turnpiken.
/ˈtəːnpʌɪk/, U.S. /ˈtərnˌpaɪk/ I. † 2. A horizontal cross of timber turning on a vertical pin, set up to exclude horse-traffic from a foot-way: a turnstile. Obsolete.† 3. A barrier across a watercourse or stream; a water-gate, allowing the water to flow, but obstructing cattle; also, a lock on a navigable stream. Also turnpike-lock (see Compounds 1). Obsolete.† 6. A turn-table on a railway. Obsolete.
1. † b. transf. and fig. in various applications. Obsolete.
a. Hist. A spiked barrier fixed in or across a road or passage, as a defence against sudden attack, esp. of men on horseback.It does not appear certain how this was originally constructed, or how it acted; later writers identify it with the cheval de frise n. (see quotations 1704–1716), but the other senses suggest that in older use the axis was vertical.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > barricade > [noun] > anti-cavalry barrier
turnpikec1420
caltrop1519
harrow1548
chausse-trap1591
swine feather1639
swine's pike1639
crowfoot1678
cheval de frise1688
horse de frise1688
hersillon1704
herse1728
crow's foot1772
trou-de-loup1780
cheval-trap1787
frise1809
spear1823
punji stake (or stick)1849
night-cat1863
c1420 Siege of Rouen in Collect. Lond. Cit. (Camden) 17 He made a dyche of grete coste, Pyght with stakys that wolde perysce, With turnepykys, and with many an hers.
c1425 Wyntoun Cron. viii. 5716 Þan a staf tuk Wate of Curry, And set vndyr þe portculyce, Þat cum down it mycht on na wise. Syne þe crelis and colis wiþe all Apon þe turn~pik [v.rr. turnepike, -pyk] let he fal. And ane þan blew a horne in hy.
1477 E. Bedyngfeld in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) II. 420 My lord hath do brokyn all the passages excep Newhom bryge, weche ys wached and the turne-pyke shette euery nyght.
1543 J. Wallop in State Papers Henry VIII (1849) IX. 454 There was 2 horsemen of Mr. Bowlmers companey taken, which went over at Marguyson, notwithstanding the turnpike, being then there sett on with certen horsemen of Bullen, were constrayned to take the ryver, where as it is saied never any hath passed.
1545 R. Ascham Toxophilus i. f. 40v At the Turne pike besyde Hammes where they turned with so fewe Archers, so many Frenchemen to flight.
1577 R. Holinshed Chron. II. 1196/1 A large trench..pight full of sharpe stakes, with a greate rampire fenced with bulwarkes, and turnepykes.
1642 Relat. Action bef. Cirencester 4 Each end of the high street..was secured against Horse with strong slaght-boomes which our men call Turne-pikes.
1644 in J. Rushworth Hist. Coll.: Third Pt. (1692) II. 739 They had no Drawbridge but only a Turnpyke.
1704 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum I Turn-Pikes in the Art of War, are Spars of Wood of 12 or 14 Foot long, and about 6 Inches diameter in a sexangular Form: They are bored with holes..six Inches one from another, but to go by turns from each side, the Pickets that are driven into the hole[s], are 6 or 5 Foot long, pointed with Iron.
1711 Mil. & Sea Dict. (ed. 4) Chevaux de Frise,..the same as Turnpikes,..one being the French, the other the English Name, yet both indifferently now used in England, and the French rather the most.
1716 J. Perry State of Russia 47 The Czar having disposed his Army behind a Line of Chevaux de Frize, or Turn-pikes shod with Iron,..maintain'd so regular and strong a fire, that [etc.].
1720 D. Defoe Mem. Cavalier 108 Coming up to the Turn-pike, I found it defended by 200 Musqueteers.
ΚΠ
a1616 F. Beaumont Antiplatonic v Love stormes his lips, and takes the fortresse in, For all the bristled turn-pikes of his chin.
1641 Wits Recreations (new ed.) sig. X6 He hath such subtile turnes and nookes, Such turne-pegs, mazes, tenter-hookes.
1661 O. Felltham Resolves (rev. ed.) 241 It makes a man a Turn-pike, that will be sure to prick you, which side soever you come on.
1661 K. W. Confused Characters 99 That Fry-day face of his, whose rowsey whiskers and brischy turn-pikes make him resemble some shaggy meteor, or some borish Turk.
1665 R. Hooke Micrographia l. 205 Each of these legs were bestuck..with multitudes of small hairs, or (if we respect the proportion they bore to the bigness of the leg) turnpikes.
1678 V. Alsop Melius Inquirendum i. i. 66 He that..shall thrust other men upon the turn-pikes of sin, and force them to act against their light.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > closed or shut condition > that which or one who closes or shuts > a barrier > [noun] > gate > turnstile
wheel14..
turnpike1545
whirl-gate1550
turning-stile1611
turnstilea1643
turning-wheel1669
moulinet1706
tourniquet1706
turnabout1805
turn-gate1905
1545–6 in J. R. Boyle Early Hist. Town & Port of Hedon (1895) App. p. cxxxv For makynge on hoppe to the tornepyke, iiij.d.
1600 W. Kemp Nine Daies Wonder D j The Cittizens [of Norwich] had caused all the turne-pikes to be taken vp..that I might not be hindred.
1631 B. Jonson Staple of Newes iii. i. 37 in Wks. II I moue vpon my axell, like a turne-pike.
1684–5 in R. Willis & J. W. Clark Archit. Hist. Univ. Cambr. (1886) II. 642 Painting the barrs and Turnepikes in the entrance to the New walke.
1755 Johnson Dict. Eng. Lang. Turnpike,..a cross of two bars armed with pikes at the end, and turning on a pin, fixed to hinder horses from entering.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > water > lake > pool > [noun] > artificially confined water > contrivance for impounding water > gate, lock, or sluice
hatchOE
clowa1250
lock1261
water lock1261
sluice1340
water gate1390
sewer-gate1402
spay1415
floodgatec1440
shuttlec1440
spayer1450
gate1496
falling gate1524
spoye1528
gote1531
penstock1542
ventil1570
drawgate1587
flood-hatch1587
turnpike1623
slaker1664
lock gate1677
hatchway1705
flash1768
turnpike-lock1771
sluice-gate1781
pound-lock1783
stop-gate1790
buck gate1791
slacker1797
aboiteau1802
koker1814
guard-lock1815
falling sluice1819
lasher1840
fender1847
tailgate1875
weir-hatch1875
wicket1875
1623–4 Act 21 Jas. I c. 32 §1 To open prepare or make all Weares and Lockes or Turnepickes fitt for the said Passage.
1623–4 Act 21 Jas. I c. 32 §1 To make and erect any Wharfes Lockes or Turnepickes or Pennes for Water.
1677 R. Plot Nat. Hist. Oxford-shire 233 Where the declivity of the Channel, and fall of water is so great, that few barges could live in the passage of them, there we have Turn-pikes.
1702 Act 1 Anne St. ii. c. 11 §2 Altering the said Wharfs Sluces Wears Sasses Locks Turn~pikes or Pens for Water or Passages.
1751 Act 24 Geo. II c. 8 §2 Tenants or Occupiers of all Locks, Weirs, Bucks, Winches, Turnpikes, Dams, Flood-Gates.
4.
a. A barrier (orig. of the nature of a turnpike in sense 2, later a gate or gates) placed across a road to stop passage till the toll is paid; a toll-gate. Cf. turnstile n. Now chiefly Hist.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > duty on goods > imposition or collecting of duties on goods > [noun] > toll-barrier
bar1540
turnpike1678
sidebar1760
toll-gate1773
barrier1804
toll-bar1813
pike1820
octroi1861
pay wicket1895
péage1973
the world > space > relative position > closed or shut condition > that which or one who closes or shuts > a barrier > [noun] > gate > toll gate
turnpike1678
toll-gate1773
society > travel > means of travel > route or way > way, path, or track > road > [noun] > main or major road > turnpike or toll-road > barrier on
turnpike1678
toll-gate1773
toll-bar1813
péage1973
1678 [see sense 1b].
1695–6 Act 7 & 8 Will. III c. 9 §4 The Place for collecting the said Toll to be in some convenient Place upon the said Highway..by setting up a Turnpike or otherwise.
1705 London Gaz. No. 4125/4 Whoever..gives Notice to Mr. John Baker, Keeper of the Turn-Pipe [sic] aforesaid,..shall have a Guinea Reward.
1723 B. Mandeville Ess. Charity in Fable Bees (ed. 2) i. 365 A poor Traveller that at every Ten Miles end is stop'd by a Turnpike.
1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker II. 99 Considering the tax we pay for turnpikes, the roads of this country constitute a most intolerable grievance.
1806 Chron. 23 Feb. in Ann. Reg. (1808) 375/2 Close to Oxford-street turnpike.
1829 Chapters Phys. Sc. 58 The weighing-machine is formed of a combination of levers..and is commonly used at turnpikes in weighing waggons, to ascertain that they are not loaded beyond what is allowed by law to the breadth of their wheels.
1845 J. R. McCulloch Treat. Taxation Introd. 35 Turnpikes being erected only on the principal roads, the old plan for keeping up cross or parish roads [by statute labour, or at the cost of the parish] was not affected by their institution.
1885 Act 48 & 49 Victoria c. 37 §5 The provisions now in force respecting turnpikes and tolls [etc.]..shall continue in force until Parliament otherwise provides.
b. transf. and fig.
ΚΠ
1678 A. Marvell Acct. Growth Popery (new ed.) 11 It will suffer no man to pass without paying at their Turn-pikes.
1730 H. Fielding Rape upon Rape ii. ii. 16 The Laws are Turnpikes, only made to stop People who walk on Foot.
1745 Season. Adv. Protest. 38 A Tax to the Priests, for suffering them to pass the Turnpike of Purgatory.
1765 S. Foote Commissary ii. 38 He capers through a whole region of turnpegs.
a1807 J. Opie Lect. on Painting (1809) 59 The possessors..had..been often denied the usual road to eminence:..they defrauded the turnpike, and conducted their silent march another way.
c. dialect. A wire snare set by a poacher across a hare's or rabbit's run.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > hunting > equipment > trap or snare > [noun] > trap for rabbit or hare
hare-pipe1389
wire1749
tipe1788
turnpike1879
1879 R. Jefferies Amateur Poacher ii. 29 The blacksmith started the idea of putting up a ‘turnpike’,—i.e. a wire.
5.
a. Elliptical for turnpike road n.; also fig. Now Hist. exc. U.S.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > means of travel > route or way > way, path, or track > road > [noun] > main or major road > turnpike or toll-road
turnpike road1745
turnpike1748
trust road1787
pike1812
toll-road1825
pike road1838
tollway1955
péage1973
1748 Defoe's Tour Great Brit. (ed. 4) II. 178 The Road is by this means so continually torn, that it is one of the worst Turnpikes round about London.
1756 Demi-Rep 10 You may ride the turnpike to her heart.
1796 E. Burke Two Lett. Peace Regicide Directory France i. 49 There is a minister from Denmark at Paris... We sent through this turnpike to demand a passport.
1802 Deb. Congr. U.S. 25 Feb. (1850) 759 As plain as a turnpike.
1861 ‘G. Eliot’ Silas Marner i. 6 [Raveloe] was nestled in a snug well-wooded hollow, quite an hour's journey on horseback from any turnpike.
1875 W. McIlwraith Guide Wigtownshire 77 Here the turnpike winds along a terrace hewn from the hillside.
1950 Sun (Baltimore) 2 June 10/5 One route will be recommended for the turnpike.
1965 New Statesman 5 Nov. 713/1 The good, fast, safe roads are toll roads, called in New England by the old name of turnpikes.
1977 New Yorker 3 Oct. 43/1 Halfway up the Connecticut Turnpike, I slowed the car.
b. Short for turnpike trust n. at Compounds 1a or the like.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > means of travel > route or way > way, path, or track > road > [noun] > officials responsible for roads > turnpike trust
turnpike1728
turnpike trust1843
1728 C. Cibber Vanbrugh's Provok'd Husband i. i. 12 He won't sit long enough to give his Vote for a Turn-pike.
1773 Observ. State Poor 105 The roads of our nation are its standing opprobrium, the complaint and the jest of foreigners. The few, which under the direction of turnpikes, are justly exempted from this general censure or ridicule, only serve to facilitate the conveyance of provision to the capital.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > means of travel > route or way > way, path, or track > road laid with parallel planks, slabs, or rails > [noun] > laid with rails > rail > movable rail at junction
turnpike1793
turn-rail1793
switch1797
switch-rail1797
1793 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse (ed. 2) §167 (note) The carriage being turned a quarter round upon the Turnpike, or Turnrail.
7. U.S. A small cake used to raise bread: see quots. ? local.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > [noun] > dough for bread
dougheOE
rye dough1584
bread dough1698
sponge1748
turnpike1850
sourdough1868
1850 Knickerbocker July 83 Some little yellow cakes, called turnpikes, and used, I believe, for some purpose or other in baking bread.
1851 S. Warner Wide Wide World I. xiv. 166 I am scalding this meal with it to make turnpikes.
II.
8. Sc. A staircase which winds round a central axis; a spiral or winding stair; later applied to other forms of staircase: cf. turnpike stair n., turnpike staircase n. at Compounds 1b.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > stairs > [noun] > winding or spiral
vicea1382
turngrece1483
turnpike1516
cochleaa1552
cockle stairs1624
Dutch stairs1649
turnpike stair1730
newel stair1851
newel staircase1859
1516 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1903) V. 78 For the makin of ane turnpek in the palis of the Abbay Halyrud~hous.
1546 in State Papers Henry VIII (1836) V. 560 Normond Leslie and his cumpanye met hym [Cdl. Beaton] in þe turnpyk þer off, and slew hym.
1552 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1913) X. 91 Item, foure lokkis put in the Ȝett, Ȝard Ȝett, and durris of the tway turnpykis of my lord governouris lugeing of the Kirk of Feild..iij li.
?1553 (c1501) G. Douglas Palice of Honour (London) iii. l. 1432 in Shorter Poems (1967) 92 A palyce..with mony riall touris,..Pynnakillis, fyellis tournpikes [1579 Edinb. Turnpekkis] mony one. Gylt byrnyst torris,..Skarsement, repryse, corbell and battelyngis.
c1590 J. Stewart Poems (1913) 55 Butt and ben he bends from bour to bour, Vp turnpyks, turats, And from tour to tour.
1600 Gowrie's Conspir. in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) II. 343 The Earle of Gowrie and his seruants made them for another way vp a quyet turnpyke, which..was onlie then left open, as appeared for that purpose.
1643 in A. Maxwell Hist. Old Dundee (1884) 213 [The Council] concludit that the turne-pyk upon the steeple be presently repaired.
1730 Mem. Capt. Creichton in Swift Wks. (1869) 534/2 Steele suddenly opening the door, fired a blunderbuss down at the two dragoons as they were coming up the stairs; but the bullets, grazing against the side of the turnpike, only wounded and did not kill them.
1817 Scott Rob Roy II. ix. 178 The turnkey, who..led me up a turnpike (so the Scotch call a winding stair).
1899 S. R. Crockett Black Douglas (1900) 106 He was upon the last step of the turnpike and at the entrance of the corridor.
Compounds
C1. General attrib. See also turnpike road n.
a. (Chiefly in sense 4.)
turnpike act n.
ΚΠ
1794 J. Donaldson Gen. View Agric. Carse of Gowrie 32 Making another application to parliament, and in a short time a turnpike act was procured, in which these, and other particular roads in the county, were included.
1841 Penny Cycl. XX. 29/1 The inefficiency of the system of maintenance by parish and statute labour was proved before the passing of the first Turnpike Act in 1653.
1903 Law Rep.: King's Bench Div. 1 407 A bicycle is not a carriage for the purposes of a turnpike Act.
turnpike bridge n.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > means of travel > route or way > other means of passage or access > [noun] > bridge > toll-bridge
toll-bridge1751
turnpike bridge1840
1840 Act 3 & 4 Victoria c. 88 §1 That no Toll shall be demanded or taken on any Turnpike..Bridge for any Horse, or Police Van, Carriage or Cart,..in the Service of the Police.
turnpike-house n.
ΚΠ
1774 Nicholson in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 64 351 These appearances continued till I reached the turnpike-house.
1806 Chron. 15 May in Ann. Reg. (1808) 405/1 The toll-table, against the turnpike house, at Whalley.
1863 Dickens Uncommerc. Traveller in All Year Round 1 Aug. 542/1 The Turnpike-house was all overgrown with ivy; and the Turnpike-keeper, unable to get a living out of the tolls, plied the trade of a cobbler.
turnpike-keeper n.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > means of travel > route or way > way, path, or track > road > [noun] > main or major road > turnpike or toll-road > barrier on > keeper of
turnpike-keeper1738
turnpike-man1769
pike-keeper1836
pikeman1841
1738 Gentleman's Mag. May 247/2 From the Respect he was treated with by the Turnpike-keeper, I perceived..that he was..some Person of Distinction.
turnpike-man n.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > means of travel > route or way > way, path, or track > road > [noun] > main or major road > turnpike or toll-road > barrier on > keeper of
turnpike-keeper1738
turnpike-man1769
pike-keeper1836
pikeman1841
1769 Earl of March in J. H. Jesse G. Selwyn & his Contemp. (1843) II. 366 I wrote you a note with a pencil upon the road, which a turnpike-man promised to send to you.
1782 W. Cowper John Gilpin 119 In a trice the turnpike-men Their gates wide open threw.
1876 R. D. Blackmore Cripps xxxii He would rather have a row with three turnpike-men than presume to speak to a gentleman.
turnpike-people n.
ΚΠ
1855 Dickens Holly-tree Inn: Guest in Househ. Words Extra Christmas No. 2/1 Even turnpike-people have children.
turnpike-system n.
ΚΠ
1801 Farmer's Mag. Apr. 158 The defective principles, adopted when the turnpike system was first introduced, are completely avoided.
1895 Westm. Gaz. 28 Oct. The last of the turnpike system... The turnpike gates, which will enjoy the honour of thus being last in the field, belong to that portion of the Shrewsbury and Holyhead-road which traverses the island of Anglesea, the trust for which was continued by a special Act of Parliament until November 1, 1895.
turnpike trust n.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > means of travel > route or way > way, path, or track > road > [noun] > officials responsible for roads > turnpike trust
turnpike1728
turnpike trust1843
1843 Penny Cycl. XXV. 429/1 Turnpike trusts. Turnpike-roads are..highways placed..under the management of trustees or commissioners.
b. (In sense 8.)
turnpike foot n.
ΚΠ
1565 in Hay Fleming Reform. in Scot. (1910) Append. M. 610 In the chalmer at the turne pyk fuit.
turnpike head n.
ΚΠ
1623 Reg. Mag. Sig. Scot. 151/1 Infra lie turnpyke ejusdem cameram lieturnpyke-heid, occidentalem..et mediam cameram.
turnpike stair n.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > stairs > [noun] > winding or spiral
vicea1382
turngrece1483
turnpike1516
cochleaa1552
cockle stairs1624
Dutch stairs1649
turnpike stair1730
newel stair1851
newel staircase1859
1730 Mem. Capt. Creichton in Swift Wks. (1869) 534/1 The dragoons..went up a pair of turnpike stairs.
1779 H. Arnot Hist. Edinb. ii. ii. 246 A turnpike stair is the term used..over all Scotland, to denote a stair, of which the steps are built in a spiral form, like a screen winding round the same axis.
1805 R. Forsyth Beauties Scotl. II. 309 A small turnpike-stair, built in the wall.
1818 Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian i, in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. III. 5 A half-circular turret,..bartizan'd on the top, served as a case for a narrow turnpike-stair.
1888 R. L. Stevenson Black Arrow iv. iv The authors..had clattered down a turnpike stair and decamped.
turnpike staircase n.
ΚΠ
1800 W. F. Baylay Northern Tour 267 (MS.) A beautiful turnpike staircase here..the roof of it winding like a snail cap.
C2. † turnpike-lock n. Obsolete = sense 3.
turnpike cake n. see sense 7.
ΚΠ
1851 S. Warner Wide Wide World I. xiv. 167 Cakes, child, cakes!—turnpike cakes—what I raise the bread with.
turnpike-free adj. free from tolls for passage.
ΚΠ
1903 J. K. Jerome Tea-table Talk 112 The world's highroads run turnpike-free from pole to pole.
turnpike gate n. †(a) a gate or door at the foot of a turnpike stair (Sc.); †(b) = sense 1; (c) = sense 4.
ΚΠ
1513 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1902) IV. 526 To the..smyth for viij score of square hedit nalis to the turnepyk yett of the nethir toure.
1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory (1905) iii. xvi. 88/1 A Turne pike... Some terme it a Turnepike Gate.
1793 J. Woodforde Diary 21 July (1929) IV. 45 We got to Bruton Turnpike Gate.
1806 Chron. 19 Feb. in Ann. Reg. (1808) 371/2 A boy riding on a cart, drove against a turnpike-gate.
1841 Dickens Barnaby Rudge iii. 249 The horse stopped until the turnpike gate was opened.
1889 F. E. Gretton Memory's Harkback 115 The wheelers..knocked against the turnpike-gate-post in passing through.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > water > lake > pool > [noun] > artificially confined water > contrivance for impounding water > gate, lock, or sluice
hatchOE
clowa1250
lock1261
water lock1261
sluice1340
water gate1390
sewer-gate1402
spay1415
floodgatec1440
shuttlec1440
spayer1450
gate1496
falling gate1524
spoye1528
gote1531
penstock1542
ventil1570
drawgate1587
flood-hatch1587
turnpike1623
slaker1664
lock gate1677
hatchway1705
flash1768
turnpike-lock1771
sluice-gate1781
pound-lock1783
stop-gate1790
buck gate1791
slacker1797
aboiteau1802
koker1814
guard-lock1815
falling sluice1819
lasher1840
fender1847
tailgate1875
weir-hatch1875
wicket1875
1771 Act 11 Geo. III c. 45 §8 Making Turnpike Locks on the Sides of the present Locks.
turnpike meeting n. a meeting of a turnpike trust.
ΚΠ
1764 S. Foote Mayor of Garret i. 6 After twenty years attendance at turnpike-meetings.
turnpike sailor n. a beggar in the guise of a distressed sailor.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > poverty > mendicancy > [noun] > beggar > who pretends to be a sailor
whip-jacka1556
turnpike sailor1839
1839 H. Brandon Poverty, Mendicity & Crime 165/1 Turnpike sailors.
1851 H. Mayhew London Labour I. 415/2 I became a turnpike sailor,..and went out as one of the Shallow Brigade.
1884 Clark Russell in Longman's Mag. III. 563 The roadway was filled with a crowd of grimy fellows, turnpike sailors, loafing scarecrows.
Derivatives
ˈturnpike v. (trans.) to erect turnpikes on (a road); to make into a turnpike road.
ΚΠ
1791 J. Hiltzheimer Diary 17 Sept. (1893) 172 I took Mr. Francis..to view the road, from Vine Street to Vanderen's Mill, six miles, which it is proposed to turn-pike.
1806 Webster Compend. Dict. Eng. Lang. Turnpike,..to form or erect a turnpike.
1825 Amer. St. Papers, Post-office (1834) 137 The road from Elkton to Staunton has been turnpiked.
1903 H. T. Crofton Old Moss Side 6 The lane was but little altered even after Acts are passed in 1749 and 1793 for turnpiking and improving it.
turnpiker n. one who frequents the turnpike or turnpike road; hence (a) a foot-traveller; (b) = turnpike sailor n. at Compounds 2.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > aspects of travel > going on foot > [noun] > one going on foot
foota1225
footmana1382
walkerc1390
footera1425
ganger1424
trampler1580
foot folk1583
marcher1589
leg-stretcher1612
foot traveller1631
pedestrian1641
ambulator1652
foot walker1751
turnpiker1812
foot passenger1832
ped1863
voetganger1902
jaywalker1917
stepper1934
foot-slogger1956
1812 Boston Gaz. 27 Aug. The heroes, who were to have mounted the heights of Abram, are yet in the garb of turnpikers, unaccoutred and undisciplined.
1896 W. C. Russell What Cheer! xi. 189 When it came to lee shores and frightful cliffs resounding the thunder of the tempest of the Atlantic..the turnpikers bent their backs and pulled with a will.
Draft additions December 2005
ˈturnpike v. trans. U.S. To resurface or build up the crown of (a road). Occasionally with up. Now rare.
ΚΠ
1817 Ann. 14th Congr. II. 860 [This road] is generally turnpiked, and by incorporated companies, who own the road.
1857 J. K. Angell & T. Durfee Treat. on Law of Highways iv. ii. 166 A provision which authorized the mayor and common council to cause the streets therein to be paved or turnpiked at the expense of the estates fronting such streets.
1890 Hornellsville (N.Y.) Weekly Tribune 17 Jan. 12/3 The roadmaster concluded that the road ought to be raised or ‘turnpiked’ up.
1930 Bismarck (N. Dakota) Tribune 7 Mar. 9/2 Burleigh county during the last fifteen years has either graded or turnpiked approximately 1,000 miles of road of which approximately thirty miles have been graveled.
1961 Ironwood (Mich.) Daily Globe 28 Aug. 7/4 Poor drainage has made the roads all but impassable. The road should be turnpiked and graveled.
Draft additions December 2005
'turnpiked adj.
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1874 Daily Evening Tribune (Oakland, Calif.) (Electronic text) 13 Oct. Any one who has ever driven over a newly-turnpiked road can readily understand how easily an upset might occur!
2000 Scunthorpe Evening Telegraph (Nexis) 28 Mar. 8 Lindsey's first turnpiked highway was that from Lincoln to Rugby,..established under usual form of private Act of Parliament, 1738/39.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1916; most recently modified version published online June 2018).
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