-ishsuffix¹

Primary stress is retained by the usual stressed syllable of the preceding element.

A suffix forming adjectives, of Common Germanic origin; Gothic -isks, Old Norse -iskr, Old High German, Old Saxon, Old Frisian, Old English -isc, German, Dutch -isch: cognate with Greek -ισκ-ος diminutive suffix of nouns. Sometimes syncopated to -sh (spelt also -ch). In Scottish usually -is, syncopated -s, -ce. In words of old formation, the preceding vowel had umlaut (which was often present in the noun whence the adjective in -isc was formed); in later use the vowel has usually been altered back to that of the noun when this is in use; e.g. Scottish, Danish, after Scot, Dane; the modified vowel being retained in other cases, as in English, French, Welsh.

1. In Old English and the cognate languages, chiefly forming gentile adjectives from national names: e.g. British (Old English Brittisc), English (Old English Englisc, †Scottish Inglis), Scottish, Scotch (Old English Scyttisc, Sc. †Scottis, Scots), Irish (Old English Irisc), Welsh (Old English Wielisc, †Sc. Walys, Wallis); Danish (Old English Dęnisc, †Scottish Dense, Dence); Frankish, French (Old English Fręncisc); so in many adjectives of various ages, as Alemannish, Finnish, Flemish, Gaulish, †Greekish (Old English Grécisc), Icelandish, Jewish, Jutish, Netherlandish, Pictish, Polish, Romish, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish, Wendish.

2. Added to other nouns, with the sense ‘Of or belonging to a person or thing, of the nature or character of’. These were not numerous in Old English, whence only a few have come down to later times. Examples are folcisc popular, hǽðenisc heathenish, þéodisc national, inlęndisc inlandish, utlęndisc outlandish (which come close to the gentile group in sense 1); also męnnisc human, cildisc childish, cierlisc churlish. In later times this ending has become exceedingly common, sometimes in the earlier colourless sense as boyish, girlish, waggish, but chiefly in a derogatory sense, ‘Having the (bad or objectionable) qualities of’: as in apish, babyish, boarish, boorish, brutish, clownish, currish, devilish, doggish, doltish, dronish, foolish, foppish, goatish, ghoulish, hoggish, impish, knavish, mannish, monkish, mulish, owlish, prudish, roguish, selfish, shrewish, sluggish, sluttish, sottish, swinish, thievish, waspish, whorish, wolvish, womanish. (These have usually corresponding German forms in -isch.) Also from names of things, with sense ‘of the nature of, tending to’, as in aguish, blockish, bookish, brinish, feverish, freakish, hellish, moorish; or from other parts of speech, as snappish, stand-offish, uppish.

In the 19th century, in colloquial and journalistic use, -ish became a favourite ending for forming adjectives for the nonce (esp. of a slighting or depreciatory nature) on proper names of persons, places, or things, and even on phrases, e.g. Disraelitish, Heine-ish, Mark Twainish, Micawberish, Miss Martineauish, Queen Annish, Spectator-ish, Tupperish, West Endish; all-over-ish, at-homeish, devil-may-care-ish, how-d'ye-doish, jolly-good-fellowish, merry-go-roundish, out-of-townish, and the like.

1815 ‘J. Mathers’ Hist. Mr. John Decastro & Brother Bat II. 243 She might have an I-dont-know-howishness about her which no lady can run away from unless she runs one way.

1836 C. Dickens Sketches by Boz 1st Ser. II. 2 A clean cravatish formality of manner.

1845 Tennyson in Ld. Tennyson Mem. (1897) I. 227 I feel the least bit possible Miss Martineauish about it.

1883 A. Thomas Mod. Housewife 150 The Micawberish prospect of anything turning up.

1887 Pall Mall Gaz. 17 Oct. 3/1 A Heine-ish sneer at the tendency of the Eternal-Feminine to relax the tension of our ideals.

1894 Daily News 4 Jan. 4/7 Some huge pile of building, generally much more Queen Anne-ish than the houses of Queen Anne's own time.

3. Added to adjectives with the sense ‘Of the nature of, approaching the quality of, somewhat’, apparently first with words of colour (which may have been treated as nouns, and so have originally come under 2): e.g. bluish (a1400), blackish (a1500), brownish, reddish, whitish, yellowish, etc. In later use also with other adjectives, and now, in colloquial use, possible with nearly all monosyllabic adjectives, and some others, e.g. brightish, broadish, coldish, darkish, dimmish, dryish, dullish, duskish, feeblish, goodish, hardish, loudish, narrowish, oldish, palish, poorish, queerish, smallish, smartish, softish, tallish, thickish, thinnish, warmish, weakish, wettish, youngish. Derivatives of this type are peculiar to English among the cognate languages: those formed on adjectives of colour answer to French adjectives in -âtre, as bleuâtre, noirâtre, and to German adjectives in -lich, as bläulich, schwärtzlich. Of other adjectives, only a few have equivalent German forms in -lich; the force of -ish is ordinarily given in German by the qualifying etwas or ein wenig.

4. Added to names of hours of the day or numbers of years to denote: round about, somewhere near (the time or period of) (probably after earlyish, latish).

1916 ‘Peter’ Trench Yarns ix. 110 ‘What time shall I come?’ ‘Elevenish,’ Sam replied.

1925 B. Travers Mischief xiv. 209 I shall be going to Shady Nook at about tenish.

1930 J. B. Priestley Angel Pavement iii. 106 Eightish then, next Tuesday, eh?

1941 Britannia & Eve Sept. 15/3 Lady Regan was probably thirty. Sir Gerald looked fifty-five-ish.

1950 Sat. Rev. Lit. (U.S.) 28 Jan. The ninetyish, gentle Chandler at the reception desk.

1955 E. Hyams Slaughterhouse Informer xiv. 220 ‘We'll make a party of it.’ ‘Sixish?’

1967 B. Norman Matter of Mandrake xx. 174 Will you be in your room about sevenish?

1971 P. Purser Holy Father's Navy iii. 19 Thirtyish furniture in pale, shabby wood.

1972 ‘C. Fremlin’ Appointment with Yesterday iv. 24 This anxious thirty-five-ish person.

5. From adjectives in -ish, adverbs in -ishly, and nouns of quality in -ishness are formed ad libitum: e.g. girlishly, girlishness, feverishly, feverishness.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online September 2021).

-ishsuffix²

Primary stress is retained by the preceding element.

A suffix of verbs, representing French -iss-, extended stem of verbs in -ir, e.g. périr to perish, periss-ant, ils periss-ent. The French -iss- originated in the Latin -isc- of inceptive verbs, which in Italian, Provençal, and French was extended to form a class of simple verbs, corresponding to Latin verbs in -īre and -ēre, and including others which were assimilated to these. At their first adoption, these verbs ended in English in -is, -ise, -iss(e, which before 1400 changed to -isshe. In Scottish the original -is, -isse, was retained longer, and appeared in 16th cent. as -eis(e: pereis, fleureis. Among the chief examples of this ending are abolish, accomplish, banish, blandish, blemish, brandish, burnish, cherish, demolish, embellish, establish, finish, flourish, furbish, furnish, garnish, impoverish, languish, nourish, perish, polish, punish, ravish, relinquish, replenish, tarnish, vanish, varnish.

In some cases, other French endings have been levelled under this suffix in Anglo-Norman or English: such are admonish, astonish, diminish, distinguish, eternish, famish, lavish, minish, monish, publish, relish, etc., for the history of which see the individual words.In a few words the French -iss- is represented in English by -ise, or even -ize: e.g. avertir, -iss- advertise v., châstir, -iss- chastise v.; amortir, -iss- amortize v.; réjouir, rejouiss- has given rejoice n.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online September 2019).

单词	-ish
释义	-ishsuffix¹ Primary stress is retained by the usual stressed syllable of the preceding element. A suffix forming adjectives, of Common Germanic origin; Gothic -isks, Old Norse -iskr, Old High German, Old Saxon, Old Frisian, Old English -isc, German, Dutch -isch: cognate with Greek -ισκ-ος diminutive suffix of nouns. Sometimes syncopated to -sh (spelt also -ch). In Scottish usually -is, syncopated -s, -ce. In words of old formation, the preceding vowel had umlaut (which was often present in the noun whence the adjective in -isc was formed); in later use the vowel has usually been altered back to that of the noun when this is in use; e.g. Scottish, Danish, after Scot, Dane; the modified vowel being retained in other cases, as in English, French, Welsh. 1. In Old English and the cognate languages, chiefly forming gentile adjectives from national names: e.g. British (Old English Brittisc), English (Old English Englisc, †Scottish Inglis), Scottish, Scotch (Old English Scyttisc, Sc. †Scottis, Scots), Irish (Old English Irisc), Welsh (Old English Wielisc, †Sc. Walys, Wallis); Danish (Old English Dęnisc, †Scottish Dense, Dence); Frankish, French (Old English Fręncisc); so in many adjectives of various ages, as Alemannish, Finnish, Flemish, Gaulish, †Greekish (Old English Grécisc), Icelandish, Jewish, Jutish, Netherlandish, Pictish, Polish, Romish, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish, Wendish. 2. Added to other nouns, with the sense ‘Of or belonging to a person or thing, of the nature or character of’. These were not numerous in Old English, whence only a few have come down to later times. Examples are folcisc popular, hǽðenisc heathenish, þéodisc national, inlęndisc inlandish, utlęndisc outlandish (which come close to the gentile group in sense 1); also męnnisc human, cildisc childish, cierlisc churlish. In later times this ending has become exceedingly common, sometimes in the earlier colourless sense as boyish, girlish, waggish, but chiefly in a derogatory sense, ‘Having the (bad or objectionable) qualities of’: as in apish, babyish, boarish, boorish, brutish, clownish, currish, devilish, doggish, doltish, dronish, foolish, foppish, goatish, ghoulish, hoggish, impish, knavish, mannish, monkish, mulish, owlish, prudish, roguish, selfish, shrewish, sluggish, sluttish, sottish, swinish, thievish, waspish, whorish, wolvish, womanish. (These have usually corresponding German forms in -isch.) Also from names of things, with sense ‘of the nature of, tending to’, as in aguish, blockish, bookish, brinish, feverish, freakish, hellish, moorish; or from other parts of speech, as snappish, stand-offish, uppish. In the 19th century, in colloquial and journalistic use, -ish became a favourite ending for forming adjectives for the nonce (esp. of a slighting or depreciatory nature) on proper names of persons, places, or things, and even on phrases, e.g. Disraelitish, Heine-ish, Mark Twainish, Micawberish, Miss Martineauish, Queen Annish, Spectator-ish, Tupperish, West Endish; all-over-ish, at-homeish, devil-may-care-ish, how-d'ye-doish, jolly-good-fellowish, merry-go-roundish, out-of-townish, and the like. Π 1815 ‘J. Mathers’ Hist. Mr. John Decastro & Brother Bat II. 243 She might have an I-dont-know-howishness about her which no lady can run away from unless she runs one way. 1836 C. Dickens Sketches by Boz 1st Ser. II. 2 A clean cravatish formality of manner. 1845 Tennyson in Ld. Tennyson Mem. (1897) I. 227 I feel the least bit possible Miss Martineauish about it. 1883 A. Thomas Mod. Housewife 150 The Micawberish prospect of anything turning up. 1887 Pall Mall Gaz. 17 Oct. 3/1 A Heine-ish sneer at the tendency of the Eternal-Feminine to relax the tension of our ideals. 1894 Daily News 4 Jan. 4/7 Some huge pile of building, generally much more Queen Anne-ish than the houses of Queen Anne's own time. 3. Added to adjectives with the sense ‘Of the nature of, approaching the quality of, somewhat’, apparently first with words of colour (which may have been treated as nouns, and so have originally come under 2): e.g. bluish (a1400), blackish (a1500), brownish, reddish, whitish, yellowish, etc. In later use also with other adjectives, and now, in colloquial use, possible with nearly all monosyllabic adjectives, and some others, e.g. brightish, broadish, coldish, darkish, dimmish, dryish, dullish, duskish, feeblish, goodish, hardish, loudish, narrowish, oldish, palish, poorish, queerish, smallish, smartish, softish, tallish, thickish, thinnish, warmish, weakish, wettish, youngish. Derivatives of this type are peculiar to English among the cognate languages: those formed on adjectives of colour answer to French adjectives in -âtre, as bleuâtre, noirâtre, and to German adjectives in -lich, as bläulich, schwärtzlich. Of other adjectives, only a few have equivalent German forms in -lich; the force of -ish is ordinarily given in German by the qualifying etwas or ein wenig. 4. Added to names of hours of the day or numbers of years to denote: round about, somewhere near (the time or period of) (probably after earlyish, latish). Π 1916 ‘Peter’ Trench Yarns ix. 110 ‘What time shall I come?’ ‘Elevenish,’ Sam replied. 1925 B. Travers Mischief xiv. 209 I shall be going to Shady Nook at about tenish. 1930 J. B. Priestley Angel Pavement iii. 106 Eightish then, next Tuesday, eh? 1941 Britannia & Eve Sept. 15/3 Lady Regan was probably thirty. Sir Gerald looked fifty-five-ish. 1950 Sat. Rev. Lit. (U.S.) 28 Jan. The ninetyish, gentle Chandler at the reception desk. 1955 E. Hyams Slaughterhouse Informer xiv. 220 ‘We'll make a party of it.’ ‘Sixish?’ 1967 B. Norman Matter of Mandrake xx. 174 Will you be in your room about sevenish? 1971 P. Purser Holy Father's Navy iii. 19 Thirtyish furniture in pale, shabby wood. 1972 ‘C. Fremlin’ Appointment with Yesterday iv. 24 This anxious thirty-five-ish person. 5. From adjectives in -ish, adverbs in -ishly, and nouns of quality in -ishness are formed ad libitum: e.g. girlishly, girlishness, feverishly, feverishness. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online September 2021). -ishsuffix² Primary stress is retained by the preceding element. A suffix of verbs, representing French -iss-, extended stem of verbs in -ir, e.g. périr to perish, periss-ant, ils periss-ent. The French -iss- originated in the Latin -isc- of inceptive verbs, which in Italian, Provençal, and French was extended to form a class of simple verbs, corresponding to Latin verbs in -īre and -ēre, and including others which were assimilated to these. At their first adoption, these verbs ended in English in -is, -ise, -iss(e, which before 1400 changed to -isshe. In Scottish the original -is, -isse, was retained longer, and appeared in 16th cent. as -eis(e: pereis, fleureis. Among the chief examples of this ending are abolish, accomplish, banish, blandish, blemish, brandish, burnish, cherish, demolish, embellish, establish, finish, flourish, furbish, furnish, garnish, impoverish, languish, nourish, perish, polish, punish, ravish, relinquish, replenish, tarnish, vanish, varnish. In some cases, other French endings have been levelled under this suffix in Anglo-Norman or English: such are admonish, astonish, diminish, distinguish, eternish, famish, lavish, minish, monish, publish, relish, etc., for the history of which see the individual words.In a few words the French -iss- is represented in English by -ise, or even -ize: e.g. avertir, -iss- advertise v., châstir, -iss- chastise v.; amortir, -iss- amortize v.; réjouir, rejouiss- has given rejoice n. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online September 2019). < suffix¹1815suffix²
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-ishsuffix1

-ishsuffix2

-ishsuffix¹

-ishsuffix²