stubbornadj.

/ˈstʌbən/

Forms: α. Middle English stiborn(e, stib(o)urne, styborn(e, Middle English stiburn, styburne. β. Middle English–1500s stoburne, 1500s stobburne, stoberne, stoborne. γ. Middle English stuborn, 1500s stubberne, stubb(o)urne, stuburne, 1500s–1600s stubborne, (1500s stouborne, stouburne, 1700s stouborn), 1500s– stubborn.

Etymology: Of uncertain etymology. The commonly assumed derivation < stub n. presents no great difficulty with regard to the sense (‘as if immovable as a stub or stock’), but is not easy to justify morphologically. It has been suggested that the word represents an Old English *stybbor < stybb stub n., the final n being supposed to be due to a false analysis of styburnesse , stobournesse etc. (see stubbornness n.). But -or was not a living suffix in Old English; the words containing it are inherited from Germanic, and are not formed on noun-stems but on verbal roots. The early spelling of stubbornness with only one n is of no significance; more noteworthy, however, is the spelling stoberlie in our first example of the adverb. The fluctuation in the vowel (see the Forms above) might be supposed to be an argument in favour of derivation < stub n. (Old English stybb , stubb , *stobb ); but it should be noted that a similar fluctuation appears in the forms of stubble n., which is of Romanic origin.

a. Of persons or animals: Pertinacious or dogged in refusing obedience or compliance; unyielding, inflexible, obstinate: chiefly in bad sense, unreasonably obstinate. In early use apparently sometimes with stronger notion: †Untameable, implacable, ruthless, fierce.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adjective]

starkOE

moodyOE

stithc1000

stidyc1175

stallc1275

harda1382

stubbornc1386

obstinate?1387

throa1400

hard nolleda1425

obstinant?a1425

pertinacec1425

stablec1440

dour1488

unresigned1497

difficultc1503

hard-necked1530

pertinatec1534

obstacle1535

stout-stomached1549

hard-faced1567

stunt1581

hard-headed1583

pertinacious1583

stuntly1583

peremptory1589

stomachous1590

mulish1600

stomachful1600

obstined1606

restive1633

obstinacious1649

opinionated1649

tenacious1656

iron-sided1659

sturdy1664

cat-witted1672

obstinated1672

unyielding1677

ruggish1688

bullet-headed1699

tough1780

pelsy1785

stupid1788

hard-set1818

thick and thin1822

stuntya1825

rigwiddie1826

indomitable1830

recalcitrant1830

set1848

mule-headed1870

muley1871

capitose1881

hard-nosed1917

tight1928

society > authority > lack of subjection > [adjective] > intractable or recalcitrant

unbuxoma1250

unbowsomec1290

sturdy13..

wildc1350

stubbornc1386

unbaina1400

stoutc1410

kimeta1450

staffish?a1513

untractable1538

intractable1545

sullen1577

restiff1578

indocile1603

resty1603

hot-mouthed1609

immorigerous1623

intractive1623

uncompliable1626

restivea1628

non-complying1649

uncompliant1659

incompliant1706

unobliging1707

recalcitrant1797

unbiddable1825

stocky1836

recalcitrary1861

calcitrant1866

non-cooperative1867

recalcitrating1870

ropeable1870

non-cooperating1895

bolshie1918

the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adjective] > disobediently stubborn

incorrigiblea1340

unchastisable1382

contumaxc1386

stubbornc1386

stoutc1410

contumacec1425

staffish?a1513

unwieldy1513

untractable1538

intractable1545

prefract?1549

incounselable1554

indocible1555

uncorrectable1562

refractorious1563

haggard1566

neck-stiff1570

uncounsellablea1578

refractary1583

contumacious1603

refractarious1609

refractory1615

unmanageable1616

immorigerous1623

refractive1623

pervicacious1633

unrectifiable1645

undocible1653

undocile1656

untractible1670

unadvisable1672

recalcitrant1797

unguidable1822

recalcitrary1861

c1386 G. Chaucer Wife of Bath's Prol. 456 And I was yong and ful of ragerye, Stibourne and strong and ioly as a pye.

c1386 G. Chaucer Wife of Bath's Prol. 637 Stibourne I was as is a Leonesse.

1430 J. Lydgate Order of Fools xiv. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 168 And he that holdithe a quarel agayn right, Holdyng hys purpos stiburn ageyn reson.

c1430 J. Lydgate Jack Hare ii, in Minor Poems (Percy Soc.) 52 This boy N. ful stuborn [MS. Laud styborne] of his bonys, Sluggy on morwe his leemys up to dresse, A gentil harlot chose out for the nonys, Sone and cheeff heir to dame Idilnesse.

c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 475/1 Styburne, or stoburne (or sterne), austerus, ferox.

1508 J. Fisher Treat. Penyt. Psalmes sig. ss.ii Who is now so stoburne and euyll wylled that his herte coude not melte and be kyndeled with the fyre of charyte.

1526 Bible (Tyndale) Rom. i. 31 Beynge full of all vnrighteous doynge,..vnlovynge, stouborne [Gk. ἀσπόνδους, 1611 implacable] and merciles.

1530 Bible (Tyndale) Exod. xxxiv. f. xliii^v It is a stuburne [1535 Coverdale (lit. from Hebrew.) hard-necked, 1611 King James stiffenecked] people.

1538 T. Elyot Dict. Peruicax,..yll to intreate, stubbourne, obstinate.

1550 R. Crowley One & Thyrtye Epigrammes sig. Civ^v For syth thou arte a stout priest an example thou shalt be That all stouburne priestes may take warnyng by the.

1594 in A. Macdonald & J. Dennistoun Misc. Maitland Club (1833) I. 68 Johnne Kincaid..remaning stubburne to the citationis and admonitionis of the Kirk.

1637 J. Milton Comus 15 Some say no evill thing that walks by night..Blew meager hag, or stubborne unlayd ghost..Has hurtfull power ore true virginity.

1687 P. Ayres in Minor Caroline Poets (1906) II. 309 With Patience also will the country swain..make the stubborn heifer bow Its neck to th' yoke.

1702 T. Yalden Æsop at Court vi. 17 But peevish Age,..Like Woman's Stouborn, Impotent and Loud.

1766 J. Fordyce Serm. Young Women II. xii. 295 A disputatious..and stubborn female, will always offend.

1781 G. Crabbe Library 5 Books..soothe the griev'd, the stubborn they chastise.

1843 E. Bulwer-Lytton Last of Barons I. ii. ii. 188 The barons of England are a stubborn and haughty race.

1874 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People viii. §5. 503 The people were as stubborn as their King.

1901 T. R. Glover Life & Lett. 4th Cent. x. 240 ‘An exquisite poet but a most stubborn heathen’ says Orosius of Claudian.

b. Of dispositions, resolves, speech or action: Characterized by obstinacy.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adjective] > of action, disposition, etc.

doura1522

stubborn1526

affectioneda1576

stiff-bornea1616

1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. DDiii^v If thou speke any false, stoborne or foule worde.

1581 W. Lambarde Eirenarcha (1588) iv. xiv. 561 A punishment inflicted by the law, upon his contumacie and stubburne silence.

1611 Bible (King James) Judges ii. 19 They ceased not from their owne doings, nor from their stubborne way.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost xii. 193 This River-dragon..at length submits To let his sojourners depart, and oft Humbles his stubborn heart.

a1704 J. Locke Paraphrase Epist. St. Paul (1707) Pref. p. xvii All this..is to be had only from the Epistles themselves, and to be gather'd from thence with stubborn Attention, and more than common Application.

1750 S. Johnson Rambler No. 87. ⁋2 This stubborn resistance of the most pathetic persuasion.

1809 W. Scott Poacher 151 Stout were their hearts, and stubborn was their strife.

1852 C. M. Yonge Cameos xvi, in Monthly Packet July 15 His stubborn disposition was unchanged.

1864 Soc. Sci. Rev. 399 We honour our brave soldiers, we glory in their stubborn deeds of daring.

c. transferred.

ΚΠ

a1625 W. Shakespeare & J. Fletcher Two Noble Kinsmen (1634) v. i. 13 Before the holy Altars..bow downe your stubborne bodies.

1663 S. Butler Hudibras: First Pt. i. i. 3 A wight he was,..That never bow'd his stubborn knee To any thing but Chivalry.

1688 M. Prior Ode Exod. iii. 14 viii Low, reverently low, Make thy stubborn Knowledge bow.

d. quasi-n.

ΚΠ

1871 Chambers's Jrnl. 23 Dec. 801/2 The 45th, or ‘Sherwood Foresters’,..is also known as the ‘Old Stubborns’.

a. Of things; Refractory to treatment, intractable; difficult to subdue, work, cure, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > difficulty > types of difficulty > [adjective] > difficult or intractable (of things)

wickc1330

riotous1340

wickeda1352

untreatablec1374

frowarda1400

inobedient1495

stubborn?1518

unwieldya1538

unruly1548

wieldlessa1560

hard1560

untoward1566

tickle1570

churlish1577

unwieldsome1579

rebellious1587

disobedient1588

unframeable1593

unwilling1593

untractable1601

unmanageable1606

intractable1607

surly1609

unwedgeablea1616

dogged1627

uncontrollable1648

obdurate1651

morose1652

uncompliant1659

sullen1678

unpliant1716

ungovernable1773

sulky1867

intractile1880

unwieldly1881

bunglesome1915

?1518 A. Barclay Fyfte Eglog sig. B Lyke as the grounde, is dull, stony, and toughe Stubberne and hevy, rebellynge to the ploughe.

?1541 R. Copland Galen's Fourth Bk. Terapeutyke sig. Aiiij, in Guy de Chauliac's Questyonary Cyrurgyens Some vlceres are stubburne and defycyle to be healed.

1598 W. Shakespeare Love's Labour's Lost iv. iii. 52 I feare these stubborne lines lacke power to moue.

?1615 G. Chapman tr. Homer Odysses (new ed.) xiii. 56 To whom, the black Oxe all day long hath turn'd The stubborne fallowes vp.

1720 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad V. xviii. 546 In hissing Flames huge silver Bars are roll'd, And stubborn Brass, and Tin, and solid Gold.

1747 J. Wesley Primitive Physick 82 An old stubborn Pain in the Back.

1751 T. Gray Elegy vii. 6 Their furrow oft the stubborn glebe has broke.

1820 W. Hazlitt Lect. Dramatic Lit. 35 We are of a stiff clay, not moulded into every fashion, with stubborn joints not easily bent.

1865 J. Ruskin Sesame & Lilies i. 58 Most men's minds are indeed little better than rough heath wilderness, neglected and stubborn.

1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VIII. 605 The larger doses being reserved for local caustic effects in stubborn patches [of lichen].

Proverb.1732 E. Budgell Liberty & Property ii. 76 But as plain Matters of Fact are terrible stubborn Things, Mr. Walsingham does not at all meddle with any of these.1733 Copy Will of Matt. Tindal 23 Matters of Fact, which as Mr. Budgell somewhere observes, are very Stubborn Things.1799 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 2 270 Facts being stubborn things, it seemed necessary to examine these worms.c1853 C. Kingsley Sir W. Raleigh in Misc. (1860) I. 8 There is no more to be said about the matter, save that facts are stubborn things.

†b. Of wines: ? Not easily cleared. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > wine > qualities or characteristics of wine > [adjective] > containing or throwing sediment

unracked1581

qually1669

tartarish1757

stubborn1797

dusty1886

1797 Encycl. Brit. XVIII. 872/2 It sometimes happens that wines scuddy and stubborn will not fall with one or even two forcings.

3. Of material things: Hard, stiff, rigid. Obsolete except of wood or stone (with some notion of sense 2).

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > constitution of matter > strength > [adjective] > unyielding

hardeOE

steevec1300

stubborn1577

unrelenting1594

unyielding1658

renitent1701

unsusceptible1893

1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry iii. f. 128 His hyde not hard, or stubborne in feeling [L. corium attactu non asperum ac durum].

1600 E. Fairfax tr. T. Tasso Godfrey of Bulloigne xv. ii. 267 They started vp, and euerie tender lim In sturdie steele and stubburne plate they dight.

1604 N. F. Fruiterers Secrets 14 Bee carefull to pul the stubborne ends of the fearne, cleane through the basket.

1609 P. Holland tr. Ammianus Marcellinus Rom. Hist. xxiv. ii. 242 All glittering with their bright helmets and terribly clad in stiffe and stubborne jacks.

1616 F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Scornful Ladie iv. sig. H2^v For like strict men of order, they doe correct their bodies with a bench, or a poore stubborne table.

1630 W. Davenant Just Italian v. sig. I3 Ere long we must be cold,..and wrapp'd in stubborne sheets Of lead.

1681 R. Knox Hist. Relation Ceylon 16 This Skin is hard and stubborn like a piece of Board.

1697 W. Dampier New Voy. around World xi. 315 I observed their Cloath to be all of..equal fineness; but 'tis stubborn when new.

1770 P. Luckombe Conc. Hist. Printing 256 Brown and stubborn paper that has not been well prepared for the Press.

1789 G. White Nat. Hist. Selborne 9 This rag is rugged and stubborn, and will not hew to a smooth face.

1796 J. Morse Amer. Universal Geogr. (new ed.) I. 767 The trees were..of a wood so hard and stubborn, that [etc.].

18.. Marble-Worker §35 Stubborn marble is that which, on account of its excessive hardness, is very difficult to work, and is apt to fly off in splinters.

1890 H. M. Stanley In Darkest Afr. (ed. 4) I. viii. 174 The bow is of stubborn hard brown wood, about three feet long.

Compounds

General attributive: adverbial with another adjective.

C1.

stubborn-chaste adj.

ΚΠ

1609 W. Shakespeare Troilus & Cressida i. i. 97 He's as teachy to be wood to woe, As she is stubborne, chast [read stubborne-chast], against all suite.

stubborn-hard adj.

ΚΠ

a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) iv. i. 67 Are you more stubborne hard, then hammer'd Iron?

stubborn-stout adj.

ΚΠ

1608 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. (new ed.) ii. iv. 144 Can you less pitious bee To these Self-yielders..Than sternly-valiant to the stubborn-stout.

C2. Parasynthetic

stubborn-hearted adj.

ΚΠ

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 326/1 Stoburne herted, fel.

1635 T. Jackson Humiliation Sonne of God viii. ii. 12 These..did not so much affect the stubborne hearted Jews.

a1680 S. Butler Genuine Remains (1759) I. 69 Enough to fright the stubborn'st-hearted Age.

1906 W. B. Yeats Poems, 1899–1905 55 Women are hard and proud and stubborn-hearted.

stubborn-shafted adj.

ΚΠ

1859 Ld. Tennyson Enid in Idylls of King 52 A gloom of stubborn-shafted oaks.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1919; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

单词	stubborn
释义	stubbornadj. /ˈstʌbən/ Forms: α. Middle English stiborn(e, stib(o)urne, styborn(e, Middle English stiburn, styburne. β. Middle English–1500s stoburne, 1500s stobburne, stoberne, stoborne. γ. Middle English stuborn, 1500s stubberne, stubb(o)urne, stuburne, 1500s–1600s stubborne, (1500s stouborne, stouburne, 1700s stouborn), 1500s– stubborn. Etymology: Of uncertain etymology. The commonly assumed derivation < stub n. presents no great difficulty with regard to the sense (‘as if immovable as a stub or stock’), but is not easy to justify morphologically. It has been suggested that the word represents an Old English stybbor < stybb* stub n., the final n being supposed to be due to a false analysis of styburnesse , stobournesse etc. (see stubbornness n.). But -or was not a living suffix in Old English; the words containing it are inherited from Germanic, and are not formed on noun-stems but on verbal roots. The early spelling of stubbornness with only one n is of no significance; more noteworthy, however, is the spelling stoberlie in our first example of the adverb. The fluctuation in the vowel (see the Forms above) might be supposed to be an argument in favour of derivation < stub n. (Old English stybb , stubb , stobb ); but it should be noted that a similar fluctuation appears in the forms of stubble n., which is of Romanic origin. 1. a. Of persons or animals: Pertinacious or dogged in refusing obedience or compliance; unyielding, inflexible, obstinate: chiefly in bad sense, unreasonably obstinate. In early use apparently sometimes with stronger notion: †Untameable, implacable, ruthless, fierce. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adjective] starkOE moodyOE stithc1000 stidyc1175 stallc1275 harda1382 stubbornc1386 obstinate?1387 throa1400 hard nolleda1425 obstinant?a1425 pertinacec1425 stablec1440 dour1488 unresigned1497 difficultc1503 hard-necked1530 pertinatec1534 obstacle1535 stout-stomached1549 hard-faced1567 stunt1581 hard-headed1583 pertinacious1583 stuntly1583 peremptory1589 stomachous1590 mulish1600 stomachful1600 obstined1606 restive1633 obstinacious1649 opinionated1649 tenacious1656 iron-sided1659 sturdy1664 cat-witted1672 obstinated1672 unyielding1677 ruggish1688 bullet-headed1699 tough1780 pelsy1785 stupid1788 hard-set1818 thick and thin1822 stuntya1825 rigwiddie1826 indomitable1830 recalcitrant1830 set1848 mule-headed1870 muley1871 capitose1881 hard-nosed1917 tight1928 society > authority > lack of subjection > [adjective] > intractable or recalcitrant unbuxoma1250 unbowsomec1290 sturdy13.. wildc1350 stubbornc1386 unbaina1400 stoutc1410 kimeta1450 staffish?a1513 untractable1538 intractable1545 sullen1577 restiff1578 indocile1603 resty1603 hot-mouthed1609 immorigerous1623 intractive1623 uncompliable1626 restivea1628 non-complying1649 uncompliant1659 incompliant1706 unobliging1707 recalcitrant1797 unbiddable1825 stocky1836 recalcitrary1861 calcitrant1866 non-cooperative1867 recalcitrating1870 ropeable1870 non-cooperating1895 bolshie1918 the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adjective] > disobediently stubborn incorrigiblea1340 unchastisable1382 contumaxc1386 stubbornc1386 stoutc1410 contumacec1425 staffish?a1513 unwieldy1513 untractable1538 intractable1545 prefract?1549 incounselable1554 indocible1555 uncorrectable1562 refractorious1563 haggard1566 neck-stiff1570 uncounsellablea1578 refractary1583 contumacious1603 refractarious1609 refractory1615 unmanageable1616 immorigerous1623 refractive1623 pervicacious1633 unrectifiable1645 undocible1653 undocile1656 untractible1670 unadvisable1672 recalcitrant1797 unguidable1822 recalcitrary1861 c1386 G. Chaucer Wife of Bath's Prol.* 456 And I was yong and ful of ragerye, Stibourne and strong and ioly as a pye. c1386 G. Chaucer Wife of Bath's Prol. 637 Stibourne I was as is a Leonesse. 1430 J. Lydgate Order of Fools xiv. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 168 And he that holdithe a quarel agayn right, Holdyng hys purpos stiburn ageyn reson. c1430 J. Lydgate Jack Hare ii, in Minor Poems (Percy Soc.) 52 This boy N. ful stuborn [MS. Laud styborne] of his bonys, Sluggy on morwe his leemys up to dresse, A gentil harlot chose out for the nonys, Sone and cheeff heir to dame Idilnesse. c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 475/1 Styburne, or stoburne (or sterne), austerus, ferox. 1508 J. Fisher Treat. Penyt. Psalmes sig. ss.ii Who is now so stoburne and euyll wylled that his herte coude not melte and be kyndeled with the fyre of charyte. 1526 Bible (Tyndale) Rom. i. 31 Beynge full of all vnrighteous doynge,..vnlovynge, stouborne [Gk. ἀσπόνδους, 1611 implacable] and merciles. 1530 Bible (Tyndale) Exod. xxxiv. f. xliii^v It is a stuburne [1535 Coverdale (lit. from Hebrew.) hard-necked, 1611 King James stiffenecked] people. 1538 T. Elyot Dict. Peruicax,..yll to intreate, stubbourne, obstinate. 1550 R. Crowley One & Thyrtye Epigrammes sig. Civ^v For syth thou arte a stout priest an example thou shalt be That all stouburne priestes may take warnyng by the. 1594 in A. Macdonald & J. Dennistoun Misc. Maitland Club (1833) I. 68 Johnne Kincaid..remaning stubburne to the citationis and admonitionis of the Kirk. 1637 J. Milton Comus 15 Some say no evill thing that walks by night..Blew meager hag, or stubborne unlayd ghost..Has hurtfull power ore true virginity. 1687 P. Ayres in Minor Caroline Poets (1906) II. 309 With Patience also will the country swain..make the stubborn heifer bow Its neck to th' yoke. 1702 T. Yalden Æsop at Court vi. 17 But peevish Age,..Like Woman's Stouborn, Impotent and Loud. 1766 J. Fordyce Serm. Young Women II. xii. 295 A disputatious..and stubborn female, will always offend. 1781 G. Crabbe Library 5 Books..soothe the griev'd, the stubborn they chastise. 1843 E. Bulwer-Lytton Last of Barons I. ii. ii. 188 The barons of England are a stubborn and haughty race. 1874 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People viii. §5. 503 The people were as stubborn as their King. 1901 T. R. Glover Life & Lett. 4th Cent. x. 240 ‘An exquisite poet but a most stubborn heathen’ says Orosius of Claudian. b. Of dispositions, resolves, speech or action: Characterized by obstinacy. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adjective] > of action, disposition, etc. doura1522 stubborn1526 affectioneda1576 stiff-bornea1616 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. DDiii^v If thou speke any false, stoborne or foule worde. 1581 W. Lambarde Eirenarcha (1588) iv. xiv. 561 A punishment inflicted by the law, upon his contumacie and stubburne silence. 1611 Bible (King James) Judges ii. 19 They ceased not from their owne doings, nor from their stubborne way. View more context for this quotation 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost xii. 193 This River-dragon..at length submits To let his sojourners depart, and oft Humbles his stubborn heart. View more context for this quotation a1704 J. Locke Paraphrase Epist. St. Paul (1707) Pref. p. xvii All this..is to be had only from the Epistles themselves, and to be gather'd from thence with stubborn Attention, and more than common Application. 1750 S. Johnson Rambler No. 87. ⁋2 This stubborn resistance of the most pathetic persuasion. 1809 W. Scott Poacher 151 Stout were their hearts, and stubborn was their strife. 1852 C. M. Yonge Cameos xvi, in Monthly Packet July 15 His stubborn disposition was unchanged. 1864 Soc. Sci. Rev. 399 We honour our brave soldiers, we glory in their stubborn deeds of daring. c. transferred. ΚΠ a1625 W. Shakespeare & J. Fletcher Two Noble Kinsmen (1634) v. i. 13 Before the holy Altars..bow downe your stubborne bodies. View more context for this quotation 1663 S. Butler Hudibras: First Pt. i. i. 3 A wight he was,..That never bow'd his stubborn knee To any thing but Chivalry. 1688 M. Prior Ode Exod. iii. 14 viii Low, reverently low, Make thy stubborn Knowledge bow. d. quasi-n. ΚΠ 1871 Chambers's Jrnl. 23 Dec. 801/2 The 45th, or ‘Sherwood Foresters’,..is also known as the ‘Old Stubborns’. 2. a. Of things; Refractory to treatment, intractable; difficult to subdue, work, cure, etc. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > types of difficulty > [adjective] > difficult or intractable (of things) wickc1330 riotous1340 wickeda1352 untreatablec1374 frowarda1400 inobedient1495 stubborn?1518 unwieldya1538 unruly1548 wieldlessa1560 hard1560 untoward1566 tickle1570 churlish1577 unwieldsome1579 rebellious1587 disobedient1588 unframeable1593 unwilling1593 untractable1601 unmanageable1606 intractable1607 surly1609 unwedgeablea1616 dogged1627 uncontrollable1648 obdurate1651 morose1652 uncompliant1659 sullen1678 unpliant1716 ungovernable1773 sulky1867 intractile1880 unwieldly1881 bunglesome1915 ?1518 A. Barclay Fyfte Eglog sig. B Lyke as the grounde, is dull, stony, and toughe Stubberne and hevy, rebellynge to the ploughe. ?1541 R. Copland Galen's Fourth Bk. Terapeutyke sig. Aiiij, in Guy de Chauliac's Questyonary Cyrurgyens Some vlceres are stubburne and defycyle to be healed. 1598 W. Shakespeare Love's Labour's Lost iv. iii. 52 I feare these stubborne lines lacke power to moue. View more context for this quotation ?1615 G. Chapman tr. Homer Odysses (new ed.) xiii. 56 To whom, the black Oxe all day long hath turn'd The stubborne fallowes vp. 1720 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad V. xviii. 546 In hissing Flames huge silver Bars are roll'd, And stubborn Brass, and Tin, and solid Gold. 1747 J. Wesley Primitive Physick 82 An old stubborn Pain in the Back. 1751 T. Gray Elegy vii. 6 Their furrow oft the stubborn glebe has broke. 1820 W. Hazlitt Lect. Dramatic Lit. 35 We are of a stiff clay, not moulded into every fashion, with stubborn joints not easily bent. 1865 J. Ruskin Sesame & Lilies i. 58 Most men's minds are indeed little better than rough heath wilderness, neglected and stubborn. 1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VIII. 605 The larger doses being reserved for local caustic effects in stubborn patches [of lichen]. Proverb.1732 E. Budgell Liberty & Property ii. 76 But as plain Matters of Fact are terrible stubborn Things, Mr. Walsingham does not at all meddle with any of these.1733 Copy Will of Matt. Tindal 23 Matters of Fact, which as Mr. Budgell somewhere observes, are very Stubborn Things.1799 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 2 270 Facts being stubborn things, it seemed necessary to examine these worms.c1853 C. Kingsley Sir W. Raleigh in Misc. (1860) I. 8 There is no more to be said about the matter, save that facts are stubborn things. †b. Of wines: ? Not easily cleared. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > wine > qualities or characteristics of wine > [adjective] > containing or throwing sediment unracked1581 qually1669 tartarish1757 stubborn1797 dusty1886 1797 Encycl. Brit. XVIII. 872/2 It sometimes happens that wines scuddy and stubborn will not fall with one or even two forcings. 3. Of material things: Hard, stiff, rigid. Obsolete except of wood or stone (with some notion of sense 2). ΘΚΠ the world > matter > constitution of matter > strength > [adjective] > unyielding hardeOE steevec1300 stubborn1577 unrelenting1594 unyielding1658 renitent1701 unsusceptible1893 1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry iii. f. 128 His hyde not hard, or stubborne in feeling [L. corium attactu non asperum ac durum]. 1600 E. Fairfax tr. T. Tasso Godfrey of Bulloigne xv. ii. 267 They started vp, and euerie tender lim In sturdie steele and stubburne plate they dight. 1604 N. F. Fruiterers Secrets 14 Bee carefull to pul the stubborne ends of the fearne, cleane through the basket. 1609 P. Holland tr. Ammianus Marcellinus Rom. Hist. xxiv. ii. 242 All glittering with their bright helmets and terribly clad in stiffe and stubborne jacks. 1616 F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Scornful Ladie iv. sig. H2^v For like strict men of order, they doe correct their bodies with a bench, or a poore stubborne table. 1630 W. Davenant Just Italian v. sig. I3 Ere long we must be cold,..and wrapp'd in stubborne sheets Of lead. 1681 R. Knox Hist. Relation Ceylon 16 This Skin is hard and stubborn like a piece of Board. 1697 W. Dampier New Voy. around World xi. 315 I observed their Cloath to be all of..equal fineness; but 'tis stubborn when new. 1770 P. Luckombe Conc. Hist. Printing 256 Brown and stubborn paper that has not been well prepared for the Press. 1789 G. White Nat. Hist. Selborne 9 This rag is rugged and stubborn, and will not hew to a smooth face. 1796 J. Morse Amer. Universal Geogr. (new ed.) I. 767 The trees were..of a wood so hard and stubborn, that [etc.]. 18.. Marble-Worker §35 Stubborn marble is that which, on account of its excessive hardness, is very difficult to work, and is apt to fly off in splinters. 1890 H. M. Stanley In Darkest Afr. (ed. 4) I. viii. 174 The bow is of stubborn hard brown wood, about three feet long. Compounds General attributive: adverbial with another adjective. C1. stubborn-chaste adj. ΚΠ 1609 W. Shakespeare Troilus & Cressida i. i. 97 He's as teachy to be wood to woe, As she is stubborne, chast [read stubborne-chast], against all suite. View more context for this quotation stubborn-hard adj. ΚΠ a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) iv. i. 67 Are you more stubborne hard, then hammer'd Iron? View more context for this quotation stubborn-stout adj. ΚΠ 1608 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. (new ed.) ii. iv. 144 Can you less pitious bee To these Self-yielders..Than sternly-valiant to the stubborn-stout. C2. Parasynthetic stubborn-hearted adj. ΚΠ 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 326/1 Stoburne herted, fel. 1635 T. Jackson Humiliation Sonne of God viii. ii. 12 These..did not so much affect the stubborne hearted Jews. a1680 S. Butler Genuine Remains (1759) I. 69 Enough to fright the stubborn'st-hearted Age. 1906 W. B. Yeats Poems, 1899–1905 55 Women are hard and proud and stubborn-hearted. stubborn-shafted adj. ΚΠ 1859 Ld. Tennyson Enid in Idylls of King 52 A gloom of stubborn-shafted oaks. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1919; most recently modified version published online December 2020). stubbornv. /ˈstʌbən/ Etymology: < stubborn adj. Only poetic. transitive. To make stubborn; to harden, make firm, render capable of resistance. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > make obstinate or stubborn [verb (transitive)] obstinatea1450 stiffen?a1500 obfirm1570 obfirmate1616 stubborn1820 the world > matter > constitution of matter > strength > make strong or tough [verb (transitive)] > make unyielding stubborn1820 1820 J. Keats Hyperion: a Fragm. ii, in Lamia & Other Poems 168 Couches of rugged stone, and slaty ridge Stubborn'd with iron. 1874 D. Gray Poet. Wks. 27 These twenty had themselves inured And stubborned to perfection. 1902 F. Thompson in Academy 12 Apr. 378/1 Who must call on the cannon to compact The hard Dutch-stubborned land. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1919; most recently modified version published online March 2019). < adj.c1386v.1820
随便看	retinite retinites retinitides retinitis retinitis pigmentosa retinker retinkered retinning retino retino- retinoate retinoblastoma retinoblastomas retinoblastomata retinocerebral retinochoroidal retinochoroiditis retinoic retinoic acid retinoid retinoids retinol retinol2 retinols retinomotor

stubbornadj.

Compounds

stubbornv.