verbenan.

Brit.

/və(ː)ˈbiːnə/, U.S.

/vərˈbinə/

Inflections: Plural verbenas, (chiefly in sense 2) verbenae.

Forms:

α. late Middle English– verbena.

β. U.S. regional 1800s– verbenia, 1900s– verbenea.

γ. U.S. regional 1900s– berbena, 1900s– berbenia, 1900s– berdena.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin verbēna, verbēnae.

Etymology: < classical Latin verbēna (usually in plural verbēnae) leafy branch or twig from any of various aromatic trees or shrubs, used in religious ceremonies or for medicinal purposes (compare sense 2), in post-classical Latin also vervain (5th cent.; also as berbena , vervena (from 8th and 12th cent. respectively in British sources)), use as noun of an unattested adjective < the stem of verbera (plural) instrument for flogging (see verberate v.) + the base of -nus , suffix forming adjectives. Compare earlier berbine n., vervain n.Compare Anglo-Norman and Middle French, French †verbene (13th cent.), Old Occitan verbena , berbena , barbena (13th cent.), Catalan berbena (14th cent.), Spanish verbena (also †berbena ; 15th cent.), Portuguese verbena (1664), Italian verbena (1310). Compare also classical Latin verbēnāca vervain. Variant forms. With the β. forms compare -ia suffix¹. The γ. forms show assimilation of initial v to b (and in the case of berdena further assimilation of -rb- to -rd-).

1. Originally: common vervain, Verbena officinalis (family Verbenaceae). In later use more widely (frequently with distinguishing word): any plant of (or formerly included in) the genus Verbena, comprising herbs and shrubs native chiefly to the Americas, typically having clusters of small blue tubular flowers, some of which are cultivated as garden plants. Cf. vervain n. 1.Valid publication of the genus name: Linnaeus Species Plantarum (1753) I. 18.lemon verbena, lemon-scented verbena: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular medicinal plants or parts > [noun] > vervain

berbineeOE

ironhardOE

vervain?a1300

verbena?a1425

columbinec1450

holy herb1567

Juno's tears1597

pigeon's grass1597

simpler's joy1754

?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 108 (MED) Verbena..helpeþ..þe feete with priue or hid strenthez.

1526 Grete Herball cccclxxiii. sig. Bb.i/1 Uerbena stamped & layde on the woundes playsterwyse heleth and dryeth the woundes anone.

1562 W. Turner 2nd Pt. Herball f. 161^v And Pliny maketh two kindes of Verbena, or Verbenaca.

1656 T. Chamberlayne Compl. Midwifes Pract. 93 Take this gargarism; take whole Barley one handful, Plantain leaves, leaves of Oxalis, Arnogloss, Agrimonie, and Verbena, of each one handful.

1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Verbena, the Herb Vervain, much us'd by the ancient Heathens in their Sacrifices.

1806 B. M'Mahon Amer. Gardener's Cal. 621 Verbena triphylla. Three-leaved shrubby Verbena.

1842 J. C. Loudon Suburban Horticulturist 261 Cuttings of hardy or half-hardy herbaceous plants, such as pinks,..petunias, verbenas, rockets.

1854 S. Lee Trees, Plants, & Flowers 189 Such are the principal characters of the Verbenæ: as to their geography, they are rare in Europe and the northern parts of the world.

1866 J. Lindley & T. Moore Treasury Bot. II. 1210/1 The Aloysia citriodora is the Lemon-scented Verbena of the gardens.

1906 Poultry Husbandry Jan. 98/3 1 pkt. Mixed Petunia. 1 pkt. Mixed Zinnia. 1 pkt. Mixed Verbenia.

1920 J. H. Maiden Weeds New S. Wales 70 ‘Wild Verbena or Vervain’, ‘Purple-Top or Weed’..is a very old Australian colonist, and now it is found practically over the settled parts of Australia.

1948 Life 5 Apr. 59/1 In the left foreground grow purplish wild phlox and verbena alongside orange puccoon.

1969 D. F. Costello Prairie World ii. 24 The fresh green winter rosettes of..slender verbena (Verbena halei), and low poppy mallow (Callirrhoë involucrata) may be observed.

2004 BBC Gardeners' World Dec. 68/1 Verbenas are invaluable for their neat habit, creating compact clouds of colour from mid-summer to September and beyond.

2. Roman History. In plural. Leafy twigs or sprigs of various plants regarded as sacred, used for ritual and ceremonial purposes.The identity of these plants is uncertain; they are often said to have included myrtle, olive, and bay.In quot. 1775 figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > plants having a sacred function > [noun]

hyssopc825

verbene1533

verbena1600

tulsi1698

samolus1878

holy basil1880

society > faith > artefacts > symbol (general) > non-Christian symbols or images > [noun] > leaves or twigs

vervaina1522

verbene1533

verbena1600

1600 P. Holland tr. J. B. Marlianus Svmmary Topogr. Rome ii. x, in tr. Livy Rom. Hist. 1359 There was an hallowed place likewise upon the Capitoll, from whence they gathered Verbenæ [L. uerbena], or sacred hearbs.

1690 W. Temple Ess. Gardens of Epicurus 31 in Miscellanea: 2nd Pt. Verbenas, which signifies all kinds of Sweet or Sacred Plants, that were used for adorning the Altars, as Bays, Olive, Rosemary, Mirtle.

1775 W. Donaldson Agric. 201 May the grain of this country be the verbenæ, the sacred herbs to decorate the altar of truth!

1841 Athenæum 30 Jan. 90/2 The altar is about half as high as the pedestal of the statue, placed immediately in front of it, and adorned with a wreath of verbenæ.

1856 R. A. Vaughan Hours with Mystics I. iv. ii. 129 Passages from the Areopagite were culled... with as much care and reverences as the sacred verbenæ that grew within the enclosure of the Capitoline by the Feciales of Rome.

1978 Amer. Jrnl. Archaeol. 82 242/1 They had their own verbenae available to them on the Arx if they needed these.

2008 K. Olson Dress & Rom. Woman i. 24 The bride's hairdo was held fast under her veil by a wreath..made of verbenae, leafy twigs from aromatic shrubs, marjoram, and small flowers.

a. In full oil (also essence) of verbena, verbena oil. A lemon-scented essential oil obtained from the leaves of lemon verbena, Aloysia citrodora, or (typically as a cheaper substitute) from lemongrass, Cymbopogon citratus. Cf. grass oil n. at grass n.¹ Compounds 5.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > smell and odour > fragrance > [noun] > fragrant substance or perfume > specifically

ewrosec1350

stacte1382

oil of rosesa1398

rose watera1398

sandalc1400

musk?a1425

damask water?1520

malabathrum1543

orris1545

civet1553

ambracan1555

rose cake1559

lavender-water1563

oil of spikenard1565

zibet1594

orange-flower water1595

orris powder?1600

spike-oil1611

angel water1634

cypress-powder1634

angelica1653

jasmine1670

jessamy1671

rosat1674

frangipane1676

marechale1676

orangery1676

tuberose1682

jasmine-water1750

otto1759

rose geranium1773

millefleurs1775

new-mown hay1789

attar1798

eau-de-Cologne1802

Cologne1814

dedes1817

eau de Portugal1825

verbena1837

rondeletia1838

bay-rum1840

Florida water1840

citronelle1841

patchouli1843

citronella1849

gardenia1851

sandalwood oil1851

Ess Bouquet1855

marmala water1857

mignonette1858

spikenard oil1861

sandalwood1865

serpolet1866

ylang-ylang1876

flower-water1886

lily1890

lilac1895

stephanotis1895

tea rose1897

chypre1898

Peau d'Espagne1898

violette de Parme1904

poppy1905

Parma violet1907

wallflower1907

1837 J. Rennie New Suppl. Pharmacopœias (ed. 4) 145 Essence of Verbena... Made with ℥ss of oil of verbena, ♏xl of essence of vanilla, and ℥iv of alcohol.

1866 J. Lindley & T. Moore Treasury Bot. II. 1210/1 The lemon-grass, Andropogon Schœnanthus or A. citratum, from which the ‘oil of verbena’ is extracted.

1881 Spons' Encycl. Industr. Arts IV. 1423 The most important use of this oil [sc. lemon-grass-oil] is for adulterating verbena oil.

1934 Perfumery & Essent. Oil Rec. Nov. 353/2 Verbena oil has a fresh and fragrant lemon-like odour which is very useful in eaux de cologne.

1951 A. Nelson Med. Bot. xxiii. 452 The nomenclature is further confused when this grass oil is referred to as Indian oil of Verbena; true oil of verbena is obtained from Lippia citriodora.

2012 Carillon (Steinbach, Manitoba) 14 June b17/3 Apply a diluted solution of lemongrass oil or verbena oil.

b. Oil of verbena; (also) a perfume whose principal ingredient is oil of verbena, or whose scent imitates that of oil of verbena.

ΚΠ

1838 Morning Post 28 July 8/3 (advt.) Viner's verbena..that highly approved and exquisite Perfume.

1855 Chambers' Jrnl. 24 Nov. 324/2 The perfume we call Verbena..is delicious; but verbena is not one of its ingredients, the distilled spirit of the plant being too expensive.

1858 P. L. Simmonds Dict. Trade Products Verbena, an otto, one of the finest perfumes, obtained by distillation from the citron-scented leaves of Aloysia citriodora.

1926–7 Army & Navy Stores Catal. 486/2 Atkinsons' Perfumes..Sweet Pea, Tea Rose, Verbena.

1983 J. Hobhouse Dancing in Dark (1984) 198 His hair was immaculately brushed and pomaded, his cheeks were awash in verbena.

2004 Time Out N.Y. 11 Nov. 39/3 The Living colognes..are blended from combinations such as grapefruit and rosemary, and basil and verbena.

4. sand verbena n. chiefly North American any of the trailing herbaceous plants comprising the genus Abronia (family Nyctaginaceae), which are native to sandy regions of western North America and have clusters of fragrant tubular purple, yellow, or white flowers, and hairy stems and leaves. Frequently with distinguishing word.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > climbing or creeping plants > non-British climbing or creeping plants > [noun] > North American

woodbine1624

Virginia vine1629

staff-tree1633

Virginia creeper?1703

climbing vine1760

mayflower1778

pepper vine1783

arbutus1785

trailing arbutus1785

pipe vine1803

Ampelopsis1805

ground-laurel1814

waxwork1818

ivory plum1828

fever twig1830

yerba buena1847

mountain pink1850

New England mayflower1855

creeping snowberry1856

Virginian creeper1856

May blossom1871

sand verbena1880

staff-vine1884

1880 V. Rattan Pop. Calif. Flora (ed. 2) 104 A[bronia] arenaria, Menz. (Yellow Sand-Verbena).

1898 A. M. Davidson Calif. Plants 174 The wild four o'clock and the sand verbena are classed in this group [of beautiful weeds].

1923 Youth's Compan. 29 Nov. 723/2 Before me lay a stretch of perhaps three hundred acres of rosy purple sand-verbenas.

1944 Ecol. Monogr. 14 281/1 The sparse vegetation is dominated by sand verbena and low lupines.

1993 E. L. Horn Coastal Wildflowers Pacific Northwest 14 Sand Verbena. Abronia species.

2018 MLMPCitSci 7 Feb. in twitter.com (O.E.D. Archive) Desert sand verbena can be found in the Mojave and Sonoran deserts from February through May.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2018; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	verbena
释义	verbenan. Brit. /və(ː)ˈbiːnə/, U.S. /vərˈbinə/ Inflections: Plural verbenas, (chiefly in sense 2) verbenae. Forms: α. late Middle English– verbena. β. U.S. regional 1800s– verbenia, 1900s– verbenea. γ. U.S. regional 1900s– berbena, 1900s– berbenia, 1900s– berdena. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin verbēna, verbēnae. Etymology: < classical Latin verbēna (usually in plural verbēnae) leafy branch or twig from any of various aromatic trees or shrubs, used in religious ceremonies or for medicinal purposes (compare sense 2), in post-classical Latin also vervain (5th cent.; also as berbena , vervena (from 8th and 12th cent. respectively in British sources)), use as noun of an unattested adjective < the stem of verbera (plural) instrument for flogging (see verberate v.) + the base of -nus , suffix forming adjectives. Compare earlier berbine n., vervain n.Compare Anglo-Norman and Middle French, French †verbene (13th cent.), Old Occitan verbena , berbena , barbena (13th cent.), Catalan berbena (14th cent.), Spanish verbena (also †berbena ; 15th cent.), Portuguese verbena (1664), Italian verbena (1310). Compare also classical Latin verbēnāca vervain. Variant forms. With the β. forms compare -ia suffix¹. The γ. forms show assimilation of initial v to b (and in the case of berdena further assimilation of -rb- to -rd-). 1. Originally: common vervain, Verbena officinalis (family Verbenaceae). In later use more widely (frequently with distinguishing word): any plant of (or formerly included in) the genus Verbena, comprising herbs and shrubs native chiefly to the Americas, typically having clusters of small blue tubular flowers, some of which are cultivated as garden plants. Cf. vervain n. 1.Valid publication of the genus name: Linnaeus Species Plantarum (1753) I. 18.lemon verbena, lemon-scented verbena: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular medicinal plants or parts > [noun] > vervain berbineeOE ironhardOE vervain?a1300 verbena?a1425 columbinec1450 holy herb1567 Juno's tears1597 pigeon's grass1597 simpler's joy1754 ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 108 (MED) Verbena..helpeþ..þe feete with priue or hid strenthez. 1526 Grete Herball cccclxxiii. sig. Bb.i/1 Uerbena stamped & layde on the woundes playsterwyse heleth and dryeth the woundes anone. 1562 W. Turner 2nd Pt. Herball f. 161^v And Pliny maketh two kindes of Verbena, or Verbenaca. 1656 T. Chamberlayne Compl. Midwifes Pract. 93 Take this gargarism; take whole Barley one handful, Plantain leaves, leaves of Oxalis, Arnogloss, Agrimonie, and Verbena, of each one handful. 1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Verbena, the Herb Vervain, much us'd by the ancient Heathens in their Sacrifices. 1806 B. M'Mahon Amer. Gardener's Cal. 621 Verbena triphylla. Three-leaved shrubby Verbena. 1842 J. C. Loudon Suburban Horticulturist 261 Cuttings of hardy or half-hardy herbaceous plants, such as pinks,..petunias, verbenas, rockets. 1854 S. Lee Trees, Plants, & Flowers 189 Such are the principal characters of the Verbenæ: as to their geography, they are rare in Europe and the northern parts of the world. 1866 J. Lindley & T. Moore Treasury Bot. II. 1210/1 The Aloysia citriodora is the Lemon-scented Verbena of the gardens. 1906 Poultry Husbandry Jan. 98/3 1 pkt. Mixed Petunia. 1 pkt. Mixed Zinnia. 1 pkt. Mixed Verbenia. 1920 J. H. Maiden Weeds New S. Wales 70 ‘Wild Verbena or Vervain’, ‘Purple-Top or Weed’..is a very old Australian colonist, and now it is found practically over the settled parts of Australia. 1948 Life 5 Apr. 59/1 In the left foreground grow purplish wild phlox and verbena alongside orange puccoon. 1969 D. F. Costello Prairie World ii. 24 The fresh green winter rosettes of..slender verbena (Verbena halei), and low poppy mallow (Callirrhoë involucrata) may be observed. 2004 BBC Gardeners' World Dec. 68/1 Verbenas are invaluable for their neat habit, creating compact clouds of colour from mid-summer to September and beyond. 2. Roman History. In plural. Leafy twigs or sprigs of various plants regarded as sacred, used for ritual and ceremonial purposes.The identity of these plants is uncertain; they are often said to have included myrtle, olive, and bay.In quot. 1775 figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > plants having a sacred function > [noun] hyssopc825 verbene1533 verbena1600 tulsi1698 samolus1878 holy basil1880 society > faith > artefacts > symbol (general) > non-Christian symbols or images > [noun] > leaves or twigs vervaina1522 verbene1533 verbena1600 1600 P. Holland tr. J. B. Marlianus Svmmary Topogr. Rome ii. x, in tr. Livy Rom. Hist. 1359 There was an hallowed place likewise upon the Capitoll, from whence they gathered Verbenæ [L. uerbena], or sacred hearbs. 1690 W. Temple Ess. Gardens of Epicurus 31 in Miscellanea: 2nd Pt. Verbenas, which signifies all kinds of Sweet or Sacred Plants, that were used for adorning the Altars, as Bays, Olive, Rosemary, Mirtle. 1775 W. Donaldson Agric. 201 May the grain of this country be the verbenæ, the sacred herbs to decorate the altar of truth! 1841 Athenæum 30 Jan. 90/2 The altar is about half as high as the pedestal of the statue, placed immediately in front of it, and adorned with a wreath of verbenæ. 1856 R. A. Vaughan Hours with Mystics I. iv. ii. 129 Passages from the Areopagite were culled... with as much care and reverences as the sacred verbenæ that grew within the enclosure of the Capitoline by the Feciales of Rome. 1978 Amer. Jrnl. Archaeol. 82 242/1 They had their own verbenae available to them on the Arx if they needed these. 2008 K. Olson Dress & Rom. Woman i. 24 The bride's hairdo was held fast under her veil by a wreath..made of verbenae, leafy twigs from aromatic shrubs, marjoram, and small flowers. 3. a. In full oil (also essence) of verbena, verbena oil. A lemon-scented essential oil obtained from the leaves of lemon verbena, Aloysia citrodora, or (typically as a cheaper substitute) from lemongrass, Cymbopogon citratus. Cf. grass oil n. at grass n.¹ Compounds 5. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > smell and odour > fragrance > [noun] > fragrant substance or perfume > specifically ewrosec1350 stacte1382 oil of rosesa1398 rose watera1398 sandalc1400 musk?a1425 damask water?1520 malabathrum1543 orris1545 civet1553 ambracan1555 rose cake1559 lavender-water1563 oil of spikenard1565 zibet1594 orange-flower water1595 orris powder?1600 spike-oil1611 angel water1634 cypress-powder1634 angelica1653 jasmine1670 jessamy1671 rosat1674 frangipane1676 marechale1676 orangery1676 tuberose1682 jasmine-water1750 otto1759 rose geranium1773 millefleurs1775 new-mown hay1789 attar1798 eau-de-Cologne1802 Cologne1814 dedes1817 eau de Portugal1825 verbena1837 rondeletia1838 bay-rum1840 Florida water1840 citronelle1841 patchouli1843 citronella1849 gardenia1851 sandalwood oil1851 Ess Bouquet1855 marmala water1857 mignonette1858 spikenard oil1861 sandalwood1865 serpolet1866 ylang-ylang1876 flower-water1886 lily1890 lilac1895 stephanotis1895 tea rose1897 chypre1898 Peau d'Espagne1898 violette de Parme1904 poppy1905 Parma violet1907 wallflower1907 1837 J. Rennie New Suppl. Pharmacopœias (ed. 4) 145 Essence of Verbena... Made with ℥ss of oil of verbena, ♏xl of essence of vanilla, and ℥iv of alcohol. 1866 J. Lindley & T. Moore Treasury Bot. II. 1210/1 The lemon-grass, Andropogon Schœnanthus or A. citratum, from which the ‘oil of verbena’ is extracted. 1881 Spons' Encycl. Industr. Arts IV. 1423 The most important use of this oil [sc. lemon-grass-oil] is for adulterating verbena oil. 1934 Perfumery & Essent. Oil Rec. Nov. 353/2 Verbena oil has a fresh and fragrant lemon-like odour which is very useful in eaux de cologne. 1951 A. Nelson Med. Bot. xxiii. 452 The nomenclature is further confused when this grass oil is referred to as Indian oil of Verbena; true oil of verbena is obtained from Lippia citriodora. 2012 Carillon (Steinbach, Manitoba) 14 June b17/3 Apply a diluted solution of lemongrass oil or verbena oil. b. Oil of verbena; (also) a perfume whose principal ingredient is oil of verbena, or whose scent imitates that of oil of verbena. ΚΠ 1838 Morning Post 28 July 8/3 (advt.) Viner's verbena..that highly approved and exquisite Perfume. 1855 Chambers' Jrnl. 24 Nov. 324/2 The perfume we call Verbena..is delicious; but verbena is not one of its ingredients, the distilled spirit of the plant being too expensive. 1858 P. L. Simmonds Dict. Trade Products Verbena, an otto, one of the finest perfumes, obtained by distillation from the citron-scented leaves of Aloysia citriodora. 1926–7 Army & Navy Stores Catal. 486/2 Atkinsons' Perfumes..Sweet Pea, Tea Rose, Verbena. 1983 J. Hobhouse Dancing in Dark (1984) 198 His hair was immaculately brushed and pomaded, his cheeks were awash in verbena. 2004 Time Out N.Y. 11 Nov. 39/3 The Living colognes..are blended from combinations such as grapefruit and rosemary, and basil and verbena. 4. sand verbena n. chiefly North American any of the trailing herbaceous plants comprising the genus Abronia (family Nyctaginaceae), which are native to sandy regions of western North America and have clusters of fragrant tubular purple, yellow, or white flowers, and hairy stems and leaves. Frequently with distinguishing word. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > climbing or creeping plants > non-British climbing or creeping plants > [noun] > North American woodbine1624 Virginia vine1629 staff-tree1633 Virginia creeper?1703 climbing vine1760 mayflower1778 pepper vine1783 arbutus1785 trailing arbutus1785 pipe vine1803 Ampelopsis1805 ground-laurel1814 waxwork1818 ivory plum1828 fever twig1830 yerba buena1847 mountain pink1850 New England mayflower1855 creeping snowberry1856 Virginian creeper1856 May blossom1871 sand verbena1880 staff-vine1884 1880 V. Rattan Pop. Calif. Flora (ed. 2) 104 A[bronia] arenaria, Menz. (Yellow Sand-Verbena). 1898 A. M. Davidson Calif. Plants 174 The wild four o'clock and the sand verbena are classed in this group [of beautiful weeds]. 1923 Youth's Compan. 29 Nov. 723/2 Before me lay a stretch of perhaps three hundred acres of rosy purple sand-verbenas. 1944 Ecol. Monogr. 14 281/1 The sparse vegetation is dominated by sand verbena and low lupines. 1993 E. L. Horn Coastal Wildflowers Pacific Northwest 14 Sand Verbena. Abronia species. 2018 MLMPCitSci 7 Feb. in twitter.com (O.E.D. Archive) Desert sand verbena can be found in the Mojave and Sonoran deserts from February through May. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2018; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.?a1425
随便看	londra lone lone hand lone house lone pair lone parent lone player lone ranger lone star lone star state lone star stater lone wolf lone-wolf lonedom loneful lonelier loneliest lonelihood lonelily loneliness lonelinesses loneling lonely lonely-heart lonely-hearted