translationn.

Brit.

/tranzˈleɪʃn/,

/trɑːnzˈleɪʃn/,

/transˈleɪʃn/,

/trɑːnsˈleɪʃn/, U.S.

/trænzˈleɪʃ(ə)n/,

/træn(t)sˈleɪʃ(ə)n/

Forms: Middle English transacyoun (transmission error), Middle English translacione, Middle English translacioun, Middle English translacioune, Middle English–1500s translacyon, Middle English–1500s translacyoun, Middle English–1600s translacion, Middle English– translation, 1500s translacyone, 1500s translatyon, 1500s traunslation; also Scottish pre-1700 translacioun, pre-1700 translatioun.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French translation, Latin translātiōn-, translātiō.

Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman translacione, translacioun, translaciun, translatiun, Anglo-Norman and Middle French translacion, translation (French translation ) translated version of a text (c1140 in Old French; rare and archaic in modern French), action of translating from one language into another (c1200), action of moving a thing from one place to another (c1200), action of moving a saint's relics from one place to another (1200; early 14th cent. or earlier in the specific sense ‘feast of the anniversary of the transfer of a saint's relics’), transfer of property or rights from one person to another (end of the 13th cent. or earlier), transfer of a bishop or other clergyman from one see or benefice to another (14th cent. or earlier), transfer of rulership (late 14th cent.), movement of a body from one point in space to another (late 14th cent.), change, alteration (late 14th cent.), metaphor (late 15th cent.), transference of a disease from one person or part of the body to another (16th cent.), (in astrology) separation of one planet from another (1558 in the passage translated in quot. ?1583 at sense 15), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin translātiōn-, translātiō action of moving a thing from one place to another, change of position, transfer of property or rights from one person to another, transferred or figurative use of a word, transfer of ideas from one context to another, action of translating from one language to another, in post-classical Latin also removal to heaven by death (3rd cent.), removal (of Enoch) to heaven (Vulgate), transfer of a bishop from one see to another, action of moving a saint's relics from one place to another (4th cent.), translated version of a text (6th cent.) < translāt- , past participial stem of transferre transfer v. + -iō -ion suffix¹.Compare Old Occitan translation (1400), Catalan translació (14th cent.), Spanish traslación (13th cent.), Italian traslazione (early 14th cent.), all earliest in sense ‘action of moving a thing from one place to another’. For the usual word for ‘action of converting from one language to another’ in modern use in the Romance languages see traduction n. Specific senses. In sense 15 after Middle French translation (1558 in this sense, in the passage translated in quot. ?1583). In sense 17b after translate v. 15b.

I. The action of converting from one language to another and related senses.

1. The action or process of translating a word, a work, etc., from one language into another.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > meaning > explanation, exposition > translation > [noun]

remeninga1382

translatinga1382

translationa1382

interpretation1382

interpretingc1384

reducing?a1425

traductiona1533

conversion1586

reddition1609

renderinga1653

rendition1653

transposition1653

transfusion1700

gloss1756

reduction1826

transc1877

machine-aided translation1966

the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > meaning > explanation, exposition > translation > [noun] > instance of

drawingc1300

translationa1382

translate?1518

traductiona1533

version1582

conversion1586

metaphrase1594

rendering1637

traduct1647

upset1828

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Job Prol. Aquila, Simacus, and Theodocian, or woord of woord, or sens of sens, or of either mengd, and tempred maner of mene translacioun tolden out.

c1405 (c1380) G. Chaucer Second Nun's Tale (Ellesmere) (1875) Prol. l. 25 I haue heer doon my feithful bisynesse After the legende in translacion Right of thy glorious lif and passion.

c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) iii. l. 4194 (MED) It wolde..tarie me in my translacioun Ȝif I shulde in her wo procede.

a1529 J. Skelton Speke Parrot in Poet. Wks. (1843) II. 22 So myche newe makyng,..So myche translacion in to Englyshe confused.

a1568 R. Ascham Scholemaster (1570) ii. f. 33^v Translation, is easie in the beginning for the scholer.

1612 J. Brinsley Ludus Lit. viii. 101 The translation leadeth the schollar as by the hand, or insteed of his Master.

1647 J. Denham in R. Fanshawe tr. G. B. Guarini Pastor Fido sig. a1 Nor ought a Genius lesse than his that writ, Attempt Translation.

1716 W. Hawkins Treat. Pleas Crown I. lxxi. 187 There is no Necessity that the Translation of such Words be made in proper classical Latin, so that it be intelligible.

1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth II. 299 He [sc. Linnæus] gives them names that are not easy of translation: Primates..; Bruta..; Feræ..; Glires..; Pecora..; Belluæ..; Cete.

1808 W. Scott Life Dryden in Dryden's Wks. I. 511 Dryden brought to the task of translation a competent knowledge of the language of the originals.

1874 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People vi. §3. 291 He [sc. Caxton] stood between two schools of translation, that of French affectation and English pedantry.

1948 Bull. School Oriental & Afr. Stud. 12 485 Many of the Haya terms are not amenable to translation by a single English word.

1961 S. S. Prawer Heine iii. viii. 271 The rediscovery and translation of the literature of classical antiquity.

1995 Spectator 28 Jan. 32/1 Like other gifted young men who returned after the war, he became dissatisfied with the excessive emphasis on translation of English into Greek and Latin.

2. A version of a word, a work, etc., in a different language. Also in in translation: (of a work, etc.) in a language other than that in which it was originally written.

ΚΠ

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1961) Josh. Prol. l. 35 Why daniel after þe translacioun [L. translationem] of theodosiun chirchis han resseyued?

a1398 J. Trevisa in tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. 1396 Endeles grace, blisse, and þonkynge to oure lord God... Þise translaciouns i-endede at Berkeleye, the sixte day of Feuerer..the ȝeere of my lordes age..that made me make this translacioun, seuene and fourty.

a1425 Prol. Catholic Epist. in Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) 595 Thei setten in her translaciouns oneli the names of thre thingis, that is, of water, of blood, and of spirit.

1447 O. Bokenham Lives of Saints (Arun.) (1938) l. 124 Thys translacyoun..In to oure language.

a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle Psalter (Univ. Oxf. 64) (1884) Prol. 4 In the translacioun i folow the lettere als mykyll as i may.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Ded. I thought it my dutye..to dedicate this translacyon vnto youre hyghnesse.

1581 G. Pettie in tr. S. Guazzo Ciuile Conuersat. Ep. Ded. sig. *2 To present vnto you the first sight of this my translation.

1611 M. Smith in Bible (King James) Transl. to Rdr. sig. A5 This may suffice touching the Greeke Translations of the old Testament.

1682 J. Dryden Religio Laici 15 Various readings, and Translations.

1710 tr. P. Bayle Hist. & Crit. Dict. I. 686 I have heard say, that the Translation of Father Narni's Sermons, that went under the Name of Father du Bosc, is a Work of d'Ablancourt.

1787 tr. Abbé de Commerell Acct. Culture & Use Mangle Wurzel 2 I have made use of the last denomination, the Root of Scarcity, because it is a literal translation of the name often given to it [sc. the mangel-wurzel] by the Germans.

1837 J. G. Lockhart Mem. Life Scott I. iii. 94 His translations in verse from Horace and Virgil were often approved by Dr. Adam.

1881 Sat. Rev. 3 Sept. 298/2 The Theosophist is full of translations from the works of ancient ‘theurgists’.

1916 W. H. P. Faunce in G. B. Smith Guide to Study of Christian Relig. i. 6 To read, even in translation, an ancient document, like the Apostles' Creed, or the prophecy of Amos, and find out what it meant to the men who first read it.

1956 O. Cullmann State in New Test. ii. 49 The Slavic translation of the Jewish historiographer Josephus.

1996 N. Baker Size of Thoughts 273 It may have caused him some..linguistic trouble when he was teaching Madame Bovary in translation.

2010 Asian Ethnol. 69 185 It would be wonderful if Hansen, in a future project, would undertake an annotated translation of the entire text.

3. The expression or rendering of a thing in another medium or form; the conversion or adaptation of a thing to another system, context, or use. Also concrete: something created as a result of this process.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > the arts in general > [noun] > work of art > rendition in another medium or form

translation?a1439

the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > meaning > explanation, exposition > translation > [noun] > into another form

translation?a1439

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > work of art > [noun] > types of > copy > in another material

translation?a1439

skeuomorph1938

a1439 J. Lydgate Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) i. l. 5847 (MED) Off his harpe..The god Appollo maad a translacioun Among the ymages off the sterris cleere.

1598 W. Shakespeare Love's Labour's Lost v. ii. 51 Some thousand Verses of a faithfull Louer. A hudge translation of hipocrisie, Vildly compyled, profound simplicitie.

1807 O. Gregory tr. R. J. Haüy Elem. Treat. Nat. Philos. II. vii. 187 That correctness of reasoning which..exhibits a faithful translation of the language of facts.

1829 Examiner 20 Dec. 805/1 Engravers..have here hung up their translations from the works of our landscape and other painters.

1863 Shipping & Mercantile Gaz. 28 Jan. 5/2 The international code can, by translation, be made an universal language.

1870 Australasian 6 Aug. With regard to the principal characters of Lord Lytton's romance, it was to be expected that they would suffer by translation to the stage.

1922 E. Paul & C. Paul tr. C. Baudouin Stud. Psychoanal. i. iv. 126 The symptoms of neurosis are derivatives of this kind; like dreams, they are a symbolical translation of what has been repressed.

1978 P. Griffiths Conc. Hist. Mod. Music ii. 14 Strauss was unrivalled in his ability to create musical ‘translations’ of narrative images.

2001 F. Popcorn & A. Hanft Dict. Future 321 A new field of medicine that fills the void between what happens in the research laboratory and its translation to clinical medicine.

2005 Time Out N.Y. 15 Sept. 201/2 But could his cult magnum opus survive a translation to the big screen?

†4. Rhetoric. The use of a word in a transferred or figurative sense; metaphor; = tralation n. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > figure of speech > figures of meaning > [noun] > metaphor

figure1435

transumptionc1449

metaphora1500

tropology1519

translation1534

inversion1538

transport1589

tralation1620

iconism1656

tralatition1864

1534 N. Udall Floures for Latine Spekynge gathered oute of Terence f. 24 A metaphor or translation of the hunters or fysshers.

1538 T. Elyot Dict. Metaphora, a translation of wordes frome their propre sygnifycation.

1553 T. Wilson Arte of Rhetorique iii. f. 91 Menne vse translation of wordes (called Tropes) for nede sake, when thei can not finde other.

1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning i. sig. K3 That excellent vse of a Metaphor or translation .

1652 T. Urquhart Εκσκυβαλαυρον 279 With words diminishing the worth of a thing, Tapinotically, Periphrastically, by rejection, translation, and other meanes.

1704 Expert Orthographist iii. 60/2 Metaphor, (i.e.) Translation, a Rhetorical Figure, when a word is translated from its proper significance to another.

5. The action or process of expressing in more direct or comprehensible terms the meaning of a word or text, esp. those considered to be slang or jargon, or opaque or euphemistic; an instance of this.

ΚΠ

1838 Extra Globe (Washington, D.C.) 10 May 102/1 There can be no resumption until Congress ‘acts upon the currency’... And the translation of it is, that there shall be no resumption until Congress submits to Mr. Biddle's bank.

1877 Irish Law Times 6 Oct. 504/2 The reduction of the law to a state of systematic and orderly arrangement, its translation into plain English..are essentially literary tasks.

1969 Observer 16 Feb. 40/6 Pendennis..lays down heavy outasight rapping. Translation: Pendennis..produces a lot of fantastic gossip.

1994 L. L. T. Hoshmand Orientation to Inq. in Refl. Professional Psychol. iv. 59 At certain times, psychological jargon requires translation into ordinary terms.

2015 Daily Tel. 6 Mar. 25/3 In his last voicemail, Jay-B's said he was ‘extremely sympathetic’ to my situation. Translation: you have three days more out of the office tops.

6. The restatement of accounts in one currency into another currency. Frequently in currency translation, foreign currency translation.

ΚΠ

?1902 Votes & Proc. House of Representatives 1901–2 (Parl. Commonw. Austral.) I. 84 So far as the translation of our coinage into the American coinage is concerned, we would have a new coin, the decem,..and two of these would make as nearly as possible the American dollar.

1972 Financial Times 19 Apr. 11/1 Comparison of trading results is distorted by..the reduction in the depreciation charge occasioned by the revised method of currency translation.

1988 Surv. Current Business June 80/3 The translation into dollars, at the new exchange rates, of affiliates' assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies resulted in large capital gains.

2006 P. Walton & W. Aerts Global Financial Accounting & Reporting 372 The notion of functional currency plays a key role in the accounting rules on foreign currency translation.

7. Biology. The conversion of genetic information into the structural and functional molecules of an organism; spec. the process by which the sequence of nucleotides in messenger RNA gives rise to a definite sequence of amino acids in the protein or polypeptide during its synthesis.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > laboratory analysis > processes > [noun] > genetic techniques

selection1837

runting1893

sex control1898

progeny test1910

insemination1923

progeny-testing1926

transformation1928

translation1955

hybridization1959

transcription1961

reverse transcription1970

the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > [noun] > genetic information storage > transmission of genetic information

secondary association1931

translation1955

transcription1961

reverse transcription1970

1955 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 41 1013 Assuming that the determination of amino acids is by nonoverlapping triplets, this deviation from randomness either originates in the translation procedure operating on a random distribution of nucleotides or is due to a deviation from randomness in the composition of the template itself.

1968 H. Harris Nucleus & Cytoplasm iv. 83 In higher cells translation and transcription are not closely coupled.

1977 P. B. Medawar & J. S. Medawar Life Sci. xii. 95 This translation of genetic into structural information is irreversible, so there is no known..method by which germinal DNA could be imprinted with information acquired in an organism's own lifetime.

1993 Sci. Amer. July 32/2 If this RNA is a so-called plus strand, it can be read directly by the host's translation apparatus, the ribosome, much as the host's own messenger RNA can.

2011 guardian.co.uk (Nexis) 15 June No one ever imagined that you could alter a stop codon the way we have and allow translation to continue uninterrupted.

II. The action of transferring or moving a person or thing from one place, position, etc., to another.

8. The action of transferring, conveying, or moving a person or thing from one place, position, or person to another; the action of transferring a title, rulership, etc., from one person to another.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > transference > [noun]

translationc1384

remevement1437

translatingc1454

transferring1573

remove1582

transplantation1606

transactiona1608

removal1610

transumption1615

transduction1656

diabasis1672

transference1766

transfer1785

transferrala1790

transplanting1790

takeover1909

rollover1941

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Heb. xii. 27 He declarith the translacioun of mouable thingis, as of maad thingis, that tho thingis dwelle, that ben vnmouable.

a1439 J. Lydgate Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) viii. l. 1522 Pigtagoras hadde this oppinyoun: Whan men deide, anon aftir than Ther was maad [emended in ed. to maade] a translacioun Of his speryt in-tanothir man.

1473–4 in T. Dickson Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1877) I. 52 The translacione of the parliament fra Sanctandros to Edinburgh.

a1500 (?c1425) Speculum Sacerdotale (1936) 129 (MED) The procession is made..in representacion of that the whiche the apostles made to oure lord in the day of his ascencion when they come to-gedre to the Mounte of Olyuete; But that translacion of the apostles ne was not made in the Sonday.

1535 W. Marshall tr. Marsilius of Padua Def. of Peace ii. xxx. f. 136 v It hathe ben sayd..that he that made this translacyon was the pope of Rome, ergo the pope is superyor to the Emperour & may of ryghte instytute and depose the Emperour.

1565 W. Alley Πτωχομυσεῖον ii. i. f. 22^v And thus you se, how the collacion, and translacion of the high Priesthoode doeth pertaine alwaies to princes.

1635 J. Swan Speculum Mundi vi. §3. 238 A fifth [effect of Earthquakes] is the translation of mountains, buildings, trees &c. unto some other places.

1647 N. Bacon Hist. Disc. Govt. 34 After the translation of the See from Thetford to Norwich.

1695 G. Halley Serm. St. Peter 17 Nov. 1 This Psalm was compos'd by the Royal Prophet King David, after his translation of the Ark of the Lord to Jerusalem.

1755 W. Warburton Divine Legation Moses (ed. 4) I. ii. iv. 246 Creatures, which by a reciprocal translation of the parts to one another, became all portentously deformed.

1777 J. Adams Let. 6 Dec. in Wks. (1854) IX. 470 The rapid translation of property from hand to hand, the robbing of Peter to pay Paul, alarms and distresses me beyond measure.

1801 Ann. Reg. 1800 (Otridge ed.) Hist. Europe i. 17/2 Gohier repaired to the Thuilleries, where, as president of the directory, he put the seal to the decree for the translation to St. Cloud.

1882 M. Creighton Hist. Papacy II. iii. viii. 176 Its first decree on January 10 was to confirm the translation of the Council from Basel to Ferrara, and to annul all that had been done at Basel since the Pope's Bull of translation.

1946 Jrnl. Polynesian Soc. 55 161 The story of Ngaio and her translation to the moon with her calabash and the ngaio tree she clung to for support and stay.

1988 H. David Fitzrovians (1989) i. 6 Aestheticism..had its origins at the universities of Oxford and Cambridge in the 1870s... Even after its translation to London, its adherents remained individuals.

2006 W. Coleman et al. Giblin's Platoon x. 216 In June 1926, with the translation of the ‘seat of government’ to Canberra imminent, a committee was gathered to report on a provision of university facilities for residents in the new capital.

9. The action of moving the dead body or relics of a saint, ruler, or other significant person from one place to another. Also: the feast day on which the translation of a particular saint is celebrated.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > artefacts > portable shrines or relics > relic > [noun] > translation of

overloadOE

translationc1384

c1384 Table of Lessons in Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (1850) 692 S. Austyn, of Yngelond... Translacioun of S. Edmound... Fynding of S. Steuen martir.

1389 in J. T. Smith & L. T. Smith Eng. Gilds (1870) 80 In ye wurchepe of..alle ye companie of heuene, and also specialike of ye translacioun of seint Thomas of Cantewarbiri, for quose wourchipe yis fraternite his bi-gunnen.

c1432 in PMLA (1934) 49 459 Þis was declared on Wensday þe translacion of seynt Martyn..at lundon.

1447 O. Bokenham Lives of Saints (Arun.) (1938) l. 1034 Of summe relykys to make a translacyoun.

a1513 H. Bradshaw Lyfe St. Werburge (1521) i. xxxii. sig. I.iii^v At the day appoynted of her translacion Kyng Coelted and his counsell were redy present.

1582 Annot. (Acts viii. 2) in Bible (Rheims) 312 As here great deuotion was vsed in burying his body, so afterward at the Inuention & Translation thereof.

a1624 R. Crakanthorpe Vigilius Dormitans (1631) xxxiv. 425 The translation of Chrysostomes body or reliques..from Comana, where hee dyed in banishment, to Constantinople.

1683 W. Cave Ecclesiastici 391 The Translation and entombing of these Remains, and S. Ambrose his Sermon upon that occasion.

1733 tr. B. Picart Ceremonies & Relig. Customs Var. Nations I. 444 The Translation of Relics is made in Procession; such Devotees as assist at it, may be assur'd of a great Number of Indulgences.

1757 tr. J. G. Keyssler Trav. II. 75 There is a spring in the subterraneous vault belonging to this church,..said to have broke out at the translation of St. Felix's remains.

1831 Morning Post 20 June This festival was long observed in remembrance of the removal or translation, as it was termed, of his [sc. King Edward's] relics from Wareham, where they were inhumed, to the minster at Salisbury.

1873 J. O'Hanlon Lives Irish Saints VI. 830 The year 1305 is that generally assigned for the Translation of St. Erentrude's relics, at Nunberg.

1896 A. M. Straton in H. J. F. Swayne Churchwardens' Accts. Sarum Introd. p. xvi The King ales were held on the weeks before and after Pentecost and at the Translation of St. Edmund.

1910 B. Miall tr. A. Aulard French Revol. III. iii. 190 A deputation of Genevois..had just been congratulating the convention for having ordered the translation of Rousseau's remains to the Panthéon.

1942 Times Lit. Suppl. 21 Mar. 143/1 The festival was duplicated on October 10 and called his Translation, though there is no record of any translation of his relics.

2014 S. Harvey Domesday iii. x. 279 Bishop Walkelin,..and the equally toughminded Rannulf Flambard, travelled together to Suffolk in 1095 to hear land-pleas, enabling Walkelin to officiate at the translation of St Edmund's relics.

10. The action of ascending to or being received into heaven or the afterlife. In later use also: †a person's death (obsolete).Frequently used in relation to the biblical figures Enoch and Elijah who are said to have been assumed into heaven without dying.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the supernatural > deity > heaven > [noun] > conveyance to > without death

translationc1384

the world > life > death > [noun]

hensithOE

qualmOE

bale-sithea1000

endingc1000

fallOE

forthsitheOE

soulingOE

life's endOE

deathOE

hethensithc1200

last end?c1225

forthfarec1275

dying1297

finec1300

partingc1300

endc1305

deceasec1330

departc1330

starving1340

passingc1350

latter enda1382

obita1382

perishingc1384

carrion1387

departing1388

finishmentc1400

trespassement14..

passing forthc1410

sesse1417

cess1419

fininga1425

resolutiona1425

departisona1450

passagea1450

departmentc1450

consummation?a1475

dormition1483

debt to (also of) naturea1513

dissolutionc1522

expirationa1530

funeral?a1534

change1543

departure1558

last change1574

transmigration1576

dissolving1577

shaking of the sheets?1577

departance1579

deceasure1580

mortality1582

deceasing1591

waftage1592

launching1599

quietus1603

doom1609

expire1612

expiring1612

period1613

defunctiona1616

Lethea1616

fail1623

dismissiona1631

set1635

passa1645

disanimation1646

suffering1651

abition1656

Passovera1662

latter (last) end1670

finis1682

exitus1706

perch1722

demission1735

demise1753

translation1760

transit1764

dropping1768

expiry1790

departal1823

finish1826

homegoing1866

the last (also final, great) round-up1879

snuffing1922

fade-out1924

thirty1929

appointment in Samarra1934

dirt nap1981

big chill1987

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Heb. xi. 5 Bifore translacioun [L. translationem] he [sc. Enok] hadde not [read hadde] witnessing for to haue plesid God.

c1429 Mirour Mans Saluacioune (1986) l. 3570 (MED) The sacred forsaide of Crist ascensioune Was sometyme prefigurid in Helyes translacioune..in paradys.

1586 T. White Godlie Serm. ii. sig. B7 In the olde time this matter was plainly signified by the translation of Henoch and Elias, but nowe it is more fully sealed and assured by the resurrection of Jesus Christ.

1624 J. Ussher Answer to Challenge by Iesuite 167 That is not death (saith Athanasius) that befalleth the righteous, but a translation: for they are translated out of this world into everlasting rest.

1652 E. Sparke Scintillula Altaris sig. L6 The second stair of his Triumphancy, is..his [sc. Christ's] translation from earth to heaven.

a1682 Sir T. Browne Christian Morals (1716) ii. 56 Time, Experience, self Reflexions, and God's mercies make in some well-temper'd minds a kind of translation before Death.

1727 D. Defoe Syst. Magick i. i. 12 A glorious Example of such Faith as was rewarded with an immediate Translation of the Person [sc. Enoch] into Heaven.

1760 G. Whitefield Let. 29 Oct. in Pearson's Catal. (1894) 64 Blessed be God for supporting me so well under the news of dear Mr. Polhill's sudden translation.

1820 Ld. Byron Let. 8 June (1977) VII. 115 The best news you could send me—would be the translation of Lady N[oel].

1878 W. E. Gladstone Homer v. 61 The Islands of the Blest, to which Menelaos has a promise of translation on his death.

1928 Bull. School Oriental Stud. 4 761 The traditional accounts of the poet-saints state..that Sundarar was eighteen at the time of his translation to heaven.

2003 Church Times 28 Mar. 8/5 Several icons depicting Mary's translation to heaven.

11. The action of transferring or appointing a bishop, minister, academic, etc., to a new post.

ΚΠ

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1882) VIII. 309 (MED) He reserved to hym self þe firste benefice þat voyded by deeþ, by resignacioun, oþer by translacioun [L. translationem].

1442 in A. H. Thompson Visitations Relig. Houses Diocese Lincoln (1919) II. 52 Wrytene and gyfene vndere our seale..the yere of our Lorde mccccxlij and our consecracion xvj and translacion vj.

1584 J. Hooker Catal. Bishops Excester sig. g.ij^v Iohn Bothe, after the translation of George Neuell to Yorke, was consecrated Bishop vnder Thomas Burscher, Archbishop of Canturburie.

1628 E. Coke 1st Pt. Inst. Lawes Eng. iii. xi. 329 When a Bishop, &c. make an estate, lease, grant of a Rent charge, Warrantie, or any other Act which may tend to the diminution of the reuenues of the Bishopricke, &c. which should maintaine the successor, there the priuation or translation of the Bishop, &c. is all one with his death.

1680 in J. Stuart Sel. Rec. Kirk Aberdeen (1846) 334 The professors place in the Kings Colledge..is now vacant thorow the translation of Mr. John Menzies to the professor of divinitie in New Aberdeine.

1702 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion I. i. 69 The necessary forms for the Translation [of Laud from London to Canterbury].

1798 W. Coxe Mem. Life & Admin. Sir R. Walpole I. xlvi. 479 He declined a translation to Winchester, and looked forwards to the primacy with such confidence of expectation, that he was called by Whiston, heir apparent to the see of Canterbury.

1832 Proc. & Corr. 3rd District Med. Soc. Ohio 29 By my translation to the chair of the Theory and Practice, Dr. Pierson may be placed in the chair of the Materia Medica.

1860 Observer 23 July 1/3 Tuesday's Gazette formally notifies the translation of the Bishop of Carlisle (Dr. Villiers) to the see of Durham.

1910 Earl of Halsbury et al. Laws of Eng. XI. 400 The fees paid by the late Archbishop Magee on his translation to York amounted to £573 6s.

1981 T. E. Hope in T. E. Hope et al. Lang., Meaning & Style Introd. 3 Ullmann's translation to the Chair of the Romance Languages at Oxford was the summit of his career.

2002 Church Times 6 Sept. 4/1 He was Bishop of Tuam, Kallala and Achonry..before his translation to Cashel and Ossory.

†12. Law. A transfer of property, rights, etc., from the ownership of one person to that of another; a settlement involving a transfer of this kind. Also: spec. the alteration of a bequest by transferring the legacy to another person. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > transfer of property > [noun] > instance of

translationc1460

remise1473

remissiona1475

c1460 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Oseney Abbey (1907) 61 (MED) Þe chanons of Oseney..relesed to vs xxx d. þe which we haue i-owyd to pay to þem ȝerely for summe tithis of Escote, vppon þe which hit was A translacion whas i-maade betwene our church and þem afore Jugges Delegate.

a1475 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Godstow Nunnery (1905) i. 230 (MED) Þei gafe & grauntyd to hem all the ryht that they haddyn in þat same churche to the church of seynt Iohn baptiste of Godestowe..thys transaccion or translacion by-twene hem was don the yere..Ml. cxcvii.

a1513 J. Irland Meroure of Wyssdome (1990) III. 149 The lawis that makis mencioun of successioun or translacioun of heretage suld not be wnderstand of the realme and dignite rial.

1590 H. Swinburne Briefe Treat. Test. & Willes vii. f. 280 Translation of a legacie is a bestowing of the same vpon an other.

1628 in M. P. Brown Suppl. Dict. Decisions Court of Session (1826) I. 248 In the like action..the translation of the pension was found null, because the principal party remained in possession during his lifetime.

1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan i. xiv. 67 All Contract is mutuall translation, or change of Right.

1737 Treat. Equity iv. ii. 105 Ademption may be without Translation; but Translation of a Legacy cannot be without Ademption.

1754 J. Erskine Princ. Law Scotl. II. iii. v. 324 If the assigney conveys his right to a third person, it is called a translation.

1875 E. Poste tr. Gaius Institutionum Iuris Civilis (ed. 2) iv. Comm. 490 No translation of property is operated by theft.

13.

†a. figurative. The action of transferring a non-material thing (chiefly guilt, sin, a fault, etc.) from one person to another. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > transference > [noun] > specifically of immaterial things

translation1532

1532 L. Cox Art or Crafte Rhetoryke sig. F.i Translacion of the faut is, whan he that confesseth his faut sayeth that he dyd it: moued by the indignacion of the maliciouse dede of an other.

1609 S. Hieron Abridgem. of Gospell ix. 98 It is done by imputation, by which there is a kinde of translation or putting ouer of the beleeuers sinne vnto Christ, and of Christs righteousnesse to the beleeuer.

1686 J. Scott Christian Life: Pt. II II. vii. 717 The very translation of the guilts of the people upon them.

1705 G. Stanhope Paraphr. Epist. & Gospels II. 549 A Translation of Punishment and Guilt, from the Person offering to the thing offered.

1792 T. Scott Holy Bible with Notes (ed. 2) I. (Lev. v. 25-30) sig. 4K/2 All these regulations were calculated to express the polluting nature of sin, and the translation of guilt from the sinner to the sacrifice.

1801 W. Magee Disc. Scriptural Doctr. Atonem. & Sacrifice ii. 68 The atonement..consisted in removing from the people their iniquities by this symbolical translation to the animal.

b. Christian Church. The transference of the observance of a holy day to a different day; esp. the transference of a fixed feast from the usual date to another, so as to avoid its clashing with a more important movable feast. Now rare.

ΚΠ

1552 Abp. J. Hamilton Catech. Tabil sig. *.i^v The translatioun of the sabboth day, to the sonday.

1625 T. Godwin Moses & Aaron iii. vii. 152 The reason of Politick translation, was, that two Sabbaths or feast daies might not immediately follow each other.

1759 Catal. Harleian Coll. MSS II. No. 2311 The Translation of Upwood-feast or Wake, from Sunday to another day.

1935 Times 29 Apr. 9/3 The translation of the feast [of St George] from April 23 is made in accordance with the rubrics, which do not permit of the celebration of the feast during Easter Week.

†14. Medicine. Transfer of disease or disease-causing material from one part of the body to another; an instance of this. Cf. metastasis n. 2a. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > characteristics > [noun] > metastasis

translation?1541

metathesis1646

metastasis1663

seeding1882

?1541 R. Copland Galen's Fourth Bk. Terapeutyke sig. G.iii in Guy de Chauliac's Questyonary Cyrurgyens But yf the fluxion be stopped all redy, in such wyse y^t is drawen to, & fixed in the membre, it is more expedyent to dryue it out by the next places, seying that the translacyon & transporte is by y^e parts y^t be next it.

1634 T. Johnson tr. A. Paré Chirurg. Wks. xviii. xxii. 719 The Sciatica commonly succeeds some other chronicall disease, by reason of the translation and falling down thither of the matter, become maligne and corrupt by the long continuance of the former disease.

1665 R. Boyle Occas. Refl. ii. xiii. sig. Q4^v Madness..by the translation of the Humours into the Brain.

1732 J. Arbuthnot Pract. Rules of Diet iv. 368 Translations of morbific Matter in acute Distempers.

1838 S. D. Mahomed Shampooing (ed. 3) iii. 21 It [sc. paralysis] may often be occasioned by translation of morbid matter to the head.

1854 Assoc. Med. Jrnl. 5 May 390/2 Diseases do occasionally attack two or more organs or regions in succession..in this translation of morbid action from place to place, a mutation or conversion sometimes occurs.

†15. Astrology. translation of (the) light and nature: the transfer of the astrological influence or qualities of one planet to another by an intervening planet making a particular aspect (aspect n. 4) with both. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > planet > planetary movement > [noun] > other movements

translation of (the) light and nature?1583

separation1595

ingress1603

transit1644

libration1670

?1583 F. Wither tr. C. Dariot Breefe Introd. Astrologicall Iudgem. Starres viii. sig. E^v The Translation of the Lighte [Fr. translation de lumiere] and nature of the Planettes, happeneth in two sortes.

1647 W. Lilly Christian Astrol. xxxvii. 217 Mutuall reception or translation, or of light and nature betwixt them.

1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Translation of Light and Nature, a Phrase us'd by Astrologers, when a light Planet separates from a more weighty one, and presently joyns another more heavy.

1819 J. Wilson Compl. Dict. Astrol. 378 Translation of the light and nature of a planet is when a planet separates from one that is slower than itself and overtakes another by conjunction or aspect.

16.

a. Physics. Movement directly from one point or place to another, without rotation, oscillation, etc.; (also) an instance of this.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > progressive motion > [noun] > specifically of things

travel1634

ition1668

locomotion1670

translation1715

the world > matter > physics > energy or power of doing work > [noun] > transmission of energy

propagation1656

translation1715

1715 tr. D. Gregory Elements Astron. I. i. §72. 157 The ratio of the Translations will be compounded of the ratio of the differences of the Angular Motions, and of the ratio of the distances from the Axis.

1777 R. Thorp tr. I. Newton Math. Princ. Nat. Philos. I. 13 Absolute motion is the translation of a body from absolute place to absolute place.

1878 T. H. Huxley Physiography (ed. 2) 171 The motion of the water is a movement of undulation and not of translation.

1933 A. W. Barton Text Bk. Heat ix. 208 Encounters between molecules of the gas are perfectly elastic. This means that the sum of the kinetic energy of translation of the two molecules is unaltered by the encounter.

2005 R. E. Newnham Properties of Materials iii. 14/1 (caption) Mirror and inversion transformation are accompanied by a handedness change; rotations and translations are not.

b. Mathematics. A function or operation that moves every point of a geometric figure the same distance and in the same direction, leaving the orientation and shape of the figure unchanged.

ΚΠ

1852 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 142 161 This translation..is always an operation of the kind called ‘distributive’.

1933 Math. Gaz. 17 233 If a and b are parallel, the product ba is a translation in a direction perpendicular to these lines.

2016 T. Vialar Handbk. Math. viii. 220/1 The set of translations (unlike the set of reflections) is a commutative group.

c. Mathematics. The mapping of a set of coordinate axes to a coordinate system in which the new axes are each parallel to those in the original system.

ΚΠ

1873 J. Booth Treat. Some New Geom. Methods I. ii. 17 The same formulæ for the parallel translation of axes will hold whether the systems of coordinates be right-angled or oblique.

1950 Psychometrika 15 362 This formula can be further simplified by removing the X and Y factors through the process of translation of axes.

2000 P. Calter in C. A. Gorini Geom. at Work 25 By a simple translation of axes, the origin was placed at a convenient point on the façade.

†III. The action of transforming or altering.

17.

a. The transformation, alteration, or change of the nature, appearance, or condition of a person or thing. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > change > [noun]

wendingeOE

changing?c1225

stirringa1240

wrixlinga1240

changec1325

variancec1340

transmutationc1380

varyingc1380

whileness1382

translationc1384

alterationa1398

mutationa1398

removinga1425

revolutiona1425

shiftingc1440

changementc1450

muance1480

commutation1509

altry1527

transition1545

turning1548

novation1549

immutation?c1550

alterance1559

alienation1562

turn?1567

vicissitude1603

refraction1614

fermentationa1661

diabasis1672

parallax1677

motion1678

aliation1775

transience1946

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Heb. vii. 12 Forsothe the presthod translatid, it is nede that and translacioun [1611 King James change; L. translatio] of lawe be maad.

1475 in Rec. Parl. Scotl. to 1707 (2007) 1475/37 Silver and gold, put to the fire to be maid bulyone to uthir new money is [minist], waistit and distroyit in the translacione be the fire.

c1475 (c1445) R. Pecock Donet (1921) 130 (MED) Crist translatid, chaungid, and turned þe oolde lawe of þe Jewis into þe newe lawe of cristen men..of which translaciouns, turningis, and chaungis, seint poul makiþ mensioun.

a1535 T. More Treat. Passion in Wks. (1557) 1344/1 The sanctifying of the mistical sacrifice, and the translacion or chaunging of it from thynges sensible to thynges intelligible, ought to be geuen and ascribed to Chryst.

1582 in A. Feuillerat Documents Office of Revels Queen Elizabeth (1908) 349 Of wages, workemanship, Translations, Attendaunces.

1607 B. Jonson Volpone i. ii. sig. B2^v But I Would aske, how of late, thou hast suffered translation, And shifted thy coat, in these dayes of Reformation?

1654 E. Gayton Pleasant Notes Don Quixot ii. v. 52 The Metamorphosis, translation, or rather tranation of Arthur into a Crow.

b. spec. The repairing, refashioning, or alteration of old clothes or shoes. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > tailoring or making clothes > making footwear > [noun] > processes involved in > repairing or renovating

translation1512

cobbling1634

cobblery1886

1512 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1902) IV. 423 To Robert Spittale, tailȝour..for sewing silk for the translatioun of ane goune.

1850 H. Mayhew in Morning Chron. 18 Feb. 6/3 In connection with the translation of old boots and shoes, I have obtained the following statistics.

1865 Morning Post 13 Feb. 6 Her son sat up the whole night to make the ‘translations’ [of old boots].

1875 Women & Work 13 Mar. 2/2 At the East-end of London, numbers of women and girls obtain an excellent livelihood by the translation of old clothes and boots to ‘better than new’.

18. Telegraphy. Retransmission of a message by means of a device which uses the current supplied by the incoming message to automatically retransmit the message further down the line. Cf. translator n. 4a. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > telecommunication > telegraphy or telephony > [noun] > repeater or relay > action of

translation1866

1866 R. M. Ferguson Electricity 245 It would be advisable to..resend at the mid-station by translation.

1915 Electrician 1 Jan. 421/2 In this case, translation requires that 10 extra impulses be added in the a place when the hundreds digit is odd.

Phrases

to be (also get) lost in translation: to be diminished or destroyed by being translated into another language, medium, form, or situation; to be misinterpreted.

ΚΠ

1800 Monthly Epitome Feb. 53/1 Each book contains much more matter than was thought fit to give in English, because some of the anecdotes are too free, and the humour of the other lies in puns, the wit of which must be lost in translation.

1852 Athenæum 20 Nov. 1271/3 The very soil on which a monument grows and the atmosphere which surrounds it are part of its historical characters and of its moral expressions, which must be lost in translation.

1949 Times 29 Aug. 8/1 The Lost People is based on the play Cockpit, but whatever virtue the stage drama may have had has been lost in translation.

1979 Times of India 20 May 12/5 Much of the beauty of the author's original prose has been lost in translation.

2015 M. E. Mazey & A. L. Balazs in R. J. Sternberg et al. Acad. Leadership in Higher Educ. ii. vi. 51 The bureaucracy doesn't allow for information to flow directly, and the message gets lost in translation.

Compounds

C1. General attributive in sense 1, as translation process, translation service, translation work, etc.

ΚΠ

1744 R. Arrol in J. Clarke & R. Arrol tr. C. Nepos Vitæ Excellentium Imperatorum Pref. p. vii He thinks himself obliged..to take notice of the Lameness of some of Mr. Stirling's Vocabularies, which he recommends to be used without Translation Work.

1839 Govt. Memoradum in C. J. F. Bunbury Jrnl. Resid. Cape of Good Hope (1848) xii. 271 A grammatical knowledge of the Dutch language will be communicated to all Pupils who require to join the translation classes.

1889 Pop. Sci. Monthly Apr. 855/1 There are some traces of the translation process in the English of this pamphlet.

1937 Labour Monthly Mar. 190 One letter of under two-and-a-half pages contains nearly a dozen translation errors, in addition to another dozen inaccuracies and omissions.

1998 Euralex '98 Proc. II. viii. 568 The English syllabuses, at various levels, in Hong Kong do not require students to do any translation work.

2015 G. Gruman iPad at Work for Dummies i. iv. 59 When you're in a foreign country whose language you barely know—or simply don't know—translation services are a must.

C2.

translation bill n. (a) a legislative bill concerned with translation (in various senses); (b) a bill for payment for performing translation (in sense 1).

ΚΠ

1702 R. West True Char. Church-man (rev. ed.) 44 The Translation Bill shewed so great a Respect to the Bishops in General.

1840 Daily National Intelligencer (Washington) 22 June The Minister of the Interior ushered the translation bill to the Chamber of Peers.

1935 Deb. House of Commons (Canada) 29 Jan. 273/2 As one who took a very active part in connection with the translation bill last year I think it only fair that I should say a word about the lack of the French translation.

1977 Observer 6 Mar. 15/1 Once their semi-literacy is discovered, the exorbitant translation bills will have been paid and the agency may have ceased to operate.

2004 Daily Mail 26 Apr. 38/4 If yet more countries join, the addition of each new language could add up to £50 million to the translation bill.

translation element n. an element of a set or system, which acts or is used to effect a translation (in various senses).

ΚΠ

1875 H. Spencer First Princ. (ed. 3) ii. v. §56. 183 What we may call the translation-element in Motion.

1966 Radiation Res. Suppl. 6 43 A metabolic ‘shift down’ from nutrient medium before UV to minimal medium afterward..could result in the represssion of genes coding translation elements.

2004 Molecular Cell 14 600 (caption) The translation elements do not affect the choice of export pathway.

translation equivalent n. Linguistics a word or phrase from a language which has the same meaning as, or can be used in a similar context to, a word or phrase from another language, and can therefore be used as its translation.

ΚΠ

1907 Classical Weekly 5 Oct. 4/2 Vergil offers the best opportunity for distinguishing essential meanings from translation equivalents.

1977 Language 53 295 Thai khon and its (near) translation-equivalents in many languages denote ‘people’.

2012 Harvard Theol. Rev. 105 34 The absence of a precise, idiomatic translation equivalent.

translation loan n. [compare loan-translation n. at loan n.¹ Compounds 2] a word or expression adopted by one language from another in more or less literally translated form.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > linguistic unit > use or formation of new words or phrases > [noun] > word or phrase borrowed from other language > naturalized > not

alien1884

translation loan?1922

loan-translation1933

calque1937

?1922 Anthropos 1919–20 14–15 309 One ought perhaps to compare Aestii with this word and assume this name to be a translation loan.

1958 A. S. C. Ross Etymol. 34 MnE that goes without saying is a translation-loan of (better, is calqued on) MnFrench cela va sans dire.

2010 E. F. Arsenteva in O. Karpova & F. Kartashkova New Trends Lexicography i. v. 55 As a rule, translation loans are accompanied by descriptive translation.

translation loan word n. a word adopted by one language from another in more or less literally translated form; cf. loan-translation n. at loan n.¹ Compounds 2.

ΚΠ

1900 E. Björkman Scand. Loan-words in Middle Eng. I. 12 What I should like to call ‘translation loan-words’... Thus..wæpengetæc ‘vote of consent expressed by touching weapons; district governed by such authority’..distinctively English in form, although..of Scandinavian introduction..wæpen- having been put instead of the Scand. vápn.

1922 O. Jespersen Lang. xi. 215 Besides direct borrowings we have also indirect borrowings or ‘translation loan-words,’ words modelled more or less clearly on foreign ones, though consisting of native speech-material.

2005 L. P. Harvey Muslims in Spain v. 139 A translation loan word may superficially not be recognizable as a loan word at all.

translation movement n. movement that is translational (translational adj. 2) in nature; a translation (sense 16a).

ΚΠ

1854 Sci. Amer. 3 June 302/1 Each of these small planets, in its translation movement around the sun, describes an oval.

1999 T. Takahashi & M. Kuzuya in H.-J. Bullinger & J. Ziegler Human–Computer Interactions 397 It is difficult to input spiral movement, which is composed of rotational and translation movements.

2009 Jrnl. Cranio-maxillofaxial Surg. 37 328/1 The aim of the current study was to quantitatively asses the percentage contribution of rotation and translation movements of the mandible at maximum mouth opening in a group of patents surgically and functionally treated after condylar fractures.

translation rights n. the rights to translate a (copyrighted) written work into another language.

ΚΠ

1898 Bookman Aug. 118/2 He keeps £45 of the Continental rights and £22 of the translation rights.

1906 Westm. Gaz. 15 Oct. 4/2 Their respective delegates have agreed to extend the period during which authors can protect their translation rights.

2009 Independent 21 Jan. (Life section) 19/5 It was greeted with awed admiration and awards in its Norwegian homeland; translation rights were snapped up.

translation studies n. the theory and practice of translation and related subjects as an academic discipline.

ΚΠ

1968 M. S. Noffke Ling. Anal. Compared Stylistic Struct. (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Wisconsin) 23 His illustration of the lack of exact correspondence from language to language by the use of overlapping circles stands out as an insight still not always recognized in translation studies.

1992 Eng. Today July 50/2 Translation studies has the double duty of raising the standards of scholarship..and of improving communication about the complexities of translation to the outside world.

2016 Jrnl. Mod. Lit. 39 19 Her research interests include life-writing, translation studies and displacement in literature.

translation table n. a table of information used in the translation or interpretation of data or other information.

ΚΠ

1883 Sci. Amer. 13 Oct. 227/3 Mr. Allen has studied out the subject thoroughly, and has prepared ‘translation tables’ by which the proposed standard can be substituted for any one of the fifty existing standards without any computing.

1963 Honeywell 200: Programmers' Ref. Man. vi. 119 It is a simple task to store the desired equivalent values in a translation table.

2007 Mirror (Eire ed.) (Nexis) 3 Jan. 21 All GPs have the necessary documentation and translation tables to allow them to interpret the results. Of 37,000 smear tests last year more than one in 10 had abnormal results.

translation theory n. (a) a theory that a text is the result of translation from another language; (b) the theoretical study of translation, often incorporating concepts from disciplines such as linguistics, philosophy, psychology, and the social sciences.

ΚΠ

1875 ‘Elpis’ Present Position Christendom vii. 117 It may also be thought that this translation theory of I Thess. is opposed to Pauls's statement in Heb. ix.

1958 Language 34 482 The living interplay of lexical item and context is increasingly recognized as crucial to translation theory.

2004 Chang-Wook Jung Orig. Lang. Lukan Infancy Narr. Introd. 1 Some important instances of possible translation from Hebrew into Greek in the Lukan infancy narrative proposed by the advocates of the translation theory.

2015 Mod. Philol. 112 e54 Students of contemporary adaptation practice, translation theory, and literary history.

translation wave n. a wave in which the water molecules move horizontally in the direction of the wave's motion, forming a prominent crest which moves forwards without oscillatory motion.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > wave > types of waves > [noun] > billow or sea-wave

ytheOE

bearc1300

walmc1325

borec1330

float1477

walla1500

billow1552

ocean wave1590

translation wave1838

billowlet1867

1838 Athenæum 1 Sept. 624/1 The next part of the subject to which he directed attention, was the relation which the translation wave bore to the phenomena of resistance of fluids.

1940 Jrnl. Geol. (Chicago) 48 497 When waves break on shallow submerged sand masses, translation waves and currents are set up across them.

2007 D. Pike 50 Ways to improve your Weather Forecasting xxx. 58/2 The water will rear up and then crash forward. This is called a translation wave, and any such wave is very dangerous.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2019; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	translation
释义	translationn. Brit. /tranzˈleɪʃn/, /trɑːnzˈleɪʃn/, /transˈleɪʃn/, /trɑːnsˈleɪʃn/, U.S. /trænzˈleɪʃ(ə)n/, /træn(t)sˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ Forms: Middle English transacyoun (transmission error), Middle English translacione, Middle English translacioun, Middle English translacioune, Middle English–1500s translacyon, Middle English–1500s translacyoun, Middle English–1600s translacion, Middle English– translation, 1500s translacyone, 1500s translatyon, 1500s traunslation; also Scottish pre-1700 translacioun, pre-1700 translatioun. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French translation, Latin translātiōn-, translātiō. Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman translacione, translacioun, translaciun, translatiun, Anglo-Norman and Middle French translacion, translation (French translation ) translated version of a text (c1140 in Old French; rare and archaic in modern French), action of translating from one language into another (c1200), action of moving a thing from one place to another (c1200), action of moving a saint's relics from one place to another (1200; early 14th cent. or earlier in the specific sense ‘feast of the anniversary of the transfer of a saint's relics’), transfer of property or rights from one person to another (end of the 13th cent. or earlier), transfer of a bishop or other clergyman from one see or benefice to another (14th cent. or earlier), transfer of rulership (late 14th cent.), movement of a body from one point in space to another (late 14th cent.), change, alteration (late 14th cent.), metaphor (late 15th cent.), transference of a disease from one person or part of the body to another (16th cent.), (in astrology) separation of one planet from another (1558 in the passage translated in quot. ?1583 at sense 15), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin translātiōn-, translātiō action of moving a thing from one place to another, change of position, transfer of property or rights from one person to another, transferred or figurative use of a word, transfer of ideas from one context to another, action of translating from one language to another, in post-classical Latin also removal to heaven by death (3rd cent.), removal (of Enoch) to heaven (Vulgate), transfer of a bishop from one see to another, action of moving a saint's relics from one place to another (4th cent.), translated version of a text (6th cent.) < translāt- , past participial stem of transferre transfer v. + -iō -ion suffix¹.Compare Old Occitan translation (1400), Catalan translació (14th cent.), Spanish traslación (13th cent.), Italian traslazione (early 14th cent.), all earliest in sense ‘action of moving a thing from one place to another’. For the usual word for ‘action of converting from one language to another’ in modern use in the Romance languages see traduction n. Specific senses. In sense 15 after Middle French translation (1558 in this sense, in the passage translated in quot. ?1583). In sense 17b after translate v. 15b. I. The action of converting from one language to another and related senses. 1. The action or process of translating a word, a work, etc., from one language into another. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > meaning > explanation, exposition > translation > [noun] remeninga1382 translatinga1382 translationa1382 interpretation1382 interpretingc1384 reducing?a1425 traductiona1533 conversion1586 reddition1609 renderinga1653 rendition1653 transposition1653 transfusion1700 gloss1756 reduction1826 transc1877 machine-aided translation1966 the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > meaning > explanation, exposition > translation > [noun] > instance of drawingc1300 translationa1382 translate?1518 traductiona1533 version1582 conversion1586 metaphrase1594 rendering1637 traduct1647 upset1828 a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Job Prol. Aquila, Simacus, and Theodocian, or woord of woord, or sens of sens, or of either mengd, and tempred maner of mene translacioun tolden out. c1405 (c1380) G. Chaucer Second Nun's Tale (Ellesmere) (1875) Prol. l. 25 I haue heer doon my feithful bisynesse After the legende in translacion Right of thy glorious lif and passion. c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) iii. l. 4194 (MED) It wolde..tarie me in my translacioun Ȝif I shulde in her wo procede. a1529 J. Skelton Speke Parrot in Poet. Wks. (1843) II. 22 So myche newe makyng,..So myche translacion in to Englyshe confused. a1568 R. Ascham Scholemaster (1570) ii. f. 33^v Translation, is easie in the beginning for the scholer. 1612 J. Brinsley Ludus Lit. viii. 101 The translation leadeth the schollar as by the hand, or insteed of his Master. 1647 J. Denham in R. Fanshawe tr. G. B. Guarini Pastor Fido sig. a1 Nor ought a Genius lesse than his that writ, Attempt Translation. 1716 W. Hawkins Treat. Pleas Crown I. lxxi. 187 There is no Necessity that the Translation of such Words be made in proper classical Latin, so that it be intelligible. 1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth II. 299 He [sc. Linnæus] gives them names that are not easy of translation: Primates..; Bruta..; Feræ..; Glires..; Pecora..; Belluæ..; Cete. 1808 W. Scott Life Dryden in Dryden's Wks. I. 511 Dryden brought to the task of translation a competent knowledge of the language of the originals. 1874 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People vi. §3. 291 He [sc. Caxton] stood between two schools of translation, that of French affectation and English pedantry. 1948 Bull. School Oriental & Afr. Stud. 12 485 Many of the Haya terms are not amenable to translation by a single English word. 1961 S. S. Prawer Heine iii. viii. 271 The rediscovery and translation of the literature of classical antiquity. 1995 Spectator 28 Jan. 32/1 Like other gifted young men who returned after the war, he became dissatisfied with the excessive emphasis on translation of English into Greek and Latin. 2. A version of a word, a work, etc., in a different language. Also in in translation: (of a work, etc.) in a language other than that in which it was originally written. ΚΠ a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1961) Josh. Prol. l. 35 Why daniel after þe translacioun [L. translationem] of theodosiun chirchis han resseyued? a1398 J. Trevisa in tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. 1396 Endeles grace, blisse, and þonkynge to oure lord God... Þise translaciouns i-endede at Berkeleye, the sixte day of Feuerer..the ȝeere of my lordes age..that made me make this translacioun, seuene and fourty. a1425 Prol. Catholic Epist. in Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) 595 Thei setten in her translaciouns oneli the names of thre thingis, that is, of water, of blood, and of spirit. 1447 O. Bokenham Lives of Saints (Arun.) (1938) l. 124 Thys translacyoun..In to oure language. a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle Psalter (Univ. Oxf. 64) (1884) Prol. 4 In the translacioun i folow the lettere als mykyll as i may. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Ded. I thought it my dutye..to dedicate this translacyon vnto youre hyghnesse. 1581 G. Pettie in tr. S. Guazzo Ciuile Conuersat. Ep. Ded. sig. 2 To present vnto you the first sight of this my translation. 1611 M. Smith in Bible (King James)* Transl. to Rdr. sig. A5 This may suffice touching the Greeke Translations of the old Testament. 1682 J. Dryden Religio Laici 15 Various readings, and Translations. 1710 tr. P. Bayle Hist. & Crit. Dict. I. 686 I have heard say, that the Translation of Father Narni's Sermons, that went under the Name of Father du Bosc, is a Work of d'Ablancourt. 1787 tr. Abbé de Commerell Acct. Culture & Use Mangle Wurzel 2 I have made use of the last denomination, the Root of Scarcity, because it is a literal translation of the name often given to it [sc. the mangel-wurzel] by the Germans. 1837 J. G. Lockhart Mem. Life Scott I. iii. 94 His translations in verse from Horace and Virgil were often approved by Dr. Adam. 1881 Sat. Rev. 3 Sept. 298/2 The Theosophist is full of translations from the works of ancient ‘theurgists’. 1916 W. H. P. Faunce in G. B. Smith Guide to Study of Christian Relig. i. 6 To read, even in translation, an ancient document, like the Apostles' Creed, or the prophecy of Amos, and find out what it meant to the men who first read it. 1956 O. Cullmann State in New Test. ii. 49 The Slavic translation of the Jewish historiographer Josephus. 1996 N. Baker Size of Thoughts 273 It may have caused him some..linguistic trouble when he was teaching Madame Bovary in translation. 2010 Asian Ethnol. 69 185 It would be wonderful if Hansen, in a future project, would undertake an annotated translation of the entire text. 3. The expression or rendering of a thing in another medium or form; the conversion or adaptation of a thing to another system, context, or use. Also concrete: something created as a result of this process. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > the arts in general > [noun] > work of art > rendition in another medium or form translation?a1439 the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > meaning > explanation, exposition > translation > [noun] > into another form translation?a1439 society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > work of art > [noun] > types of > copy > in another material translation?a1439 skeuomorph1938 a1439 J. Lydgate Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) i. l. 5847 (MED) Off his harpe..The god Appollo maad a translacioun Among the ymages off the sterris cleere. 1598 W. Shakespeare Love's Labour's Lost v. ii. 51 Some thousand Verses of a faithfull Louer. A hudge translation of hipocrisie, Vildly compyled, profound simplicitie. 1807 O. Gregory tr. R. J. Haüy Elem. Treat. Nat. Philos. II. vii. 187 That correctness of reasoning which..exhibits a faithful translation of the language of facts. 1829 Examiner 20 Dec. 805/1 Engravers..have here hung up their translations from the works of our landscape and other painters. 1863 Shipping & Mercantile Gaz. 28 Jan. 5/2 The international code can, by translation, be made an universal language. 1870 Australasian 6 Aug. With regard to the principal characters of Lord Lytton's romance, it was to be expected that they would suffer by translation to the stage. 1922 E. Paul & C. Paul tr. C. Baudouin Stud. Psychoanal. i. iv. 126 The symptoms of neurosis are derivatives of this kind; like dreams, they are a symbolical translation of what has been repressed. 1978 P. Griffiths Conc. Hist. Mod. Music ii. 14 Strauss was unrivalled in his ability to create musical ‘translations’ of narrative images. 2001 F. Popcorn & A. Hanft Dict. Future 321 A new field of medicine that fills the void between what happens in the research laboratory and its translation to clinical medicine. 2005 Time Out N.Y. 15 Sept. 201/2 But could his cult magnum opus survive a translation to the big screen? †4. Rhetoric. The use of a word in a transferred or figurative sense; metaphor; = tralation n. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > figure of speech > figures of meaning > [noun] > metaphor figure1435 transumptionc1449 metaphora1500 tropology1519 translation1534 inversion1538 transport1589 tralation1620 iconism1656 tralatition1864 1534 N. Udall Floures for Latine Spekynge gathered oute of Terence f. 24 A metaphor or translation of the hunters or fysshers. 1538 T. Elyot Dict. Metaphora, a translation of wordes frome their propre sygnifycation. 1553 T. Wilson Arte of Rhetorique iii. f. 91 Menne vse translation of wordes (called Tropes) for nede sake, when thei can not finde other. 1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning i. sig. K3 That excellent vse of a Metaphor or translation . View more context for this quotation 1652 T. Urquhart Εκσκυβαλαυρον 279 With words diminishing the worth of a thing, Tapinotically, Periphrastically, by rejection, translation, and other meanes. 1704 Expert Orthographist iii. 60/2 Metaphor, (i.e.) Translation, a Rhetorical Figure, when a word is translated from its proper significance to another. 5. The action or process of expressing in more direct or comprehensible terms the meaning of a word or text, esp. those considered to be slang or jargon, or opaque or euphemistic; an instance of this. ΚΠ 1838 Extra Globe (Washington, D.C.) 10 May 102/1 There can be no resumption until Congress ‘acts upon the currency’... And the translation of it is, that there shall be no resumption until Congress submits to Mr. Biddle's bank. 1877 Irish Law Times 6 Oct. 504/2 The reduction of the law to a state of systematic and orderly arrangement, its translation into plain English..are essentially literary tasks. 1969 Observer 16 Feb. 40/6 Pendennis..lays down heavy outasight rapping. Translation: Pendennis..produces a lot of fantastic gossip. 1994 L. L. T. Hoshmand Orientation to Inq. in Refl. Professional Psychol. iv. 59 At certain times, psychological jargon requires translation into ordinary terms. 2015 Daily Tel. 6 Mar. 25/3 In his last voicemail, Jay-B's said he was ‘extremely sympathetic’ to my situation. Translation: you have three days more out of the office tops. 6. The restatement of accounts in one currency into another currency. Frequently in currency translation, foreign currency translation. ΚΠ ?1902 Votes & Proc. House of Representatives 1901–2 (Parl. Commonw. Austral.) I. 84 So far as the translation of our coinage into the American coinage is concerned, we would have a new coin, the decem,..and two of these would make as nearly as possible the American dollar. 1972 Financial Times 19 Apr. 11/1 Comparison of trading results is distorted by..the reduction in the depreciation charge occasioned by the revised method of currency translation. 1988 Surv. Current Business June 80/3 The translation into dollars, at the new exchange rates, of affiliates' assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies resulted in large capital gains. 2006 P. Walton & W. Aerts Global Financial Accounting & Reporting 372 The notion of functional currency plays a key role in the accounting rules on foreign currency translation. 7. Biology. The conversion of genetic information into the structural and functional molecules of an organism; spec. the process by which the sequence of nucleotides in messenger RNA gives rise to a definite sequence of amino acids in the protein or polypeptide during its synthesis. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > laboratory analysis > processes > [noun] > genetic techniques selection1837 runting1893 sex control1898 progeny test1910 insemination1923 progeny-testing1926 transformation1928 translation1955 hybridization1959 transcription1961 reverse transcription1970 the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > [noun] > genetic information storage > transmission of genetic information secondary association1931 translation1955 transcription1961 reverse transcription1970 1955 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 41 1013 Assuming that the determination of amino acids is by nonoverlapping triplets, this deviation from randomness either originates in the translation procedure operating on a random distribution of nucleotides or is due to a deviation from randomness in the composition of the template itself. 1968 H. Harris Nucleus & Cytoplasm iv. 83 In higher cells translation and transcription are not closely coupled. 1977 P. B. Medawar & J. S. Medawar Life Sci. xii. 95 This translation of genetic into structural information is irreversible, so there is no known..method by which germinal DNA could be imprinted with information acquired in an organism's own lifetime. 1993 Sci. Amer. July 32/2 If this RNA is a so-called plus strand, it can be read directly by the host's translation apparatus, the ribosome, much as the host's own messenger RNA can. 2011 guardian.co.uk (Nexis) 15 June No one ever imagined that you could alter a stop codon the way we have and allow translation to continue uninterrupted. II. The action of transferring or moving a person or thing from one place, position, etc., to another. 8. The action of transferring, conveying, or moving a person or thing from one place, position, or person to another; the action of transferring a title, rulership, etc., from one person to another. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > transference > [noun] translationc1384 remevement1437 translatingc1454 transferring1573 remove1582 transplantation1606 transactiona1608 removal1610 transumption1615 transduction1656 diabasis1672 transference1766 transfer1785 transferrala1790 transplanting1790 takeover1909 rollover1941 c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Heb. xii. 27 He declarith the translacioun of mouable thingis, as of maad thingis, that tho thingis dwelle, that ben vnmouable. a1439 J. Lydgate Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) viii. l. 1522 Pigtagoras hadde this oppinyoun: Whan men deide, anon aftir than Ther was maad [emended in ed. to maade] a translacioun Of his speryt in-tanothir man. 1473–4 in T. Dickson Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1877) I. 52 The translacione of the parliament fra Sanctandros to Edinburgh. a1500 (?c1425) Speculum Sacerdotale (1936) 129 (MED) The procession is made..in representacion of that the whiche the apostles made to oure lord in the day of his ascencion when they come to-gedre to the Mounte of Olyuete; But that translacion of the apostles ne was not made in the Sonday. 1535 W. Marshall tr. Marsilius of Padua Def. of Peace ii. xxx. f. 136 v It hathe ben sayd..that he that made this translacyon was the pope of Rome, ergo the pope is superyor to the Emperour & may of ryghte instytute and depose the Emperour. 1565 W. Alley Πτωχομυσεῖον ii. i. f. 22^v And thus you se, how the collacion, and translacion of the high Priesthoode doeth pertaine alwaies to princes. 1635 J. Swan Speculum Mundi vi. §3. 238 A fifth [effect of Earthquakes] is the translation of mountains, buildings, trees &c. unto some other places. 1647 N. Bacon Hist. Disc. Govt. 34 After the translation of the See from Thetford to Norwich. 1695 G. Halley Serm. St. Peter 17 Nov. 1 This Psalm was compos'd by the Royal Prophet King David, after his translation of the Ark of the Lord to Jerusalem. 1755 W. Warburton Divine Legation Moses (ed. 4) I. ii. iv. 246 Creatures, which by a reciprocal translation of the parts to one another, became all portentously deformed. 1777 J. Adams Let. 6 Dec. in Wks. (1854) IX. 470 The rapid translation of property from hand to hand, the robbing of Peter to pay Paul, alarms and distresses me beyond measure. 1801 Ann. Reg. 1800 (Otridge ed.) Hist. Europe i. 17/2 Gohier repaired to the Thuilleries, where, as president of the directory, he put the seal to the decree for the translation to St. Cloud. 1882 M. Creighton Hist. Papacy II. iii. viii. 176 Its first decree on January 10 was to confirm the translation of the Council from Basel to Ferrara, and to annul all that had been done at Basel since the Pope's Bull of translation. 1946 Jrnl. Polynesian Soc. 55 161 The story of Ngaio and her translation to the moon with her calabash and the ngaio tree she clung to for support and stay. 1988 H. David Fitzrovians (1989) i. 6 Aestheticism..had its origins at the universities of Oxford and Cambridge in the 1870s... Even after its translation to London, its adherents remained individuals. 2006 W. Coleman et al. Giblin's Platoon x. 216 In June 1926, with the translation of the ‘seat of government’ to Canberra imminent, a committee was gathered to report on a provision of university facilities for residents in the new capital. 9. The action of moving the dead body or relics of a saint, ruler, or other significant person from one place to another. Also: the feast day on which the translation of a particular saint is celebrated. ΘΚΠ society > faith > artefacts > portable shrines or relics > relic > [noun] > translation of overloadOE translationc1384 c1384 Table of Lessons in Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (1850) 692 S. Austyn, of Yngelond... Translacioun of S. Edmound... Fynding of S. Steuen martir. 1389 in J. T. Smith & L. T. Smith Eng. Gilds (1870) 80 In ye wurchepe of..alle ye companie of heuene, and also specialike of ye translacioun of seint Thomas of Cantewarbiri, for quose wourchipe yis fraternite his bi-gunnen. c1432 in PMLA (1934) 49 459 Þis was declared on Wensday þe translacion of seynt Martyn..at lundon. 1447 O. Bokenham Lives of Saints (Arun.) (1938) l. 1034 Of summe relykys to make a translacyoun. a1513 H. Bradshaw Lyfe St. Werburge (1521) i. xxxii. sig. I.iii^v At the day appoynted of her translacion Kyng Coelted and his counsell were redy present. 1582 Annot. (Acts viii. 2) in Bible (Rheims) 312 As here great deuotion was vsed in burying his body, so afterward at the Inuention & Translation thereof. a1624 R. Crakanthorpe Vigilius Dormitans (1631) xxxiv. 425 The translation of Chrysostomes body or reliques..from Comana, where hee dyed in banishment, to Constantinople. 1683 W. Cave Ecclesiastici 391 The Translation and entombing of these Remains, and S. Ambrose his Sermon upon that occasion. 1733 tr. B. Picart Ceremonies & Relig. Customs Var. Nations I. 444 The Translation of Relics is made in Procession; such Devotees as assist at it, may be assur'd of a great Number of Indulgences. 1757 tr. J. G. Keyssler Trav. II. 75 There is a spring in the subterraneous vault belonging to this church,..said to have broke out at the translation of St. Felix's remains. 1831 Morning Post 20 June This festival was long observed in remembrance of the removal or translation, as it was termed, of his [sc. King Edward's] relics from Wareham, where they were inhumed, to the minster at Salisbury. 1873 J. O'Hanlon Lives Irish Saints VI. 830 The year 1305 is that generally assigned for the Translation of St. Erentrude's relics, at Nunberg. 1896 A. M. Straton in H. J. F. Swayne Churchwardens' Accts. Sarum Introd. p. xvi The King ales were held on the weeks before and after Pentecost and at the Translation of St. Edmund. 1910 B. Miall tr. A. Aulard French Revol. III. iii. 190 A deputation of Genevois..had just been congratulating the convention for having ordered the translation of Rousseau's remains to the Panthéon. 1942 Times Lit. Suppl. 21 Mar. 143/1 The festival was duplicated on October 10 and called his Translation, though there is no record of any translation of his relics. 2014 S. Harvey Domesday iii. x. 279 Bishop Walkelin,..and the equally toughminded Rannulf Flambard, travelled together to Suffolk in 1095 to hear land-pleas, enabling Walkelin to officiate at the translation of St Edmund's relics. 10. The action of ascending to or being received into heaven or the afterlife. In later use also: †a person's death (obsolete).Frequently used in relation to the biblical figures Enoch and Elijah who are said to have been assumed into heaven without dying. ΘΚΠ the world > the supernatural > deity > heaven > [noun] > conveyance to > without death translationc1384 the world > life > death > [noun] hensithOE qualmOE bale-sithea1000 endingc1000 fallOE forthsitheOE soulingOE life's endOE deathOE hethensithc1200 last end?c1225 forthfarec1275 dying1297 finec1300 partingc1300 endc1305 deceasec1330 departc1330 starving1340 passingc1350 latter enda1382 obita1382 perishingc1384 carrion1387 departing1388 finishmentc1400 trespassement14.. passing forthc1410 sesse1417 cess1419 fininga1425 resolutiona1425 departisona1450 passagea1450 departmentc1450 consummation?a1475 dormition1483 debt to (also of) naturea1513 dissolutionc1522 expirationa1530 funeral?a1534 change1543 departure1558 last change1574 transmigration1576 dissolving1577 shaking of the sheets?1577 departance1579 deceasure1580 mortality1582 deceasing1591 waftage1592 launching1599 quietus1603 doom1609 expire1612 expiring1612 period1613 defunctiona1616 Lethea1616 fail1623 dismissiona1631 set1635 passa1645 disanimation1646 suffering1651 abition1656 Passovera1662 latter (last) end1670 finis1682 exitus1706 perch1722 demission1735 demise1753 translation1760 transit1764 dropping1768 expiry1790 departal1823 finish1826 homegoing1866 the last (also final, great) round-up1879 snuffing1922 fade-out1924 thirty1929 appointment in Samarra1934 dirt nap1981 big chill1987 c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Heb. xi. 5 Bifore translacioun [L. translationem] he [sc. Enok] hadde not [read hadde] witnessing for to haue plesid God. c1429 Mirour Mans Saluacioune (1986) l. 3570 (MED) The sacred forsaide of Crist ascensioune Was sometyme prefigurid in Helyes translacioune..in paradys. 1586 T. White Godlie Serm. ii. sig. B7 In the olde time this matter was plainly signified by the translation of Henoch and Elias, but nowe it is more fully sealed and assured by the resurrection of Jesus Christ. 1624 J. Ussher Answer to Challenge by Iesuite 167 That is not death (saith Athanasius) that befalleth the righteous, but a translation: for they are translated out of this world into everlasting rest. 1652 E. Sparke Scintillula Altaris sig. L6 The second stair of his Triumphancy, is..his [sc. Christ's] translation from earth to heaven. a1682 Sir T. Browne Christian Morals (1716) ii. 56 Time, Experience, self Reflexions, and God's mercies make in some well-temper'd minds a kind of translation before Death. 1727 D. Defoe Syst. Magick i. i. 12 A glorious Example of such Faith as was rewarded with an immediate Translation of the Person [sc. Enoch] into Heaven. 1760 G. Whitefield Let. 29 Oct. in Pearson's Catal. (1894) 64 Blessed be God for supporting me so well under the news of dear Mr. Polhill's sudden translation. 1820 Ld. Byron Let. 8 June (1977) VII. 115 The best news you could send me—would be the translation of Lady N[oel]. 1878 W. E. Gladstone Homer v. 61 The Islands of the Blest, to which Menelaos has a promise of translation on his death. 1928 Bull. School Oriental Stud. 4 761 The traditional accounts of the poet-saints state..that Sundarar was eighteen at the time of his translation to heaven. 2003 Church Times 28 Mar. 8/5 Several icons depicting Mary's translation to heaven. 11. The action of transferring or appointing a bishop, minister, academic, etc., to a new post. ΚΠ a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1882) VIII. 309 (MED) He reserved to hym self þe firste benefice þat voyded by deeþ, by resignacioun, oþer by translacioun [L. translationem]. 1442 in A. H. Thompson Visitations Relig. Houses Diocese Lincoln (1919) II. 52 Wrytene and gyfene vndere our seale..the yere of our Lorde mccccxlij and our consecracion xvj and translacion vj. 1584 J. Hooker Catal. Bishops Excester sig. g.ij^v Iohn Bothe, after the translation of George Neuell to Yorke, was consecrated Bishop vnder Thomas Burscher, Archbishop of Canturburie. 1628 E. Coke 1st Pt. Inst. Lawes Eng. iii. xi. 329 When a Bishop, &c. make an estate, lease, grant of a Rent charge, Warrantie, or any other Act which may tend to the diminution of the reuenues of the Bishopricke, &c. which should maintaine the successor, there the priuation or translation of the Bishop, &c. is all one with his death. 1680 in J. Stuart Sel. Rec. Kirk Aberdeen (1846) 334 The professors place in the Kings Colledge..is now vacant thorow the translation of Mr. John Menzies to the professor of divinitie in New Aberdeine. 1702 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion I. i. 69 The necessary forms for the Translation [of Laud from London to Canterbury]. 1798 W. Coxe Mem. Life & Admin. Sir R. Walpole I. xlvi. 479 He declined a translation to Winchester, and looked forwards to the primacy with such confidence of expectation, that he was called by Whiston, heir apparent to the see of Canterbury. 1832 Proc. & Corr. 3rd District Med. Soc. Ohio 29 By my translation to the chair of the Theory and Practice, Dr. Pierson may be placed in the chair of the Materia Medica. 1860 Observer 23 July 1/3 Tuesday's Gazette formally notifies the translation of the Bishop of Carlisle (Dr. Villiers) to the see of Durham. 1910 Earl of Halsbury et al. Laws of Eng. XI. 400 The fees paid by the late Archbishop Magee on his translation to York amounted to £573 6s. 1981 T. E. Hope in T. E. Hope et al. Lang., Meaning & Style Introd. 3 Ullmann's translation to the Chair of the Romance Languages at Oxford was the summit of his career. 2002 Church Times 6 Sept. 4/1 He was Bishop of Tuam, Kallala and Achonry..before his translation to Cashel and Ossory. †12. Law. A transfer of property, rights, etc., from the ownership of one person to that of another; a settlement involving a transfer of this kind. Also: spec. the alteration of a bequest by transferring the legacy to another person. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > law > transfer of property > [noun] > instance of translationc1460 remise1473 remissiona1475 c1460 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Oseney Abbey (1907) 61 (MED) Þe chanons of Oseney..relesed to vs xxx d. þe which we haue i-owyd to pay to þem ȝerely for summe tithis of Escote, vppon þe which hit was A translacion whas i-maade betwene our church and þem afore Jugges Delegate. a1475 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Godstow Nunnery (1905) i. 230 (MED) Þei gafe & grauntyd to hem all the ryht that they haddyn in þat same churche to the church of seynt Iohn baptiste of Godestowe..thys transaccion or translacion by-twene hem was don the yere..Ml. cxcvii. a1513 J. Irland Meroure of Wyssdome (1990) III. 149 The lawis that makis mencioun of successioun or translacioun of heretage suld not be wnderstand of the realme and dignite rial. 1590 H. Swinburne Briefe Treat. Test. & Willes vii. f. 280 Translation of a legacie is a bestowing of the same vpon an other. 1628 in M. P. Brown Suppl. Dict. Decisions Court of Session (1826) I. 248 In the like action..the translation of the pension was found null, because the principal party remained in possession during his lifetime. 1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan i. xiv. 67 All Contract is mutuall translation, or change of Right. 1737 Treat. Equity iv. ii. 105 Ademption may be without Translation; but Translation of a Legacy cannot be without Ademption. 1754 J. Erskine Princ. Law Scotl. II. iii. v. 324 If the assigney conveys his right to a third person, it is called a translation. 1875 E. Poste tr. Gaius Institutionum Iuris Civilis (ed. 2) iv. Comm. 490 No translation of property is operated by theft. 13. †a. figurative. The action of transferring a non-material thing (chiefly guilt, sin, a fault, etc.) from one person to another. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > transference > [noun] > specifically of immaterial things translation1532 1532 L. Cox Art or Crafte Rhetoryke sig. F.i Translacion of the faut is, whan he that confesseth his faut sayeth that he dyd it: moued by the indignacion of the maliciouse dede of an other. 1609 S. Hieron Abridgem. of Gospell ix. 98 It is done by imputation, by which there is a kinde of translation or putting ouer of the beleeuers sinne vnto Christ, and of Christs righteousnesse to the beleeuer. 1686 J. Scott Christian Life: Pt. II II. vii. 717 The very translation of the guilts of the people upon them. 1705 G. Stanhope Paraphr. Epist. & Gospels II. 549 A Translation of Punishment and Guilt, from the Person offering to the thing offered. 1792 T. Scott Holy Bible with Notes (ed. 2) I. (Lev. v. 25-30) sig. 4K/2 All these regulations were calculated to express the polluting nature of sin, and the translation of guilt from the sinner to the sacrifice. 1801 W. Magee Disc. Scriptural Doctr. Atonem. & Sacrifice ii. 68 The atonement..consisted in removing from the people their iniquities by this symbolical translation to the animal. b. Christian Church. The transference of the observance of a holy day to a different day; esp. the transference of a fixed feast from the usual date to another, so as to avoid its clashing with a more important movable feast. Now rare. ΚΠ 1552 Abp. J. Hamilton Catech. Tabil sig. .i^v The translatioun of the sabboth day, to the sonday. 1625 T. Godwin Moses & Aaron* iii. vii. 152 The reason of Politick translation, was, that two Sabbaths or feast daies might not immediately follow each other. 1759 Catal. Harleian Coll. MSS II. No. 2311 The Translation of Upwood-feast or Wake, from Sunday to another day. 1935 Times 29 Apr. 9/3 The translation of the feast [of St George] from April 23 is made in accordance with the rubrics, which do not permit of the celebration of the feast during Easter Week. †14. Medicine. Transfer of disease or disease-causing material from one part of the body to another; an instance of this. Cf. metastasis n. 2a. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > characteristics > [noun] > metastasis translation?1541 metathesis1646 metastasis1663 seeding1882 ?1541 R. Copland Galen's Fourth Bk. Terapeutyke sig. G.iii in Guy de Chauliac's Questyonary Cyrurgyens But yf the fluxion be stopped all redy, in such wyse y^t is drawen to, & fixed in the membre, it is more expedyent to dryue it out by the next places, seying that the translacyon & transporte is by y^e parts y^t be next it. 1634 T. Johnson tr. A. Paré Chirurg. Wks. xviii. xxii. 719 The Sciatica commonly succeeds some other chronicall disease, by reason of the translation and falling down thither of the matter, become maligne and corrupt by the long continuance of the former disease. 1665 R. Boyle Occas. Refl. ii. xiii. sig. Q4^v Madness..by the translation of the Humours into the Brain. 1732 J. Arbuthnot Pract. Rules of Diet iv. 368 Translations of morbific Matter in acute Distempers. 1838 S. D. Mahomed Shampooing (ed. 3) iii. 21 It [sc. paralysis] may often be occasioned by translation of morbid matter to the head. 1854 Assoc. Med. Jrnl. 5 May 390/2 Diseases do occasionally attack two or more organs or regions in succession..in this translation of morbid action from place to place, a mutation or conversion sometimes occurs. †15. Astrology. translation of (the) light and nature: the transfer of the astrological influence or qualities of one planet to another by an intervening planet making a particular aspect (aspect n. 4) with both. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > planet > planetary movement > [noun] > other movements translation of (the) light and nature?1583 separation1595 ingress1603 transit1644 libration1670 ?1583 F. Wither tr. C. Dariot Breefe Introd. Astrologicall Iudgem. Starres viii. sig. E^v The Translation of the Lighte [Fr. translation de lumiere] and nature of the Planettes, happeneth in two sortes. 1647 W. Lilly Christian Astrol. xxxvii. 217 Mutuall reception or translation, or of light and nature betwixt them. 1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Translation of Light and Nature, a Phrase us'd by Astrologers, when a light Planet separates from a more weighty one, and presently joyns another more heavy. 1819 J. Wilson Compl. Dict. Astrol. 378 Translation of the light and nature of a planet is when a planet separates from one that is slower than itself and overtakes another by conjunction or aspect. 16. a. Physics. Movement directly from one point or place to another, without rotation, oscillation, etc.; (also) an instance of this. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > progressive motion > [noun] > specifically of things travel1634 ition1668 locomotion1670 translation1715 the world > matter > physics > energy or power of doing work > [noun] > transmission of energy propagation1656 translation1715 1715 tr. D. Gregory Elements Astron. I. i. §72. 157 The ratio of the Translations will be compounded of the ratio of the differences of the Angular Motions, and of the ratio of the distances from the Axis. 1777 R. Thorp tr. I. Newton Math. Princ. Nat. Philos. I. 13 Absolute motion is the translation of a body from absolute place to absolute place. 1878 T. H. Huxley Physiography (ed. 2) 171 The motion of the water is a movement of undulation and not of translation. 1933 A. W. Barton Text Bk. Heat ix. 208 Encounters between molecules of the gas are perfectly elastic. This means that the sum of the kinetic energy of translation of the two molecules is unaltered by the encounter. 2005 R. E. Newnham Properties of Materials iii. 14/1 (caption) Mirror and inversion transformation are accompanied by a handedness change; rotations and translations are not. b. Mathematics. A function or operation that moves every point of a geometric figure the same distance and in the same direction, leaving the orientation and shape of the figure unchanged. ΚΠ 1852 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 142 161 This translation..is always an operation of the kind called ‘distributive’. 1933 Math. Gaz. 17 233 If a and b are parallel, the product ba is a translation in a direction perpendicular to these lines. 2016 T. Vialar Handbk. Math. viii. 220/1 The set of translations (unlike the set of reflections) is a commutative group. c. Mathematics. The mapping of a set of coordinate axes to a coordinate system in which the new axes are each parallel to those in the original system. ΚΠ 1873 J. Booth Treat. Some New Geom. Methods I. ii. 17 The same formulæ for the parallel translation of axes will hold whether the systems of coordinates be right-angled or oblique. 1950 Psychometrika 15 362 This formula can be further simplified by removing the X and Y factors through the process of translation of axes. 2000 P. Calter in C. A. Gorini Geom. at Work 25 By a simple translation of axes, the origin was placed at a convenient point on the façade. †III. The action of transforming or altering. 17. a. The transformation, alteration, or change of the nature, appearance, or condition of a person or thing. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > time > change > [noun] wendingeOE changing?c1225 stirringa1240 wrixlinga1240 changec1325 variancec1340 transmutationc1380 varyingc1380 whileness1382 translationc1384 alterationa1398 mutationa1398 removinga1425 revolutiona1425 shiftingc1440 changementc1450 muance1480 commutation1509 altry1527 transition1545 turning1548 novation1549 immutation?c1550 alterance1559 alienation1562 turn?1567 vicissitude1603 refraction1614 fermentationa1661 diabasis1672 parallax1677 motion1678 aliation1775 transience1946 c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Heb. vii. 12 Forsothe the presthod translatid, it is nede that and translacioun [1611 King James change; L. translatio] of lawe be maad. 1475 in Rec. Parl. Scotl. to 1707 (2007) 1475/37 Silver and gold, put to the fire to be maid bulyone to uthir new money is [minist], waistit and distroyit in the translacione be the fire. c1475 (c1445) R. Pecock Donet (1921) 130 (MED) Crist translatid, chaungid, and turned þe oolde lawe of þe Jewis into þe newe lawe of cristen men..of which translaciouns, turningis, and chaungis, seint poul makiþ mensioun. a1535 T. More Treat. Passion in Wks. (1557) 1344/1 The sanctifying of the mistical sacrifice, and the translacion or chaunging of it from thynges sensible to thynges intelligible, ought to be geuen and ascribed to Chryst. 1582 in A. Feuillerat Documents Office of Revels Queen Elizabeth (1908) 349 Of wages, workemanship, Translations, Attendaunces. 1607 B. Jonson Volpone i. ii. sig. B2^v But I Would aske, how of late, thou hast suffered translation, And shifted thy coat, in these dayes of Reformation? 1654 E. Gayton Pleasant Notes Don Quixot ii. v. 52 The Metamorphosis, translation, or rather tranation of Arthur into a Crow. b. spec. The repairing, refashioning, or alteration of old clothes or shoes. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > tailoring or making clothes > making footwear > [noun] > processes involved in > repairing or renovating translation1512 cobbling1634 cobblery1886 1512 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1902) IV. 423 To Robert Spittale, tailȝour..for sewing silk for the translatioun of ane goune. 1850 H. Mayhew in Morning Chron. 18 Feb. 6/3 In connection with the translation of old boots and shoes, I have obtained the following statistics. 1865 Morning Post 13 Feb. 6 Her son sat up the whole night to make the ‘translations’ [of old boots]. 1875 Women & Work 13 Mar. 2/2 At the East-end of London, numbers of women and girls obtain an excellent livelihood by the translation of old clothes and boots to ‘better than new’. 18. Telegraphy. Retransmission of a message by means of a device which uses the current supplied by the incoming message to automatically retransmit the message further down the line. Cf. translator n. 4a. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > communication > telecommunication > telegraphy or telephony > [noun] > repeater or relay > action of translation1866 1866 R. M. Ferguson Electricity 245 It would be advisable to..resend at the mid-station by translation. 1915 Electrician 1 Jan. 421/2 In this case, translation requires that 10 extra impulses be added in the a place when the hundreds digit is odd. Phrases to be (also get) lost in translation: to be diminished or destroyed by being translated into another language, medium, form, or situation; to be misinterpreted. ΚΠ 1800 Monthly Epitome Feb. 53/1 Each book contains much more matter than was thought fit to give in English, because some of the anecdotes are too free, and the humour of the other lies in puns, the wit of which must be lost in translation. 1852 Athenæum 20 Nov. 1271/3 The very soil on which a monument grows and the atmosphere which surrounds it are part of its historical characters and of its moral expressions, which must be lost in translation. 1949 Times 29 Aug. 8/1 The Lost People is based on the play Cockpit, but whatever virtue the stage drama may have had has been lost in translation. 1979 Times of India 20 May 12/5 Much of the beauty of the author's original prose has been lost in translation. 2015 M. E. Mazey & A. L. Balazs in R. J. Sternberg et al. Acad. Leadership in Higher Educ. ii. vi. 51 The bureaucracy doesn't allow for information to flow directly, and the message gets lost in translation. Compounds C1. General attributive in sense 1, as translation process, translation service, translation work, etc. ΚΠ 1744 R. Arrol in J. Clarke & R. Arrol tr. C. Nepos Vitæ Excellentium Imperatorum Pref. p. vii He thinks himself obliged..to take notice of the Lameness of some of Mr. Stirling's Vocabularies, which he recommends to be used without Translation Work. 1839 Govt. Memoradum in C. J. F. Bunbury Jrnl. Resid. Cape of Good Hope (1848) xii. 271 A grammatical knowledge of the Dutch language will be communicated to all Pupils who require to join the translation classes. 1889 Pop. Sci. Monthly Apr. 855/1 There are some traces of the translation process in the English of this pamphlet. 1937 Labour Monthly Mar. 190 One letter of under two-and-a-half pages contains nearly a dozen translation errors, in addition to another dozen inaccuracies and omissions. 1998 Euralex '98 Proc. II. viii. 568 The English syllabuses, at various levels, in Hong Kong do not require students to do any translation work. 2015 G. Gruman iPad at Work for Dummies i. iv. 59 When you're in a foreign country whose language you barely know—or simply don't know—translation services are a must. C2. translation bill n. (a) a legislative bill concerned with translation (in various senses); (b) a bill for payment for performing translation (in sense 1). ΚΠ 1702 R. West True Char. Church-man (rev. ed.) 44 The Translation Bill shewed so great a Respect to the Bishops in General. 1840 Daily National Intelligencer (Washington) 22 June The Minister of the Interior ushered the translation bill to the Chamber of Peers. 1935 Deb. House of Commons (Canada) 29 Jan. 273/2 As one who took a very active part in connection with the translation bill last year I think it only fair that I should say a word about the lack of the French translation. 1977 Observer 6 Mar. 15/1 Once their semi-literacy is discovered, the exorbitant translation bills will have been paid and the agency may have ceased to operate. 2004 Daily Mail 26 Apr. 38/4 If yet more countries join, the addition of each new language could add up to £50 million to the translation bill. translation element n. an element of a set or system, which acts or is used to effect a translation (in various senses). ΚΠ 1875 H. Spencer First Princ. (ed. 3) ii. v. §56. 183 What we may call the translation-element in Motion. 1966 Radiation Res. Suppl. 6 43 A metabolic ‘shift down’ from nutrient medium before UV to minimal medium afterward..could result in the represssion of genes coding translation elements. 2004 Molecular Cell 14 600 (caption) The translation elements do not affect the choice of export pathway. translation equivalent n. Linguistics a word or phrase from a language which has the same meaning as, or can be used in a similar context to, a word or phrase from another language, and can therefore be used as its translation. ΚΠ 1907 Classical Weekly 5 Oct. 4/2 Vergil offers the best opportunity for distinguishing essential meanings from translation equivalents. 1977 Language 53 295 Thai khon and its (near) translation-equivalents in many languages denote ‘people’. 2012 Harvard Theol. Rev. 105 34 The absence of a precise, idiomatic translation equivalent. translation loan n. [compare loan-translation n. at loan n.¹ Compounds 2] a word or expression adopted by one language from another in more or less literally translated form. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > linguistic unit > use or formation of new words or phrases > [noun] > word or phrase borrowed from other language > naturalized > not alien1884 translation loan?1922 loan-translation1933 calque1937 ?1922 Anthropos 1919–20 14–15 309 One ought perhaps to compare Aestii with this word and assume this name to be a translation loan. 1958 A. S. C. Ross Etymol. 34 MnE that goes without saying is a translation-loan of (better, is calqued on) MnFrench cela va sans dire. 2010 E. F. Arsenteva in O. Karpova & F. Kartashkova New Trends Lexicography i. v. 55 As a rule, translation loans are accompanied by descriptive translation. translation loan word n. a word adopted by one language from another in more or less literally translated form; cf. loan-translation n. at loan n.¹ Compounds 2. ΚΠ 1900 E. Björkman Scand. Loan-words in Middle Eng. I. 12 What I should like to call ‘translation loan-words’... Thus..wæpengetæc ‘vote of consent expressed by touching weapons; district governed by such authority’..distinctively English in form, although..of Scandinavian introduction..wæpen- having been put instead of the Scand. vápn. 1922 O. Jespersen Lang. xi. 215 Besides direct borrowings we have also indirect borrowings or ‘translation loan-words,’ words modelled more or less clearly on foreign ones, though consisting of native speech-material. 2005 L. P. Harvey Muslims in Spain v. 139 A translation loan word may superficially not be recognizable as a loan word at all. translation movement n. movement that is translational (translational adj. 2) in nature; a translation (sense 16a). ΚΠ 1854 Sci. Amer. 3 June 302/1 Each of these small planets, in its translation movement around the sun, describes an oval. 1999 T. Takahashi & M. Kuzuya in H.-J. Bullinger & J. Ziegler Human–Computer Interactions 397 It is difficult to input spiral movement, which is composed of rotational and translation movements. 2009 Jrnl. Cranio-maxillofaxial Surg. 37 328/1 The aim of the current study was to quantitatively asses the percentage contribution of rotation and translation movements of the mandible at maximum mouth opening in a group of patents surgically and functionally treated after condylar fractures. translation rights n. the rights to translate a (copyrighted) written work into another language. ΚΠ 1898 Bookman Aug. 118/2 He keeps £45 of the Continental rights and £22 of the translation rights. 1906 Westm. Gaz. 15 Oct. 4/2 Their respective delegates have agreed to extend the period during which authors can protect their translation rights. 2009 Independent 21 Jan. (Life section) 19/5 It was greeted with awed admiration and awards in its Norwegian homeland; translation rights were snapped up. translation studies n. the theory and practice of translation and related subjects as an academic discipline. ΚΠ 1968 M. S. Noffke Ling. Anal. Compared Stylistic Struct. (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Wisconsin) 23 His illustration of the lack of exact correspondence from language to language by the use of overlapping circles stands out as an insight still not always recognized in translation studies. 1992 Eng. Today July 50/2 Translation studies has the double duty of raising the standards of scholarship..and of improving communication about the complexities of translation to the outside world. 2016 Jrnl. Mod. Lit. 39 19 Her research interests include life-writing, translation studies and displacement in literature. translation table n. a table of information used in the translation or interpretation of data or other information. ΚΠ 1883 Sci. Amer. 13 Oct. 227/3 Mr. Allen has studied out the subject thoroughly, and has prepared ‘translation tables’ by which the proposed standard can be substituted for any one of the fifty existing standards without any computing. 1963 Honeywell 200: Programmers' Ref. Man. vi. 119 It is a simple task to store the desired equivalent values in a translation table. 2007 Mirror (Eire ed.) (Nexis) 3 Jan. 21 All GPs have the necessary documentation and translation tables to allow them to interpret the results. Of 37,000 smear tests last year more than one in 10 had abnormal results. translation theory n. (a) a theory that a text is the result of translation from another language; (b) the theoretical study of translation, often incorporating concepts from disciplines such as linguistics, philosophy, psychology, and the social sciences. ΚΠ 1875 ‘Elpis’ Present Position Christendom vii. 117 It may also be thought that this translation theory of I Thess. is opposed to Pauls's statement in Heb. ix. 1958 Language 34 482 The living interplay of lexical item and context is increasingly recognized as crucial to translation theory. 2004 Chang-Wook Jung Orig. Lang. Lukan Infancy Narr. Introd. 1 Some important instances of possible translation from Hebrew into Greek in the Lukan infancy narrative proposed by the advocates of the translation theory. 2015 Mod. Philol. 112 e54 Students of contemporary adaptation practice, translation theory, and literary history. translation wave n. a wave in which the water molecules move horizontally in the direction of the wave's motion, forming a prominent crest which moves forwards without oscillatory motion. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > wave > types of waves > [noun] > billow or sea-wave ytheOE bearc1300 walmc1325 borec1330 float1477 walla1500 billow1552 ocean wave1590 translation wave1838 billowlet1867 1838 Athenæum 1 Sept. 624/1 The next part of the subject to which he directed attention, was the relation which the translation wave bore to the phenomena of resistance of fluids. 1940 Jrnl. Geol. (Chicago) 48 497 When waves break on shallow submerged sand masses, translation waves and currents are set up across them. 2007 D. Pike 50 Ways to improve your Weather Forecasting xxx. 58/2 The water will rear up and then crash forward. This is called a translation wave, and any such wave is very dangerous. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2019; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.a1382
随便看	at the long last at the long run at the long running at the longest at the loose at the loose hand at the lowest at the mast at the meat at the mercy of at the minute at the moment at the money at the most at the mouth at the next at the next door at the nick at the noonday at the or a second hand at the outs at the outset at the outside at the paddle at the peril of my soul