superstratumn.

Brit.

/ˈsuːpəˌstrɑːtəm/,

/ˈsjuːpəˌstrɑːtəm/,

/ˈsuːpəˌstreɪtəm/,

/ˈsjuːpəˌstreɪtəm/, U.S.

/ˈsupərˌstreɪdəm/,

/ˈsupərˌstrædəm/

Inflections: Plural superstrata, (rare) superstratums.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin superstratum, supersternere.

Etymology: < post-classical Latin superstratum (1561 or earlier), use as noun of neuter singular of past participle of classical Latin supersternere to spread over < super- super- prefix + sternere to lay down, strew (see stratum n.). Compare earlier substratum n. and stratum n.The post-classical Latin phrase stratum super stratum (1561 or earlier) was often used in English contexts in the 17th cent. (compare e.g. quot. 1617 at stratification n. 1a). With sense 2 compare German Superstrat (W. von Wartburg 1932, in Forschungen und Fortschritte 8 268–9; in early use also Superstratum ), formed by analogy with Substrat substrate n.; compare:1932 E. Tappolet in Archiv f. das Studium der Neueren Sprachen 111 234 Wagner und Millardet [suchten] das vorrömische Substrat des Sardischen zu erschließen. Von ähnlichen Erwägungen geleitet, sprach von Wartburg (Leipzig) über die Wirkung des Superstratums [‘Wagner and Millardet tried to deduce the pre-Roman substratum of Sardinian. Led by similar considerations, von Wartburg (Leipzig) spoke of the effects of a superstratum’].

1. A stratum or layer situated over or on something; an overlying or superficial stratum. Also figurative and in figurative contexts.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > a layer > [noun] > an overlying or top layer

superstratum1703

topping1839

superstrate1936

1703 M. Pix Different Widows i. 6 So, so, I have caught you by Jove; Sir James, the Glory of Intriegue, and Lady Loveman, the Queen of Beauty, Lady Gaylove the Goddess of Pleasure, the Superstratum of Delight.

1773 tr. G. van Swieten Comm. Aphorisms Boerhaave XVIII. 107 A part where the most remarkable nerves run under the skin, without their usual superstrata of muscles.

1775 M. Culley in M. Culley & G. Culley Trav. Jrnls. & Lett. (2002) 112 The black light soil which forms the superstratum.

1804 W. Dunbar Jrnl. 8 Dec. in W. Dunbar et al. Forgotten Exped., 1804–1805 (2006) 106 The superstratum is of a blackish brown color from 8 to 12 inches deep, lying upon a yellowish basis.

1823 Ld. Byron Don Juan: Canto IX xxxvii. 23 First out of and then back again to Chaos, The Superstratum which will overlay us.

1840 C. Lyell Princ. Geol. (ed. 6) II. ii. vii. 79 The superstrata were precipitated into hollows prepared for them.

1886 H. F. Grimm Literature 90 The French Revolution of the last hundred years is the rising up of the Celtic mother soil through the Romanic superstratum, which till then had represented the genius, power, and wealth of the country.

1938 Geogr. Jrnl. 91 26 Its sides rose sharply behind the camp to about 6500 feet, of rock with a thin superstratum of black soil, and densely forested with huge trees.

2010 Sunday Times (Nexis) 5 Sept. (Sport section) 2 The All Blacks may now inhabit a rugby superstratum of their own making.

2. Linguistics. (a) (In historical linguistics) elements or features of a socio-politically dominant language which have been transferred to a socially subordinate group, usually of the same region; (also) a language that has become temporarily dominant over another, usually as a result of conquest or colonization, and is responsible for change in it; cf. adstratum n., substratum n. 5a; (b) (in creole linguistics) = superstrate n.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > [noun] > linguistic change > specific features or processes involved in > language causing change in another

superstratum1939

superstrate1958

superstrate language1958

adstrate1963

1939 J. Whatmough in Rep. 5th Congrès International des Linguistes 48 ‘Superstratum’ (and, if I understand it aright ‘adstratum’) are not exposed to the same dangers as the ‘substratum’ theory.

1953 J. B. Trend Lang. & Hist. Spain xii. 167 Spanish-speaking America offers an exceptionally favourable field for examining the linguistic concepts of substratum and superstratum.

1976 W. F. H. Nicolaisen Sc. Place-names vi. 84 The place-names created by a certain language form an adstratum to English names in one place, a superstratum in another, and a substratum in most places.

2009 P. Durkin Oxf. Guide Etymol. vi.162 It is sometimes assumed that..Anglo-French constituted a superstratum (rather than an adstratum or substratum) on the basis of the large amount of vocabulary which entered English.

Compounds

C1. General attributive in sense 2.

ΚΠ

1941 Language 17 267 Each Romance tongue would appear [according to substratum and superstratum theories] to be a sort of linguistic sandwich.

1957 Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc. 1956 xxvi. 100 A substratum influence is one derived from a dominated language, a superstratum from a dominant language.

1980 N. C. Bodman in F. van Coetsem & L. R. Waugh Contributions Hist. Linguistics i. 98 This is an interesting case of a secondary meaning occurring in the OC form. It makes it seem likely to be a superstratum loan.

2003 Zeitschr. f. Papyrologie u. Epigraphik 145 257 Greek speakers borrowed Latin words, fitting the typical pattern of borrowing resulting from prolonged contact with the language of a group possessing political superiority (superstratum borrowing).

C2.

superstratum language n.

ΚΠ

1953 Language 29 114 The reasons for morpheme decay, i.e., for change in vocabulary, have been classified by many authors; they include..adoption of prestige forms from a superstratum language.

1978 Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics 1977 22 206 After surveying the distribution, function, and status of each Romance language..it discusses the thorny problem of the influence exerted by the so-called substratum and superstratum languages.

2009 M. Braun Word-Formation & Creolisation 148 The order of major category lexical items in the creole parallels the order of such items in the superstratum language.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2012; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	superstratum
释义	superstratumn. Brit. /ˈsuːpəˌstrɑːtəm/, /ˈsjuːpəˌstrɑːtəm/, /ˈsuːpəˌstreɪtəm/, /ˈsjuːpəˌstreɪtəm/, U.S. /ˈsupərˌstreɪdəm/, /ˈsupərˌstrædəm/ Inflections: Plural superstrata, (rare) superstratums. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin superstratum, supersternere. Etymology: < post-classical Latin superstratum (1561 or earlier), use as noun of neuter singular of past participle of classical Latin supersternere to spread over < super- super- prefix + sternere to lay down, strew (see stratum n.). Compare earlier substratum n. and stratum n.The post-classical Latin phrase stratum super stratum (1561 or earlier) was often used in English contexts in the 17th cent. (compare e.g. quot. 1617 at stratification n. 1a). With sense 2 compare German Superstrat (W. von Wartburg 1932, in Forschungen und Fortschritte 8 268–9; in early use also Superstratum ), formed by analogy with Substrat substrate n.; compare:1932 E. Tappolet in Archiv f. das Studium der Neueren Sprachen 111 234 Wagner und Millardet [suchten] das vorrömische Substrat des Sardischen zu erschließen. Von ähnlichen Erwägungen geleitet, sprach von Wartburg (Leipzig) über die Wirkung des Superstratums [‘Wagner and Millardet tried to deduce the pre-Roman substratum of Sardinian. Led by similar considerations, von Wartburg (Leipzig) spoke of the effects of a superstratum’]. 1. A stratum or layer situated over or on something; an overlying or superficial stratum. Also figurative and in figurative contexts. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > a layer > [noun] > an overlying or top layer superstratum1703 topping1839 superstrate1936 1703 M. Pix Different Widows i. 6 So, so, I have caught you by Jove; Sir James, the Glory of Intriegue, and Lady Loveman, the Queen of Beauty, Lady Gaylove the Goddess of Pleasure, the Superstratum of Delight. 1773 tr. G. van Swieten Comm. Aphorisms Boerhaave XVIII. 107 A part where the most remarkable nerves run under the skin, without their usual superstrata of muscles. 1775 M. Culley in M. Culley & G. Culley Trav. Jrnls. & Lett. (2002) 112 The black light soil which forms the superstratum. 1804 W. Dunbar Jrnl. 8 Dec. in W. Dunbar et al. Forgotten Exped., 1804–1805 (2006) 106 The superstratum is of a blackish brown color from 8 to 12 inches deep, lying upon a yellowish basis. 1823 Ld. Byron Don Juan: Canto IX xxxvii. 23 First out of and then back again to Chaos, The Superstratum which will overlay us. 1840 C. Lyell Princ. Geol. (ed. 6) II. ii. vii. 79 The superstrata were precipitated into hollows prepared for them. 1886 H. F. Grimm Literature 90 The French Revolution of the last hundred years is the rising up of the Celtic mother soil through the Romanic superstratum, which till then had represented the genius, power, and wealth of the country. 1938 Geogr. Jrnl. 91 26 Its sides rose sharply behind the camp to about 6500 feet, of rock with a thin superstratum of black soil, and densely forested with huge trees. 2010 Sunday Times (Nexis) 5 Sept. (Sport section) 2 The All Blacks may now inhabit a rugby superstratum of their own making. 2. Linguistics. (a) (In historical linguistics) elements or features of a socio-politically dominant language which have been transferred to a socially subordinate group, usually of the same region; (also) a language that has become temporarily dominant over another, usually as a result of conquest or colonization, and is responsible for change in it; cf. adstratum n., substratum n. 5a; (b) (in creole linguistics) = superstrate n. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > [noun] > linguistic change > specific features or processes involved in > language causing change in another superstratum1939 superstrate1958 superstrate language1958 adstrate1963 1939 J. Whatmough in Rep. 5th Congrès International des Linguistes 48 ‘Superstratum’ (and, if I understand it aright ‘adstratum’) are not exposed to the same dangers as the ‘substratum’ theory. 1953 J. B. Trend Lang. & Hist. Spain xii. 167 Spanish-speaking America offers an exceptionally favourable field for examining the linguistic concepts of substratum and superstratum. 1976 W. F. H. Nicolaisen Sc. Place-names vi. 84 The place-names created by a certain language form an adstratum to English names in one place, a superstratum in another, and a substratum in most places. 2009 P. Durkin Oxf. Guide Etymol. vi.162 It is sometimes assumed that..Anglo-French constituted a superstratum (rather than an adstratum or substratum) on the basis of the large amount of vocabulary which entered English. Compounds C1. General attributive in sense 2. ΚΠ 1941 Language 17 267 Each Romance tongue would appear [according to substratum and superstratum theories] to be a sort of linguistic sandwich. 1957 Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc. 1956 xxvi. 100 A substratum influence is one derived from a dominated language, a superstratum from a dominant language. 1980 N. C. Bodman in F. van Coetsem & L. R. Waugh Contributions Hist. Linguistics i. 98 This is an interesting case of a secondary meaning occurring in the OC form. It makes it seem likely to be a superstratum loan. 2003 Zeitschr. f. Papyrologie u. Epigraphik 145 257 Greek speakers borrowed Latin words, fitting the typical pattern of borrowing resulting from prolonged contact with the language of a group possessing political superiority (superstratum borrowing). C2. superstratum language n. ΚΠ 1953 Language 29 114 The reasons for morpheme decay, i.e., for change in vocabulary, have been classified by many authors; they include..adoption of prestige forms from a superstratum language. 1978 Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics 1977 22 206 After surveying the distribution, function, and status of each Romance language..it discusses the thorny problem of the influence exerted by the so-called substratum and superstratum languages. 2009 M. Braun Word-Formation & Creolisation 148 The order of major category lexical items in the creole parallels the order of such items in the superstratum language. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2012; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1703
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