-iersuffix

In sense 1, primary stress is maintained by the element preceding the suffix. In sense 2, primary stress is usually attracted to the suffix itself.

a suffix forming nouns designating position, employment, or profession, derived from nouns, rarely agent-nouns from verbs, (1) in words of Middle English age, in which the suffix is unstressed, and varies (or has varied) with -yer, as collier, bowyer, (2) in words of later date (since 16th cent.), in which the suffix is stressed, and varies with -eer suffix¹, as bombardier, cashier, cannoneer (-ier), financier.

1. In words of Middle English age, the suffix is of obscure and apparently of diverse origin. Among the earliest examples are cottier (cotier), tilier, and bowyer: the first is < Old French cotier = medieval Latin cotārius, and its retention of -ier is remarkable, because Old French -ier normally became -er in Anglo-Norman and English, as in butler, draper, farmer (see -er suffix¹ 2); tiliere (1250–1400), ‘tiller, cultivator’, appears to be an analogical formation on Old English tilia, early Middle English tilie, on the analogy of such pairs as Old English hunta, Middle English huntere, since the etymological formation would have been tilere; for bowyer (1297 bowiare, a1450 bowȝere, bowyere), the suggestion has been made that the i, y, represents the ȝ of Middle English boȝe, bow n.¹; but this is doubtful. Other examples are collier (15th cent. koliere, cholier, colyer, etc.), lawyer 1362 (but also, a1400, lawer), lockyer (1407 lokier), brazier (1400–50brasier, brasyere), hellier, hillyer (15th cent. helier, helyer, hillyer), spurrier a 1450, halyer 1479 (haulyer 1577), grazier c 1500. Of glazier (a1400), clothier, hosier, sawyer (a1500), farrier, pavier, -iour (16th cent.), there exist as early (in some cases earlier) forms in -er; courier, cozier, furrier, are 16th cent. forms altered from Middle English or Old French agent-nouns in -our; drovier, glosier, kiddier, are 16th cent. variants of drover, gloser, kidder; lovier a late nonstandard form of lover. In other words, as carrier, courtier, currier, soldier, the suffix is really -er (or earlier -our), the i belonging to the English or French vb. stem. (See also -iour suffix.)

2. In words of later introduction, the suffix is the French -ier (:—Latin -ārius: see -ary suffix¹). The earlier of these, as bombardier, cannonier (-eer), cashier, cavalier, chevalier, halberdier, harquebusier, date from 16th cent.; others, as brigadier, carabinier (-eer), cuirassier, financier, fusilier, gondolier, grenadier, from 17th or 18th cent. Some, as cordelier, have taken the place of an earlier form in -er, which goes back to Middle English Many of these also occur with the spelling -eer, expressing the English pronunciation; in some this spelling has been established, and from them -eer suffix¹ has become a living English suffix, as in auctioneer, charioteer, pamphleteer.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1899; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	-ier
释义	-iersuffix In sense 1, primary stress is maintained by the element preceding the suffix. In sense 2, primary stress is usually attracted to the suffix itself. a suffix forming nouns designating position, employment, or profession, derived from nouns, rarely agent-nouns from verbs, (1) in words of Middle English age, in which the suffix is unstressed, and varies (or has varied) with -yer, as collier, bowyer, (2) in words of later date (since 16th cent.), in which the suffix is stressed, and varies with -eer suffix¹, as bombardier, cashier, cannoneer (-ier), financier. 1. In words of Middle English age, the suffix is of obscure and apparently of diverse origin. Among the earliest examples are cottier (cotier), tilier, and bowyer: the first is < Old French cotier = medieval Latin cotārius, and its retention of -ier is remarkable, because Old French -ier normally became -er in Anglo-Norman and English, as in butler, draper, farmer (see -er suffix¹ 2); tiliere (1250–1400), ‘tiller, cultivator’, appears to be an analogical formation on Old English tilia, early Middle English tilie, on the analogy of such pairs as Old English hunta, Middle English huntere, since the etymological formation would have been tilere; for bowyer (1297 bowiare, a1450 bowȝere, bowyere), the suggestion has been made that the i, y, represents the ȝ of Middle English boȝe, bow n.¹; but this is doubtful. Other examples are collier (15th cent. koliere, cholier, colyer, etc.), lawyer 1362 (but also, a1400, lawer), lockyer (1407 lokier), brazier (1400–50brasier, brasyere), hellier, hillyer (15th cent. helier, helyer, hillyer), spurrier a 1450, halyer 1479 (haulyer 1577), grazier c 1500. Of glazier (a1400), clothier, hosier, sawyer (a1500), farrier, pavier, -iour (16th cent.), there exist as early (in some cases earlier) forms in -er; courier, cozier, furrier, are 16th cent. forms altered from Middle English or Old French agent-nouns in -our; drovier, glosier, kiddier, are 16th cent. variants of drover, gloser, kidder; lovier a late nonstandard form of lover. In other words, as carrier, courtier, currier, soldier, the suffix is really -er (or earlier -our), the i belonging to the English or French vb. stem. (See also -iour suffix.) 2. In words of later introduction, the suffix is the French -ier (:—Latin -ārius: see -ary suffix¹). The earlier of these, as bombardier, cannonier (-eer), cashier, cavalier, chevalier, halberdier, harquebusier, date from 16th cent.; others, as brigadier, carabinier (-eer), cuirassier, financier, fusilier, gondolier, grenadier, from 17th or 18th cent. Some, as cordelier, have taken the place of an earlier form in -er, which goes back to Middle English Many of these also occur with the spelling -eer, expressing the English pronunciation; in some this spelling has been established, and from them -eer suffix¹ has become a living English suffix, as in auctioneer, charioteer, pamphleteer. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1899; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < suffix
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