totemn.

Brit.

/ˈtəʊtəm/, U.S.

/ˈtoʊdəm/

Forms: 1700s totam, 1700s– totem, 1800s toodaim.

Origin: A borrowing from Ojibwa. Etymon: Ojibwa nindoodem.

Etymology: < Ojibwa nindoodem my totem, my clan (compare also odoodeman his or her totem or clan, and the Ojibwa (Nipissing) form ototeman, recorded in the 19th cent.), probably ultimately < an Algonquian base with the sense ‘to dwell together’, also reflected e.g. in Ojibwa oodena village. Compare French totam (1794).The form toodaim is used (in English) by a native speaker of Ojibwa (compare quot. a1856 at sense 1b). The following is often cited as part of the history of the English word, but in fact reflects an independent and isolated borrowing < French †aoutem (Lescarbot 1609), itself apparently < an Algonquian word of uncertain origin (perhaps related), used in Acadia:1609 P. Erondelle tr. M. Lescarbot Noua Francia 166 His diuell called Aoutem [Fr. appellé Aoutem], which they of Canada doe name Cudouagni.

a. An emblem representing a clan or other hereditary social unit, having the form of an animal or other natural object; the animal or natural object itself; a depiction or representation of this animal or object.Originally with reference to North American Indian peoples but used by anthropologists with reference to other groups with similar practices or beliefs.A totem is typically considered to be ancestrally or fraternally related to the clan and is treated with particular care (see e.g. quots. 1791 and 1885).personal totem, sex totem: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > indication > that which identifies or distinguishes > [noun] > sign of a totem clan

totem1791

the world > the supernatural > deity > [noun] > idol > worshipped by specific people > American Indians

totem1791

the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > respect > reverence > [noun] > thing that one worships or reveres

totem1791

society > faith > artefacts > symbol (general) > non-Christian symbols or images > [noun] > totem

totem1791

society > communication > indication > insignia > [noun] > totem > Amerindian

totem1791

1791 J. Long Voy. Indian Interpreter 86 One part of the religious superstition of the Savages, consists in each of them having his totam, or favourite spirit, which he believes watches over him. This totam they conceive assumes the shape of some beast or other, and therefore they never kill, hunt, or eat the animal whose form they think this totam bears.

1841 G. Catlin Lett. N. Amer. Indians II. liv. 170 We [sc. a Mandan chief and his tribe] left our totems or marks on the rocks—we cut them deep in the stones, and they are there now.

1855 H. W. Longfellow Hiawatha xiv. 189 From what old, ancestral Totem, Be it Eagle, Bear, or Beaver, They descended, this we know not.

1870 J. Lubbock Origin of Civilisation (ed. 2) v. 184 In Australia we seem to find the totem, or, as it is there called, kobong, almost in the very moment of deification.

1885 E. Clodd Myths & Dreams i. vi. 106 The Dacotahs would neither kill nor eat their totems.

1887 L. Oliphant Episodes 72 Twelve of these placed their totems opposite my signature; each totem consisting of the rude representation of a bear, a deer, an otter, a rat, or some other wild animal.

1910 F. W. Hodge Handbk. Amer. Indians II. 868/1 The Unami held precedence over the other Delawares. Their totem was the turtle (pakoango).

1955 M. Barbeau Tree of Dreams 93 The Indian nodded assent. ‘Everything owns a name, a spirit—a totem. Without a name, nothing can really exist.’

2009 Wicazo Sa Rev. 24 98 Each clan..was required to perform a ceremony based on the knowledge they had learned from some spirit ancestor (which would later become their totem, such as Badger, Spider, but also Fire, Reed, Sand, etc.).

b. A group or clan which is identified with or by such an object. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > indication > that which identifies or distinguishes > [noun] > sign of a totem clan > one who belongs to a totem clan

totem1849

totemite1889

1849 J. C. Prichard in J. F. W. Herschel Man. Sci. Enq. (Lords Commissioners Admiralty) 435 The institution of the Totem, as it was termed among the North American nations, has its counterpart among the nations of Australia.

a1856 P. Jones Hist. Ojebways (1861) 138 Each ‘nation’ is subdivided into a number of tribes or clans called ‘toodaims’, and each tribe is distinguished by certain animals or things.

1905 A. Lang Secret of Totem iv. 69 In marrying a woman of his totem, but not of his set of classes, a man does not break the law of Arunta exogamy.

2008 B. Haughton Haunted Spaces, Sacred Places 256 Each Aboriginal clan is divided into totems related to animals, plants, or objects, the spirit of which watches over the clan's affairs.

2. figurative. A sign, symbol, or example; a guiding principle or value.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > indication > that which identifies or distinguishes > [noun]

tokenc1000

distinctionc1374

differencea1398

signeta1425

knowledge?c1475

smell?a1505

markc1522

badge1529

note1583

impress1590

monument1590

type1595

stamp1600

pressure1604

mintage1612

criterion1613

impressa1628

differencer1633

lineament1638

mole1644

discrimination1646

tessera1647

diagnostic1651

monumental1657

discretive1660

signate1662

footmark1666

trait1752

memorandum1766

fingerprint1792

insignia1796

identifier1807

designative1824

cachet1840

differentiator1854

tanga1867

trademark1869

signature1873

totem1875

differential1883

earmarkings1888

paw print1894

discriminator1943

ident1952

society > communication > indication > insignia > [noun] > totem

totem1875

1875 Rep. Comm. Council on Educ. (Eng. & Wales) 1874–5 App. ii. 184 in Parl. Papers C. 1265-I XXIV. 1 The old dame's method of setting columns of words to be learnt by heart..was philosophical by the side of that which teaches each word as a sort of totem or symbol.

1890 Pall Mall Gaz. 30 June 7/2 The vulgar embroidered smoking-cap, which used to be the distinctive totem of the bazaar debauchee.

1930 Oxf. Ann. Girls 38/1 A stern business man like Uncle P., the owner and head of a vast manufacturing business, whose twin totems are method and efficiency, is bound to take notice of bilge like that.

2002 R. E. Bonner Colors & Blood (2004) v. 118 The twin totems of Christianity and nationhood were combined at a formal level by those who died so that a new Confederate nation might live.

2011 Independent on Sunday 23 Jan. (New Review) 5/1 When is a handbag not a handbag? When it's Mulberry's latest totem of super-luxe exclusivity, that's when.

3. A totem pole.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinship group > tribe > [noun] > small tribe or division of tribe > American Indian > post used by

totem pole1880

totem1883

1883 St. Louis (Missouri) Globe-Democrat 9 Aug. 4/6 The tall totems that guard the doorways of the chiefs and the other great men.

1891 Canad. Indian July 287 A remarkably fine totem, thirty-five feet high and well carved, has recently been donated to the museum of McGill University.

1941 E. Carr Klee Wyck 85 The brave old totems stood solemnly round the bay.

2002 Pop. Photogr. Apr. 64/2 Photograph the ‘Codger Pole’, a totem that claims to be the largest chainsaw sculpture in the world.

Phrases

colloquial. low man on the totem: a person of lowly status. Similarly low on the totem: of lowly status. Cf. sense 3, totem pole n. 1b.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > humility > [adjective] > of rank or position

low man on the totem pole1941

low on the totem1956

society > society and the community > social class > the common people > socially inferior person > [noun]

lowerc1175

afterlingc1275

smalla1325

nethererc1443

undermana1661

lowlife1712

vulgar1763

vulgarian1809

rank outsider1869

low man on the totem1956

1956 Alaska & West Coast Transportation Probl.: Hearings before U.S. Senate Comm. Interstate & Foreign Commerce, 84th Congr., 2nd Sess. (U.S. Comm. Interstate & Foreign Commerce) 55 Because of the unfair competitive tactics employed by the Alaska Railroad, I now am low man on the totem.

1974 K. Millett Flying (1975) ii. 167 Counting on faculty privilege. Almost too low on the totem even to deserve it.

1977 D. Bagley Enemy xviii. 148 ‘What's your status here?’ ‘Low man on the bloody totem... I have a line into the Embassy but that's for emergency use only.’

2006 New Yorker (Nexis) 5 June (Fact section) 47 I used to talk about people who have a moment of power, even though they're very low on the totem, and instead of being generous use it to put someone down.

Compounds

C1. General attributive, as totem animal, totem clan, totem stage, etc.

ΚΠ

1869 J. F. M'Lennan in Fortn. Rev. Oct. 408 Men in, what we may call, the Totem stage of development.

1871 E. B. Tylor Primitive Culture II. xv. 213 Some accounts describing the totem-animal as being actually regarded as the sacred object.

1872 J. Morley Voltaire v. 241 The needs and aspirations..of the developed polytheist [would not be satisfied] by totem-worship.

1888 J. G. Frazer in Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 468/1 The Bechuanas in South Africa..have a well-developed totem system.

1907 C. Hill-Tout Brit. N. Amer., Far West ix. 177 The family or kin totem-figures which are customarily carved on the beams or painted on the sides of their houses.

1937 Jrnl. Anthropol. Inst. 60 413 It is thus clear that the gi is nothing other than the totem-ancestor.

2007 Yearbk. Eng. Stud. 37 60 Dêh-Yān, the eponymous heroine.., is the strongest unmarried girl of her totem clan.

C2.

totem exogamy n. Cultural Anthropology (among certain peoples) the custom of marrying a person of a different totem or totem clan.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > types of marriage custom or practice > [noun] > marriage outside clan or group

exogamy1865

totem exogamy1902

1902 Times 2 Sept. 10/4 Although there is totem exogamy, the marriage restrictions are regulated by relationship.

1910 C. G. Seligmann Melanesians Brit. New Guinea Introd. 10 Totem exogamy is still generally observed.

2005 A. Baruya Belief in Witch i. 5 These tribes are divided into totemistic groups. They follow totem exogamy.

totem post n. a totem pole.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the supernatural > deity > [noun] > idol > worshipped by specific people > American Indians > post depicting totem-figures

totem post1876

totem pole1880

society > faith > artefacts > symbol (general) > non-Christian symbols or images > [noun] > totem > post

totem post1876

totem pole1880

1876 Bucks County (Pa.) Gaz. 15 June The Government officials promise that a remarkable specimen of this peculiar class will soon be exhibited in a totem post from Cape Flattery.

2009 K. Flint Transatlantic Indian p. xv The refurbishing of a Kwakiutl totem post on the Salford quays.

totem stone n. (among certain peoples) a sacred stone, sometimes with markings, which represents a clan's totem.The precise meaning of quot. 1856 is unclear.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the supernatural > deity > [noun] > idol > worshipped by specific people > American Indians > stone depicting totem figures

totem stone1856

society > faith > artefacts > symbol (general) > non-Christian symbols or images > [noun] > totem > stone

totem stone1856

1856 Trans. Essex (Mass.) Agric. Soc. 9 Many a swelling hill had its ‘totem-stone’, a neighborhood rendezvous where the ‘pow-wow’ was chanted.

1901 Athenæum 7 Dec. 779/1 Mr. N. W. Thomas exhibited a collection of ‘totem-stones’.

1995 Advertiser (Austral.) (Nexis) 21 June Items seized included bull-roarers, ceremonial objects used only by Aboriginal men, and totem stones.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2019; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	totem
释义	totemn. Brit. /ˈtəʊtəm/, U.S. /ˈtoʊdəm/ Forms: 1700s totam, 1700s– totem, 1800s toodaim. Origin: A borrowing from Ojibwa. Etymon: Ojibwa nindoodem. Etymology: < Ojibwa nindoodem my totem, my clan (compare also odoodeman his or her totem or clan, and the Ojibwa (Nipissing) form ototeman, recorded in the 19th cent.), probably ultimately < an Algonquian base with the sense ‘to dwell together’, also reflected e.g. in Ojibwa oodena village. Compare French totam (1794).The form toodaim is used (in English) by a native speaker of Ojibwa (compare quot. a1856 at sense 1b). The following is often cited as part of the history of the English word, but in fact reflects an independent and isolated borrowing < French †aoutem (Lescarbot 1609), itself apparently < an Algonquian word of uncertain origin (perhaps related), used in Acadia:1609 P. Erondelle tr. M. Lescarbot Noua Francia 166 His diuell called Aoutem [Fr. appellé Aoutem], which they of Canada doe name Cudouagni. 1. a. An emblem representing a clan or other hereditary social unit, having the form of an animal or other natural object; the animal or natural object itself; a depiction or representation of this animal or object.Originally with reference to North American Indian peoples but used by anthropologists with reference to other groups with similar practices or beliefs.A totem is typically considered to be ancestrally or fraternally related to the clan and is treated with particular care (see e.g. quots. 1791 and 1885).personal totem, sex totem: see the first element. ΘΚΠ society > communication > indication > that which identifies or distinguishes > [noun] > sign of a totem clan totem1791 the world > the supernatural > deity > [noun] > idol > worshipped by specific people > American Indians totem1791 the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > respect > reverence > [noun] > thing that one worships or reveres totem1791 society > faith > artefacts > symbol (general) > non-Christian symbols or images > [noun] > totem totem1791 society > communication > indication > insignia > [noun] > totem > Amerindian totem1791 1791 J. Long Voy. Indian Interpreter 86 One part of the religious superstition of the Savages, consists in each of them having his totam, or favourite spirit, which he believes watches over him. This totam they conceive assumes the shape of some beast or other, and therefore they never kill, hunt, or eat the animal whose form they think this totam bears. 1841 G. Catlin Lett. N. Amer. Indians II. liv. 170 We [sc. a Mandan chief and his tribe] left our totems or marks on the rocks—we cut them deep in the stones, and they are there now. 1855 H. W. Longfellow Hiawatha xiv. 189 From what old, ancestral Totem, Be it Eagle, Bear, or Beaver, They descended, this we know not. 1870 J. Lubbock Origin of Civilisation (ed. 2) v. 184 In Australia we seem to find the totem, or, as it is there called, kobong, almost in the very moment of deification. 1885 E. Clodd Myths & Dreams i. vi. 106 The Dacotahs would neither kill nor eat their totems. 1887 L. Oliphant Episodes 72 Twelve of these placed their totems opposite my signature; each totem consisting of the rude representation of a bear, a deer, an otter, a rat, or some other wild animal. 1910 F. W. Hodge Handbk. Amer. Indians II. 868/1 The Unami held precedence over the other Delawares. Their totem was the turtle (pakoango). 1955 M. Barbeau Tree of Dreams 93 The Indian nodded assent. ‘Everything owns a name, a spirit—a totem. Without a name, nothing can really exist.’ 2009 Wicazo Sa Rev. 24 98 Each clan..was required to perform a ceremony based on the knowledge they had learned from some spirit ancestor (which would later become their totem, such as Badger, Spider, but also Fire, Reed, Sand, etc.). b. A group or clan which is identified with or by such an object. Now rare. ΘΚΠ society > communication > indication > that which identifies or distinguishes > [noun] > sign of a totem clan > one who belongs to a totem clan totem1849 totemite1889 1849 J. C. Prichard in J. F. W. Herschel Man. Sci. Enq. (Lords Commissioners Admiralty) 435 The institution of the Totem, as it was termed among the North American nations, has its counterpart among the nations of Australia. a1856 P. Jones Hist. Ojebways (1861) 138 Each ‘nation’ is subdivided into a number of tribes or clans called ‘toodaims’, and each tribe is distinguished by certain animals or things. 1905 A. Lang Secret of Totem iv. 69 In marrying a woman of his totem, but not of his set of classes, a man does not break the law of Arunta exogamy. 2008 B. Haughton Haunted Spaces, Sacred Places 256 Each Aboriginal clan is divided into totems related to animals, plants, or objects, the spirit of which watches over the clan's affairs. 2. figurative. A sign, symbol, or example; a guiding principle or value. ΘΚΠ society > communication > indication > that which identifies or distinguishes > [noun] tokenc1000 distinctionc1374 differencea1398 signeta1425 knowledge?c1475 smell?a1505 markc1522 badge1529 note1583 impress1590 monument1590 type1595 stamp1600 pressure1604 mintage1612 criterion1613 impressa1628 differencer1633 lineament1638 mole1644 discrimination1646 tessera1647 diagnostic1651 monumental1657 discretive1660 signate1662 footmark1666 trait1752 memorandum1766 fingerprint1792 insignia1796 identifier1807 designative1824 cachet1840 differentiator1854 tanga1867 trademark1869 signature1873 totem1875 differential1883 earmarkings1888 paw print1894 discriminator1943 ident1952 society > communication > indication > insignia > [noun] > totem totem1875 1875 Rep. Comm. Council on Educ. (Eng. & Wales) 1874–5 App. ii. 184 in Parl. Papers C. 1265-I XXIV. 1 The old dame's method of setting columns of words to be learnt by heart..was philosophical by the side of that which teaches each word as a sort of totem or symbol. 1890 Pall Mall Gaz. 30 June 7/2 The vulgar embroidered smoking-cap, which used to be the distinctive totem of the bazaar debauchee. 1930 Oxf. Ann. Girls 38/1 A stern business man like Uncle P., the owner and head of a vast manufacturing business, whose twin totems are method and efficiency, is bound to take notice of bilge like that. 2002 R. E. Bonner Colors & Blood (2004) v. 118 The twin totems of Christianity and nationhood were combined at a formal level by those who died so that a new Confederate nation might live. 2011 Independent on Sunday 23 Jan. (New Review) 5/1 When is a handbag not a handbag? When it's Mulberry's latest totem of super-luxe exclusivity, that's when. 3. A totem pole. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinship group > tribe > [noun] > small tribe or division of tribe > American Indian > post used by totem pole1880 totem1883 1883 St. Louis (Missouri) Globe-Democrat 9 Aug. 4/6 The tall totems that guard the doorways of the chiefs and the other great men. 1891 Canad. Indian July 287 A remarkably fine totem, thirty-five feet high and well carved, has recently been donated to the museum of McGill University. 1941 E. Carr Klee Wyck 85 The brave old totems stood solemnly round the bay. 2002 Pop. Photogr. Apr. 64/2 Photograph the ‘Codger Pole’, a totem that claims to be the largest chainsaw sculpture in the world. Phrases colloquial. low man on the totem: a person of lowly status. Similarly low on the totem: of lowly status. Cf. sense 3, totem pole n. 1b. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > humility > [adjective] > of rank or position low man on the totem pole1941 low on the totem1956 society > society and the community > social class > the common people > socially inferior person > [noun] lowerc1175 afterlingc1275 smalla1325 nethererc1443 undermana1661 lowlife1712 vulgar1763 vulgarian1809 rank outsider1869 low man on the totem1956 1956 Alaska & West Coast Transportation Probl.: Hearings before U.S. Senate Comm. Interstate & Foreign Commerce, 84th Congr., 2nd Sess. (U.S. Comm. Interstate & Foreign Commerce) 55 Because of the unfair competitive tactics employed by the Alaska Railroad, I now am low man on the totem. 1974 K. Millett Flying (1975) ii. 167 Counting on faculty privilege. Almost too low on the totem even to deserve it. 1977 D. Bagley Enemy xviii. 148 ‘What's your status here?’ ‘Low man on the bloody totem... I have a line into the Embassy but that's for emergency use only.’ 2006 New Yorker (Nexis) 5 June (Fact section) 47 I used to talk about people who have a moment of power, even though they're very low on the totem, and instead of being generous use it to put someone down. Compounds C1. General attributive, as totem animal, totem clan, totem stage, etc. ΚΠ 1869 J. F. M'Lennan in Fortn. Rev. Oct. 408 Men in, what we may call, the Totem stage of development. 1871 E. B. Tylor Primitive Culture II. xv. 213 Some accounts describing the totem-animal as being actually regarded as the sacred object. 1872 J. Morley Voltaire v. 241 The needs and aspirations..of the developed polytheist [would not be satisfied] by totem-worship. 1888 J. G. Frazer in Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 468/1 The Bechuanas in South Africa..have a well-developed totem system. 1907 C. Hill-Tout Brit. N. Amer., Far West ix. 177 The family or kin totem-figures which are customarily carved on the beams or painted on the sides of their houses. 1937 Jrnl. Anthropol. Inst. 60 413 It is thus clear that the gi is nothing other than the totem-ancestor. 2007 Yearbk. Eng. Stud. 37 60 Dêh-Yān, the eponymous heroine.., is the strongest unmarried girl of her totem clan. C2. totem exogamy n. Cultural Anthropology (among certain peoples) the custom of marrying a person of a different totem or totem clan. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > types of marriage custom or practice > [noun] > marriage outside clan or group exogamy1865 totem exogamy1902 1902 Times 2 Sept. 10/4 Although there is totem exogamy, the marriage restrictions are regulated by relationship. 1910 C. G. Seligmann Melanesians Brit. New Guinea Introd. 10 Totem exogamy is still generally observed. 2005 A. Baruya Belief in Witch i. 5 These tribes are divided into totemistic groups. They follow totem exogamy. totem post n. a totem pole. ΘΚΠ the world > the supernatural > deity > [noun] > idol > worshipped by specific people > American Indians > post depicting totem-figures totem post1876 totem pole1880 society > faith > artefacts > symbol (general) > non-Christian symbols or images > [noun] > totem > post totem post1876 totem pole1880 1876 Bucks County (Pa.) Gaz. 15 June The Government officials promise that a remarkable specimen of this peculiar class will soon be exhibited in a totem post from Cape Flattery. 2009 K. Flint Transatlantic Indian p. xv The refurbishing of a Kwakiutl totem post on the Salford quays. totem stone n. (among certain peoples) a sacred stone, sometimes with markings, which represents a clan's totem.The precise meaning of quot. 1856 is unclear. ΘΚΠ the world > the supernatural > deity > [noun] > idol > worshipped by specific people > American Indians > stone depicting totem figures totem stone1856 society > faith > artefacts > symbol (general) > non-Christian symbols or images > [noun] > totem > stone totem stone1856 1856 Trans. Essex (Mass.) Agric. Soc. 9 Many a swelling hill had its ‘totem-stone’, a neighborhood rendezvous where the ‘pow-wow’ was chanted. 1901 Athenæum 7 Dec. 779/1 Mr. N. W. Thomas exhibited a collection of ‘totem-stones’. 1995 Advertiser (Austral.) (Nexis) 21 June Items seized included bull-roarers, ceremonial objects used only by Aboriginal men, and totem stones. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2019; most recently modified version published online June 2022). † totemv. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: totem n. Etymology: < totem n. Obsolete. rare. transitive. To draw, paint, or tattoo (a mark representing a totem) on a part of the body. ΘΚΠ the world > the supernatural > deity > [verb (transitive)] > make totem mark totem1892 1892 S. Jackson Rep. Educ. Alaska 30 June in Rep. Commisioner of Educ. (U.S.) 1891–2 (1894) ii. xxviii. 890 Some [Tchuktchi men] have a small mark or figure totemed on the cheek, forehead, or some part of the face. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2019). < n.1791v.1892
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totemn.

Phrases

Compounds

† totemv.