studn.1
/stʌd/, U.S. /stəd/ I. Senses relating to a post or prop.† 2. figurative. A person or thing that is a source of support or assistance; an upholder of some institution. Obsolete.† 3.
1.
a. Originally: a wooden post; an upright prop or support (English regional in later use). Subsequently: spec. one of the upright timbers in the wall of a building; (now chiefly) one of the smaller uprights, of the height of a single storey, interposed between the principal posts in the framework of a partition wall or in lath-and-plaster walls.See also frame stud n. at frame n. and adj.2 Compounds 2.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > support > [noun] > that which supports > a vertical support, post, or stake
stakec893
studeOE
studdleeOE
stealc1000
stockc1000
postOE
stander1325
pillar1360
stilpc1380
bantelc1400
puncheon1423
stanchion1433
standard1439
side tree1451
stancher1488
stanchel1586
stipit1592
shore1601
trunch1622
arrectary1628
staddle1633
standing1800
mill-post1890
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > framework of building > [noun] > other supporting members
studeOE
bracket1574
prick post1587
cantilever?1677
stud piece1799
squinch1840
main couple1842
veranda pillar1852
porch post1871
mushroom1907
poupou1921
eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Tanner) iii. viii. 180 Aheng he þone sceat mid þære moldan..on ane studu þæs wages [L. in una posta parietis].
eOE (Kentish) Glosses to Proverbs of Solomon (Vesp. D.vi) in U. Kalbhen Kentische Glossen (2003) 126 Et obseruat potest [read ad postes] ostii mei : and begemð stoðe minre dure.
OE tr. Alexander's Let. to Aristotle (1995) §8. 228 Cypressus styde & laurisce hie utan wreþedon, & gyldne styþeo..ðær ingemong stodon.
1284 in L. F. Salzman Building in Eng. (1952) 205 (MED) [27] stodes [..for gables and walls].
1336–7 in F. R. Chapman Sacrist Rolls Ely (1907) II. 78 In vijxx et iiij stodes quercinis empt. apud Reche, 1 4 1.
1420 in R. Willis & J. W. Clark Archit. Hist. Univ. Cambr. (1886) II. 443 Item pro ij stodys angularibus oratorii iijs.
1482 in J. P. Collier Househ. Bks. John Duke of Norfolk & Thomas Earl of Surrey (1844) 200 My Lord made comenaunt with Rychard Tornor to make his new wall..the space to be a fote and halffe betwene the stodes.
c1568 in H. J. F. Swayne Churchwardens' Accts. Sarum (1896) 115 3 dosen of stoddes 12d.
1577 W. Harrison Hist. Descr. Islande Brit. ii. x. f. 84v/2, in R. Holinshed Chron. I In the open..soyles they are inforced for want of stuffe to vse no studdes at all, but onlie raysines, groundselles,..and vpright principalles.
1578 J. Banister Hist. Man i. f. 17v The..ridgbeame of a shyp..whereunto the chief studdes, or postes of the frame worke are mortised.
1617 in R. Willis & J. W. Clark Archit. Hist. Univ. Cambr. (1886) I. 205 The particians shall bee maide with..punchions and studds of oake.
1656 Disc. Auxiliary Beauty 11 It is a grosse mistake in Architecture, to think that every small stud bears the main stresse and burthen of the building, which lies (indeed) upon the principall timbers.
1737 E. Hoppus Salmon's Country Builder's Estimator (ed. 2) 7 The Studds, or Quarters, to stand twelve Inches asunder.
1787 A. Young Jrnl. 31 May in Trav. France (1792) i. 12 The houses and cottages of wood filled between the studs with clay or bricks.
1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 569 If to support girders, they [sc. principal uprights in a partition wall] should be trussed, and afterwards filled in with parallel pieces, called studs.
1855 H. D. Thoreau Cape Cod (1865) ii. 22 The rows fully as straight as the studs of a building.
1915 Antiquary Nov. 426/2 A very rough floral design painted in black and white between the studs of a fifteenth-century cottage.
1967 H. Orton & M. F. Wakelin Surv. Eng. Dial. IV. i. 161 Q[uestion]. What do you call this projecting piece of the beam on which the body (of the cart) rests..when tipped up[?] [Hampshire] Stud.
1977 Kitchens & Bathrooms (Time-Life Bks.) ii. 61/1 (caption) Install a header and a sill of 2-by-4 segments nailed to the severed ends of the intervening studs; use a pair of eightpenny nails for each stud.
2004 P. Hymers New Home Builder viii. 162 Either way the frame still needs to be braced, with diagonal timbers between the vertical studs or by lining with plywood sheathing.
b. As a mass noun. Studs collectively as a building material. Chiefly (and now only) in phrases referring to a method of constructing walls in which studs and laths (or wattle) are covered with plaster, clay, or another substance, as stud and mud, stud and plaster, etc.See also mud and stud n. at mud n.1 1b.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > building or constructing with other materials > [adjective] > with mud or plaster and twigs or laths
stud and mudc1525
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > framework of building > [noun] > lath
lathc1000
stooth1295
stone-lath1370
straw-laths1391
studc1525
pantile lath1690
reeper1734
tile-laths1844
c1525 Surv. Priory of Tykford in Dugdale's Monasticon Anglicanum (1825) V. 206 A litle chapell of or Ladie, which is coverd with tile and buylded wh studde.
1580 T. Tusser Fiue Hundred Pointes Good Husbandrie (new ed.) f. 31 Saue crotchis of wud, saue spars and stud.
1613 G. Markham Eng. Husbandman: 1st Pt. Former Pt. ii. sig. A4v [A] house..intended..to be built of studde and plaster.
1788 Archaeologia (1789) 9 111 The buildings erected then were either of whole logs, or of timber uprights wattled, such as at this very day in the North is called stud and mud.
1840 R. Bremner Excursions Denmark I. i. xi. 190 Both dwelling-house and stables—generally forming together three sides of a long quadrangle—are built stud-and-mud fashion; that is, a framework of wood filled up with clay.
1854 A. E. Baker Gloss. Northants. Words II. 306 Stud and teer, a rustic mode of building a wall with interwoven sticks instead of lath, plastered or teer'd with dirt instead of mortar.
1930 I. Pinchbeck Women Workers & Industr. Revol. v. 105 Many labourers were still living in dilapidated stud and clay dwellings.
1954 R. Wailes Eng. Windmill i. 24 When we cut through a stud-and-plaster wall upstairs, one or two studs were old pieces of sail whip.
2012 S. L. Steinbach Understanding Victorians i. 14 Cottages were small, shabby, and insubstantial dwellings, made using ‘stud and mud’ or ‘wattle and daub’ techniques.
c. Originally North American. The height of a room from floor to ceiling. New Zealand in later use.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > room > [noun] > height of
stud1647
studding1848
1647 in W. Barry Hist. Framingham (1847) 4 [A dwelling-house] thirty foote long, ten foote high stud... [A barn] fifty foote long, eleven feet high in the stud.
1850 S. P. Hawthorne in N. Hawthorne & his Wife (1885) I. 369 You cannot think how pretty the room looks, though with such a low stud that I have to get acclimated to it, and still fear to be crushed.
1885 E. S. Morse Japanese Homes (1886) ii. 63 These rooms were unusually high in stud.
1897 E. Wharton & O. Codman Decoration of Houses iv. 51 The height of a well-proportioned doorway should be twice its width; and as the height is necessarily regulated by the stud of the room, it follows that the width varies.
1919 Press (Christchurch, N.Z.) 3 Feb. 3/1 (advt.) House 6 rooms, extra high stud, all conveniences.
1963 R. H. Morrieson Scarecrow (1964) xiii. 148 The stud was pretty high in that old house.
2015 Dominion Post (Wellington, N.Z.) (Nexis) 3 Oct. 10 (advt.) The front door opens off a covered porch into a central hall with a high stud and marble staircase.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > support > [noun] > that which or one who supports
crutchc900
upholda1066
uptakinga1300
arma1382
postc1387
staff1390
sustainerc1390
undersetterc1400
potent?a1439
buttressa1450
supportalc1450
comfort1455
supporta1456
studa1500
poge1525
underpropper1532
shore1534
staya1542
prop1562
stoopa1572
underprop1579
sustentation1585
rest1590
underpinning1590
supportance1597
sustinent1603
lean1610
reliance1613
hingea1616
columna1620
spar1630
gable end1788
lifeboat1832
standback1915
a1500 (?a1400) Morte Arthur (1903) l. 3621 (MED) There he hopyd it were beste For to gete hym som lyves stode.
1583 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Serm. on Deuteronomie cli. 932 If we tread vpon such as haue no credite nor meane to defende themselues, nor any stud to leane vnto.
a1603 T. Cartwright Confut. Rhemists New Test. (1618) 576 The chiefe pillers and studds of Popery before 600 yeares after Christ.
1624 T. Taylor 2 Serm. Ded. sig. A2v What were the two studs of the house in which Sampson played, that is, Religion and Iustice in the Common-wealth, if they be pulled downe..the Church and Common-wealth fall together.
1651 N. Bacon Contin. Hist. Disc. Govt. 27 The Lords were become Supporters to the Crown, Studds to the Throne, and a Reserve to the People, against the violent motions of an unbridled minde in their King.
1652 E. Benlowes Theophila vii. xxxi. 99 Parent of Beings, Entities sole Stud.
a. A stem or trunk of a tree. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > part of plant > part of tree or woody plant > [noun] > stem, trunk, or bole
stovenc1000
bolec1314
bodyc1330
stock1340
shaft1398
stealc1440
truncheonc1449
trunk1490
stud1579
leg1597
butt1601
truncus1706
stam1839
1579 E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. Mar. 13 Seest not thilke same Hawthorne studde?
1591 E. Spenser Virgil's Gnat in Complaints sig. H2v This with full bit doth catch the vtmost top Of some soft Willow, or new growen stud.
1632 G. Sandys tr. Ovid Metamorphosis (new ed.) v. 187 Vpon a Sallow stud My robe I hung, and leapt into the flood.
b. A short tree branch; a spur (spur n.1 7a). Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > part of plant > part of tree or woody plant > [noun] > bough or branch > spur or stump of branch or bud
stubc1405
snag1577
brunt1623
skeg1625
stud1657
argot1693
spur1704
stump1707
wood-bud1763
nog1802
branch-bud1882
knee1889
knee-process1889
dard1925
1657 R. Ligon True Hist. Barbados 76 Now there is an addition to her [sc. the palmetto tree's] beauty by two green studds, or supporters, that rise out of her sides,..they are about three foot long, small at the place from whence they grow, but bigger upwards.
1755 T. Hitt Treat. Fruit-trees xl. 127 If part of the studs or bearers be taken off, the shoots will be the stronger.
1797 S. T. Coleridge Christening Friend's Child 39 Ah, fond deceit! the rude green bud Alike in shape, place, name, Had bloom'd where bloom'd its parent stud, Another and the same!
1838 Saturday Mag. 7 Apr. 131/2 Those honeysuckle buds Have swelled to double growth; that thorn Hath put forth larger studs.
1842 J. C. Loudon Suburban Horticulturist 555 The fruit is generally produced on small spurs or studs, from half an inch to two inches in length, which proceed from the sides and ends of the two-year, three-year, and occasionally from the older branches.
4. Nautical. A metal bar fitted across the width of a link of a chain, increasing its tensile strength. Cf. stud-link n. at Compounds.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > anchoring equipment > [noun] > anchor rope or cable > formed of chain > bar in each link of
stud1849
1849 J. Glynn Rudimentary Treat. Constr. Cranes viii. 90 The strength of the short-linked chain without studs, which is generally used for cranes, as compared with the studded chain used for cables, is nearly as 7 to 9.
1876 Encycl. Brit. IV. 621/2 The stud [in chain cable] keeps the link from collapsing, and increases its strength considerably.
1933 Standards & Specif. for Metals & Metal Products (U.S. Dept. Commerce) 205/2 All chain studs must be well centered and firmly held in place, and may be of cast iron, wrought iron, or steel.
2003 Offshore (Nexis) Mar. Loose studs seriously affect the fatigue life of the chain, leading to cracks in the link.
5. A rope of some kind, used on a ship; = studrope n. at Compounds. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > ropes or chains other than rigging or cable > [noun] > other ropes used on ships
stud1336
studrope1337
start rope1353
wartake14..
warsheet1420
ridge rope1769
heel rope1777
lizard1794
jackstay1834
triatic stay1841
surf line1848
gaff-string1861
head rope1867
jackstay1954
jackline1976
twist line-
1336–7 Accts. Exchequer King's Remembrancer (P.R.O.: E101/19/31) m. 4 In xv. petris cord' de canabo..pro duobus stodes inde faciendis.
III. Senses relating to something fixed in and projecting from a surface.
6.
a. Originally: an ornamental round knob of metal or amber on a belt, bridle, or the like. In later use more generally: any boss, nail head, or other projection, fixed in and projecting from a surface, esp. as an ornament.For more specific uses, see sense 7.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > ornamental art and craft > decoration specifically in relief > [noun] > bosses and knobs
pommel1345
knop1362
bossa1382
knotc1394
stooth1397
stud1420
bullion1463
torea1572
bossing1583
knurl1608
button1669
tachette1688
knosp1808
nail head1836
pellet1842
1420 in F. J. Furnivall Fifty Earliest Eng. Wills (1882) 46 A gurdyll..with a bocull and a pendaunt and xxxiij. stodys of syluer and ouerguld.
a1500 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 623 Bulla, i. nodus in cingulo, a stode.
1555 H. Braham Inst. Gentleman sig. Ivijv The Frencheman..vseth aggletes, studdes, perles embroderye, colors vpon colors.
1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry iii. f. 155 The shepheardes Mastie... To arme them agaynst the Woolfe..you may put brode collers about theyr neckes full of nayles, and iron studdes, lyning it with soft leather within.
1583 J. Foxe Actes & Monuments (ed. 4) II. 1546/1 He vseth bridle wyth white studs & snaffle.
a1593 C. Marlowe Passionate Sheepheard in Englands Helicon (1600) sig. Aa.2 A belt of straw, and Iuie buds, With Corall Clasps and Amber studs.
a1600 T. Deloney Thomas of Reading (1612) ii. sig. Bijv The instruments whereon his seruants playd, were richly garnished with studdes of siluer.
1603 J. Stow Suruay of London (new ed.) 58 They vsed Leather money, with a little stud or naile of siluer in the middest thereof.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Taming of Shrew (1623) iii. ii. 60 And a womans Crupper of velure, which hath two letters for her name, fairely set down in studs . View more context for this quotation
1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd iv. 120 Crystal and Myrrhine cups imboss'd with Gems And studs of Pearl. View more context for this quotation
1757 tr. J. G. Keyssler Trav. II. 157 The studs used in the old mosaic works are very large, and often covered either with silver or gold.
1785 W. Cowper Task v. 426 To wear out time in numb'ring to and fro The studs that thick emboss his iron door.
1818 J. Keats Endymion i. 46 That time thou didst adorn, with amber studs, My hunting cap.
1860 J. Hewitt Arms & Arm. II. 122 The brass of William de Aldeburgh, 1360,..offers a variety, in the studs being quatrefoil instead of round.
1890 D. Davidson Memories of Long Life iii. 60 The gate..is..of wrought brass, the studs being elaborately chased.
1904 Chambers's Jrnl. 5 Nov. 773/2 A touch-watch on which the hours, being indicated by projecting studs, could be told by the blind.
1966 H. Davies New London Spy (1967) 242 Sometimes identification of interests is made easier by having the letters S/M worked in studs on the leather jackets.
2006 New Yorker 23 Jan. 81/2 He picked up a pair of sunglasses with diamanté studs but put them back again.
b. figurative. Something likened to a stud, esp. in being scattered over a surface.
ΚΠ
1604 N. Breton Passionate Shepheard (1877) sig. C4v And for her teeth, no Granam studdes, Nor like the Knagges of Blacke-thorne buddes.
1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. i. iv. 118 So those guilt studs in th' vpper storie driuen, Are nothing but the thickest part of Heauen.
1694 N. H. Ladies Dict. 416/1 When Night has cast her Sable Mantle o're the World, the Face of Heaven..will be gay, by putting on her gaudy spots of Light, and Studs of Stars.
a1728 J. Woodward Attempt Nat. Hist. Fossils Eng. (1729) i. 49 A Peble of a light brown Colour. In one part of it the Surface is somewhat depress'd; and there, upon a Plane, are several small oblong Studds, each near as big as a Rape-Seed, placed regularly in a Quincunx Order.
1821 J. Clare Village Minstrel I. 48 There once were springs, when daisies' silver studs Like sheets of snow on every pasture spread.
1950 D. Eastwood River Diary 162 The studs of dew are still sprinkled on the leaves and flowers.
2002 M. J. Goodman On Sacred Mountains iii. 44 Individual studs of light shone from small fires or lanterns on the dark mountainside.
c. Architecture. An ornament in the shape of a small hemispherical disc used in hollow mouldings of the Norman period. Cf. pellet n.1 5. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > architectural ornament > [noun] > moulding > ornament on moulding
anchor1663
stud1686
oval1706
mirror1841
1686 R. Plot Nat. Hist. Staffs. ix. 360 [The Cathedral of Lichfield] being finely adorned with Studds and carved work.
1835 W. Whewell Archit. Notes German Churches (1842) 282 Here we have a great abundance of those things which are excluded from the supposed first Norman style. Zigzags large and small, frets lozenged and embattled, cable-mouldings, studs, &c.
1841 M. H. Bloxam Princ. Gothic Eccles. Archit. (ed. 4) 69 [Norman mouldings] The pellet or stud.
1861 Cambrian Jrnl. 254 The doorway..is decorated with zig-zag, nail-head, and stud mouldings.
1921 H. Cheal Story of Shoreham xiii. 167 Chevron with pellets, beaked, cable with beads, studs, lozenge with rose, wheel-like studs, and billet mouldings.
1985 Medieval Art & Archit. Gloucester & Tewkesbury (Brit. Archaeol. Assoc.) 99 Globular ornaments used in other periods, such as the ‘stud’ moulding found in Yorkshire in the later 12th and early 13th centuries.
d. Entomology. A small spot of a metallic or contrasting colour on an insect.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > colour > variegation > spot of colour > [noun]
spota1300
dropc1420
stud1751
gout1833
wafer1853
blob1863
pock1894
tache1957
1751 G. Edwards Nat. Hist. Birds IV. Index 243 The great brown Caterpillar, with golden Studs.
1763 R. Brookes New Syst. Nat. Hist. IV. xi. 202 The potatoe Caterpillar is of a square shape, and a greenish-yellow colour, covered with small round red studs.
1843 H. N. Humphreys & J. O. Westwood Brit. Moths I. 1 In the larva stage, many moths surpass in their wonderful raiment of velvet and satin, of ermine and sable, jewelled over with gold and silver studs of various metallic tints.
1968 J. Burton Oxf. Bk. Insects 52/1 Both sexes have black spots with metallic silver-blue centres or ‘studs’ on the margins of the underside of the hindwings.
2007 D. Chapman Wild about Cornwall 48/1 The underside of the wing of the silver-studded blue butterfly reveals its seven ‘studs’.
7. In specific uses.† a. A lug or projecting socket designed to support an axle, pin, etc. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > parts of machines > wheel > [noun] > parts of wheels > axle > other parts of
clout?1523
colletc1530
stud1683
pole1730
wreath1733
virtival1794
thrust screw1858
toe-step1888
1683 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises II. 54 In the middle of these two Studs is made a..Hole..to receive the two round ends of an Iron Pin.
1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 323/1 The end of the Spindle, which turns upon a Stud or Stand.
1771 Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 1 301 This screw works in a stud M, which is screwed firmly upon the top of the pillar F.
b. A short rod, pin, or other protuberance serving as a support, axis, or stop in a mechanism or device.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > parts of machines > other parts > [noun] > support
bearer1607
pedestal1665
stud1694
arbor1728
seat1805
pillar1833
housing1839
seating1844
bed-plate1850
bedding-plate1879
1694 J. Smith Horol. Disquis. 50 Let him fix or drive into the back of the Case a strong Stud of Brass or Iron.
1716 Philos. Trans. 1714–16 (Royal Soc.) 29 339 p is a Stud for convenient holding the Rular in its Motion.
1873 H. L. Nelthropp Treat. Watch-work 21 Stud, a small piece of metal designed to hold some portion of the movement, as pendulum-stud, cap-studs, &c.
1942 Pop. Sci. Monthly Apr. 171/2 Pull the hairspring taut enough to hold the pick-up lever against the stud.
2015 European Clocks & Watches (Metrop. Mus. Art) 43 The cock is pinned over a stud, or post, which is riveted to the back plate.
c. Gunnery. Each of a number of protuberances on the surface of a projectile, designed to engage with the rifling of a gun so that the projectile spins around its axis when fired. Now historical and rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > missile > ammunition for firearms > [noun] > bullet or ball > device to take rifling
sabot1855
stud1856
1856 Colburn's United Service Mag. Apr. 524 It was impossible to compress the projectile into the grooves of the piece, and, to meet this difficulty, studs to fit the grooves, and other contrivances of an analogous nature, have, from time to time been essayed, but invariably without success.
1876 G. Will & J. C. Dalton Artillerist's Hand-bk. Ref. 228 For all projectiles for 7″ M.L.R. guns and upwards the studs are made of an alloy of 10 parts of copper to 1 part of tin.
1907 A. Williams Romance Mod. Invention 108 Conical shells being used, studs were now placed on the body of the shell to fit into the rifling grooves.
2014 B. Elson Canada's Bastions Empire 260 At first studs on the projectile engaged with twisting grooves inside the barrel, but this allowed some of the propelling gas to escape.
d. Each of a number of hard protuberances, typically made of metal, set into the tyres of a vehicle in order to improve traction in slippery conditions.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > vehicles according to means of motion > vehicle moving on wheels > [noun] > parts of vehicle moving on wheels > wheel > rubber or pneumatic tyre > stud on rim
stud1886
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 112 Swift Rivers, are with sudden Ice constrain'd; And studded Wheels are on its back sustain'd.]
1886 U.S. Patent 349,773 2/1 The conical heads of the studs will readily enter the ice, to prevent the wheel from slipping and throwing the rider.
1976 National Observer (U.S.) 13 Nov. 10/4 In Michigan a new law permits studs only if they meet certain rigid—and some say impossible—specifications.
2001 Automobile Mag. Nov. 112 (advt.) More responsive dry road handling and enhanced ice traction without studs.
e. Each of a series of electrical contacts set into the surface of a road at regular intervals as part of a system for providing power to electric trams, each tram in such a system being equipped with a long conductive plate fitted to its underside. Cf. stud tramway n. at Compounds. Now historical and rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > transmission of electricity, conduction > conductor used in transport > [noun]
stud1888
conductor rail1900
1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 496/1 The [electric railway] line is divided into short sections; each of these has an exposed conductor, which may be one of the rails, and this is placed in temporary contact with the insulated conductor as the train passes, by the pressure of the wheels on a flexible rail or stud.
1908 Daily News 14 Apr. 9 One of the principal defects has reference to the stud that supplies the current retaining its power some time after the car has passed. A ‘live’ stud will always be a source of danger.
2014 A. Dow Railway ix. 223/1 Elsewhere on tramways other means of power supply were used, including studs in the centre of the track.
f. Chiefly British. Usually in plural. Each of a number of small, hard nubs, typically made of plastic, rubber, or metal, which are set into or fastened to the sole of a shoe or boot to improve grip, especially when playing a sport. Cf. cleat n. Additions a.
ΚΠ
1897 Earl of Suffolk et al. Encycl. Sport I. 518/2 Boots should always have bars or studs on the soles and heels to prevent slipping.
1921 India Rubber World 1 Dec. 203/1 The McAfee golf shoe is made entirely by hand and extra studs can be obtained when needed.
1960 Times 9 Dec. 21/2 Whether a player's studs are ‘of leather, rubber, aluminium, or any approved plastic..’, he must take care that they are of a maximum length (measured from sole) of three-quarters of an inch.
1998 C. J. Miller et al. Consumer & Trading Law v. 254 Claims have been made as a result of damage caused by..faulty studs on football boots.
2007 Running Times Apr. 78/2 Some [runners] will go even faster in a flat with low-profile, road-gripping studs.
g. Chiefly British. One of a series of small projections set into the surface of a road in order to demarcate a traffic lane, the edge of the carriageway, or some other feature. Cf. cat's-eye n. 5.See also road stud n. (b) at road n. Compounds 6.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > means of travel > route or way > way, path, or track > road > parts of road > [noun] > part where vehicles run > part wide enough for one vehicle > stud or line dividing lanes
white line1915
stud1925
broken line1937
cat's-eye1940
1925 Surveyor & Munic. & County Engineer 18 Sept. 247/2 If the white line is formed by placing three studs abreast, 24 studs should be used to a lineal foot.
1934 Financial Times 14 May 5/2 The studs are being used to indicate the position of white lines on the road.
1943 Ann. Reg. 1942 386 A traffic stud insecurely fixed..flew up and injured a cyclist.
1975 R. Hoban Turtle Diary xxxii. 151 There were reflecting studs in the road.
1978 Highway Code 18 Coloured reflecting road studs may be used with white lines—white studs mark the lanes or centre of the road, while the edge of the carriageway may have red studs on the left-hand side and amber by the central reservation of dual carriageways. Green studs may be used across lay-bys and side roads.
2015 Brentwood (Essex) Gaz. (Nexis) 11 Mar. 1 As they're much brighter than cat's eyes, solar studs are far better at highlighting slow bends or sharp turns on stretches of country road.
8. A removable fastener (typically of metal and often inset with a precious stone, mother-of-pearl, ivory, etc.) which is passed through eyelets in order to fasten an item of (men's) clothing; (now) spec. such a fastener consisting of two parts joined with a bar, used in formal wear to fasten a shirt front, or to fasten a collar to a shirt.collar stud, press stud, shirt stud, etc.: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > parts of clothing > [noun] > fastenings > button > types of
hair-button1593
frog1635
bar-button1685
frost button1686
sleeve-button1686
berry-button1702
stud1715
pearl button1717
breast button1742
bell-button1775
shell button1789
red button1797
olivet1819
bullet-buttons1823
basket-button1836
all-over1838
top1852
olive1890
pearly1890
nail head1892
1715 Proc. Old Bailey 14 Jan. 5/1 Abigail Reynolds..was indicted for stealing a Plush Cap,..a Coat, and a Silver Stud, from Samuel Cooper (an Infant).
1772 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 62 135 The stud in his shirt sleeve.
1840 T. Hood Up Rhine 102 His shirt was fastened with mosaic studs, besides a complicated sort of brooch.
1850 London Gaz. 19 July 2047/1 Carrying on the trade of a Pearl Button and Stud Maker.
1892 Good Housek. June 290/1 Our strong-minded husbands and brothers have worn studs so long and found them superior to buttons.
1915 J. Corbin Edge i. 12 His Panama hat..harmonised with his chamois gloves as perfectly as his studs with his waistcoat.
1925 J. Dos Passos Manhattan Transfer i. ii. 33 ‘Hoopla,’ cried Fifi Waters and mussed the gray hair of the man with the diamond stud.
1971 Life 21 May 69 O'Neal needs valet help with his studs as he dons white tie and tails for the first time ever.
2004 A. Hollinghurst Line of Beauty xvi. 460 His front stud was undone, so that the white collar stood up skew-whiff.
9. An earring consisting of a precious stone, piece of metal, or other ornament attached directly to a pin which passes through the ear, as contrasted with a hoop or drop earring. Also: a similar piece of jewellery worn through the nose or other part of the body.ear stud, lip stud, navel stud, nose stud, tongue stud, etc.: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > types of ornamentation > jewellery > jewellery worn on the ear > [noun]
earringOE
earlet1610
ear-bob1648
top1703
rose drop1707
ear-drop1720
snap1748
ear hoop1779
ear stud1817
ear-plug1820
girandole1825
stud1831
stud earring1873
ear-piercing1896
sleeper1896
pierced earring1914
earclip1940
keeper1960
1831 J. J. Halls Pearce's Life & Adventures II. xi. 1 Those who have killed a lion, or an elephant, distinguish themselves by wearing ear-rings, or a small stud in the right ear, like those worn by the women.
1868 Boston Daily Advertiser 11 May Paris ladies are wearing diamond studs in their ears instead of rings.
1909 Englishman 20 Jan. 309/1 The woman with a short neck should not wear ear-rings at all; but if she insists, her only choice is a small stud or inconspicuous drop.
1979 N. Freeling Widow xxiii. 143 Garnet studs in the pale fleshy lobes of the ears.
2000 N. Williams in J. Thomas Catwomen from Hell 147 The new boy served me at the video hire. Spots on his forehead and a stud in his nose.
2001 Cosmopolitan Dec. 72 Ditch your everyday hoops or studs for ornate dangling earrings.
10. A bolt that is threaded at both ends; = stud bolt n. at Compounds.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > equipment > building and constructing equipment > fastenings > [noun] > bolt > types of
round bolt1582
ringbolt1599
pikebolt1622
rag bolt1625
set-bolt1627
clinch-bolta1642
eyebolt1649
clinch1659
screw-bolt1690
king bolt1740
wrain-bolt1750
wraining-bolt1769
toggle-bolt1794
strap-bolt1795
wring-bolt1815
through-bolt1821
truss-bolt1825
slip-stopper1831
stud bolt1838
anchor bolt1839
king rod1843
joint bolt1844
spade-bolt1850
shackle-bolt1852
roof bolt1853
set-stud1855
coach bolt1869
truss-rod1873
fox-bolt1874
garnish-bolt1874
fang-bolt1876
stud1878
U bolta1884
rock bolt1887
hook bolt1899
tower bolt1911
explosive bolt1948
1878 E. Tomkins Princ. Machine Constr. I. 137 Stud or Stud-Bolt.—Studs are employed in a variety of cases where ordinary bolts with heads could not be used.
1894 W. J. Lineham Text-bk. Mech. Engin. 214 The stud hole being drilled and tapped..the stud..is entered, and a stud box placed upon the opposite end.
1908 R. S. McLaren Mech. Engin. 19 Studs are used where there is not room for a bolt-head..or where it is undesirable to make a hole through both pieces of metal to be fastened together.
1957 Pop. Mech. Jan. 184/1 To successfully tighten a stud, use two nuts and a washer in between.
2003 RCM & E (Radio Control Models & Electronics) Dec. 27/2 The end caps are linked by a length of 3mm stud (threaded rod) passing right through the centre of the silencer and retained by 3mm nuts.
Compounds
stud bolt n. a bolt that is threaded at both ends.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > equipment > building and constructing equipment > fastenings > [noun] > bolt > types of
round bolt1582
ringbolt1599
pikebolt1622
rag bolt1625
set-bolt1627
clinch-bolta1642
eyebolt1649
clinch1659
screw-bolt1690
king bolt1740
wrain-bolt1750
wraining-bolt1769
toggle-bolt1794
strap-bolt1795
wring-bolt1815
through-bolt1821
truss-bolt1825
slip-stopper1831
stud bolt1838
anchor bolt1839
king rod1843
joint bolt1844
spade-bolt1850
shackle-bolt1852
roof bolt1853
set-stud1855
coach bolt1869
truss-rod1873
fox-bolt1874
garnish-bolt1874
fang-bolt1876
stud1878
U bolta1884
rock bolt1887
hook bolt1899
tower bolt1911
explosive bolt1948
1838 U.S. Patent 808 5/1 A back lever..has an arc-head with an opening in it, through which a stud-bolt passes, and which can be made fast at any part of the arc.
1923 Pop. Mech. June 901/2 The plank seats are bolted to brackets attached to the seat plates by stud bolts.
2016 I. Lotsberg Fatigue Design xiii. 379 Fasteners are understood to encompass bolts, and include head bolts..and stud bolts.
stud box n. now rare a tool used to insert a stud bolt which consists of a metal block that, by means of a threaded hole running through it, can be attached to the bolt and then turned with a wrench.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > equipment > screwdrivers, wrenches, spanners > [noun] > spanner or wrench > other spanners or wrenches
tap wrench1815
doghook1847
stock1862
stud box1867
socket wrench1905
Allen key1910
wheel brace1920
tongs1922
nut driver1939
spud wrench1939
torque wrench1948
nut runner1958
Mole1959
skate key1962
1867 Eng. Mechanic & World of Sci. 15 Feb. 347/3 (heading) Stud box and wrench.
1894 W. J. Lineham Text-bk. Mech. Engin. 214 The stud hole being drilled and tapped..the stud..is entered, and a stud box placed upon the opposite end.
2010 J. Barnshaw White's Corner 175 He was using a stud box and long handled spanner to pull in cover studs.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in specific manner > revolution or rotation > [noun] > axis > stud serving as
stud centre1851
society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > parts of machines > wheel > [noun] > parts of wheels > axle
axle-treec1400
axisa1620
arbor1659
ax-tree1659
axle1730
turning-beam1766
stud centre1851
stub-axle1875
crank-axle1887
banjo axle1922
1851 Appletons' Mechanics' Mag. July 396/2 The lower end of this link is connected at o to the short end of the lever, p, working loose on a fixed stud-centre in the top of the pillar or standard, q.
1926 F. M. A'Hearn Fund. Locomotive Machine Shop 71 The supporting frame rotates around the stud center.
stud chain n. chain in which each link is reinforced by a metal bar running across its width; a chain of this type; cf. sense 4.
ΚΠ
1830 Hull Packet & Humber Mercury 9 Feb. One Chain Anchor, of 7 cwt. with 5 fathoms of 7-8ths, Stud Chain.
1913 Square Deal Sept. 180/2 Stud chain is sometimes made of iron as small as five eighths of an inch in diameter.
2015 Jrnl. Marine Sci. & Technol. 20 495/2 Two types of mooring line were used, including the stud chain and the wire with wire core.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > wood-based materials > [adjective] > made of material of interwoven branches
wattled1548
hurdled1553
wandedc1593
osier-wattled1693
stud-clay1719
osier-woven1725
1719 in R. Willis & J. W. Clark Archit. Hist. Univ. Cambr. (1886) II. 213 A Stud-Clay-Wall which supported ye South end of that Stable.
stud earring n. an earring consisting of a stud (sense 5e), as contrasted with a hoop or drop earring; = ear stud n. at ear n.1 Compounds 2.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > types of ornamentation > jewellery > jewellery worn on the ear > [noun]
earringOE
earlet1610
ear-bob1648
top1703
rose drop1707
ear-drop1720
snap1748
ear hoop1779
ear stud1817
ear-plug1820
girandole1825
stud1831
stud earring1873
ear-piercing1896
sleeper1896
pierced earring1914
earclip1940
keeper1960
1873 People (Indianapolis) 14 Sept. 7/4 Lobe or stud ear-rings continue in fashion.
1919 T. Eaton & Co. Catal. Fall 394/3 14k stud earrings, set with diamond.
1966 ‘R. Petrie’ Dead Loss vi. 44 I could get stud earrings, vulgar-big, from Woolworths... Big white plastic ear-studs.
2013 Birmingham Evening Mail (Nexis) 27 June 15 She was so immaculate every time she walked on court with her perfect little stud earrings.
stud finder n. now North American †(a) a small electric torch used to find mislaid shirt studs (see sense 8) (obsolete); (b) a hand-held device that is used for locating studs (sense 1a) concealed beneath the surface of a wall, typically operating by means of a magnet or by checking for changes in the dielectric constant of the area beneath the wall's surface.
ΚΠ
1926 Times of India 7 Dec. 14/7 You might consider pocket wallets, fountain pens, silver pencils, or ‘stud-finders’.
1956 How to build Patio Roofs 10/1 If your studs do not reveal their location by rows of nails in the siding, locate them precisely with a stud-finder.
1983 A. Makkai in F. B. Agard et al. Ess. Honor Charles F. Hockett 207 I needed stud-finders because I wanted to attach a set of book-shelves to the wall.
2010 Star Phoenix (Saskatoon, Sask.) (Nexis) 8 May f4 Using a stud finder, locate a stud closest to the spot you want to hang the TV.
studfish n. U.S. any of several small freshwater killifishes of the genus Fundulus (family Fundulidae), native to the south-eastern United States and having orange or red spots on the sides. Frequently with distinguishing word as northern studfish, southern studfish, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > fish > superorder Acanthopterygii (spiny fins) > order Perciformes (perches) > order Atheriniformes > [noun] > member of family Cyprinodontidae > member of genus Fundulus
mummichog1787
swampine1835
killifish1836
May fish1836
studfish1874
sac-à-lait1884
starhead1920
1874 Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. N.Y. 10 324 Its congener, catenata, is known as the Stud-fish or Studdy-Pearch.
1889 Cent. Dict. at Killifish Some of the killifishes are known as mud-dabblers, and others as stud-fishes.
1978 Amer. Naturalist 112 837 In the river systems of the southeastern United States, some studfishes have molariform teeth with which they presumably crush small mollusks.
2001 T. M. Berra Freshwater Fish Distribution 332 Fundulus bifax, the stippled studfish..was recognized as unique almost solely on the basis of complete allelic differentiation at six loci from the southern studfish, F. stellifer.
ΚΠ
1901 Engineer 1 Nov. 446/1 A contact-stud line, as in Munich.]
1903 Pract. Engineer 29 May 506/2 There is at present an attempt being made to get a stud line put down in London.
1906 Westm. Gaz. 31 Jan. 3/2 This particular form of the stud-line is..being tried for the first time.
stud-link n. (more fully stud link chain) chain in which each link is reinforced by a metal bar fitted across its width; a chain of this type; (also) a link of this form; cf. sense 4.
ΚΠ
1828 Hull Packet & Humber Mercury 4 Nov. Also, 90 fathoms of 1-inch stud link proved new chain cable.
1922 Pop. Sci. Monthly July 68 (caption) The chains are attached by stud links.
1962 Pop. Sci. June 101/1 The huskiest stud-link chains have a breaking strength of 2½ million pounds.
1999 1997 Econ. Census: Manufacturing & Mining (U.S. Bureau of Census) 171 Ferrous wire chain, including tire chain, stud-link chain, and welded link.
stud partition n. a partition wall constructed with studs (sense 1a).
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > wall of building > [noun] > interior or partition-wall
woughc888
wallOE
middle wallc1384
parclose1387
partitionc1450
screena1475
hallan1490
parpen wall1506
parpal walla1525
midwall1589
partition wall1605
inwall?1611
parpalling1621
screen work1648
sconce1695
stud partition1775
screening1850
scrap screen1873
parclose screen1889
1775 N. Kent Hints to Gentlemen 256 Five square of stud-partitions at 6s. 6d. per square.
1886 R. Willis & J. W. Clark Archit. Hist. Univ. Cambr. II. 166 A passage..separated from the dining-room by a stud-partition.
2001 Oxoniensia 65 38 The internal walls of the upper (second) storey are essentially stud partitions.
stud piece n. one of the studs (sense 1a) in the wall of a building; a piece of such a stud.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > framework of building > [noun] > other supporting members
studeOE
bracket1574
prick post1587
cantilever?1677
stud piece1799
squinch1840
main couple1842
veranda pillar1852
porch post1871
mushroom1907
poupou1921
1799 A. Young Gen. View Agric. County Lincoln 35 They are commonly built of..stud and mud; the stud-pieces as large as a man's arm.
2011 K. Champley Same Place, More Space v. 85/2 If you had to cut studs for the opening, take the stud pieces you removed, recut them to the correct length and use these for the vertical sides.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > ropes or chains other than rigging or cable > [noun] > other ropes used on ships
stud1336
studrope1337
start rope1353
wartake14..
warsheet1420
ridge rope1769
heel rope1777
lizard1794
jackstay1834
triatic stay1841
surf line1848
gaff-string1861
head rope1867
jackstay1954
jackline1976
twist line-
1337–8 Naval Acct. in B. Sandahl Middle Eng. Sea Terms (1982) III. 108 De xij. petris cordarum de Canabo..pro vno Stodrop' inde faciendo.
ΚΠ
1865 Army & Navy Jrnl. (U.S.) 27 May 631/3 It may be taken as a fact that stud shot are not desirable for rifled guns employing heavy projectiles with large powder charges.
1866 Engineer 1 June 392/3 The few rounds fired at high elevations were sufficient to demonstrate the erratic flight of the 300-lb. stud shot.
1904 N. Barnaby Naval Devel. viii. 148 In 1870 various kinds of stud shot were under trial adapted to the rifling of the muzzle-loading guns and designed to prevent the rapid erosion of the grooves.
ΚΠ
1901 Engineering 26 July 125/3 The contact stud tramway, introduced in 1899 at Munich, could be studied on the experimental track and car.]
1903 Pract. Engineer 29 May 506/2 Exactly what will happen in regard to the miles of stud tramway now working is a matter no one can say anything about at the moment.
1908 Times 14 Dec. 8/5 (header) The Stud Tramways in the Mile-end-road.
stud wall n. a wall constructed with studs (sense 1a).
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > wall of building > [noun] > interior or partition-wall > wall built of lath and plaster
stud wall1598
stoothing1788
1598–9 in R. Willis & J. W. Clark Archit. Hist. Univ. Cambr. (1886) II. 477 The studd wall that stood at the further ende.
1719 in R. Willis & J. W. Clark Archit. Hist. Univ. Cambr. (1886) II. 213 The lower part of that Stud-wall was..pulled down.
1771 Guild-Hall Feoffment Estates 19 Part of a back Yard..late divided with a Stud-Wall, and containing in Length from East to West eighteen Feet, and in Breadth from North to South eighteen Feet.
1855 F. Davis Hist. Luton 138 The houses were generally very low, built with stud walls.
1986 Firestopping (U.S. Depts. Army & Navy) iv. 3/1 Brick veneer on gypsum board over stud wall.
2004 Sun Herald (Sydney) (Nexis) 13 June 89 The work involved erecting an internal stud wall.
stud welding n. a method of welding in which a metal fastener is welded to a surface, esp. (in later use) by means of an electric arc being struck between the surface and the end of the fastener; cf. electric arc welding n. at electric arc n. Compounds.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > [noun] > welding > types of
butt welding1878
lead burning1886
arc welding1890
thermite process1905
thermite welding1906
resistance welding1908
spot welding1908
seam welding1917
fusion welding1918
projection welding1918
stud welding1918
metal arc welding1926
pressure welding1926
metallic arc welding1927
flash-butt welding1933
flash welding1933
stitch welding1934
rightward welding1936
block welding1943
submerged-arc welding1945
friction welding1946
T.I.G.1960
microwelding1962
1918 Gen. Electric Rev. Dec. 893/1 (header) Stud Welding.
1975 G. Bram & C. Downs Manuf. Technol. ii. 57 Stud welding is a form of electric-arc welding.
2011 F. C. Campbell Joining p. viii These [other fusion welding processes] include..stud welding..and thermite welding.
studwork n. walls constructed with studs (sense 1a).
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > building or providing with specific parts > [noun] > building walls > in specific way
winding1405
studwork1768
stoothing1788
hearting1858
1768 T. Rawlins Familiar Archit. p. v As all Persons that build are not willing to go to an equal Expence, some liking thick, others thin Walls, and some only Stud-work.
1805 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. I. 91 Eight square and fifty feet of stud-work.
1859 J. H. Parker Some Acct. Domest. Archit. IV. vii. 211 The two stories over are of timber stud-work.
1970 N. Pevsner Cambridgeshire (Buildings of Eng. Ser.) (ed. 2) 394 A single room with hipped thatched roof, and studwork walls now clad in asbestos.
2015 Bury Free Press (Nexis) 19 June The property has a wealth of period features including exposed studwork and wooden floorboards.
Derivatives
ΚΠ
1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. xxvii. xix. 643 A coat embrodered with purple stud-wise [L. tunicam lato clavo].
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2017; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
studn.2adj.
/stʌd/, U.S. /stəd/ A. n.2† 2. By metonymy: horses. Obsolete.† 3. A particular breed or race of animals or people. Obsolete.
1.
a. An establishment in which stallions and mares are kept for breeding; the stallions and mares kept in such an establishment. Also: a group of horses, esp. mares, kept for breeding.In some quots. perhaps as a collective name for a group of colts, mares, or stallions, without reference to their function as breeding animals.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > equus caballus or horse > [noun] > horse or group kept for breeding
studOE
race1533
stud-bred1820
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > [noun] > horse-breeding > stud farm or enclosure
studOE
stud foldOE
harasa1300
studdery1582
stud farm1795
stud house1813
paddock1856
OE Will of Ælfhelm (Sawyer 1487) in D. Whitelock Anglo-Saxon Wills (1930) 32 Ic gean minum wiue healues þæs stodes æt Trostingtune & minan geferan healues þe me mid ridað.
OE Antwerp-London Gloss. (2011) 58 Equartium, stood.
c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) 495 Þe sulue stottes ine þe stode Boþ boþe wilde & merewode.
c1350 Nominale (Cambr. Ee.4.20) in Trans. Philol. Soc. (1906) 23* Vn harasse de poleyns, A stode of coltes.
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. l. 3345 Unto his hors fulofte he yaf The men in stede of corn and chaf, So that the hors of thilke stod Devoureden the mennes blod.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Fairf. 14) l. 14976 (MED) To ȝone castel ȝe ga..a moder asse ȝe sal þer finde..þe stode [?a1400 Vesp. sted, ?a1400 Trin. Cambr. place] is ȝonder, lo.
c1440 (?a1400) Sir Perceval (1930) l. 326 (MED) He sawe a full faire stode Offe coltes and of meres gude.
c1450 (a1375) Octavian (Calig.) (1979) l. 795 (MED) Vpon a colt com owt of stode..A ȝong man com ryde wyth egre mood.
c1475 in J. Hodgkin Proper Terms (1909) 52 (MED) A Stoode of marys.
?1533 G. Du Wes Introductorie for to lerne Frenche sig. Diiv Stoude of stalons, haras destalons.
1547 in Acts Privy Council (1890) II. 86 The wages of divers persons having custodie of a studde or race of mares.
1607 G. Markham Cavelarice i. 29 I..would wish no..man..to preserue his Mares longer in his studd, then from three yeares olde till ten.
1614 Sir R. Boyle in Lismore Papers (1886) I. 51 Given Dick Dalton a young gelding of my stood.
1694 R. Molesworth Acct. Denmark in 1692 (ed. 3) xi. 148 The Master of the Horse, who looks after the King's Stables, and Studs of Mares, whereof the King has very many.
1710 London Gaz. No. 4709/4 Richard Marshall, Esq; Master of her Majesty's Studd.
1782 H. Walpole Let. 4 Aug. (1858) VIII. 262 My brother..is at Isleworth, Lady Dysart at Ham, the Keppels at the Stud, the Waldegraves at the Pavilions, and Lady Malpas in the Palace.
1840 tr. in Amer. Turf Reg. & Sporting Mag. June 285 The stud of carriage mares of the Cladrup and Norman breeds.
1851 ‘Cecil’ Stud Farm 43 It may sometimes occur with blood stock that cannot race,..that no occupation can be found for them, and thus they find their way into the stud.
1898 W. S. Seton-Karr Marquess Cornwallis v. 115 A third [order] establishes a Government Stud in the district of Tirhút.
1943 Rotarian Sept. 61/1 A good portion of the institute's herd came from a stud in England.
1968 Observer's Bk. Horses & Ponies (rev. ed.) 63 Horses of the Budyonovsky breed are bred in studs in the Rostov region of the U.S.S.R.
2003 I. Coleman Happy Horse v. 62 A few years ago I visited a Thoroughbred stud to look at a yearling.
b. An establishment in which domesticated animals other than horses are kept for breeding.
ΚΠ
1853 3rd Rep. Select Comm. House of Lords Govt. Indian Territories 10 in Parl. Papers (H.C. 627-II) XXXIII. 1 They have cattle studs, and for horses too.
1891 Fanciers' Jrnl. (Philadelphia) 3 Jan. 2/1 In the stud... Pure bred Irish setters.
1902 A. G. Eberhart Everything about Dogs (ed. 2) 221 His successful son..has yet to prove himself the success at the stud.
1985 Telegraph (Queensland, Austral.) (Nexis) 16 Aug. He has a steady girlfriend whose family own a sheep stud.
1994 J. I. Weller Econ. Aspects of Animal Breeding 178 We will assume that the stud must pay an additional mean purchase price of $10,000 per bull calf.
2014 Land (Austral.) (Nexis) 25 Sept. (Markets section) 95 The Poll Hereford sale..will include 40 females and five bulls from studs such as Hunter Lakes, Evesham, [etc.].
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > equus caballus or horse > [noun] > collectively
stud?1316
horseflesha1400
cattlea1680
cavalrya1695
stringa1809
?1316 Short Metrical Chron. (Royal) (2002) 841 For þat tresoun þat hy dude Hy were todrawen yþe stude.
?c1335 (a1300) Land of Cokaygne 35 in W. Heuser Kildare-Gedichte (1904) 146 Þer nis schepe no swine no gote... Noþer harate [read harace], nother stode. Þe lond is ful of oþer gode.
a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. (Rawl.) (1898) 204 Atte [read alle] the moste Inly..tounes of leys, wyth moche of hare stode and har cornes,..he braunt and destruyet.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > horse defined by breed > [noun] > a breed
harasa1300
stud?c1335
?c1335 in W. Heuser Kildare-Gedichte (1904) 136 Sei þou me, asse, wat hast ido? Me þenchiþ, þou cannist no gode... Þou come of liþer stode.
c1540 J. Bellenden in tr. H. Boece Hyst. & Cron. Scotl. sig. Fivv The awfull churle is of ane othir strynd. Thoucht he be borne to vilest seruitude Thair may na gentrice sink into his mynd..The bludy wolf is of the samyn stude. He feris gret beistis and ragis on the small.
1558 T. Phaer tr. Virgil Seuen First Bks. Eneidos vii. sig. T.ijv Coursers..Engendryd of that race, whom Cyrces liuely did inuent To mixe with mortall studdes.
a1750 A. Hill Wks. (1753) IV. 149 Therefore, pray, tell your owner, who loves to aspire, He must cherish our stud, if he means to ride higher: 'Tis the gift of our breed, and the task of our calling, Both, to bear men aloft, and to keep 'em, from falling.
4. With reference to a single animal.† a. Scottish. A female horse kept for breeding; a brood mare; = stud mare n. 1. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > horse defined by gender or age > [noun] > female > mare > used for breeding
stud mareeOE
stud?a1500
steid-meir1582
brood-mare1792
matron1931
a1500 R. Henryson tr. Æsop Fables: Trial of Fox l. 992 in Poems (1981) 41 Ga, mak ane message sone vnto that stude.
1571 G. Buchanan Admonitioun Trew Lordis sig. B.3 Thay blamit oppinlie ye Regent, quha keipit hir [sc. the Queen] in stoir in dispite of thame (as thay said) to be a stude to cast ma foillis.
1697 Rental of Brabster, Caithness in A. W. Johnston & A. Johnston Old-lore Misc. (1920) VIII. 48 Item, a broun mear and a kear stead, foll at hir foott.
b. U.S. An uncastrated adult male horse; a stallion. Cf. stud horse n. 1a.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > horse defined by gender or age > [noun] > male > stallion or stud-horse
stud horseeOE
stallion1390
steed-horsec1425
courser1483
mastard1598
stone-horse1600
stone-colt1691
seed horse1792
stud1803
foal-getter1809
entire1881
1803 M. Cutler Jrnl. 12 Nov. in W. P. Cutler & J. P. Cutler Life, Jrnls. & Corr. M. Cutler (1888) II. 142 The famous white stud, an Arabian horse, called the Dey of Algiers, on the ground.
1807 P. Gass Jrnls. 201 Remained here all day and had a great deal of trouble with our horses, as they are all studs, and break almost every rope we can raise.
1891 C. Roberts Adrift in Amer. 183 He was a stud, and as fine a horse of his class as I ever saw.
1947 R. Santee Apache Land vi. 72 The old stud was a bay and battle-scarred.
1959 ‘J. Driftwood’ (title of song) Tennessee stud.
1999 ‘J. Logan’ Slocum & Comanche Princess vii. 51 He mounted his stud and swung back to inform Sergeant Watson of his findings.
c. A male animal (other than a horse) kept for breeding.
ΚΠ
1911 Dog Fancier Mar. 6/1 I..am going to use him as a stud in my kennels.
1948 C. L. B. Hubbard Dogs in Brit. 33 It is expedient to permit the selected studs and matrons to be introduced to each other.
1998 Financial Times (Electronic ed.) 10 Oct. 22 A good ram to be hired out as a stud.
2004 Metro 18 Nov. (London ed.) 19/1 The pure-bred Holstein bull is perhaps the most prized stud in the world.
5.
a. figurative. A group of people (originally women; cf. sense A. 1a) belonging to or working for a person. In later use chiefly: a collection of vehicles owned by a person or company; a fleet of vehicles.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > social relations > association, fellowship, or companionship > a company or body of persons > [noun]
ferec975
flockOE
gingc1175
rout?c1225
companyc1300
fellowshipc1300
covinc1330
eschelec1330
tripc1330
fellowred1340
choira1382
head1381
glub1382
partya1387
peoplec1390
conventc1426
an abominable of monksa1450
body1453
carol1483
band1490
compernagea1500
consorce1512
congregationa1530
corporationa1535
corpse1534
chore1572
society1572
crew1578
string1579
consort1584
troop1584
tribe1609
squadron1617
bunch1622
core1622
lag1624
studa1625
brigadea1649
platoon1711
cohort1719
lot1725
corps1754
loo1764
squad1786
brotherhood1820
companionhood1825
troupe1825
crowd1840
companionship1842
group1845
that ilk1845
set-out1854
layout1869
confraternity1872
show1901
crush1904
we1927
familia1933
shower1936
society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > powered vehicle > [noun] > motor vehicle > a collection of
stud1904
stable1949
a1625 J. Fletcher Womans Prize iii. iii. in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) 109/1 Never poore man was sham'd so; never Rascall That keeps a studd of whores was us'd so basely.
1787 R. Bage Fair Syrian II. 68 The old gentleman died, and his stud of women was all sold up.
1804 European Mag. 45 365/2 This Gentleman..has a stud of beauties the representatives of those of former times, Mary Queen of Scots, Ann Bulleyn, Fair Rosamond, [etc.].
1833 J. Nyren Young Cricketer's Tutor 60 These four were our tip-top men, and I think such another stud was not to be matched in the whole kingdom, either before or since.
1869 tr. V. Hugo in Gentleman's Mag. May 657 The vendors were of all kinds: from the wretched father, getting rid of his family, to the master, utilising his stud of slaves.
1904 Automotor Jrnl. 2 Jan. 23/1 The Motor Omnibus Company have decided to add three more 'buses to their stud.
1907 Motoring Illustr. 16 Mar. 79/1 King Edward never goes on his travels unless accompanied by one or more of his numerous stud of motor-cars.
1920 Sackbut Oct. 294 Their princely patrons kept a stud of opera singers and players.
1970 Railway Mag. Oct. 561/2 The stud of ‘Deltics’ is regularly being rostered right up to the limit of locomotives in traffic.
2015 C. Garratt Steam, Soot & Rust 7/1 Throughout the 1960s the historic South Wales coalfield retained a fascinating stud of industrial locomotives.
b. The horses bred by and belonging to a single owner; a particular group of horses, esp. racehorses or hunters, belonging to a single owner. In later use also: a group of other animals, esp. birds, kept and bred by a single owner.In quot. 1823 used in the context of a pun on nightmares.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > equus caballus or horse > [noun] > belonging to one stable
stable1576
studa1661
stable companion1868
stable-mate1941
the world > animals > domestic animal > [noun] > collectively > of same kind and belonging to same person
stud1813
a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Yorks. 187 Whereas a Stud of Horses bred in foggy fenny ground..have often a Fen in their feet, being soft and soon subject to be foundred.
1690 London Gaz. No. 2588/4 The Stud or Breed of Horses, late belonging to Sutton Oglethorpe Esq;..are now to be disposed of there.
1740 S. Richardson Pamela I. xxxi. 284 After my Master had din'd, he took a Turn into the Stables, to look at his Stud of Horses.
1785 A. M. Bennett Anna II. xxxi. 95 The shew and variety of his mistresses could only be equalled by his stud of horses.
1813 Sporting Mag. 41 172 A gentleman in Hampshire,..having a large stud of sows.
1823 C. Lamb Witches in Elia 156 I confess an occasional night-mare; but I do not, as in early youth, keep a stud of them.
1828 Sporting Mag. 21 187 The symmetry..exhibited by some of the studs of greyhounds.
1863 W. C. Baldwin Afr. Hunting viii. 308 My stud is now reduced to three... All my Natal nags are dead.
1899 19th Cent. May 816 Knowing the difficulties one meets with before one possesses a stud of reliable homers.
1910 G. Smith Reminisc. ii. 22 He kept a hunting stud to the last.
1931 Times 4 Nov. 5/4 The stud comprises six horses, all of which stand 16 hands or over, have good mouths and manners, carry a lady side-saddle, and were regularly hunted last season with the Pytchley.
2003 Cage & Aviary Birds 6 Dec. 10/5 Some are looking to buy birds to show, instead of acquiring stock birds to build a stud of their own.
6. Cards (originally U.S.). A form of poker in which each player is dealt a number of cards face up and a number of others face down, with bets placed after each round of dealing; = stud poker n. at Compounds 2. Now frequently with modifying word specifying the number of cards dealt, as five-card stud, seven-card stud, etc.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > card game > poker > [noun] > varieties of
vaunt1598
brag1734
draw poker1847
penny ante1855
freeze-out1856
draw1857
straight poker1864
stud poker1864
mistigris1875
highball1878
whisky-poker1878
stud-horse poker1881
stud horse1882
stud1884
showdown poker1892
show poker1895
red dog1919
showdown1927
strip-poker1929
manilla1930
Hold 'Em1964
Texas Hold 'Em1968
pai gow poker1985
1884 Testimony Comm. Expenditures Dept. Justice 623 in U.S. Congress. Serial Set (48th Congr., 1st Sess.: House of Representatives Misc. Doc. 38, pt. 1) XXI That..he played games of cards publicly in saloons for small sums of money; that he played ‘stud’ poker or ‘percentage stud’.
1907 Washington Post 10 Mar. iv. 1/3 This Pete Parker done played stud up an' down the St Francis till he had the hull valley skint.
1933 ‘P. Cain’ in Black Mask May 104/2 He was sitting in a stud game with five of the home boys.
1979 T. Reese & J. Flint Trick 13 64 In seven-card stud a player who stays in the pot till the finish receives two cards face down, four face up, and one face down.
1993 V. Sage Mirror for Larks 325 As a rule I always fold in five-card stud when my first cards don't add up to nineteen. I did a lot of folding.
2002 A. Bellin Poker Nation i. 6 In Hold'em, unlike stud, there's no need to memorize the board or what cards got burned.
7. slang.
a. A (young) man noted for his sexual prowess, or for his sexual success with women. Also: an attractively muscular or masculine (young) man. Cf. stud horse n. 1b, studmuffin n.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > love > a lover > [noun] > male lover
servantc1405
specialc1425
servitorc1450
love-lad1586
young man1589
inamorato1592
swainc1592
gentleman friend1667
enamorado1677
spark1707
beau?1720
Johnny1726
man friend1736
feller1842
novio1843
soupirant1849
fella1874
man1874
fellow1878
square-pusher1890
stud1895
papa1896
lover mana1905
boyfriend1906
daddy1912
lover-boy1925
sheikh1925
sweetback1929
sweet man1942
older man1951
boyf1990
society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > [noun] > sexual indulgence > womanizing or associating with loose women > one who
horlinga1200
holourc1230
whore-mana1325
putourc1390
putroura1425
whoremastera1425
whoremonger?a1472
putyer1477
whoredomerc1485
holarda1500
whore-keeper1530
mutton-monger1532
smell-smock?1545
stallion1553
woman-louper1568
limb-lifter1579
Lusty Laurence1582
punker1582
wencher1593
womanist1608
belly-bumper1611
sheep-biter1611
stringer1613
fleshmongera1616
hunt-smock1624
whorer1624
womanizer1626
woman errant1628
mongera1637
linen-lifter1652
whorster1654
whorehopper1664
cousin1694
smocker1708
mutton-master1729
woman dangler1850
masher1872
chippy chaser1887
chaser1894
stud1895
molrower1896
skirt-chaser1942
1895 W. Rye Gloss. Words E. Anglia 217 Stud, a nickname given to a man from his love of venery (Wilton, 1877).
1955 Amer. Speech 30 305 [Wayne University slang] Stud, a ladies' man.
1960 B. Moore Luck of Ginger Coffey iv. 88 Throwing her across this bed yesterday, pleased with yourself for being the great stud.
1964 S. Bellow Herzog 154 Still in fleeting moments the young and glossy stud—such as he really had never been.
1981 S. Rushdie Midnight's Children iii. 395 A notorious seducer; a ladies'-man; a cuckolder of the rich; in short, a stud.
1995 Maxim July 22/1 People are always going to think, ‘He's had 20 lovers, what a stud, she's had 20 lovers, she's a slut.’
2002 Out Apr. 44/1 Most guys desire the image of the ripped, fat-free studs who grace Men's Health covers.
b. Chiefly U.S. (esp. in African-American usage). Without connotations of sexual prowess or attractiveness: a man, a guy. Also as a familiar form of address.
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > person > man > [noun]
churla800
werec900
rinkeOE
wapmanc950
heOE
wyeOE
gomeOE
ledeOE
seggeOE
shalkOE
manOE
carmanlOE
mother bairnc1225
hemea1250
mother sona1250
hind1297
buck1303
mister mana1325
piecec1325
groomc1330
man of mouldc1330
hathela1350
sire1362
malea1382
fellowa1393
guestc1394
sergeant?a1400
tailarda1400
tulka1400
harlotc1405
mother's sona1470
frekea1475
her1488
masculinea1500
gentlemana1513
horse?a1513
mutton?a1513
merchant1549
child1551
dick1553
sorrya1555
knavea1556
dandiprat1556
cove1567
rat1571
manling1573
bird1575
stone-horse1580
loona1586
shaver1592
slave1592
copemate1593
tit1594
dog1597
hima1599
prick1598
dingle-dangle1605
jade1608
dildoa1616
Roger1631
Johnny1648
boy1651
cod1653
cully1676
son of a bitch1697
cull1698
feller1699
chap1704
buff1708
son of a gun1708
buffer1749
codger1750
Mr1753
he-man1758
fella1778
gilla1790
gloak1795
joker1811
gory1819
covey1821
chappie1822
Charley1825
hombre1832
brother-man1839
rooster1840
blokie1841
hoss1843
Joe1846
guy1847
plug1848
chal1851
rye1851
omee1859
bloke1861
guffin1862
gadgie1865
mug1865
kerel1873
stiff1882
snoozer1884
geezer1885
josser1886
dude1895
gazabo1896
jasper1896
prairie dog1897
sport1897
crow-eater1899
papa1903
gink1906
stud1909
scout1912
head1913
beezer1914
jeff1917
pisser1918
bimbo1919
bozo1920
gee1921
mush1936
rye mush1936
basher1942
okie1943
mugger1945
cat1946
ou1949
tess1952
oke1970
bra1974
muzhik1993
1909 Dial. Notes 3 377 [East Alabama] Also used as a term of familiar address among men. ‘Hello, old stud, how are you?’
1929 M. A. Gill Underworld Slang 10/2 Stud, man.
1944 D. Burley Orig. Handbk. Harlem Jive 70 If you're a hipped stud, you'll latch on.
1963 E. J. Gaines in Sewanee Rev. Autumn 550 I mean a stud's going to drink eggnog, and he isn't going to put whiskey in it.
1967 W. Murray Sweet Ride x. 169 We're looking for a couple of studs..Jimmy the Head and Jawbone.
1970 R. D. Abrahams Positively Black ii. 46 But who's this stud they call Billy?
2003 JazzTimes Sept. 123/1 Those young, ultraproficient studs know all Bird's licks in every key but can't..fathom the music's ultimate provenance.
c. Originally and chiefly U.S. A lesbian who adopts a traditionally masculine identity or appearance (frequently opposed to femme). Also occasionally applied to a homosexual man (opposed to queen). Sometimes with the implication that such an individual will play a more (sexually) dominant or active role.
ΚΠ
1951 ‘D. W. Cory’ Homosexual in Amer. 104 The cantargot includes such terms for the Lesbian as dike (or dyke), stud, and bull.
1969 ‘Iceberg Slim’ Mama Black Widow ii. 30 Queens and studs in the shadowy booths lining the long room.
1997 A. Rierden Farm v. 59 In the lesbian culture there is a loosely defined hierarchy, typically headed by a black woman who thinks of herself as a stud.
2014 V. A. Rosario in C. Zabus & D. Coad Transgender Experience ii. iv. 56 If a fem dumped her stud girlfriend to become a stud, that would be supremely shameful for the rejected stud.
B. adj.
1. U.S. slang. Good, great, excellent.
ΚΠ
1936 Kappa Alpha Jrnl. Nov. 36/1 You can't have everything, but we pledged fifteen really stud guys, which is just about everything as far as we're concerned.
1969 Sat. Rev. (U.S.) 5 July 28 There's nothing like a head-shrinker..for putting you where you're at. That's stud.
1972 D. Jenkins Semi-tough iii. 283 It's almost spring in New York, which I think is a pretty stud time of year.
2000 Kokomo (Indiana) Tribune 18 Aug. b2 ‘Frankfort is not as good as last season, but they're still plenty good,’ Plummer said. ‘They have four really stud players.’
2. U.S. slang (esp. in African-American usage). Designating a lesbian who adopts a traditionally masculine identity or appearance; butch.Sometimes (esp. in stud broad) specifically with reference to a female prisoner who adopts such a role.
ΚΠ
1964 Social Probl. 12 168/2 The most obvious is the butch, stud broad, or drag butch, the aggressive, active sexual partner.
1971 Black Scholar Sept. 45/1 He had learned the stories about stud broads..but he knew Christine ‘used’ to be a stud broad.
1996 K. Weston Render Me, Gender Me 35 Raye believed that a butch presentation had operated to her advantage in her work. Before an important meeting, she would consciously visualize herself as stud.
2014 V. A. Rosario in C. Zabus & D. Coad Transgender Experience iv. 56 A lot of Lolo's fights were about defending her girlfriend from the advances of another stud girl.
Phrases
With prepositions. P1. to stud: (esp. of a male horse) into service as a breeding animal; esp. in to be put (also go) to stud.
ΚΠ
1834 New Sporting Mag. Mar. 289/1 He was put to stud—was let to a great number of mares for two seasons.
1884 Fun 24 Sept. 135/1 Her racing career is over, and, breaking all links with the silk, she has gone to stud.
1906 Fanciers Monthly (San Jose, Calif.) Sept. 309/1 Every bitch I put out to stud bred either before or after, or both, to my own dogs.
1966 Times 13 July 5/6 Lomond is thoroughly genuine and deserves a break as a stallion when retired to stud.
2011 G. J. Klein First Night xix. 79 I have often wondered what my grandfather would have had to say had he seen Valkyrjan's sire before Brynhilde went to stud.
P2. at stud: (esp. of a male horse) in service as a breeding animal; cf. stand v..
ΚΠ
1841 Sporting Rev. May 354 He appeared as a sire when there were hardly any thorough-bred mares at stud in this country.
1882 Greyhound Stud Bk. I. 81 Limited to fifteen bitches for season 1882-83 (his second season at stud).
1937 E. Rickman On & off Racecourse i. 3 Their best horses are placed at stud..or are sold to other stud-masters.
1991 Sports Illustr. 24 June 8/3 Of the 589 foals Adios produced over a 20-year career at stud, an incredible 500 won races.
2008 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 1 June (Sports section) 8/6 Smarty Jones still commanded a $100,000 stud fee, a figure that..theoretically generates $10 million a year over the first two years at stud.
P3. for stud: (esp. of a male horse) for service as a breeding animal.
ΚΠ
1897 Irish Times 26 Aug. 4/2 Race horse for sale,..suitable for stud or racing.
1923 Dog Fancier June 9/3 No dog is at the height of his power..for stud..except he is clean of these damned parasites.
1981 J. Halliday & J. Halliday in K. Thear & A. Fraser Compl. Bk. Livestock & Poultry (1988) iv. 77/2–3 You might consider keeping a male goat for stud and making his services available to other goatkeepers.
2013 D. Ours Battleship ix. 119 With his top wins being the James Rowe Memorial and the Great Lakes Handicap, he also had an underwhelming résumé for stud.
Compounds
C1. attributive. Designating a (male) animal kept for breeding, as stud dog, stud hound, stud sheep, etc.See also stud horse n. 1a, stud mare n. 1.
ΚΠ
1807 Raleigh Reg. & N.-Carolina Gaz. 21 May Bakewell, the prize ram of 1805, continues to be the stud ram at Arlington.
1826 J. Cook Fox-hunting 227 Stud hounds.
1850 Bell's Life in London 15 Dec. 5/1 A trial between the merits of the sons of favourite stud dogs.
1868 Field 4 July 21/2 (advt.) Stud Greyhounds.
1908 Chambers's Jrnl. Nov. 704/1 Australian flock-owners are willing to pay enormous prices for Tasmanian stud-sheep.
1970 K. Roberts Inner Wheel 85 I spent an hour making friends with the favored stud dog.
1982 T. K. Ewer Pract. Animal Husbandry iv. 87 For the valuable stud ewe, or nanny-goat, there are more sophisticated methods of pregnancy diagnosis available.
2015 Central & N. Burnett (Queensland) Times (Nexis) 24 Sept. 12 The Kennys managed to sell 14 stud bulls at an average price of $9107 at the September 16 sale.
C2. † stud fold n. Obsolete (Scottish in later use) an enclosure in which brood mares are pastured.In early use probably sometimes an enclosure in which horses were pastured, without reference to their function as breeding animals. In quot. a1200 apparently referring to an old hill fort used as horse pasture.† studherd n. Obsolete (Scottish in later use) a person responsible for tending the horses in a stud.Attested earliest in surnames.
stud-bred adj. and n. Anglo-Indian (now historical and rare) (a) adj. designating a thoroughbred horse bred in a stud farm belonging to the East India Company or (later) the British Raj; (b) n. a stud-bred horse.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > equus caballus or horse > [noun] > horse or group kept for breeding
studOE
race1533
stud-bred1820
1820 Asiatic Jrnl. & Monthly Reg. Mar. 254/2 The stud bred horses are longer in coming to their full size and strength than either Arab or country horses.
1840 J. Outram Rough Notes Campaign Sinde & Affghanistan xii. 77 A few Cape horses lately imported to the Bombay Army, have also proved themselves superior to our stud breds.
1914 J. Vaughan in A. E. Wardrop Mod. Pig-sticking viii. 132 Waler troop horses make excellent pig-stickers. Stud breds are handy but slow.
1975 Marquess of Anglesey Hist. Brit. Cavalry II. x. 435 There were about thirteen distinct breeds of horse in India. Some of them, like the Kathiawar..were bigger than the average stud-bred.
2011 K. Roy War, Culture & Society in Early Mod. S. Asia vi. 152 While the EIC [= East India Company] depended on stud-bred horses, Dal Khalsa depended on the horses raised in Punjab.
stud department n. now historical a department of the British army responsible for breeding the stock of horses belonging to the East India Company or (later) the British Raj; (also) a department of the French government responsible for breeding its stock of horses.
ΚΠ
1820 Morning Chron. 23 Feb. He was appointed..to the Staff in the Stud Department.
1873 Edinb. Rev. Oct. 437 The cahiers of grievances, sent up to the National Assembly of 1789, were full of complaints as to the operation of the Stud Department.
1876 G. E. Voyle & G. de Saint-Clair-Stevenson Mil. Dict. (ed. 3) 413/1 Officers of the army specially appointed, belonging to the stud department... By a late order the name of stud has been changed to that of remount.
1908 Cavalry Jrnl. July 341 In France this taste for gambling provides, through the parimutuel, a great part of the money spent by the Stud Department.
2000 A. Mallinson Nizam's Daughters (2007) vi. 207 It was he who began the reform of the Company's stud department.
stud farm n. an establishment where horses or other domesticated animals are kept for breeding.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > [noun] > horse-breeding > stud farm or enclosure
studOE
stud foldOE
harasa1300
studdery1582
stud farm1795
stud house1813
paddock1856
1795 Sporting Mag. Aug. 242/1 He was, like many capital ones, consigned to the groom, and covered for many seasons at the Crown, near the Duke's stud farm, at Plaistow.
1833 Q. Rev. July 423 His lordship has also at his stud-farm, in Derbyshire, the renowned horses Priam and Zinganee.
1991 World Monitor Oct. 6/2 A small shipload of Easter Island merino sheep was purchased by a merino stud farm near Puno, Peru.
1995 Canad. Horseman Mar. 30/3 Steve Johnson, Manager of the Margaux thoroughbred stud farm in Lexington, Kentucky, urged those wanting to run a profitable thoroughbred operation to ‘think like a farmer!’
stud fee n. a fee charged by the owner of a male animal, esp. a horse or dog, for its services as a sire; also humorously in extended use with reference to a person.
ΚΠ
1871 Bell's Life in London 19 Aug. 11/5 This dog was..advertised as the winner, and his valuable services were offered to breeders at the very moderate stud fee of 20gs.
1922 J. Joyce Ulysses ii. xv. [Circe] 517 What's our studfee?.. You fee men dancers on the Riviera, I read.
1953 X. Fielding Stronghold 48 My stud-fee's as low as you like—I'd do it for nothing.
2008 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 1 June (Sports section) 8/6 Smarty Jones still commanded a $100,000 stud fee.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > [noun] > horse-breeding > stud farm or enclosure
studOE
stud foldOE
harasa1300
studdery1582
stud farm1795
stud house1813
paddock1856
OE Bounds (Sawyer 623) in P. H. Sawyer Charters of Burton Abbey (1979) 22 Þis syndon þa landgemæro to Brantes tune of þes stodfaldes easthyrnan on þone pyt.
a1170 ( Bounds (Sawyer 1542) in M. Gelling Place-names Berks. (1976) III. 671 Of þam andheafdum on ða hlinc rewe ut to þære dic be norðan stodfaldon.
a1200 ( Bounds (Sawyer 1565) in J. M. Kemble Codex Diplomaticus (1848) VI. 213 Of þam wylle on ðone stodfald; of þam stodfalde on þæt stangedelf.
1558 Exch. Rolls Scot. XIX. 62 [48s.] de firmis domus tecte tegulis et stodfaldis.
1662 in J. R. N. Macphail Highland Papers (1920) III. 25 Quhen they wes bigging the stuid falds.
stud groom n. the groom, or one of the grooms, responsible for tending the horses in a stud.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > [noun] > horse-breeding > horse-breeder
studherd1195
studman1545
horse-breeder1607
stud groom1736
studsman1861
1736 Chamberlayne's Magnæ Britanniæ Notitia (ed. 32) ii. iii. 194 At Hampton Court, 2 Studd Grooms.
1833 Q. Rev. July 385 Mr. Place, stud-groom to Cromwell, was a conspicuous character of those days.
1895 Darling Downs Gaz. (Toowoomba, Queensland) 13 Apr. A young woman, wife of the overseer of the stud grooms at the St. Albans stables.
2006 Daily Tel. 22 June 27/1 As a stud groom he had some of Britain's finest thoroughbred stallions in his care.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > [noun] > horse-breeding > horse-breeder
studherd1195
studman1545
horse-breeder1607
stud groom1736
studsman1861
1195 in P. H. Reaney & R. M. Wilson Dict. Brit. Surnames (1976) 334 (MED) Vlfus Stodhyrda.
a1240 in B. Thuresson Middle Eng. Occup. Terms (1950) 111 (MED) Ad. le Stodehurd.
1286 in B. Thuresson Middle Eng. Occup. Terms (1950) 111 Joh. the Stodeherde.
a1458 in J. T. Fowler Mem. Abbey St. Mary of Fountains (1918) III. 252 Rob. West, Studherd.
1550 in C. Rogers Rental Bk. Cupar-Angus (1880) II. 176 That thai nor nane of thame remove nor put out oure stodhird..out of..the saidis landis.
1651 W. Bowie Black Bk. Taymouth (1855) 425 He shall..keep the mares in Glenloquhay and their followers, as stoddert thereof.
stud house n. (a) a house forming part of a stud farm; spec. (with the and capital initials) the name of a house in Hampton Court Park, originally the official residence of the Master of the Horse; †(b) a building in which a stud of horses is accommodated (obsolete).
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > [noun] > horse-breeding > stud farm or enclosure
studOE
stud foldOE
harasa1300
studdery1582
stud farm1795
stud house1813
paddock1856
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > dwelling place or abode > a dwelling > official residence > [noun] > specific
Downing Street1772
white house1811
stud house1813
number ten1953
1813 Rep. Select Comm. Civil List App. G. 29 in Parl. Papers (H.C. 342) IV. 551 Mr. Wyatt transmitted to the Treasury, Estimates which he had prepared, in pursuance of requisitions from the Master of the Horse, of Repairs, &c. at the Stables and Stud House, amounting to £. 1,659.
1814 Morning Post 17 Sept. Yesterday afternoon the Prince Regent went to Hampton-court to view the stud, and afterwards dined with General Bloomfield at the Stud House.
1815 Rep. Select Comm. Civil List 10 in Parl. Papers 1814–5 (H.C. 401) III. 91 The original estimate for the formation of the paddocks and stud houses.
1829 Sporting Mag. 24 221 The great Ducal stud-house at Florence is a fine and spacious building.
1911 19th Cent. & After Sept. 541 The King was dining with Lord and Lady Albemarle at the Stud House, Hampton Court.
2014 Newmarket Jrnl. (Nexis) 12 Apr. The detached stud house provides spacious accommodation with three bedrooms, and two bathrooms and is surrounded by the paddocks.
stud keeper n. a person employed to manage a stud of horses or other animals; the owner of a stud.
ΚΠ
1572 Statutes Realme of Irelande f. 168v Nor shall as a capitayne..take or exacte for the fyndinge of hym or them theyr horsemen, footemen..stodekeepers, offycers, or adherentes..anye kinde of exaction.
1689 R. Cox Hibernia Anglicana: Pt. 1 sig. Yyyyyv Gillycree, a Stud-keeper.
1793 Sporting Mag. 2 9/2 Hampton-Court Stud. Stud Keeper. Thomas Parnham, 40l.
1871 Punch 13 May 189/2 If the Publican's trade is to be diminished because it affords facilities for drunkenness, why not the Stud-keeper's because it affords facilities for gambling?
2007 H. M. Leach in R. Cassidy & M. Mullin Where Wild Things are Now iii. 86 An explosion of pig varieties resulted, of largely unstable character, until breeds were standardized by the stud keepers in the later 19th century.
studman n. a person who tends the horses in a stud; an employee of a stud farm; a horse breeder; = studsman n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > [noun] > horse-breeding > horse-breeder
studherd1195
studman1545
horse-breeder1607
stud groom1736
studsman1861
1545 in J. Gairdner & R. H. Brodie Lett. & Papers Reign Henry VIII (1907) (modernized text) XX. ii. 515 Matt. de Mantua, studman, 4l. 11s. 3d.
1798 J. Ebers New & Compl. Dict. German & Eng. Lang. II. 101/2 The Stud-Man, whose Business it is to see that a Mare is properly covered or horsed.
1871 Bell's Life in London 7 Jan. 7/1 The stud men's opinion of the half Arab lot was that they were rubbish.
2010 Racing Post (Nexis) 26 Nov. 17 Increasing the VAT rate would make it even more difficult for studmen to buy the horse in the first place.
studmaster n. a person employed to manage a stud of horses or other animals; the owner of a stud.
ΚΠ
1685 G. Meriton Nomenclatura Clericalis 34 Studd-master, Equorum Magister.
1881 Wallace's Monthly June 340/1 There will surely be a large margin in favor of the improved breed over the present when the stud master makes up his annual expense account.
1914 National Wool Grower Dec. 16/1 After many years of careful and skillful breeding it can be said that the leading studmasters have succeeded.
2014 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 10 Aug. (Racing section) 67 He is scaling back his training to take up a post as studmaster at Arrowfield Stud.
stud park n. a park in which a stud of horses is kept.
ΚΠ
1860 Morning Post 18 June The condition in which the yearlings were sent to the hammer was not a little creditable to the management of the important stud park.
1875 R. H. R. Rambles in Istria 58 A stud-park which the Emperor of Austria keeps in this part of his dominions.
2005 Canberra Times (Nexis) 31 Oct. a1 Tomorrow afternoon the stud park will become the focus of the sporting world.
stud poker n. Cards (originally U.S.) a form of poker in which each player is dealt a number of cards face up and a number of others face down, with bets placed after each round of dealing; = stud-horse poker n. at stud horse n. Compounds.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > card game > poker > [noun] > varieties of
vaunt1598
brag1734
draw poker1847
penny ante1855
freeze-out1856
draw1857
straight poker1864
stud poker1864
mistigris1875
highball1878
whisky-poker1878
stud-horse poker1881
stud horse1882
stud1884
showdown poker1892
show poker1895
red dog1919
showdown1927
strip-poker1929
manilla1930
Hold 'Em1964
Texas Hold 'Em1968
pai gow poker1985
1864 W. B. Dick Amer. Hoyle 167 Stud poker.., in all essential particulars, is like the other Poker games.
1922 S. Lewis Babbitt xxv. 295 All the way north he pictured the Maine guides: simple and strong and daring, jolly as they played stud-poker in their unceiled shack.
1978 E. Tidyman Table Stakes ii. iii. 191 The best stud poker player who ever sat down among them.
2002 Mirror 27 Mar. 6/5 Roulette, blackjack, stud poker and Punto Banco are the most popular games which pack in the punters.
stud sale n. †(a) a sale of a person's collection of horses (obsolete); (b) (chiefly Australian and New Zealand) a sale of animals for breeding.
ΚΠ
1826 Morning Post 29 Dec. The following is an account of the Stud Sale of Mr. Bodenham, of Stepleton Castle, Herefordshire.
1843 R. S. Surtees Handley Cross III. iv. 50 Advertisements were inserted in all the papers.., headed ‘Great Stud Sale’.
1883 Southland (N.Z.) Times 23 Oct. 2/3 The Hereford has been much improved, and the records of stud sales show that for first-class animals of this breed prices have been paid almost if not quite equalling the fancy figures fetched by the most fashionable ‘Teeswaters’.
1995 K. Emms & A. Squires Stock & Station Agents' Handbk. xix. 151 Insurers may waive this requirement when animals are purchased at stud sales conducted by agents.
studsman n. now rare a person who tends the horses in a stud; an employee of a stud farm; a horse breeder; = studman n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > [noun] > horse-breeding > horse-breeder
studherd1195
studman1545
horse-breeder1607
stud groom1736
studsman1861
1861 Bell's Life in London 14 July 1/6 (advt.) A studsman, who can be strongly recommended as thoroughly understanding every branch of his business, is desirous of obtaining a situation with a nobleman or gentleman.
1902 E. A. Woodruffe-Peacock Thoroughbreds 16 Few graziers and no studsmen can recognise this dangerous fungus in their paddocks.
1932 G. D. S. Bennett Famous Harness Horses II. 53 I was met at Preston Station by Mr. Fish's valued studsman Jim Pope.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2017; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
studv.
/stʌd/, U.S. /stəd/ I. Senses relating to upright timbers.
1. transitive. To fit (a wall, building, etc.) with upright timbers or studs (stud n.1 1a); to build with studs.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > building or providing with specific parts > build or provide with specific parts [verb (transitive)] > provide with wall(s) > provide with studding or laths
stud1448
rod1591
stoothe1825
1448 Acct. in Berks, Bucks & Oxon Archæol. Jrnl. (1907) 13 51 (MED) Item, John Kyng stodyd hit hym self; for his labr we low hym i d.
1649 Order Bk. Hartlebury Gram. School (1904) 72 To a man to studd and winde walls.
1775 G. Cartwright Jrnl. Resid. Coast Labrador 3 Aug. (1792) II. 95 Four hands were studding the house, and the others were mending some of the nets in the water.
1802 T. Jefferson Let. 22 June in Papers (2010) XXXVII. 653 A very useful emploiment for mr. Fitch will be the partitioning the side and end of the kitchen, and studding the 3. servants rooms.
1849 H. M. Noad Lect. Electr. (ed. 3) 330 Within the walls are to be studded, to protect from cold and damp.
1946 Pop. Sci. Monthly Apr. 198/1 The next step is to stud the sides with ¾″ by ¼″ strips of pine, spruce, or hardwood.
2012 Daily News-Record (Harrisonburg, Va.) 21 Sept. (Fall Home Suppl.) 2/6 Homeowners who want to insulate, stud the walls and hang drywall can rest easy knowing Masonry Waterproofer is already on the masonry.
II. Senses relating to things fixed in and projecting from a surface.
2.
a. transitive. To ornament or cover (something) with bosses, nail heads, studs, or some other object designed to be set into a surface. Also with over.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > types of ornamentation > ornament [verb (transitive)] > stud with ornaments
sticka1350
steekc1430
overdrivec1450
overset1451
stud1570
bestud1601
bestick1623
constellatea1691
1570 P. Levens Manipulus Vocabulorum sig. Pii/2 To Studde, baccis ornare, geminare [read gemmare].
a1616 W. Shakespeare Taming of Shrew (1623) Induct. ii. 41 Their harnesse studded all with Gold and Pearle. View more context for this quotation
1624 J. Gee Foot out of Snare v. 51 A gold Hat-band studded with letters or Characters.
1643 R. Baker Chron. Kings of Eng. ii. 48 The king..appointed divers stakes studded with iron at both ends..to be pitched behinde the Archers.
1715 tr. G. Panciroli Hist. Memorable Things Lost I. ii. vi. 74 Their Gates were studded with Nails of the brightest Iron.
1795 G. Coleman New Hay at Old Market ii. 23 Stud it [sc. a chair] with brass nails, and cover it with best Morocco—and tell the Property-woman to put a good soft velvet cushion in it, dye hear?
1834 T. De Quincey Cæsars in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Aug. 188/1 His sandals were studded with pearls.
1891 Leeds Mercury 27 Apr. 4/7 The..sleeves studded thickly over with tiny glittering silver sequins.
1920 tr. M. A. Nexö Ditte vii. 49 She studded her own and the child's wooden shoes with heavy nails.
1989 A. Beattie Picturing Will ii. xiv. 139 Someone had once come in with a leather steering-wheel cover for her sports car and asked him to stud it with crystals. The man called this ‘human folly’. He also studded the wheel cover for her.
2010 N.Y. Times Mag. 12 Sept. 59/2 An enormous watch studded with fake diamonds.
b. transitive. In extended use (chiefly in passive). To scatter or cover (something) with a number of objects or features. Also with over.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > state of being scattered or dispersed > scatter [verb (transitive)] > scatter here and there at intervals > set (a surface) with things at intervals
plantc1450
studa1635
a1635 T. Randolph Poems (1638) 49 Thinke how subject drunkards are to Fall. Consider how it soone destroyes the grace Of humane shape, spoyling the beauteous face. Puffing the cheekes, blearing the curious eye, Studding the face with vitious Heraldry.
1649 Bp. J. Taylor Great Exemplar ii. vii. 36 God hath studded all the Firmament, and paved it with starres.
1780 E. Fay Let. 22 May in Orig. Lett. from India (1817) 238 The banks of the river are as one may say absolutely studded with elegant mansions.
1796 W. Withering Arrangem. Brit. Plants (ed. 3) IV. 300 [Agaricus glandulosus] Gills white, their sides studded with globular glands.
1836 C. Dickens Sketches by Boz 1st Ser. II. 188 The water is studded with boats of all sorts, kinds, and descriptions.
1843 R. J. Graves Syst. Clin. Med. xiv. 161 The chest, arms and hands studded with florid maculæ.
1861 C. Reade Cloister & Hearth I. vii. 88 The windows and balconies were studded with wondering faces.
1902 Railway Conductor Sept. 684/1 He [sc. the devil] studded the land with the prickly pear And scattered the cacti everywhere.
1928 B. Spencer Wanderings in Wild Austral. 152 Its bill..is covered..with a soft, almost velvety, leather-like material, studded over with numberless delicate sense organs.
1995 P. Gregory Respectable Trade xxi. 278 He studded the pillows with violets, dozens and dozens of bunches.
2007 Condé Nast Traveller (U.K. ed.) May 154/1 Portland looks out over Casco Bay, which is studded with islands of uncertain number.
c. transitive. figurative. To pepper (one's speech or writing) with comments, examples, witticisms, etc.
ΚΠ
1712 T. Rhind Apol. p. v I industriously avoided that Pedantick Shew of Learning, of studding my Margin with Authors, or interlarding my Paragraphs with Greek and Latin.
1772 T. Nugent tr. J. F. de Isla Hist. Friar Gerund II. iv. viii. 178 She who did not stud her conversation with scraps of Greek was esteemed vulgar.
1807 I. D'Israeli Curiosities of Lit. 1st Ser. (ed. 5) I. 464 The education of Elizabeth had been severely classical..; her speeches and her letters are studded with apothegms.
1849 D. M. Mulock Ogilvies I. xvii. 275 Pennythorne's conversation was usually studded with execrable jokes.
1874 J. S. Blackie On Self-culture 83 The method of teaching by concrete examples, with which the Scriptures are so richly studded.
1992 Mother Jones Sept. 31/1 Employee résumés were studded with references to the CIA, the Defense Intelligence Agency, and the Cuban Intelligence agency.
1999 Denver Post 10 Oct. h2/4 He writes about events and people concisely, studding his stories with oddities of history.
3. transitive. Of a number of objects or features: to be fixed in or scattered over (a surface). Also figurative of immaterial things.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > place > placing or fact of being placed in (a) position > insertion or putting in > insert or put in [verb (transitive)] > at intervals in a surface > be placed at intervals in (a surface)
stud1652
the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > state of being scattered or dispersed > scatter [verb (transitive)] > scatter here and there at intervals > be placed at intervals over
stud1652
dot1786
1652 E. Benlowes Theophila vii. xix. 97 The Stars..That stud the luminated Sphear.
1682 N. O. tr. N. Boileau-Despréaux Lutrin i. 5 Her rich Face sparkling Rubies studded over.
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 272 We pass the scatter'd Isles of Cyclades; That, scarce distinguish'd, seem to stud the Seas.
a1763 W. Shenstone Odes (1765) 282 As when a shepherd..surveys his less'ning flock In snowy groups diffusive, stud the vale.
1792 Gentleman's Mag. Jan. 38/2 Many other rocks, and islands, studding its beautiful expanse..exhibited a prospect of unusual sublimity and effect.
1843 R. S. Surtees Handley Cross I. ix. 177 After passing the long line of villas that stud the road in the Mount Sion direction.
1854 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 144 302 Small circular patches of Penicillium glaucum..were observed studding the surface of the urine.
1911 G. Elliot Smith Anc. Egyptians vi. 91 The Arab, having little or no moustache, removed the few hairs that studded his upper lip.
1942 Winnipeg Free Press 3 Mar. 1/4 The Free Press will run..the serialized version of the film, illustrated with some of the breath-taking scenes that stud it.
2002 Sci. News 9 Feb. 84/2 Fossils of an armada of jellyfish..stud the site's stone slabs.
4. transitive. To insert or place (a number of things) at intervals over a surface. Chiefly in passive: to be scattered over a surface.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > place > placing or fact of being placed in (a) position > insertion or putting in > insert or put in [verb (transitive)] > at intervals in a surface
setc1386
stud1823
the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > state of being scattered or dispersed > scatter [verb (transitive)] > scatter here and there at intervals > place at intervals over a surface
disseminate1682
dot1786
stud1823
1823 T. Chevalier Lect. Gen. Struct. Human Body i. 35 There was a tumour in the cerebellum..and a number of smaller ones of a like nature were studded over the basis of the cranium.
1895 ‘Heatherbell’ in Sc. Antiquary 10 79 Around the firesides of the cottages, which were studded over the moor.
1967 Arkansas City (Kansas) Daily Traveler 2 Nov. 7 Stud cloves around edge of ham slices.
1996 Jrnl. Pediatrics 128 366/2 Pustules were studded over the proximal and lateral nail folds.
5. transitive. To fasten (something) to something else with studs. Frequently with to.
ΚΠ
1843 Papers on Duties Corps Royal Engineers VI. 164 The bridge to work eight cast iron trucks..running on a wrought iron racer.., studded to the bed plate.
1898 Locomotive Mag. May 76/2 A variety of methods of securing the tyres on the wheels..have been adopted... First, that of studding or bolting them on.
1916 Boiler Maker June 178/1 Cracks also occur on the lower half of boiler where frame braces or tee irons are riveted or studded to the barrel sheets.
1990 S. Morgan Homeboy xxv. 154 Studded to the rolling warehouse doors, a placard warned if you are not expected, you are not welcome.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2017; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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n.1eOE
n.2adj.OEv.1448- reconsolidating
- reconsolidation
- reconsolidations
- reconstituent
- reconstituents
- reconstitute
- reconstituted
- reconstituted stone
- reconstitutes
- reconstituting
- reconstitution
- reconstitutions
- reconstruct
- reconstructable
- reconstructed
- reconstructed stone
- reconstructible
- reconstructing
- reconstruction
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