transformn.

Brit.

/ˈtrɑːnsfɔːm/,

/ˈtransfɔːm/, U.S.

/ˈtræn(t)sˌfɔrm/

Etymology: < transform v.

1. Mathematics. An expression derived from another by transformation.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > algebra > [noun] > expression

algebraism1753

expression1796

fraction1812

discriminant1851

transform1853

resolvent1859

1853 Sylvester in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 143 i. 544 Covariant, a function which stands in the same relation to the primitive function from which it is derived as any of its linear transforms do to a similarly derived transform of its primitive.

2. Transformational Grammar. A syntactic structure derived by the application of a transformation.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > syntactic relations > [noun] > change of word order or position > specifically in transformational grammar > structure derived from

transform1955

kernel1957

1955 N. Chomsky Transformational Anal. (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Pennsylvania) v. 26 It seems most natural to characterize these sentences in terms of some notation of grammatical transformation, regarding these sentences as transforms of certain sentences which are derived on the level P and which do have P markers.

1957 N. Chomsky Syntactic Struct. (1962) viii. 88 This sentence [sc. I found the boy studying in the library] was a transform..of ‘I—found studying in the library—the boy’.

1964 R. H. Robins Gen. Linguistics vi. 243 The collocational compatibilities..between the particular words of any sentence and its transform are likely to be substantially the same.

1972 R. D. Eagleson in G. W. Turner Good Austral. Eng. v. 98 We can see them [sc. two versions of a sentence]..as related to the same underlying structures and as different transforms of it.

1976 Word 27 253 There is an embedded sentence corresponding to sentence 7 b, a transform derived from sentence 8 b by a movement of the Aux haben (‘have’).

3. Geology. = transform fault n. at Compounds below.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > structural features > discontinuity or unconformity > [noun] > fault > other types of fault

heave1802

reversed fault1852

reverse fault1865

step-fault1879

ring fracture1881

overfault1883

overlap fault1883

overthrust1883

trough fault1883

thrust1888

thrust-fault1889

offset1897

cross-fault1900

tear-fault1900

distributive fault1904

cross-break1909

slide1910

strike-slip fault1913

rift1921

splay fault1942

wrench fault1951

megashear1954

transform fault1965

transform1971

1965 J. T. Wilson in Nature 24 July 343/1 A junction where one feature [marking a mobile belt] changes into another is here called a transform.]

1971 Geol. Mag. CVIII. 27 It appears that there is a mechanical advantage in overcoming overall transtension by stepped transforms.

1978 Nature 16 Feb. 617/1 (caption) The three transforms are shown by dashed lines and their possible extensions by dotted lines.

Compounds

transform fault n. Geology a transcurrent fault terminating abruptly at both ends, esp. one that connects two segments of an oceanic ridge; also, any transcurrent fault associated with two lithospheric plates sliding past one another.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > structural features > discontinuity or unconformity > [noun] > fault > other types of fault

heave1802

reversed fault1852

reverse fault1865

step-fault1879

ring fracture1881

overfault1883

overlap fault1883

overthrust1883

trough fault1883

thrust1888

thrust-fault1889

offset1897

cross-fault1900

tear-fault1900

distributive fault1904

cross-break1909

slide1910

strike-slip fault1913

rift1921

splay fault1942

wrench fault1951

megashear1954

transform fault1965

transform1971

1965 J. T. Wilson in Nature 24 July 343/2 It is proposed that a separate class of horizontal shear faults exists which terminate abruptly at both ends, but which nevertheless may show great displacements... The name transform fault is proposed for the class.

1973 Nature 10 Aug. 341/2 The boundaries between the rigid plates which make up the Earth's crust are..of three distinct kinds: ridges..; trenches..; transform faults, along which plates may slip relative to each other.

1976 Nature 4 Mar. 14/1 There are several transcurrent faults in solid continental rocks which, because they happen to terminate at structural features which ‘absorb’ their motion, must also be termed ‘transform faults’ according to Wilson's strict definition.

1980 Guardian 20 Nov. 13/4 There are fault boundaries, known as transform faults, along which the plates merely slide past each other.

transform faulting n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > structural features > discontinuity or unconformity > [noun] > fault > other types of fault > incidence of

transform faulting1971

1971 Geol. Mag. CVIII. 27 The sinuous zone of fission as it extends the length of the north and south Atlantic Ocean is necessarily in many places oblique to the direction of spreading. This situation is generally..accommodated by transform faulting.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

transformv.

Brit.

/trɑːnsˈfɔːm/,

/transˈfɔːm/, U.S.

/træn(t)sˈfɔrm/

Etymology: < Latin transformāre, < trans- prefix + formāre to form, < forma form. Compare French transformer (14th cent. in Godefroy Compl.), also Old French tresformer.

a. transitive. To change the form of; to change into another shape or form; to metamorphose.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > shape > shape or give shape to [verb (transitive)] > give another shape to

forshapeOE

transfigurea1340

transformc1340

transfigurate?a1475

turkess1530

turkish1560

turken1575

metamorphose1576

metamorphize1587

reform1634

deform1702

reshape1794

transmould1855

metamorphosize1888

the world > time > change > change to something else, transformation > transform [verb (transitive)] > in form or appearance

makec1175

transfigurea1340

transformc1340

overcasta1387

translatea1393

shapec1400

resolvea1450

transfigurate?a1475

fashion1528

converta1530

to bless into1534

redact1554

trans-shape1575

deduce1587

star1606

deducta1627

Pythagorize1631

to run into ——a1640

transpeciate1643

transmogrify1656

throw1824

transfeature1875

squirm1876

recontour1913

c1340 R. Rolle Prose Treat. 15 In transfourmynge of þe saule in þe Godhede.

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) 2 Cor. iii. 18 Alle we..ben transformyd into the same ymage.

c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (Roxb.) iv. 11 Of Ypocras daughter transformed from a womman to a dragoun.

1483 W. Caxton tr. Caton b vij b This catte..is myn owne daughter the whiche by the plesure and wylle of god hath ben transfourmed in to a catte.

1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. I. Mark i. f. 5^v That thynges of muche contrarietie maye easely be transformed, and tourned one into an other.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Comedy of Errors (1623) iii. ii. 151 And I thinke, if my brest had not beene made of faith, and my heart of steele, she had transform'd me to a Curtull dog, & made me turne i' th wheele.

1660 F. Brooke tr. V. Le Blanc World Surveyed 268 When Magicians shall have power to transform a humane body.

1813 W. Scott Rokeby i. 47 The victor sees his fairy gold Transformed, when won, to drossy mold.

1827 M. Faraday Chem. Manip. xxiv. 609 Transform several small crystals of sulphate of nickel into a large one.

1853 J. H. Newman Hist. Sketches (1873) II. i. ii. 65 To Samarcand..we owe the art of transforming linen into paper.

b. transferred. To change in character or condition; to alter in function or nature.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > change > change to something else, transformation > transform [verb (transitive)]

wendOE

forshapeOE

workOE

awendOE

makec1175

turna1200

forwenda1325

change1340

shape1362

transmewc1374

transposec1380

puta1382

convertc1384

exchangea1400

remue?a1400

makea1425

reduce?a1425

removec1425

resolvea1450

transvertc1450

overchangec1480

mew1512

transmutea1513

wring1524

reduct1548

transform1556

innovate1561

metamorphose1576

transume1579

metamorphize1587

transmove1590

transchangea1599

transfashion1601

deflect1613

fordo1624

entail1628

transmutate1632

distila1637

to make much (also little, something, nothing, etc.) of1637

transqualify1652

unconvert1654

simulate1658

spend1668

transverse1687

hocus-pocus1774

mutate1796

fancy1801

to change around1871

metamorphosize1888

catalyse1944

morph1996

1556 J. Heywood Spider & Flie ii. 5 My whole estate..Is here transformde from myrth to miserie.

a1674 T. Traherne Christian Ethicks (1675) 270 Love..Transformes the most Virulent Affections into Smooth, Healing, Perfective Pleasures.

1796 J. Morse Amer. Universal Geogr. (new ed.) I. 306 He transformed an undisciplined body of peasantry into a regular army of soldiers.

1852 H. Rogers Eclipse of Faith 16 A volume, which has transformed them from savages into men, and from idolaters into Christians.

c. Mathematics. To alter (a figure, expression, etc.) to another differing in form, but equal in quantity or value. More widely, to subject (any mathematical entity) to a transformation (transformation n. 3c). Also absol.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > arithmetic or algebraic operations > transformation > transform [verb (transitive)]

transform1743

the world > relative properties > number > arithmetic or algebraic operations > transformation > transform [verb (transitive)] > with correspondence between quantities

map1939

transform1972

1743 W. Emerson Doctr. Fluxions 22 To transform the Fluxion.., assume [etc.].

1884 tr. H. Lotze Logic 332 These equations we transform in all sorts of ways by adding on new quantities, by subtracting others, by multiplication and division of the whole.

1885 H. W. Watson & S. H. Burbury Math. Theory Electr. & Magn. I. 155 We now proceed to transform this problem.

1972 M. Kline Math. Thought xix. 427 Finding it difficult to evaluate in rectangular coordinates, he transformed to spherical coordinates.

1982 D. M. Schneider et al. Linear Algebra v. 181 The function f defined by the equation f(x) = x². This function transforms a real number into a real number, namely its square.

d. Physics. To change (one form of energy) into another, as mechanical energy into electricity, or electric energy into light or heat.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > energy or power of doing work > supply with energy [verb (transitive)] > change form of energy

transform1871

1871 J. C. Maxwell Theory of Heat (1875) 92 The total energy of any body or system of bodies is a quantity which can neither be increased nor diminished by any mutual action of those bodies, though it may be transformed into any of the forms of which energy is susceptible.

1878 W. Garnett in Encycl. Brit. VIII. 208/2 All other forms of energy with which we are acquainted can be transformed into an equivalent amount of heat.

1902 J. Larmor in Encycl. Brit. XXVIII. 164/2 There is a certain measurable quantity associated with each type of physical action..numerically identical with a corresponding quantity belonging to the new type into which it is transformed.

e. To change an electric current in potential, as from high voltage to low voltage, or in type, as from alternating to continuous. transform up, to raise the voltage while decreasing the current. transform down, to lower the voltage while increasing the current.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > electrical engineering > transformer > convert [verb (transitive)]

transform1883

1883 tr. Hospitalier Mod. Applic. of Electr. (ed. 2) I. 142 All these apparatus have a common character; they receive electricity and give out electricity, which they transform according to their individual properties.

1888 S. P. Thompson Dynamo-electr. Machinery (ed. 3) 486 At the generating station the alternating currents of low potential were to be transformed by means of an induction-coil to currents of high potential.

1897 T. O'C. Sloane Standard Electr. Dict. (1902) 547 Such dynamo could transform currents up or down.

1902 S. P. Thompson Elem. Lessons Electr. & Magn. 502 To transform continuous currents from one voltage to another it is necessary to employ a rotating apparatus, which is virtually a combination of a motor and a generator.

f. Molecular Biology. To change (a bacterial cell) into a genetically distinct kind by the introduction into it of DNA from another cell of the same or a closely related species.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > [verb (transitive)] > transform

transform1928

the world > life > biology > laboratory analysis > processes > [verb (transitive)] > genetic techniques

transform1928

progeny-test1944

test-cross1950

translate1955

transcribe1962

1928 Jrnl. Hygiene 27 150 An R strain is most readily transformed into the S variety when the killed culture used is of the same serological type as that from which the R strain was derived.

1947 Jrnl. Exper. Med. 86 449 Repeated attempts both in vitro and in vivo to transform D39/Int53 to pneumococcus Type III were unsuccessful.

1981 L. L. Mays Genetics vi. 274 Pieces of DNA of molecular weight less than 1·5 × 10⁷ daltons cannot transform Haemophilus influenzae.

g. Cytology. To cause (a eukaryotic cell) to undergo transformation (transformation n. 3i).

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > cellular processes > [verb (transitive)] > transformation

transform1959

1959 Jrnl. Nat. Cancer Inst. 23 1035 (heading) Clonal analysis of variant cell lines transformed to malignant cells in tissue culture.

1982 Sci. Amer. Mar. 72/1 Analysis of the DNA of the Rous sarcoma virus has revealed a single gene capable of transforming cells.

2. intransitive. To undergo a change of form or nature; to change.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > change > change to something else, transformation > be transformed [verb (intransitive)]

wortheOE

awendOE

golOE

turnc1275

changec1300

runc1384

to run into ——c1384

fare1398

writhea1400

transmewc1400

returnc1475

transume1480

convert1549

transform1597

remove1655

transeate1657

transmute1675

make1895

metamorphose1904

shapeshift1927

metamorphize1943

metamorphosize1967

morph1992

1597 T. Beard Theatre Gods Iudgements i. xvi. 57 Then did this iolly feast, to fast transforme.

1667 E. King in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 2 427 The Film does onely cover the Maggot, while she is transforming into an Ant.

1717 J. Addison in J. Dryden et al. tr. Ovid Metamorphoses Transf. Cycnus 11 His hair transforms to down, his fingers meet In skinny films, and shape his oary feet.

1747 W. Gould Acct. Eng. Ants 52 The Female Aurelia's are generally the first which transform, and are those that make their Appearance in the Shape of large Flies.

1827 T. Hood Plea Midsummer Fairies lxxxiii, in Plea Midsummer Fairies & Other Poems 42 Meanwhile I bade my pitying mates transform Like grasshoppers.

1893 J. Harkness & F. Morley Treat. Theory Functions i. 14 If w = u + iv be a one-valued monogenic function of x + iy, the systems of orthogonal straight lines x = a, y = b transform into systems of orthogonal curves in the w- plane.

1970 R. Passmore & J. S. Robson Compan. Med. Stud. II. xxii. 9/2 The function of antigen at the surface of the lymphocyte is to induce it to transform and proliferate into active antibody-producing cells.

1971 Nature 26 Nov. 187/1 The larva then transforms to a pupa.

1982 O.E.D. Suppl. at Pseudoscalar A quantity that transforms as a scalar under rotation but changes sign under reflection.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	transform
释义	transformn. Brit. /ˈtrɑːnsfɔːm/, /ˈtransfɔːm/, U.S. /ˈtræn(t)sˌfɔrm/ Etymology: < transform v. 1. Mathematics. An expression derived from another by transformation. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > algebra > [noun] > expression algebraism1753 expression1796 fraction1812 discriminant1851 transform1853 resolvent1859 1853 Sylvester in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 143 i. 544 Covariant, a function which stands in the same relation to the primitive function from which it is derived as any of its linear transforms do to a similarly derived transform of its primitive. 2. Transformational Grammar. A syntactic structure derived by the application of a transformation. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > syntactic relations > [noun] > change of word order or position > specifically in transformational grammar > structure derived from transform1955 kernel1957 1955 N. Chomsky Transformational Anal. (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Pennsylvania) v. 26 It seems most natural to characterize these sentences in terms of some notation of grammatical transformation, regarding these sentences as transforms of certain sentences which are derived on the level P and which do have P markers. 1957 N. Chomsky Syntactic Struct. (1962) viii. 88 This sentence [sc. I found the boy studying in the library] was a transform..of ‘I—found studying in the library—the boy’. 1964 R. H. Robins Gen. Linguistics vi. 243 The collocational compatibilities..between the particular words of any sentence and its transform are likely to be substantially the same. 1972 R. D. Eagleson in G. W. Turner Good Austral. Eng. v. 98 We can see them [sc. two versions of a sentence]..as related to the same underlying structures and as different transforms of it. 1976 Word 27 253 There is an embedded sentence corresponding to sentence 7 b, a transform derived from sentence 8 b by a movement of the Aux haben (‘have’). 3. Geology. = transform fault n. at Compounds below. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > structural features > discontinuity or unconformity > [noun] > fault > other types of fault heave1802 reversed fault1852 reverse fault1865 step-fault1879 ring fracture1881 overfault1883 overlap fault1883 overthrust1883 trough fault1883 thrust1888 thrust-fault1889 offset1897 cross-fault1900 tear-fault1900 distributive fault1904 cross-break1909 slide1910 strike-slip fault1913 rift1921 splay fault1942 wrench fault1951 megashear1954 transform fault1965 transform1971 1965 J. T. Wilson in Nature 24 July 343/1 A junction where one feature [marking a mobile belt] changes into another is here called a transform.] 1971 Geol. Mag. CVIII. 27 It appears that there is a mechanical advantage in overcoming overall transtension by stepped transforms. 1978 Nature 16 Feb. 617/1 (caption) The three transforms are shown by dashed lines and their possible extensions by dotted lines. Compounds transform fault n. Geology a transcurrent fault terminating abruptly at both ends, esp. one that connects two segments of an oceanic ridge; also, any transcurrent fault associated with two lithospheric plates sliding past one another. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > structural features > discontinuity or unconformity > [noun] > fault > other types of fault heave1802 reversed fault1852 reverse fault1865 step-fault1879 ring fracture1881 overfault1883 overlap fault1883 overthrust1883 trough fault1883 thrust1888 thrust-fault1889 offset1897 cross-fault1900 tear-fault1900 distributive fault1904 cross-break1909 slide1910 strike-slip fault1913 rift1921 splay fault1942 wrench fault1951 megashear1954 transform fault1965 transform1971 1965 J. T. Wilson in Nature 24 July 343/2 It is proposed that a separate class of horizontal shear faults exists which terminate abruptly at both ends, but which nevertheless may show great displacements... The name transform fault is proposed for the class. 1973 Nature 10 Aug. 341/2 The boundaries between the rigid plates which make up the Earth's crust are..of three distinct kinds: ridges..; trenches..; transform faults, along which plates may slip relative to each other. 1976 Nature 4 Mar. 14/1 There are several transcurrent faults in solid continental rocks which, because they happen to terminate at structural features which ‘absorb’ their motion, must also be termed ‘transform faults’ according to Wilson's strict definition. 1980 Guardian 20 Nov. 13/4 There are fault boundaries, known as transform faults, along which the plates merely slide past each other. transform faulting n. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > structural features > discontinuity or unconformity > [noun] > fault > other types of fault > incidence of transform faulting1971 1971 Geol. Mag. CVIII. 27 The sinuous zone of fission as it extends the length of the north and south Atlantic Ocean is necessarily in many places oblique to the direction of spreading. This situation is generally..accommodated by transform faulting. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online March 2022). transformv. Brit. /trɑːnsˈfɔːm/, /transˈfɔːm/, U.S. /træn(t)sˈfɔrm/ Etymology: < Latin transformāre, < trans- prefix + formāre to form, < forma form. Compare French transformer (14th cent. in Godefroy Compl.), also Old French tresformer. 1. a. transitive. To change the form of; to change into another shape or form; to metamorphose. ΘΚΠ the world > space > shape > shape or give shape to [verb (transitive)] > give another shape to forshapeOE transfigurea1340 transformc1340 transfigurate?a1475 turkess1530 turkish1560 turken1575 metamorphose1576 metamorphize1587 reform1634 deform1702 reshape1794 transmould1855 metamorphosize1888 the world > time > change > change to something else, transformation > transform [verb (transitive)] > in form or appearance makec1175 transfigurea1340 transformc1340 overcasta1387 translatea1393 shapec1400 resolvea1450 transfigurate?a1475 fashion1528 converta1530 to bless into1534 redact1554 trans-shape1575 deduce1587 star1606 deducta1627 Pythagorize1631 to run into ——a1640 transpeciate1643 transmogrify1656 throw1824 transfeature1875 squirm1876 recontour1913 c1340 R. Rolle Prose Treat. 15 In transfourmynge of þe saule in þe Godhede. c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) 2 Cor. iii. 18 Alle we..ben transformyd into the same ymage. c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (Roxb.) iv. 11 Of Ypocras daughter transformed from a womman to a dragoun. 1483 W. Caxton tr. Caton b vij b This catte..is myn owne daughter the whiche by the plesure and wylle of god hath ben transfourmed in to a catte. 1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. I. Mark i. f. 5^v That thynges of muche contrarietie maye easely be transformed, and tourned one into an other. a1616 W. Shakespeare Comedy of Errors (1623) iii. ii. 151 And I thinke, if my brest had not beene made of faith, and my heart of steele, she had transform'd me to a Curtull dog, & made me turne i' th wheele. View more context for this quotation 1660 F. Brooke tr. V. Le Blanc World Surveyed 268 When Magicians shall have power to transform a humane body. 1813 W. Scott Rokeby i. 47 The victor sees his fairy gold Transformed, when won, to drossy mold. 1827 M. Faraday Chem. Manip. xxiv. 609 Transform several small crystals of sulphate of nickel into a large one. 1853 J. H. Newman Hist. Sketches (1873) II. i. ii. 65 To Samarcand..we owe the art of transforming linen into paper. b. transferred. To change in character or condition; to alter in function or nature. ΘΚΠ the world > time > change > change to something else, transformation > transform [verb (transitive)] wendOE forshapeOE workOE awendOE makec1175 turna1200 forwenda1325 change1340 shape1362 transmewc1374 transposec1380 puta1382 convertc1384 exchangea1400 remue?a1400 makea1425 reduce?a1425 removec1425 resolvea1450 transvertc1450 overchangec1480 mew1512 transmutea1513 wring1524 reduct1548 transform1556 innovate1561 metamorphose1576 transume1579 metamorphize1587 transmove1590 transchangea1599 transfashion1601 deflect1613 fordo1624 entail1628 transmutate1632 distila1637 to make much (also little, something, nothing, etc.) of1637 transqualify1652 unconvert1654 simulate1658 spend1668 transverse1687 hocus-pocus1774 mutate1796 fancy1801 to change around1871 metamorphosize1888 catalyse1944 morph1996 1556 J. Heywood Spider & Flie ii. 5 My whole estate..Is here transformde from myrth to miserie. a1674 T. Traherne Christian Ethicks (1675) 270 Love..Transformes the most Virulent Affections into Smooth, Healing, Perfective Pleasures. 1796 J. Morse Amer. Universal Geogr. (new ed.) I. 306 He transformed an undisciplined body of peasantry into a regular army of soldiers. 1852 H. Rogers Eclipse of Faith 16 A volume, which has transformed them from savages into men, and from idolaters into Christians. c. Mathematics. To alter (a figure, expression, etc.) to another differing in form, but equal in quantity or value. More widely, to subject (any mathematical entity) to a transformation (transformation n. 3c). Also absol. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > arithmetic or algebraic operations > transformation > transform [verb (transitive)] transform1743 the world > relative properties > number > arithmetic or algebraic operations > transformation > transform [verb (transitive)] > with correspondence between quantities map1939 transform1972 1743 W. Emerson Doctr. Fluxions 22 To transform the Fluxion.., assume [etc.]. 1884 tr. H. Lotze Logic 332 These equations we transform in all sorts of ways by adding on new quantities, by subtracting others, by multiplication and division of the whole. 1885 H. W. Watson & S. H. Burbury Math. Theory Electr. & Magn. I. 155 We now proceed to transform this problem. 1972 M. Kline Math. Thought xix. 427 Finding it difficult to evaluate in rectangular coordinates, he transformed to spherical coordinates. 1982 D. M. Schneider et al. Linear Algebra v. 181 The function f defined by the equation f(x) = x². This function transforms a real number into a real number, namely its square. d. Physics. To change (one form of energy) into another, as mechanical energy into electricity, or electric energy into light or heat. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > energy or power of doing work > supply with energy [verb (transitive)] > change form of energy transform1871 1871 J. C. Maxwell Theory of Heat (1875) 92 The total energy of any body or system of bodies is a quantity which can neither be increased nor diminished by any mutual action of those bodies, though it may be transformed into any of the forms of which energy is susceptible. 1878 W. Garnett in Encycl. Brit. VIII. 208/2 All other forms of energy with which we are acquainted can be transformed into an equivalent amount of heat. 1902 J. Larmor in Encycl. Brit. XXVIII. 164/2 There is a certain measurable quantity associated with each type of physical action..numerically identical with a corresponding quantity belonging to the new type into which it is transformed. e. To change an electric current in potential, as from high voltage to low voltage, or in type, as from alternating to continuous. transform up, to raise the voltage while decreasing the current. transform down, to lower the voltage while increasing the current. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > electrical engineering > transformer > convert [verb (transitive)] transform1883 1883 tr. Hospitalier Mod. Applic. of Electr. (ed. 2) I. 142 All these apparatus have a common character; they receive electricity and give out electricity, which they transform according to their individual properties. 1888 S. P. Thompson Dynamo-electr. Machinery (ed. 3) 486 At the generating station the alternating currents of low potential were to be transformed by means of an induction-coil to currents of high potential. 1897 T. O'C. Sloane Standard Electr. Dict. (1902) 547 Such dynamo could transform currents up or down. 1902 S. P. Thompson Elem. Lessons Electr. & Magn. 502 To transform continuous currents from one voltage to another it is necessary to employ a rotating apparatus, which is virtually a combination of a motor and a generator. f. Molecular Biology. To change (a bacterial cell) into a genetically distinct kind by the introduction into it of DNA from another cell of the same or a closely related species. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > [verb (transitive)] > transform transform1928 the world > life > biology > laboratory analysis > processes > [verb (transitive)] > genetic techniques transform1928 progeny-test1944 test-cross1950 translate1955 transcribe1962 1928 Jrnl. Hygiene 27 150 An R strain is most readily transformed into the S variety when the killed culture used is of the same serological type as that from which the R strain was derived. 1947 Jrnl. Exper. Med. 86 449 Repeated attempts both in vitro and in vivo to transform D39/Int53 to pneumococcus Type III were unsuccessful. 1981 L. L. Mays Genetics vi. 274 Pieces of DNA of molecular weight less than 1·5 × 10⁷ daltons cannot transform Haemophilus influenzae. g. Cytology. To cause (a eukaryotic cell) to undergo transformation (transformation n. 3i). ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > cellular processes > [verb (transitive)] > transformation transform1959 1959 Jrnl. Nat. Cancer Inst. 23 1035 (heading) Clonal analysis of variant cell lines transformed to malignant cells in tissue culture. 1982 Sci. Amer. Mar. 72/1 Analysis of the DNA of the Rous sarcoma virus has revealed a single gene capable of transforming cells. 2. intransitive. To undergo a change of form or nature; to change. ΘΚΠ the world > time > change > change to something else, transformation > be transformed [verb (intransitive)] wortheOE awendOE golOE turnc1275 changec1300 runc1384 to run into ——c1384 fare1398 writhea1400 transmewc1400 returnc1475 transume1480 convert1549 transform1597 remove1655 transeate1657 transmute1675 make1895 metamorphose1904 shapeshift1927 metamorphize1943 metamorphosize1967 morph1992 1597 T. Beard Theatre Gods Iudgements i. xvi. 57 Then did this iolly feast, to fast transforme. 1667 E. King in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 2 427 The Film does onely cover the Maggot, while she is transforming into an Ant. 1717 J. Addison in J. Dryden et al. tr. Ovid Metamorphoses Transf. Cycnus 11 His hair transforms to down, his fingers meet In skinny films, and shape his oary feet. 1747 W. Gould Acct. Eng. Ants 52 The Female Aurelia's are generally the first which transform, and are those that make their Appearance in the Shape of large Flies. 1827 T. Hood Plea Midsummer Fairies lxxxiii, in Plea Midsummer Fairies & Other Poems 42 Meanwhile I bade my pitying mates transform Like grasshoppers. 1893 J. Harkness & F. Morley Treat. Theory Functions i. 14 If w = u + iv be a one-valued monogenic function of x + iy, the systems of orthogonal straight lines x = a, y = b transform into systems of orthogonal curves in the w- plane. 1970 R. Passmore & J. S. Robson Compan. Med. Stud. II. xxii. 9/2 The function of antigen at the surface of the lymphocyte is to induce it to transform and proliferate into active antibody-producing cells. 1971 Nature 26 Nov. 187/1 The larva then transforms to a pupa. 1982 O.E.D. Suppl. at Pseudoscalar A quantity that transforms as a scalar under rotation but changes sign under reflection. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1853v.c1340
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