英语词汇“take on oneself”的英英意思、用法、释义、翻译、读音、例句、短语、词组-英语词典

a. to take on (also upon) one(self).

(a) transitive. To undertake, to take on (an office, duty, or responsibility); to make oneself responsible for. Also intransitive.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > undertaking > undertake [verb (transitive)] > a duty, office, or role

enterc1425

to take on (also upon) one(self)1432

fall1589

assume1591

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 210 Twa þinges beoð þet god haueð edholden to him seoluen. Þet beoð wurchipe & wrake..hwase eauer onhim seolf takeð ouðer of þeos twa he robbeð god.

1397–8 Rolls of Parl.: Richard II (Electronic ed.) Parl. Sept. 1397 Pleas §7. m. 4 I..restreyned my lord of his fredom, and toke upon me amonge other power real.

1432 in Paston Lett. (1904) II. 36 The said Erle hath take upon him the governance of the Kinges persone.

1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) vi. l. 355 Be-caus we wait he is a gentill man, Cum in my grace and I sall saiff him than. As for his lyff I will apon me tak.

c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) xliii. 143 He wyll take on hym this bateyll ayenst the gyant.

1597 W. Shakespeare Richard III iii. viii. 79 Happy were England, would this gracious prince Take on himselfe the souerainty thereon.

1611 Bible (King James) Num. xvi. 7 Yee take too much vpon you [1535 Coverdale make to moch a doo], ye sonnes of Leui.

a1648 Ld. Herbert Life Henry VIII (1649) 225 He should perswade her to enter a Monastery, and take on her a Religious life.

1728 in J. A. Picton City of Liverpool: Select. Munic. Rec. (1886) II. 86 Occasioned by..Mr. Hughes's taking upon him the office of Mayor.

1790 W. Bligh Narr. Mutiny on Bounty 86 When there was a doubt about supplying me with money..he chearfully took it upon himself.

1844 J. B. Fraser Dark Falcon I. xi. 278 ‘Have we no guide, then, amongst us?’ asked Osman;—‘Well, then, I must take the office on myself.’

1883 Cent. Mag. 26 608/1 Helen took the blame upon herself.

1916 Biblical World Oct. 209/1 Education societies took upon themselves the task of raising funds for these schools.

1949 D. Sinclair Secret Riders Farm vi. 53 Rex, thereupon, took upon himself the rôle (as he put it) of ‘carrying the can as usual’.

2005 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 22 Sept. 22/1 Writing letters of condolence was just one of the duties that Whitman took upon himself as a Soldiers' Missionary.

(b) transitive. With infinitive clause as object, or (in later use) with it as anticipatory object and infinitive clause as complement: to undertake (to do something); (with negative connotations) to presume, make bold (to do something).

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > undertaking > undertake or set oneself to do [verb (intransitive)]

found12..

to take on (also upon) one(self)a1300

assay1330

study1340

to put (also lay, set, etc.) one's hand to the ploughc1384

intendc1385

pressc1390

to put oneself in pressc1390

gatherc1400

undertakec1405

sayc1425

to fall in hand with (also to do (something))c1450

setc1485

obligea1500

essay?1515

attend1523

supprise1532

to set in foot1542

enterprise1547

address1548

to set in hand1548

prove1612

to make it one's businessa1628

engage1646

embark1647

bend1694

to take hold1868

a1300 Passion our Lord 619 in R. Morris Old Eng. Misc. (1872) 54 (MED) Vre louerd him tok on To schewen his apostles þet he wes god and mon.

1449 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VI (Electronic ed.) Parl. Feb. 1449 §22. m. 7 Daren not take uppon hem to labour ayenst suche felons.

1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) xxii. 481 I shall take vpon me to make amendes for hym.

1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. cclxxv. 411 To desyre him to take on him to be the Constable of France.

1561 T. Becon Pomaunder of Prayer (new ed.) f. 62 He took vpon him to suffer ye cros, nailes and dart.

1649 F. Thorpe Charge York Assizes 26 If any Person take upon him to be a Badger of Corn.

1662 E. Martin Opinion ii. 23 I should condemn any man..that should take upon himself to give another leave to speak, or write.

1720 D. Defoe Mem. Cavalier 248 I took upon me..to go to Leeds.

1746 T. Salmon Mod. Hist. (new ed.) III. vii. 439/1 He took upon him to parcel out the lands of the Indians among the English without their leave.

1837 H. Hallam Introd. Lit. Europe I. i. 106 Some took on them to imitate what they read.

1885 Law Rep.: Queen's Bench Div. 14 825 The judgment, which the plaintiff has taken upon himself to sue out and to enter, is wrong.

1902 G. A. Henty To Herat & Cabul iv. 74 He..had him..carried to their lodging, taking on himself to send an order to the wuzeer's own medical attendant to go there at once.

1951 N. Monsarrat Cruel Sea (1953) i. v. 22 The nearest he had ever come to a clash with Grace was when her mother had taken it on herself to rearrange all the furniture in their sitting-room.

2004 S. Hall Electric Michelangelo 251 He did not want to risk leaving the vicinity in case she took it upon herself to choose that exact moment to come.

†(c) transitive. With clause as object: to profess, claim (to do something); to assert, claim (that something is the case), with the connotation that the claim or assertion is unwarranted. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) ii. l. 3028 (MED) He takeþ on hym to seyn what schal be-falle.

a1500 tr. A. Chartier Traité de l'Esperance (Rawl.) (1974) 128 [No man] wold take vpon him that thei had any souereyne power aftir that thei vndirstoode any parte of the Deite.

1546 Wycklyffes Wycket sig. A.v^v Hypocrites that take on them to make oure Lordes bodye.

1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. xxix^v As thoughe I toke vpon me, that I could not erre.

1605 J. Dove Confut. Atheisme 4 They which insinuate them-selues into Noble-mens houses, and Princes Courts, taking upon them to be the great Polititians of the worlde.

1653 T. Gataker Vindic. Annot. Jer. 10.2 31 The time whereof both of them, contrary to our Saviors avouchment take upon them to determine.

1784 Intrepid Mag. No. 1. (Divinity) 31/2 Dr. Baylis took upon himself to be able to give the highest instance possible of the legality of swearing in a court of justice. He said, that Jesus Christ himself is recorded to have taken an oath before a magistrate.

1846 J. F. Cooper Redskins II. iii. 42 I will not take on myself that any man of decency could really use such irreverent language about a body so truly eminent.

1868 H. W. Longfellow John Endicott ii. ii, in New Eng. Trag. 319 Quakers, Who take upon themselves to be commissioned Immediately of God.

†(d) intransitive. To assume authority or importance, to assert oneself; esp. (with negative connotations) to behave presumptuously or haughtily, to give oneself airs. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > pride > overweening or presumption > be or become presumptuous [verb (intransitive)]

overween1340

to take on (also upon) one(self)?1435

presumea1450

the mind > emotion > courage > bravery or boldness > act bravely [verb]

to take on (also upon) one(self)?1435

brave1884

?1435 in C. L. Kingsford Chrons. London (1905) 80 (MED) Yt was thought to my lorde off Wynchestre that my seyd lorde off Gloucestre toke vpon himsylff fferrer thanne his auctorite stretched vnto.

1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) v. l. 43 Wallace so weill apon him tuk that tide Throw the gret preys he maid a way full wide.

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 747/1 I take apon me, lyke a lord or mayster, je fais du grant.

1581 G. Pettie tr. S. Guazzo Ciuile Conuersat. (1586) ii. f. 109^v It shalbe the part of a straunger, being in another mans house, not to take vpon him presumptuously.

1637 T. Morton New Eng. Canaan iii. xxi. 158 This man..tooke upon him infinitely: and made warrants in his owne name.

1667 S. Pepys Diary 3 June (1974) VIII. 249 But Lord, to see how Duncomb doth take upon him is an eysore.

1720 D. Defoe Life Capt. Singleton 229 I found it was time to take upon me a little.

1782 Novelist's Mag. 7 163/2 When I reflected upon what I was, by taking upon me, I ran a risk of being one day or other ridiculed for my affectation.

(e) transitive. To assume (a particular form, likeness, character, or name); to adopt (a law, custom, or practice). Cf. senses 45a, 45b.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > taking > taking possession > take possession of [verb (transitive)] > take upon oneself

teec897

assume1447

to take on (also upon) one(self)c1515

assumpt1572

undertake1596

satchel1839

c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) xlv. 151 He thretenethe to slee me by cause I wyll not take on me his law.

1534 W. Marshall tr. Erasmus Playne & Godly Expos. Commune Crede iii. f. 51 The seconde persone, which toke fleshe vpon hym: is verye man of his mother and very god of god.

1549 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16267) Celebr. Holye Communion f. xii Almyghtye God whiche haste geuen vs thy onlye begotten sonne to take our nature vpon hym.

1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 112 He had taken on him a little before, the lyuery of the crosse.

1611 G. Chapman May-day ii. iv. 30 Ioue for his loue tooke on him the shape of a Bull.

1656 J. Smith Myst. Rhetorique Unvail'd 130 He made himself of no reputation, and took on him the form of a servant, and was made like unto men.

1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 35. ¶4 Several Imposters..who take upon them the Name of this young Gentleman.

1752 C. Lennox Female Quixote I. ii. v. 107 Who would have thought, that, under the Name of Alcippus..Alexander..took upon himself that mean Condition for the sake of seeing his adored Princess?

1844 Fraser's Mag. 30 532/2 Liddy was really taking the woman upon her in earnest, since she had attained the matronly age of seventeen.

1886 A. J. Church Story of Carthage i. i. 7 She causes her son Cupid, or Love, to take upon him the shape of Ascanius, the young son of Æneas.

1928 Boys' Life Feb. 41/1 The brave little soldier Marco who took upon himself the name of thief so Giovanni might carry the flag.

1953 Christian Scholar 36 13 God has shown his will toward us by taking upon himself the form of bondage in his creation.

2003 Etnofoor 16 58 The women took the name upon themselves.

†(f) transitive. With clause as object: to affect, feign, pretend. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > dissimulation, pretence > pretend, dissemble [phrase]

makec1275

to make wise1447

make as though?c1450

to let fare1483

to make a show ofa1500

to set a face1560

to take on (also upon) one(self)?1560

to make (a) miena1657

to make believe1773

to put it on1888

to play (the) fox1894

?1560 T. Norton Orations of Arsanes sig. K.iiij He fayneth hym selfe werry of warres with Christians, he taketh vpon him to be greued with the wast of his people.

?1571 tr. G. Buchanan Detectioun Marie Quene of Scottes sig. Ej^v Though thay tuke upon tham as if thay regardit nat these thynges, yet sometyme the rumors..nerely prickit them to the quick.

1600 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 2 ii. ii. 106 How comes that (saies he) that takes vppon him not to conceiue.

1609 W. Shakespeare Troilus & Cressida i. ii. 135 Shee takes vpon her to spie a white heare on his chinne.

单词	take on oneself
释义	> as lemmas to take on (also upon) one(self) a. to take on (also upon) one(self). (a) transitive. To undertake, to take on (an office, duty, or responsibility); to make oneself responsible for. Also intransitive. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > undertaking > undertake [verb (transitive)] > a duty, office, or role enterc1425 to take on (also upon) one(self)1432 fall1589 assume1591 ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 210 Twa þinges beoð þet god haueð edholden to him seoluen. Þet beoð wurchipe & wrake..hwase eauer onhim seolf takeð ouðer of þeos twa he robbeð god. 1397–8 Rolls of Parl.: Richard II (Electronic ed.) Parl. Sept. 1397 Pleas §7. m. 4 I..restreyned my lord of his fredom, and toke upon me amonge other power real. 1432 in Paston Lett. (1904) II. 36 The said Erle hath take upon him the governance of the Kinges persone. 1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) vi. l. 355 Be-caus we wait he is a gentill man, Cum in my grace and I sall saiff him than. As for his lyff I will apon me tak. c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) xliii. 143 He wyll take on hym this bateyll ayenst the gyant. 1597 W. Shakespeare Richard III iii. viii. 79 Happy were England, would this gracious prince Take on himselfe the souerainty thereon. 1611 Bible (King James) Num. xvi. 7 Yee take too much vpon you [1535 Coverdale make to moch a doo], ye sonnes of Leui. View more context for this quotation a1648 Ld. Herbert Life Henry VIII (1649) 225 He should perswade her to enter a Monastery, and take on her a Religious life. 1728 in J. A. Picton City of Liverpool: Select. Munic. Rec. (1886) II. 86 Occasioned by..Mr. Hughes's taking upon him the office of Mayor. 1790 W. Bligh Narr. Mutiny on Bounty 86 When there was a doubt about supplying me with money..he chearfully took it upon himself. 1844 J. B. Fraser Dark Falcon I. xi. 278 ‘Have we no guide, then, amongst us?’ asked Osman;—‘Well, then, I must take the office on myself.’ 1883 Cent. Mag. 26 608/1 Helen took the blame upon herself. 1916 Biblical World Oct. 209/1 Education societies took upon themselves the task of raising funds for these schools. 1949 D. Sinclair Secret Riders Farm vi. 53 Rex, thereupon, took upon himself the rôle (as he put it) of ‘carrying the can as usual’. 2005 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 22 Sept. 22/1 Writing letters of condolence was just one of the duties that Whitman took upon himself as a Soldiers' Missionary. (b) transitive. With infinitive clause as object, or (in later use) with it as anticipatory object and infinitive clause as complement: to undertake (to do something); (with negative connotations) to presume, make bold (to do something). ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > undertaking > undertake or set oneself to do [verb (intransitive)] found12.. to take on (also upon) one(self)a1300 assay1330 study1340 to put (also lay, set, etc.) one's hand to the ploughc1384 intendc1385 pressc1390 to put oneself in pressc1390 gatherc1400 undertakec1405 sayc1425 to fall in hand with (also to do (something))c1450 setc1485 obligea1500 essay?1515 attend1523 supprise1532 to set in foot1542 enterprise1547 address1548 to set in hand1548 prove1612 to make it one's businessa1628 engage1646 embark1647 bend1694 to take hold1868 a1300 Passion our Lord 619 in R. Morris Old Eng. Misc. (1872) 54 (MED) Vre louerd him tok on To schewen his apostles þet he wes god and mon. 1449 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VI (Electronic ed.) Parl. Feb. 1449 §22. m. 7 Daren not take uppon hem to labour ayenst suche felons. 1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) xxii. 481 I shall take vpon me to make amendes for hym. 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. cclxxv. 411 To desyre him to take on him to be the Constable of France. 1561 T. Becon Pomaunder of Prayer (new ed.) f. 62 He took vpon him to suffer ye cros, nailes and dart. 1649 F. Thorpe Charge York Assizes 26 If any Person take upon him to be a Badger of Corn. 1662 E. Martin Opinion ii. 23 I should condemn any man..that should take upon himself to give another leave to speak, or write. 1720 D. Defoe Mem. Cavalier 248 I took upon me..to go to Leeds. 1746 T. Salmon Mod. Hist. (new ed.) III. vii. 439/1 He took upon him to parcel out the lands of the Indians among the English without their leave. 1837 H. Hallam Introd. Lit. Europe I. i. 106 Some took on them to imitate what they read. 1885 Law Rep.: Queen's Bench Div. 14 825 The judgment, which the plaintiff has taken upon himself to sue out and to enter, is wrong. 1902 G. A. Henty To Herat & Cabul iv. 74 He..had him..carried to their lodging, taking on himself to send an order to the wuzeer's own medical attendant to go there at once. 1951 N. Monsarrat Cruel Sea (1953) i. v. 22 The nearest he had ever come to a clash with Grace was when her mother had taken it on herself to rearrange all the furniture in their sitting-room. 2004 S. Hall Electric Michelangelo 251 He did not want to risk leaving the vicinity in case she took it upon herself to choose that exact moment to come. †(c) transitive. With clause as object: to profess, claim (to do something); to assert, claim (that something is the case), with the connotation that the claim or assertion is unwarranted. Obsolete. ΚΠ c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) ii. l. 3028 (MED) He takeþ on hym to seyn what schal be-falle. a1500 tr. A. Chartier Traité de l'Esperance (Rawl.) (1974) 128 [No man] wold take vpon him that thei had any souereyne power aftir that thei vndirstoode any parte of the Deite. 1546 Wycklyffes Wycket sig. A.v^v Hypocrites that take on them to make oure Lordes bodye. 1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. xxix^v As thoughe I toke vpon me, that I could not erre. 1605 J. Dove Confut. Atheisme 4 They which insinuate them-selues into Noble-mens houses, and Princes Courts, taking upon them to be the great Polititians of the worlde. 1653 T. Gataker Vindic. Annot. Jer. 10.2 31 The time whereof both of them, contrary to our Saviors avouchment take upon them to determine. 1784 Intrepid Mag. No. 1. (Divinity) 31/2 Dr. Baylis took upon himself to be able to give the highest instance possible of the legality of swearing in a court of justice. He said, that Jesus Christ himself is recorded to have taken an oath before a magistrate. 1846 J. F. Cooper Redskins II. iii. 42 I will not take on myself that any man of decency could really use such irreverent language about a body so truly eminent. 1868 H. W. Longfellow John Endicott ii. ii, in New Eng. Trag. 319 Quakers, Who take upon themselves to be commissioned Immediately of God. †(d) intransitive. To assume authority or importance, to assert oneself; esp. (with negative connotations) to behave presumptuously or haughtily, to give oneself airs. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > pride > overweening or presumption > be or become presumptuous [verb (intransitive)] overween1340 to take on (also upon) one(self)?1435 presumea1450 the mind > emotion > courage > bravery or boldness > act bravely [verb] to take on (also upon) one(self)?1435 brave1884 ?1435 in C. L. Kingsford Chrons. London (1905) 80 (MED) Yt was thought to my lorde off Wynchestre that my seyd lorde off Gloucestre toke vpon himsylff fferrer thanne his auctorite stretched vnto. 1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) v. l. 43 Wallace so weill apon him tuk that tide Throw the gret preys he maid a way full wide. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 747/1 I take apon me, lyke a lord or mayster, je fais du grant. 1581 G. Pettie tr. S. Guazzo Ciuile Conuersat. (1586) ii. f. 109^v It shalbe the part of a straunger, being in another mans house, not to take vpon him presumptuously. 1637 T. Morton New Eng. Canaan iii. xxi. 158 This man..tooke upon him infinitely: and made warrants in his owne name. 1667 S. Pepys Diary 3 June (1974) VIII. 249 But Lord, to see how Duncomb doth take upon him is an eysore. 1720 D. Defoe Life Capt. Singleton 229 I found it was time to take upon me a little. 1782 Novelist's Mag. 7 163/2 When I reflected upon what I was, by taking upon me, I ran a risk of being one day or other ridiculed for my affectation. (e) transitive. To assume (a particular form, likeness, character, or name); to adopt (a law, custom, or practice). Cf. senses 45a, 45b. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > taking > taking possession > take possession of [verb (transitive)] > take upon oneself teec897 assume1447 to take on (also upon) one(self)c1515 assumpt1572 undertake1596 satchel1839 c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) xlv. 151 He thretenethe to slee me by cause I wyll not take on me his law. 1534 W. Marshall tr. Erasmus Playne & Godly Expos. Commune Crede iii. f. 51 The seconde persone, which toke fleshe vpon hym: is verye man of his mother and very god of god. 1549 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16267) Celebr. Holye Communion f. xii Almyghtye God whiche haste geuen vs thy onlye begotten sonne to take our nature vpon hym. 1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 112 He had taken on him a little before, the lyuery of the crosse. 1611 G. Chapman May-day ii. iv. 30 Ioue for his loue tooke on him the shape of a Bull. 1656 J. Smith Myst. Rhetorique Unvail'd 130 He made himself of no reputation, and took on him the form of a servant, and was made like unto men. 1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 35. ¶4 Several Imposters..who take upon them the Name of this young Gentleman. 1752 C. Lennox Female Quixote I. ii. v. 107 Who would have thought, that, under the Name of Alcippus..Alexander..took upon himself that mean Condition for the sake of seeing his adored Princess? 1844 Fraser's Mag. 30 532/2 Liddy was really taking the woman upon her in earnest, since she had attained the matronly age of seventeen. 1886 A. J. Church Story of Carthage i. i. 7 She causes her son Cupid, or Love, to take upon him the shape of Ascanius, the young son of Æneas. 1928 Boys' Life Feb. 41/1 The brave little soldier Marco who took upon himself the name of thief so Giovanni might carry the flag. 1953 Christian Scholar 36 13 God has shown his will toward us by taking upon himself the form of bondage in his creation. 2003 Etnofoor 16 58 The women took the name upon themselves. †(f) transitive. With clause as object: to affect, feign, pretend. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > dissimulation, pretence > pretend, dissemble [phrase] makec1275 to make wise1447 make as though?c1450 to let fare1483 to make a show ofa1500 to set a face1560 to take on (also upon) one(self)?1560 to make (a) miena1657 to make believe1773 to put it on1888 to play (the) fox1894 ?1560 T. Norton Orations of Arsanes sig. K.iiij He fayneth hym selfe werry of warres with Christians, he taketh vpon him to be greued with the wast of his people. ?1571 tr. G. Buchanan Detectioun Marie Quene of Scottes sig. Ej^v Though thay tuke upon tham as if thay regardit nat these thynges, yet sometyme the rumors..nerely prickit them to the quick. 1600 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 2 ii. ii. 106 How comes that (saies he) that takes vppon him not to conceiue. View more context for this quotation 1609 W. Shakespeare Troilus & Cressida i. ii. 135 Shee takes vpon her to spie a white heare on his chinne. View more context for this quotation extracted from takev. to take on oneself †i. to take on oneself: to show great agitation or distress; = to take on 5 at Phrasal verbs 1. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > excitement > nervous excitement > be in state of nervous excitement [verb (intransitive)] to take ona1450 seethe1609 trepidate1623 to take on oneself1632 flutter1668 pother1715 to be upon the nettle (also in a nettle)1723 to be nerve all over1778 to be all nerve1819 to be (all) on wires1824 to break up1825 to carry on1828 to be on (occasionally upon or on the) edge1872 faff1874 to have kittens1900 flap1910 to be in, get in(to), a flap1939 to go sparec1942 to keep (also blow, lose) one's cool1964 faffle1965 to get one's knickers in a twist1971 to have a canary1971 to wet one's pants1979 tweak1981 1632 J. Hayward tr. G. F. Biondi Eromena 121 The Prince,..because he found him not, tooke on him like a mad man. extracted from takev. < as lemmas
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> as lemmas