superstraten.

Brit.

/ˈsuːpəstreɪt/,

/ˈsjuːpəstreɪt/, U.S.

/ˈsupərˌstreɪt/

Origin: A variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: superstratum n.

Etymology: Alteration of superstratum n., after substrate n. With sense 2 compare German Superstrat (see superstratum n.), French superstrat (1939 or earlier).

1. = superstratum n. 1; spec. an overlying or outer layer of transparent rigid material, as on the sunward side of a photovoltaic cell.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > a layer > [noun] > an overlying or top layer

superstratum1703

topping1839

superstrate1936

1936 C. R. Noyes Inst. Prop. vii. 503 We therefore present the superstrate of the structure as if it were composed of persons and the substrate as if it were composed of material (and quasi-material) objects.

1982 Arctic 35 18/1 The algae sampled was that occurring in, or attached to, the ice superstrate.

1988 L. G. W. Verhoef Soiling & Cleaning Building Facades 30 Several glasses are under consideration as superstrates for solar mirrors.

1999 V. K. Kapur et al. Photovoltaics for 21st Cent. 60 This requires..using multilayered stacks of superstrates, substrates, and the active PV thin (or thick) films.

2009 R. J. Arculus in R. G. Gillespie & D. A. Clague Encycl. Islands 481/1 Oceanic lithosphere acquires an imprint of chemical exchange with the oceans and a superstrate of sediment.

2011 D. Abou-Ras et al. Adv. Characterization Techniques for Thin Film Solar Cells i. 18 The superstrate has to maintain the mechanical stability of the device, while at the same time being extremely transparent.

2. Linguistics. A language or aspect of a language, typically belonging to a colonizing or dominant group, which affects another socially and culturally dominated language and contributes to the formation of a Creole, esp. in providing the lexicon. Cf. superstratum n. 2.Recorded earliest in superstrate language at Compounds. See also substrate n. 3, adstrate n.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > [noun] > linguistic change > specific features or processes involved in > language causing change in another

superstratum1939

superstrate1958

superstrate language1958

adstrate1963

1958 Trans. Philol. Soc. 3 95 As after the Norman conquest in England subsequent fusion of population resulted in the ‘substrate’ Greek prevailing over the ‘superstrate’ language of the newcomers.

1965 Afr. Stud. 24 4 ‘Suprastrate’ may be more correct etymologically, but ‘superstrate’ is more euphonic and..matches the ‘superstratum’..of biology, geology, etc.

1971 Working Papers in Ling. (Univ. Hawaii) 3 41 The terms substrate and superstrate conveniently denote the lower-status aboriginal language in the locale of a pidgin and the entering higher-status language, respectively.

1980 Amer. Speech 55 6 Jamaican Creole and Gullah..remained constantly under the influence of English as the superstrate.

1994 S. Romaine Lang. in Society vi. 164 The lexifier language is sometimes called the ‘superstrate’.

2004 K. Versteegh in P. van Sterkenburg Linguistics Today 313 Such an approach might have helped in keeping the focus on both the learner and the speaker of the ‘superstrate’, and in strengthening the connection between creole studies and the study of foreigner talk and simplified registers.

Compounds

attributive in sense 2, as superstrate influence, superstrate language, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > [adjective] > terms relating to language change or development

primitive1687

inorganic1861

polygenetic1863

anomalistic1881

sandhi1888

language contact1911

processual1918

neo-linguistic1937

superstrate1958

adstrate1963

adstratal1968

the mind > language > [noun] > linguistic change > specific features or processes involved in > language causing change in another

superstratum1939

superstrate1958

superstrate language1958

adstrate1963

1958Superstrate language [see sense 2].

1972 Hispania 55 857/1 Spanish is the superstrate language to which Papiamentu is most closely related.

1980 Amer. Speech 55 15 It may well be that after the removal of English superstrate influence..creole English was in some respects re-Africanized.

1991 Lang. in Society 20 482 There is much written on..superstrate and adstrate contributions.

2003 Mod. Lang. Rev. 98 473 This chapter takes a sprint through the relevant varieties of Latin and the substrate, adstrate, and superstrate languages in question.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2012; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	superstrate
释义	superstraten. Brit. /ˈsuːpəstreɪt/, /ˈsjuːpəstreɪt/, U.S. /ˈsupərˌstreɪt/ Origin: A variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: superstratum n. Etymology: Alteration of superstratum n., after substrate n. With sense 2 compare German Superstrat (see superstratum n.), French superstrat (1939 or earlier). 1. = superstratum n. 1; spec. an overlying or outer layer of transparent rigid material, as on the sunward side of a photovoltaic cell. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > a layer > [noun] > an overlying or top layer superstratum1703 topping1839 superstrate1936 1936 C. R. Noyes Inst. Prop. vii. 503 We therefore present the superstrate of the structure as if it were composed of persons and the substrate as if it were composed of material (and quasi-material) objects. 1982 Arctic 35 18/1 The algae sampled was that occurring in, or attached to, the ice superstrate. 1988 L. G. W. Verhoef Soiling & Cleaning Building Facades 30 Several glasses are under consideration as superstrates for solar mirrors. 1999 V. K. Kapur et al. Photovoltaics for 21st Cent. 60 This requires..using multilayered stacks of superstrates, substrates, and the active PV thin (or thick) films. 2009 R. J. Arculus in R. G. Gillespie & D. A. Clague Encycl. Islands 481/1 Oceanic lithosphere acquires an imprint of chemical exchange with the oceans and a superstrate of sediment. 2011 D. Abou-Ras et al. Adv. Characterization Techniques for Thin Film Solar Cells i. 18 The superstrate has to maintain the mechanical stability of the device, while at the same time being extremely transparent. 2. Linguistics. A language or aspect of a language, typically belonging to a colonizing or dominant group, which affects another socially and culturally dominated language and contributes to the formation of a Creole, esp. in providing the lexicon. Cf. superstratum n. 2.Recorded earliest in superstrate language at Compounds. See also substrate n. 3, adstrate n. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > [noun] > linguistic change > specific features or processes involved in > language causing change in another superstratum1939 superstrate1958 superstrate language1958 adstrate1963 1958 Trans. Philol. Soc. 3 95 As after the Norman conquest in England subsequent fusion of population resulted in the ‘substrate’ Greek prevailing over the ‘superstrate’ language of the newcomers. 1965 Afr. Stud. 24 4 ‘Suprastrate’ may be more correct etymologically, but ‘superstrate’ is more euphonic and..matches the ‘superstratum’..of biology, geology, etc. 1971 Working Papers in Ling. (Univ. Hawaii) 3 41 The terms substrate and superstrate conveniently denote the lower-status aboriginal language in the locale of a pidgin and the entering higher-status language, respectively. 1980 Amer. Speech 55 6 Jamaican Creole and Gullah..remained constantly under the influence of English as the superstrate. 1994 S. Romaine Lang. in Society vi. 164 The lexifier language is sometimes called the ‘superstrate’. 2004 K. Versteegh in P. van Sterkenburg Linguistics Today 313 Such an approach might have helped in keeping the focus on both the learner and the speaker of the ‘superstrate’, and in strengthening the connection between creole studies and the study of foreigner talk and simplified registers. Compounds attributive in sense 2, as superstrate influence, superstrate language, etc. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > [adjective] > terms relating to language change or development primitive1687 inorganic1861 polygenetic1863 anomalistic1881 sandhi1888 language contact1911 processual1918 neo-linguistic1937 superstrate1958 adstrate1963 adstratal1968 the mind > language > [noun] > linguistic change > specific features or processes involved in > language causing change in another superstratum1939 superstrate1958 superstrate language1958 adstrate1963 1958Superstrate language [see sense 2]. 1972 Hispania 55 857/1 Spanish is the superstrate language to which Papiamentu is most closely related. 1980 Amer. Speech 55 15 It may well be that after the removal of English superstrate influence..creole English was in some respects re-Africanized. 1991 Lang. in Society 20 482 There is much written on..superstrate and adstrate contributions. 2003 Mod. Lang. Rev. 98 473 This chapter takes a sprint through the relevant varieties of Latin and the substrate, adstrate, and superstrate languages in question. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2012; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1936
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