† travailern.

Forms:

α. Middle English trauailere, Middle English traueler, 1500s trauailler, 1500s traueller, 1500s–1600s travailer, 1600s trauailer.

β. Middle English trauaillour, Middle English trauailour, Middle English trauaylour, Middle English trauelour, Middle English traueylour, Middle English travailour, Middle English travalure, Middle English travaylowre.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: French travaillour , travailleur ; travail v., -er suffix¹.

Etymology: Partly (i) < Anglo-Norman travaillour and Middle French travailleur, traveilleur (French travailleur ) person who torments or harasses another person (13th cent. in Old French as travailleor ) < travaillier travail v. + -eor -eur suffix, and partly (ii) < travail v. + -er suffix¹.Compare Old Occitan trebalador, trebalhador jailer (13th cent.), farmer (14th cent.), and also Spanish trabajador, Portuguese trabalhador (both 13th cent.), both in the sense ‘worker’. The French noun is not attested in the sense ‘worker‘ until considerably later than in English (late 16th cent.), although compare Anglo-Norman travailur (adjective) painstaking, hard-working (13th cent. or earlier).

Obsolete.

1. A person who toils or labours; one who works hard.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > worker > worker according to manner of working > [noun] > toiling or working hard

swinker1340

travailera1382

sweatera1529

toiler1549

moiler1563

drudger1755

Stakhanovite1935

Stakhanovist1938

workaholic1947

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1965) Prov. xvi. 26 Þe soule of þe trauailere [L. laborantis] trauaileþ to hymself.

c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xiii. l. 239 Alle trewe trauaillours and tilieres of þe erthe.

1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. I. Luke xx. 155 Earnest trauaillers for y^e peoples behouf and profite.

1598 J. Stow Suruay of London 463 By profession busie Bees, and trauellers for their liuing in the Hiue of this common welth.

1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. ix. vi. 470/2 Thomas Talbot, an exact trauailer in genealogies.

2. A woman in labour.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > source or principle of life > birth > confinement > [noun] > childbirth or delivery > woman in labour or childbirth

travailera1425

childwife1485

a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) 4 Kings xix. 3 Sones camen til to the childberyng, and the traueler [L. parturiens] of childe hath not strengthis.

3. A person who torments or harasses others.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > mental anguish or torment > cause of mental anguish or torment > [noun]

roodOE

thornc1230

prickc1384

rack?a1425

travailerc1450

goading1548

twinge1548

goad1553

tormentor1553

cut1568

stingera1577

butcher1579

torture1612

bosom-devil1651

wound1844

knife-edge1876

nemesis1933

c1450 tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Lyfe Manhode (Cambr.) (1869) 101 (MED) He ne is but a turmentour and a trauailour of folk.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2020; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	travailer
释义	† travailern. Forms: α. Middle English trauailere, Middle English traueler, 1500s trauailler, 1500s traueller, 1500s–1600s travailer, 1600s trauailer. β. Middle English trauaillour, Middle English trauailour, Middle English trauaylour, Middle English trauelour, Middle English traueylour, Middle English travailour, Middle English travalure, Middle English travaylowre. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: French travaillour , travailleur ; travail v., -er suffix¹. Etymology: Partly (i) < Anglo-Norman travaillour and Middle French travailleur, traveilleur (French travailleur ) person who torments or harasses another person (13th cent. in Old French as travailleor ) < travaillier travail v. + -eor -eur suffix, and partly (ii) < travail v. + -er suffix¹.Compare Old Occitan trebalador, trebalhador jailer (13th cent.), farmer (14th cent.), and also Spanish trabajador, Portuguese trabalhador (both 13th cent.), both in the sense ‘worker’. The French noun is not attested in the sense ‘worker‘ until considerably later than in English (late 16th cent.), although compare Anglo-Norman travailur (adjective) painstaking, hard-working (13th cent. or earlier). Obsolete. 1. A person who toils or labours; one who works hard. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > worker > worker according to manner of working > [noun] > toiling or working hard swinker1340 travailera1382 sweatera1529 toiler1549 moiler1563 drudger1755 Stakhanovite1935 Stakhanovist1938 workaholic1947 a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1965) Prov. xvi. 26 Þe soule of þe trauailere [L. laborantis] trauaileþ to hymself. c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xiii. l. 239 Alle trewe trauaillours and tilieres of þe erthe. 1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. I. Luke xx. 155 Earnest trauaillers for y^e peoples behouf and profite. 1598 J. Stow Suruay of London 463 By profession busie Bees, and trauellers for their liuing in the Hiue of this common welth. 1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. ix. vi. 470/2 Thomas Talbot, an exact trauailer in genealogies. 2. A woman in labour. ΘΚΠ the world > life > source or principle of life > birth > confinement > [noun] > childbirth or delivery > woman in labour or childbirth travailera1425 childwife1485 a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) 4 Kings xix. 3 Sones camen til to the childberyng, and the traueler [L. parturiens] of childe hath not strengthis. 3. A person who torments or harasses others. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > mental anguish or torment > cause of mental anguish or torment > [noun] roodOE thornc1230 prickc1384 rack?a1425 travailerc1450 goading1548 twinge1548 goad1553 tormentor1553 cut1568 stingera1577 butcher1579 torture1612 bosom-devil1651 wound1844 knife-edge1876 nemesis1933 c1450 tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Lyfe Manhode (Cambr.) (1869) 101 (MED) He ne is but a turmentour and a trauailour of folk. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2020; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.a1382
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