind that..the sun is always westerning. 1904 28 Oct. 5/4 The sun was rapidly westerning. 1959 W. J. Slade ii. 24 The wind westerned again during the night. 2005 P. Graeme-Evans i. 286 The sun was westerning, casting cold shadows into the central courtyard as it dipped down behind the castellated walls. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2011; most recently modified version published online December 2021). <  n.1eOEn.31553 adj.n.2adv.OE v.1858 |
