| 释义 |
syncopen. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin sincopis, syncope, syncopa. Etymology: In early use, in α. forms < post-classical Latin sincopis (accusative sincopin) sudden loss of strength or consciousness, fainting (6th cent.), variant of syncope (accusative syncopen ) (see below); subsequently (in γ. forms and δ. forms) < post-classical Latin syncope (also syncopa) omission of a syllable in the middle of a word (3rd cent.), sudden loss of strength or consciousness, fainting, also associated with heart failure (4th cent.), cutting short, abbreviation (12th cent. in a British source), (in music) syncopation (14th cent.) < Hellenistic Greek συγκοπή cutting up into small pieces, omission of a syllable in the middle of a word, cutting short, stoppage, sudden loss of strength or consciousness, fainting < ancient Greek συν- syn- prefix + Hellenistic Greek κοπή cutting < the stem of ancient Greek κόπτειν to strike (see comma n.). Parallels in Romance languages. Compare Middle French, French syncope (in Old French and Middle French also sincope ) sudden loss of strength or consciousness (1314 in Old French; 1212 as sincopin ; compare α. forms), omission of a syllable in the middle of a word (1380), syncopation in music (1631), Old Occitan sincopi sudden loss of strength or consciousness, fainting, sincopa omission of a syllable in the middle of a word (both c1350), Italian sincopa , sincope (a1342 in the medical sense, 15th cent. in the grammatical sense, 16th cent. in the musical sense), Spanish sincopa , sincope (1490 in the medical sense, 1607 in the grammatical sense), Portuguese sincopa (1619). Forms of the Latin word. In post-classical Latin in the medieval period there appears to be a distribution of form according to sense, with the form syncopa prevailing in the grammatical sense and the form syncope more common in the medical sense. The post-classical Latin form sincopis (from 12th cent. in British sources in sense 1; compare α. forms) is a nominative inferred < the accusative form sincopin . Forms of the English word. With the disyllabic form syncop (see β. forms), compare French syncope/sɛ̃kɔp/. the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > disorders of heart > [noun] > blockage or stoppage c1400 197 If þere falle ony þing to him as syncopis. c1400 205 Sumtyme it makiþ a man to haue sincopin [L. sincopim]. 1525 tr. H. von Brunschwig xv. D j Spasmus whiche is ye crampe or Cincopis that is the swowyng. 1527 L. Andrewe tr. H. Brunschwig sig. Mj The same water is very good agaynst fayntnes and dasyng named Sincopis. 1541 (new ed.) sig. H iv Rose water is good for the Syncopyne. 1541 (new ed.) sig. I ivv It is good for..the Synacop [? mispr. for Syncopa]. ?1550 H. Llwyd tr. Pope John XXI sig. I.iiii It doth wonderfully comfort in all kinde syncope. 1617 J. Woodall Termes 129 Syncope is a solution of the spirits which forsake the heart. 1693 T. Urquhart & P. A. Motteux tr. F. Rabelais xxxii. 272 As if she were in a swounding Lipothymy, benumming Sincop. 1708 W. Darrell ii. 13 Some affirm..that she had certainly expired of a Syncop, had she not taken Coach and thrown off the stifling Humour. 1753 (Royal Soc.) 47 54 They [sc. flies and butterflies] came to life after a syncope of longer duration. 1836 F. Marryat III. xxv. 312 I found poor Mrs. Cophagus in a state of syncope. 1877 F. T. Roberts (ed. 3) I. 13 Death beginning at the heart is said to be..by syncope. 1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. VI. 543 In Raynaud's disease spasmodic contraction of the arteries occurs in the stage of ‘local syncope’. the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > morphology > word-formation > [noun] > abbreviation or contraction the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > morphology > word-formation > [noun] > abbreviation or contraction > a contracted word the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > morphology > word-formation > [adjective] > contracted or abbreviated 1530 J. Palsgrave 392 In the future indycatyve and present potenciall I fynde somtyme syncopa used, as pouruoyray..for pouruoyeray. 1579 E. K. in E. Spenser May 61 Gloss. Nas, is a syncope, for ne has, or has not: as nould for would not. 1678 V. Alsop i. i. 39 Augustin (or rather Austin; for his Name, as well as his Fame suffers a Syncope). 1765 J. Swinton in (Royal Soc.) 54 419 Instances of such a syncope, or extrusion,..are not seldom found in..the Old Testament. 1903 S. E. Winbolt 212. 1953 K. Jackson ii. 614 A Pr[imitive] W[elsh] syncope-form *Car'dig. 1972 48 350 The same syncope rule which is optional in Russian /stl/ and /stk/ clusters is obligatory in /stn/ and /zdn/ clusters. 1972 48 350 Maximal distinctiveness, hence retention of the consonant, is manifested in the explicit subcode of contemporary standard Russian; whereas partial absence of distinctiveness, hence syncope of the consonant, is manifested in the elliptic subcode. society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > duration of notes > proportion of notes or rhythm > [noun] > syncopation 1653 Ld. Brouncker tr. R. Descartes 53 In these Tunes Dissonances are frequently used instead of Consonances; which is effected two wayes, viz. by Diminution, or Syncope [L. syncopa]. 1653 Ld. Brouncker tr. R. Descartes 54 A Syncopa [L. Syncopa] is, when the end of one Note in one voice is heard at the same time with the beginning of one other Note of an adverss part. 1659 C. Simpson i. 16 A Greater Fourth, or Defective Fifth, hath this priviledge..to be joyned, sometimes, to the Basse, without Syncope, or Binding. 1795 W. Mason iv. 249 Syncopes and other foolish artifices. the world > time > duration > shortness or brevity in time > [noun] > shortening the world > action or operation > ceasing > [noun] > a stop or cessation of action or process > sudden the world > action or operation > ceasing > temporary cessation of activity or operation > [noun] > a temporary cessation of activity or operation > sudden or accidental a1658 J. Cleveland (1677) 161 Give me lieve by a less Syncope of Time to contract Good Friday and Easter both to a day. 1678 [see sense 2]. 1785 W. Cowper ii. 80 Revelry, and dance, and show, Suffer a syncope and solemn pause. 1835 T. Mitchell in tr. Aristophanes Introd. p. xix A fourth and fifth campaign, and still no sign of syncope or pause. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1919; most recently modified version published online June 2022). † syncopev.Etymology: < Old French syncoper (14th cent.), or < late Latin syncopāre to syncopate v. Obsolete. rare. 1. transitive. the world > relative properties > quantity > decrease or reduction in quantity, amount, or degree > reduce in quantity, amount, or degree [verb (transitive)] > curtail c1412 T. Hoccleve 4727 And specialy þat he hir duetee Abrigge naght, ne naght syncope hir wages. c1450 (1900) 115 Þe feend seyde: ‘I bere in my sacche sylablys & woordys, ouerskyppyd and synkopyd’. c1450 (1900) 108 Þou hast seyd rechelesly þi seruyse in rape, in syncopyng, in ouyr-skyppyng, in omyttyng. 2. Music. society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > duration of notes > proportion of notes or rhythm > [verb (intransitive)] > be syncopated 1737 tr. J.-P. Rameau xxi. 66 The Bass must always syncope in that Case. 1786 T. Busby (at cited word) In harmony, there are three syncopes: the first is when all the parts syncope at the same time. society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > duration of notes > proportion of notes or rhythm > [verb (transitive)] > syncopate 1728 E. Chambers Syncope, in Music, signifies the Division of a Note... A Note is said to be Syncop'd when it has a Point added on the Side of it; which increases its Value by one half. 1737 tr. J.-P. Rameau xxxv. 122 That Note is said to be syncoped, and is called a Driving-note. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1919; most recently modified version published online March 2021). <  n.c1400 v.c1412 |
