† bruchen.¹

Forms: Old English–early Middle English brice, Old English bryce, early Middle English bruce, early Middle English bruche, Middle English brych.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Cognate with or formed similarly to Old Frisian breke , brēke , bretze , Middle Dutch brōke , broeke , brueke (Dutch breuk ), Old Saxon bruki (Middle Low German brȫk , brȫke ), Old High German bruh (Middle High German bruch , German Bruch ), all in similar senses < an ablaut variant (zero-grade) of the Germanic base of break v. Compare breach n. ( < the same Germanic base). Compare also broke n.Form history. In Old English usually a strong masculine (i -stem), occasionally a strong feminine. The word shows i-mutation of the inherited stem vowel u (and subsequent palatalization and assibilation of the stem-final consonant), caused by the i of the stem-forming suffix. In Middle English the regular south-eastern reflex of Old English bryce is breche ; since this is indistinguishable from forms of synonymous breach n., all examples with stem vowel e have been treated together at that entry. Compounds. The word occurs frequently as the second element of compounds, especially in legal and related uses (compare sense 2) with the first element indicating the institution or rule that is being violated or transgressed against, as eaubruche n.¹, mundbriche n., spousebriche n., etc. In these compounds the word occasionally survives in historical use. Already in Old English some formations of this type show an occasional parallel formation with breach n. as the second element (as e.g. friþbrǣc beside friþbryce ; compare frith n.¹); in Middle English such parallel formations, modelled on earlier formations with bruche n.¹, become considerably more frequent (compare e.g. burgh-breche n. at borough n. Compounds 1, grithbreach n., housebreach n., mundbreach n., spousebreach n.¹). Place-name evidence. A topographical sense ‘land broken up for cultivation’ (compare sense 1b) is apparently reflected in place names of north-west England: compare del Bruch, Lancashire (1280; now Bruche) and the field names Newebruches, Billington, Lancashire (13th cent.), le dedemonnesbruche, Barthomley, Cheshire (1216–72), le Bruchelond, Chorlton, Cheshire (1440), etc.

Obsolete.

a. The action of breaking a material thing; fracture, breakage.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > speech > agreement > observance > non-observance or breach > [noun]

borrow-breacha900

brucheOE

breacha1382

violation1433

rupture1439

non-observance1453

misobservance1496

violating1523

swerving1545

infringinga1575

inobservation1579

recess1601

inobservancea1626

infringement1628

misobservancy1637

egression1651

nonconformity1653

unobservance1654

brack1658

infraction1673

violence1743

non-conformance1786

inobservancy1824

OE Guthlac A 698 Ne sy him banes bryce ne blodig wund, lices læla ne laþes wiht.

OE tr. Bili St. Machutus 35 Se halga mid hand tacen þære halgan rode on þa duru gesette & hie þa ætforan him & ongean ontynde wæron butan ælcum bryce & deringe [L. sine aliqua fractione aut ulla lesione].

OE West Saxon Gospels: Luke (Corpus Cambr.) xxiv. 35 Hig hine oncneowun on hlafes brice [c1175 Royal brice, c1200 Hatton breche].

b. Something that has been broken off or broken up; a fragment, a morsel.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > wholeness > incompleteness > part of whole > [noun] > a separate part > a fragment

shreddingc950

brucheOE

shredc1000

brokec1160

truncheonc1330

scartha1340

screedc1350

bruisinga1382

morsel1381

shedc1400

stumpc1400

rag?a1425

brokalyc1440

brokeling1490

mammocka1529

brokelette1538

sheavec1558

shard1561

fragment1583

segment1586

brack1587

parcel1596

flaw1607

fraction1609

fracture1641

pash1651

frustillation1653

hoof1655

arrachement1656

jaga1658

shattering1658

discerption1685

scar1698

twitter1715

frust1765

smithereens1841

chitling1843

OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) iv. 208 Þas gymstanas, sind tocwysede for idelum gylpe; ac gif þin lareow is soð god, gefeg þas bricas to ansundnysse... Iohannes þa gegaderode þæra gymstana bricas.

OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 2nd Ser. (Cambr. Gg.3.28) xxv. 231 Her wæron gereordode feower ðusend manna, and seofan spyrtan afyllede mid þam bricum.

OE tr. Bili St. Machutus 25 Þa teþ sweg agæfan, swylce forslegene wæro[n] þa bryceas þara racantegena.

c. A break or fracture; (also more generally) an injury.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > diseases of tissue > disorders of bones > [noun] > fractures

brucheOE

fissurec1400

fracture?1541

compound fracture1543

fraction1587

attrition1634

effracture1634

flap-fracture1658

complicated fracture1745

abduction1753

star fracture1840

stress fracture1911

OE tr. Medicina de Quadrupedibus (Vitell.) xiv. 270 To gehwylcum bryce [L. ad aliquam fracturam] hundes brægen aled on wulle & on þæt tobrocene to gewriþen feowertyne dagas, þonne byþ hyt fæste gebatod.

OE Wærferð tr. Gregory Dialogues (Corpus Cambr.) (1900) i. x. 82 Sona swa þæt gehalgode wæter geran þæs Gotan scancan, þa wearð se bryce eall eft gestaðelod.

c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Royal) (1981) l. 744 An engel..smireden hire wunden ant bi-eoden swa þe bruchen of hire bodi al to-broken of þe beating.

d. A breach, gap, or opening.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > breaking or cracking > [noun] > a crack or breach

chinec888

bruche?a1300

crevice1382

scar1390

scorec1400

rimea1425

riftc1425

riving1440

creekc1480

brack1524

rive1527

bruise1530

crack1530

chink1545

chap1553

riff1577

chop1578

chinker1581

coane1584

fraction1587

cranice1603

slifter1607

fracture1641

shake1651

snap1891

?a1300 Fox & Wolf 21 in G. H. McKnight Middle Eng. Humorous Tales (1913) 26 At þe furmeste bruche þat he fond, He lep in, and ouer he wond.

?a1300 Fox & Wolf l. 233 in G. H. McKnight Middle Eng. Humorous Tales (1913) 35 (MED) I-siist þou a boket hongi þere? Þere is a bruche of heuene blisse; Lep þerinne!

a. The breaking or violation of a commandment, promise, etc.; breach, transgression; sin (often contextually with reference to loss of virginity or chastity).

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > loss of chastity > [noun] > defilement of chastity or woman

brucheeOE

corruption1340

defoulingc1380

stuprea1382

deflorationc1400

defloweringc1400

violationc1450

vitiating1547

devirgination1606

vitiation1635

unmaidening1693

eOE Laws of Ælfred (Corpus Cambr. 173) i. §3. 48 Gif hwa cyninges borg abrece, gebete þone tyht swa him ryht wisie, & þæs borges bryce mid v pundum mærra pæninga.

lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1094 Hi togædere coman mid þam ilcan mannan þe ær þet loc makedon & eac þa aðas sworen; & ealne þone bryce uppon þone cyng tealdon.

c1225 (?c1200) Hali Meiðhad (Bodl.) (1940) l. 280 (MED) Þe bruche were deadlich sunne.

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 31 Wið vten eauer vh bruche wið hal medenhad & meidenes menske.

a1250 Lofsong Louerde in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 209 (MED) Þuruh þin iborenesse wið uten bruche of hire bodie.

c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 848 (MED) Þe wynd and þe weder and þe worlde stynkes Of þe brych þat upbraydez þose broþelych wordez.

b. to break a bruche: to commit a sin or offence; to transgress.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > moral evil > wrong conduct > evildoing or wrongdoing > do evil or wrong [verb (intransitive)] > transgress or offend

guiltc825

sinc825

to break a bruchec1225

trespass1303

forfeita1325

folly1357

misworka1375

transverse1377

offendc1384

mistakec1390

faulta1400

commit1449

misprize1485

transgress1526

digress1541

misdeal1573

to commit (also do, make) an offence1841

overstep1931

c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Bodl.) (1981) l. 512 Ȝe schulen beon ifulhet, ant beten alle þe bruchen þet ȝe ibroken habbeð, in ower blodes rune.

?a1300 Thrush & Nightingale (Digby) 28 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 102 Ne wes neuere bruche so strong, I-broke wiþ riȝte ne wiþ wrong, Þat mon ne miȝte bete.

a1350 in G. L. Brook Harley Lyrics (1968) 35 (MED) Vnbliþe y be til y ha bet bruches broken.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

单词	bruche
释义	† bruchen.¹ Forms: Old English–early Middle English brice, Old English bryce, early Middle English bruce, early Middle English bruche, Middle English brych. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with or formed similarly to Old Frisian breke , brēke , bretze , Middle Dutch brōke , broeke , brueke (Dutch breuk ), Old Saxon bruki (Middle Low German brȫk , brȫke ), Old High German bruh (Middle High German bruch , German Bruch ), all in similar senses < an ablaut variant (zero-grade) of the Germanic base of break v. Compare breach n. ( < the same Germanic base). Compare also broke n.Form history. In Old English usually a strong masculine (i -stem), occasionally a strong feminine. The word shows i-mutation of the inherited stem vowel u (and subsequent palatalization and assibilation of the stem-final consonant), caused by the i of the stem-forming suffix. In Middle English the regular south-eastern reflex of Old English bryce is breche ; since this is indistinguishable from forms of synonymous breach n., all examples with stem vowel e have been treated together at that entry. Compounds. The word occurs frequently as the second element of compounds, especially in legal and related uses (compare sense 2) with the first element indicating the institution or rule that is being violated or transgressed against, as eaubruche n.¹, mundbriche n., spousebriche n., etc. In these compounds the word occasionally survives in historical use. Already in Old English some formations of this type show an occasional parallel formation with breach n. as the second element (as e.g. friþbrǣc beside friþbryce ; compare frith n.¹); in Middle English such parallel formations, modelled on earlier formations with bruche n.¹, become considerably more frequent (compare e.g. burgh-breche n. at borough n. Compounds 1, grithbreach n., housebreach n., mundbreach n., spousebreach n.¹). Place-name evidence. A topographical sense ‘land broken up for cultivation’ (compare sense 1b) is apparently reflected in place names of north-west England: compare del Bruch, Lancashire (1280; now Bruche) and the field names Newebruches, Billington, Lancashire (13th cent.), le dedemonnesbruche, Barthomley, Cheshire (1216–72), le Bruchelond, Chorlton, Cheshire (1440), etc. Obsolete. 1. a. The action of breaking a material thing; fracture, breakage. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > speech > agreement > observance > non-observance or breach > [noun] borrow-breacha900 brucheOE breacha1382 violation1433 rupture1439 non-observance1453 misobservance1496 violating1523 swerving1545 infringinga1575 inobservation1579 recess1601 inobservancea1626 infringement1628 misobservancy1637 egression1651 nonconformity1653 unobservance1654 brack1658 infraction1673 violence1743 non-conformance1786 inobservancy1824 OE Guthlac A 698 Ne sy him banes bryce ne blodig wund, lices læla ne laþes wiht. OE tr. Bili St. Machutus 35 Se halga mid hand tacen þære halgan rode on þa duru gesette & hie þa ætforan him & ongean ontynde wæron butan ælcum bryce & deringe [L. sine aliqua fractione aut ulla lesione]. OE West Saxon Gospels: Luke (Corpus Cambr.) xxiv. 35 Hig hine oncneowun on hlafes brice [c1175 Royal brice, c1200 Hatton breche]. b. Something that has been broken off or broken up; a fragment, a morsel. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > incompleteness > part of whole > [noun] > a separate part > a fragment shreddingc950 brucheOE shredc1000 brokec1160 truncheonc1330 scartha1340 screedc1350 bruisinga1382 morsel1381 shedc1400 stumpc1400 rag?a1425 brokalyc1440 brokeling1490 mammocka1529 brokelette1538 sheavec1558 shard1561 fragment1583 segment1586 brack1587 parcel1596 flaw1607 fraction1609 fracture1641 pash1651 frustillation1653 hoof1655 arrachement1656 jaga1658 shattering1658 discerption1685 scar1698 twitter1715 frust1765 smithereens1841 chitling1843 OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) iv. 208 Þas gymstanas, sind tocwysede for idelum gylpe; ac gif þin lareow is soð god, gefeg þas bricas to ansundnysse... Iohannes þa gegaderode þæra gymstana bricas. OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 2nd Ser. (Cambr. Gg.3.28) xxv. 231 Her wæron gereordode feower ðusend manna, and seofan spyrtan afyllede mid þam bricum. OE tr. Bili St. Machutus 25 Þa teþ sweg agæfan, swylce forslegene wæro[n] þa bryceas þara racantegena. c. A break or fracture; (also more generally) an injury. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > diseases of tissue > disorders of bones > [noun] > fractures brucheOE fissurec1400 fracture?1541 compound fracture1543 fraction1587 attrition1634 effracture1634 flap-fracture1658 complicated fracture1745 abduction1753 star fracture1840 stress fracture1911 OE tr. Medicina de Quadrupedibus (Vitell.) xiv. 270 To gehwylcum bryce [L. ad aliquam fracturam] hundes brægen aled on wulle & on þæt tobrocene to gewriþen feowertyne dagas, þonne byþ hyt fæste gebatod. OE Wærferð tr. Gregory Dialogues (Corpus Cambr.) (1900) i. x. 82 Sona swa þæt gehalgode wæter geran þæs Gotan scancan, þa wearð se bryce eall eft gestaðelod. c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Royal) (1981) l. 744 An engel..smireden hire wunden ant bi-eoden swa þe bruchen of hire bodi al to-broken of þe beating. d. A breach, gap, or opening. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > breaking or cracking > [noun] > a crack or breach chinec888 bruche?a1300 crevice1382 scar1390 scorec1400 rimea1425 riftc1425 riving1440 creekc1480 brack1524 rive1527 bruise1530 crack1530 chink1545 chap1553 riff1577 chop1578 chinker1581 coane1584 fraction1587 cranice1603 slifter1607 fracture1641 shake1651 snap1891 ?a1300 Fox & Wolf 21 in G. H. McKnight Middle Eng. Humorous Tales (1913) 26 At þe furmeste bruche þat he fond, He lep in, and ouer he wond. ?a1300 Fox & Wolf l. 233 in G. H. McKnight Middle Eng. Humorous Tales (1913) 35 (MED) I-siist þou a boket hongi þere? Þere is a bruche of heuene blisse; Lep þerinne! 2. a. The breaking or violation of a commandment, promise, etc.; breach, transgression; sin (often contextually with reference to loss of virginity or chastity). ΘΚΠ society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > loss of chastity > [noun] > defilement of chastity or woman brucheeOE corruption1340 defoulingc1380 stuprea1382 deflorationc1400 defloweringc1400 violationc1450 vitiating1547 devirgination1606 vitiation1635 unmaidening1693 eOE Laws of Ælfred (Corpus Cambr. 173) i. §3. 48 Gif hwa cyninges borg abrece, gebete þone tyht swa him ryht wisie, & þæs borges bryce mid v pundum mærra pæninga. lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1094 Hi togædere coman mid þam ilcan mannan þe ær þet loc makedon & eac þa aðas sworen; & ealne þone bryce uppon þone cyng tealdon. c1225 (?c1200) Hali Meiðhad (Bodl.) (1940) l. 280 (MED) Þe bruche were deadlich sunne. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 31 Wið vten eauer vh bruche wið hal medenhad & meidenes menske. a1250 Lofsong Louerde in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 209 (MED) Þuruh þin iborenesse wið uten bruche of hire bodie. c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 848 (MED) Þe wynd and þe weder and þe worlde stynkes Of þe brych þat upbraydez þose broþelych wordez. b. to break a bruche: to commit a sin or offence; to transgress. ΘΚΠ society > morality > moral evil > wrong conduct > evildoing or wrongdoing > do evil or wrong [verb (intransitive)] > transgress or offend guiltc825 sinc825 to break a bruchec1225 trespass1303 forfeita1325 folly1357 misworka1375 transverse1377 offendc1384 mistakec1390 faulta1400 commit1449 misprize1485 transgress1526 digress1541 misdeal1573 to commit (also do, make) an offence1841 overstep1931 c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Bodl.) (1981) l. 512 Ȝe schulen beon ifulhet, ant beten alle þe bruchen þet ȝe ibroken habbeð, in ower blodes rune. ?a1300 Thrush & Nightingale (Digby) 28 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 102 Ne wes neuere bruche so strong, I-broke wiþ riȝte ne wiþ wrong, Þat mon ne miȝte bete. a1350 in G. L. Brook Harley Lyrics (1968) 35 (MED) Vnbliþe y be til y ha bet bruches broken. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online December 2020). † bruchen.² Forms: 1500s bruche, 1500s brueche. Origin: Of unknown origin. Etymology: Origin unknown. English regional (northern). Obsolete. rare. A bracket fungus growing on broadleaved trees (probably Fomes fomentarius; cf. German tinder n. 1). ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > fungi > [noun] > fungus, mushroom, or toadstool froga1398 fungea1398 toadstool1398 paddock-stoola1400 padstoola1400 toad's hatc1440 paddockcheesea1500 campernoyle1527 fungus1527 frogstool1535 bruche1562 fungo1562 champignon1578 toadstool1607 toad's bread1624 canker1640 fung1665 fungoid1734 agaric1777 pixie stool1787 fungillus1794 toad's capa1825 fungal1836 hysterophyte1849 macrofungus1946 1562 W. Turner 2nd Pt. Herball f. 29^v Agarike is the same, in a larche tre that brueche as the Northern Englishmen call it, or as other call it, a todstole, is in a birche or a walnut tre, where of som make tunder bothe in England and Germany for their gunnes... It groweth neuer in y^e bughes of of the tree, but vpon the bole or body of the tre..as other thynges lyke mushrummes, todestooles or bruches do. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online December 2020). < n.¹eOEn.²1562
随便看	remasticated remastication rematch relativists relativities relativitist relativitists relativity relativity theory relativization relativizations relativize relativized relativizer relativizes relativizing relator relators relatrix relatum relatums relaunch relaunched relaunches relaunching

† bruchen.1

† bruchen.2

† bruchen.¹

† bruchen.²