symbiosisn.

Brit.

/sɪmbʌɪˈəʊsᵻs/,

/sɪmbɪˈəʊsᵻs/, U.S.

/ˌsɪmbaɪˈoʊsəs/,

/ˌsɪmbiˈoʊsəs/

Forms: symbioses

Etymology: modern Latin, < Greek συμβίωσις a living together, companionship, < συμβιοῦν , συμβιόειν to live together, < σύμβιος adjective, living together, noun, companion, partner, < σύν sym- prefix + βίος life.

Plural

1. Living together, social life.

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society > [noun]

worlda1453

communitya1475

society1533

symbiosis1622

societism1874

1622 E. Misselden Free Trade 60 To study and inuent things profitable for the publique Symbiosis.

1910 Spectator 30 July 173/2 The savage with his..sense of ‘participation’, of ‘symbiosis’.

1920 Q. Rev. July 164 So long as the people concerned can talk freely together, they form one spiritual symbiosis, and their culture will be the same.

a. Biology. Association of two different organisms (usually two plants, or an animal and a plant) which live attached to each other, or one as a tenant of the other, and contribute to each other's support. Also more widely, any intimate association of two or more different organisms, whether mutually beneficial or not.Also called commensalism or consortism; distinguished from parasitism, in which one organism preys upon the other. Rarely in extended use, including parasitism; or including mutually beneficial association without bodily attachment. antagonistic symbiosis: symbiosis in which the symbionts are ‘at war’ with each other.

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the world > life > biology > balance of nature > relationships of organisms > [noun] > symbiosis or mutualism

commensalism1870

mutualism1874

mutuality1876

symbiosis1882

messmatism1886

individualism1897

individuation1897

parasymbiosis1897

metabiosis1899

helotism1900

symbiotism1902

specificity1924

1882 H. N. Moseley in Times 30 Aug. 7/4 Certain animals have imbedded in their tissues numbers of unicellular algæ, which are not to be regarded as parasites, but which thrive in the waste products of the animal, while the animal feeds upon the compounds elaborated by the algæ. This combined condition of existence has been named by Dr. Brandt symbiosis.

1885 A. W. Bennett tr. O. W. Thomé Text-bk. Bot. (ed. 5) vi. 267 In the Lichens we have the most remarkable instance in the vegetable kingdom of..symbiosis or commensalism.

1900 B. D. Jackson Gloss. Bot. Terms Syntrophism,..the antagonistic symbiosis of Lichen with Lichen.

1909 E. Warming et al. Oecol. Plants xxv. 84 Parasitism is a form of symbiosis.

1921 A. L. Smith Lichens 262 The ‘parasitism’ of Pertusaria globulifera on Parmelia perlata and P. physodes, as described by Bitter, may also be included under antagonistic symbiosis.

1941 H. Kirby in Calkins & Summers Protozoa in Biol. Res. xix. 891 De Bary..used symbiosis as a collective term, the subdivisions of which include parasitism and mutualism; he recognized two main categories, antagonistic and mutualistic symbiosis.

1953 R. P. Hall Protozool. x. 528 Endoparasites which participate in symbiosis, an association involving mutual benefits to host and parasite, are known as symbiotes.

1953 Parasitology 42 261 Symbiosis can be broadly divided into the three well-recognized categories: commensalism (where the host is for all practical purposes unaffected by the presence of the symbiote), parasitism (where the host is injured), and mutualism (where the host is benefited).

1973 R. G. Krueger et al. Introd. Microbiol. xxxi. 748/1 Three or more different kinds of organisms are involved in some symbioses.

1977 R. L. Smith Elem. Ecol. & Field Biol. x. 268/1 Mutualism is often termed symbiosis. Actually symbiosis..includes mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.

b. transferred and figurative.

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the world > relative properties > relationship > correlation > [noun] > mutuality or reciprocity

affinitya1398

reciprocation1546

mutualitya1586

mutualness1620

intermutualness1628

reciprocality1653

reciprocalness1657

reciprocity1753

reciprocy1803

commutuality1812

interdependence1822

interdependency1838

symbiosis1921

1921 G. B. Shaw Back to Methuselah ii. 79 Let the Creator say, if you like, ‘I will establish an antipathetic symbiosis between thee and the female.’

1955 Bull. Atomic Scientists Apr. 143/2 Two world wars predetermined the henceforth inevitable symbiosis of scientific activity and political decision.

1963 Listener 28 Feb. 386/1 The agreement between Castro and the Communist Party early in 1958..began the process of symbiosis which worried many of the more thoughtful fidelistas.

1967 M. J. Ruggles in D. H. Perman Bibliogr. & Historian (1968) ii. 22 A symbiosis between scholar and librarian is necessary.

1976 New Yorker 17 May 127/1 In the symbiosis that will link the candidates and the press throughout this election year, many representatives of each are out in Iowa.

1982 Listener 23&30 Dec. 29/2 The politician and the journalist exist in a state of uneasy symbiosis.

Derivatives

symbiote n.

/ˈsɪmbɪəʊt//-baɪ-/ [for ending compare zygote n.] (a) a combination of two symbiotic organisms; (b) = symbiont n.; also figurative.

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the world > life > biology > balance of nature > organisms in interrelationship > [noun] > one or each of two

commensal1872

mutualist1874

symbiont1887

symbiote1897

parasymbiont1911

partner1924

parabiont1935

coactee1939

coactor1939

epibiont1949

the world > life > biology > balance of nature > organisms in interrelationship > [noun] > combination of two

symbiote1897

1897 Nature 2 Dec. 119/1 It may be a symbiote involving some gigantic rhizopod..and a bacterial organism.

1923 Anat. Rec. XXV. 2 Portier believes that the ‘symbiotes’ are especial microorganisms found in great abundance in nature. They are constantly entering and leaving the host organism.

1925 Jrnl. Infectious Dis. 36 94 The intracellular bacteria have been designated as ‘symbiotes’.

1953 R. P. Hall Protozool. x. 528 Endoparasites which participate in symbiosis, an association involving mutual benefits to host and parasite, are known as symbiotes.

1970 Times Lit. Suppl. 14 Aug. 899/5 His suggestion of a future man as a bio-mechanical symbiote.

symbiotic adj.

/sɪmbɪˈɒtɪk//-baɪ-/ Biology transferred and figurative associated or living in symbiosis; relating to or involving symbiosis.

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the world > life > biology > balance of nature > relationships of organisms > [adjective] > symbiosis or mutualism

symbiotic1882

metabiotic1893

mutualistic1893

symbiotrophic1905

parasymbiotic1911

1882 Academy 4 Feb. 86/2 Prof. Moseley..expresses the view that the chlorophyllaceous corpuscles.., long known as constituents of the living substance of large Foraminifera, are symbiotic algae.

1894 F. W. Oliver et al. tr. A. Kerner von Marilaun Nat. Hist. Plants I. 254 Animals and Plants considered as a great symbiotic community.

1900 J. Hutchinson in Archives Surg. XI. 224 The tubercle bacillus is probably present in symbiotic and often latent union with the tissues.

1951 R. Firth Elements Social Organization i. 10 It is most evident in the case of an African tribe having its members living intermingled with those of other tribes and in symbiotic relationship with them.

1956 Psychiatric Research Rep. No. 3. 8 A therapeutic move of considerable importance in such a situation is for the physician to function as the other half of the patient's ‘symbiotic’ system.

1962 Lancet 19 May 1033/2 The human infant in its first year is more precariously placed than has hitherto been appreciated since mother and child form a symbiotic union.

1970 Nature 6 June 905/1 Throughout its auspicious history the Botanical Society of Edinburgh has had a symbiotic relationship with the Royal Botanic Garden.

1979 W. Styron Sophie's Choice vi. 150 Höss eventually developed what might be called a fruitful—or at least symbiotic—relationship with the man who was to remain his immediate superior.

symbiotics n. plural (see quots.).

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1915 H. Reinheimer Symbiogenesis p. xx I have coined the terms symbiotics and antibiotics, the former to denote those specific ancestral activities calculated to enrich the organic world and, concurrently, the species itself, the latter to denote the opposite (anti-social) activities.

1915 H. Reinheimer Symbiogenesis 163 (note) The cultivated apple has become somewhat surfeited at the expense of symbiotics, whilst the crab has not.

1915 H. Reinheimer Symbiogenesis 337 It [sc. the kangaroo] presents the example of an animal wisely preservative of symbiotics.

symbiˈotically adv. in a symbiotic manner, in the way of symbiosis.

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the world > life > biology > balance of nature > relationships of organisms > [adverb] > symbiosis or mutualism

symbiotically1888

mutualistically1919

1888 S. H. Vines in Encycl. Brit. XXIV. 128/2 A Lichen is a compound organism consisting of a Fungus and an Alga living symbiotically.

1895 F. W. Oliver et al. tr. A. Kerner von Marilaun Nat. Hist. Plants II. 233 Several plants..live symbiotically with certain..ants. The plants afford the ants lodging..and give them nourishment..; the ants in return defend the foliage against the attacks of leaf-eating animals.

ˈsymbiotism n. rare symbiosis.

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