| 释义 |
vocativen.adj. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French vocatif; Latin vocātīvus. Etymology: < (i) Middle French vocatif (French vocatif ) (noun) vocative case (second half of the 13th cent. in Old French), (perhaps) name given to a person (a1407), (adjective) relating to the action of addressing or summoning a person or thing (mid 15th cent.), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin vocātīvus, designating a grammatical case, in post-classical Latin also (of a verb) used to express calling or naming (13th cent. in a British source) < vocāt- , past participial stem of vocāre vocate v. + -īvus -ive suffix.Compare Catalan vocatiu (late 14th cent. as adjective and noun), Spanish vocativo (early 15th cent. as adjective, late 15th cent. as noun), Italian vocativo (early 16th cent. as adjective, late 16th cent. as noun). With use as noun compare classical Latin vocātīvus , masculine (short for vocātīvus casus vocative case). In forms focatiue, focative intended to represent a Welsh English accent. Compare the following early use of the Latin word (in senses A. 1 and B. 1) in an English context:OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 23 VOCATIVVS ys clypiendlic oððe gecigendlic: mid ðam CASV we clypiað to ælcum ðinge.OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 31 Ða naman, þe geendiað on er oððe on ir oððe on um, þa maciað heora VOCATIVVM , swaswa heora NOMINATIVVS byð: o puer eala ðu cild; o uir eala ðu wer; o caelum eala ðu heofen. A. n.the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > case > [noun] > vocative c1400 in D. Thomson (1984) 191 (MED) How many case has yow..Þe nominat[if], geniti[f], datif, acusatif, vocatif, þe ablatif. c1434 J. Drury Eng. Writings in (1934) 9 81 (MED) With what case construit þe posityf degre? With non case be cause of his degre, but be cause of his significacion he may be construid with alle heme gouernyng, out-take þe nominatif & þe vocatif. a1519 J. Colet (1527) i. sig. Aviij Al nownes of the neutre gendre haue the nominatyue, the accusatyue, & vocatyue lyke in bothe nombres. 1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus f. 317v (margin) Quoque the coniunction, & coce the vocatiue of cocus, souned both like in Cicero his tyme. 1647 Bp. J. Taylor 5 [In neuter nouns] the nominative, accusative, and vocative are alike in both numbers. a1700 Of Rudim. Definitiones f. 4 in (at cited word) Euerie vocatiue is of the secund persone. 1736 R. Ainsworth II. at O O..is often understood both before an accusative and vocative. a1831 J. Stoddart Gram. in (1845) I. 33/1 The vocative or ablative, which latter some writers have considered as the primary and original case of the noun. 1874 45 When an English vocative comes not first in a clause, it is usual for printers to inclose it between two commas. 1967 L. Levitchi tr. A. Graur i. 26 Generally speaking, Romance has no vocative. 1987 (Nexis) 20 Apr. Some of us use the vocatives ‘dear boy’, ‘dear girl’, and ‘old thing’ more than seems necessary to those who have good memories for names. 2013 H. Eyres xiv. 227 The most famous vocative in Latin, Julius Caesar's ‘Et tu, Brute’. the mind > language > speech > request > [noun] > invocation or appeal 1747 S. Richardson II. v. 24 The two latter will hardly come neither, if they think it will be to hear your whining vocatives. 1968 T. Towle 19 The presidents ignore my vocatives. 2017 (Nexis) 5 June 110 I like Mitch most when he returns fire, peppering Matt..with a barrage of snarky vocatives. B. adj. 1. a. Grammar. the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > case > [noun] > vocative c1414 in D. Thomson (1984) 105 (MED) In how mone maners shal þu begynne to make a Latyn an to constru? In foure..First be a vocatif case. a1519 J. Colet Aeditio in T. Wolsey (1529) sig. Dii The seconde person is, whan the speker speketh to an other, as syngulerly Tu, thou, plurally vos, ye. And also of this persone is euery vocatyue case. 1668 Bp. J. Wilkins iv. vi. 448 Interjections, divers of which are said to govern the Nominative, Dative, Accusative, Vocative Case. 1788 N. Salmon 6 The Vocative Case, which names interjectively the persons or things, or which points interjectively to the persons or things, we address, or call to. 1838 W. P. Powell 95 The person, or thing, spoken to, is used in the Vocative case. 1909 6 102 The vocative case of nouns is preceded by a breathing in Gaelic, a short or long a, or long o as in English and Greek. 2006 136 4 If Agamemnon were called Ἀτρεΐδη at some point, it would be because the meter could accommodate only that term and none of the others that might potentially be used to refer to Agamemnon in the vocative case. the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > verb > [noun] > other specific types of verb c1414 in D. Thomson (1984) 106 (MED) Qwat maner verbes out-taken verbes substantiues an verbes vocatiues haue strength to coupul like case? 1714 T. Ruddiman ii. ix. 73 Verbs receive Names from their more particular Significations; as, Vocative Verbs, or Verbs of naming, [etc.]. 1846 27 Aug. 281/1 There are active and passive, and neuter verbs, frequentative, inceptive, and desirative verbs, vocative verbs, substantive and adjective verbs. 2002 L. G. Kelly iv. 115 A vocative verb normally takes a proper name for its complement because qualitates propriae can only be signified by a proper noun. the mind > language > speech > conversation > addressing or speaking to > [adjective] c1450 in D. Thomson (1984) 10 (MED) When þe nominatyf case endithe in -ius, ȝif hit be a propur name of a man, þe vocityf shall end in -i, the nominatyf and þe vocatyf plurell in -i. 1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch 1291 The Aegyptians used this terme among themselves, when they called one unto another, for it was a vocative word. 1644 J. Bulwer 55 This vocative, alluring and inticing compellation of the Hand. 1767 G. Sharpe 206 If in -ευς, they [sc. nouns] have the vocative sing. in -ευ, the dative plur. in -ευσi. 1828 G. S. Faber III. v. iv. 191 Pope Gregory, in his first epistle to the Emperor Leo Isauricus,..salutes him with the vocative title of Βασιλεῦ. 1931 50 148 One of the most firmly fixed elements in the Synoptic tradition is the fact that Jesus was regularly addressed as ‘Rabbi.’ This vocative title was not, to be sure, crystallized into a nominative until the end of the first century. 2011 25 Nov. 15/1 This is not the ‘Oh’ of surprise, but the passionate, vocative ‘O’ of address, of imploring God to come among us and change things. a1500 (?a1450) (BL Add. 9066) (1879) 418 After the maner of vj cases are vj maner of prides..The fyfte is the vocatyf case, and arne they that are prowde that they are Called to the kynges cownsayle as grete men and othere. c1500 Piers of Fulham (Rawl.) in W. C. Hazlitt (1866) II. 15 God saue such foules euerichon..That..can shew theire goodly cherys To knowen folke that ben datyff..They haue their iȝen vocatif. Derivatives the mind > language > speech > conversation > addressing or speaking to > [adverb] the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > case > [adverb] > in or by other specific cases 1605 T. Hutton 209 Taking the word Iacob nominatiuely, vocatiuely, or epiphonematically: Nominatiuely by way of explication..vocatiuely by appellation calling to Iacob, or epiphonematically by way of a shout or cry with an acclamatorie demonstration. 1726 T. Scott 19 The nominative Case may here be us'd vocatively. 1858 W. E. Gladstone I. 443 Agamemnon is addressed vocatively some five and twenty times in the poems. 1904 H. Bradley 192 To use the word [fellow] vocatively to an equal in the sense of ‘comrade’. 2009 R. Stasch ii. 78 All these ways of designating persons are used in reference, in address, and vocatively. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2018; most recently modified version published online December 2021). <  n.adj.c1400 |
