Boern.

Brit.

/bɔː/,

/bʊə/,

/ˈbəʊə/, U.S.

/bɔr/,

/bʊ(ə)r/,

/ˈboʊər/, South African English

/bʊə/

Inflections: Plural Boers, Boere Brit.

/ˈbɔːrə/,

/ˈbəʊrə/,

/ˈbʊərə/, U.S.

/ˈboʊ(ə)rə/,

/ˈbʊrə/, South African English

/ˈbʊərə/;

Forms:

α. 1700s–1800s Boor, 1800s Boar (in compounds, rare).

β. 1700s– Boer.

Also occasionally with lower-case initial.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Partly a borrowing from Dutch. Partly a borrowing from Afrikaans. Etymons: boor n.; Dutch boer; Afrikaans boer.

Etymology: Originally (in α. forms) a specific use of boor n.; subsequently (in β. forms) reborrowed < South African Dutch boer (Dutch boer , plural boeren : see boor n.) and Afrikaans boer (plural boere), attested in senses corresponding to all of those in branch I.In plural form boere (attested from 1970) after the Afrikaans plural form.

I. Senses relating to people. Cf. boor n.

a. A Dutch-speaking or (later) Afrikaans-speaking farmer in southern Africa. Now historical.

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the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > [noun] > stock-farmer

breeder1531

stock-farmer1769

Boer1776

stock-breeder1815

stockholder1819

veeboer1824

ranchero1825

rancher1836

ranchman1854

stockman1856

pastoral1876

stock-keeper1912

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > colonist or settler > [noun] > other specific colonists or settlers

pilgrim1630

originals1703

old settler1744

Big Knife1750

out-settler1755

provincial1756

Boer1776

freeman1791

Pilgrim Fathers1799

back-settler1809

undertaker1819

oecist1846

Argonaut1848

Canterbury pilgrim1850

poblador1850

shagroon1851

forty-niner1853

planter1858

inside squatter1881

local white1888

Minyan1928

1776 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 66 282 We travelled through the Koud Bocke Veld..and the boors informed us, the summers are often so unkindly, that their wheat is blighted while in ear, so that they purchase corn with their cattle from the low-country farmers.

1797 A. Barnard in S. Afr. Cent. Ago (1925) 53 I think the Boers, or farmers, of the country..a better charactered race than the people of Cape Town.

1820 Caledonian Mercury 21 July From small beginnings,..like the patriarchs of old, and like the African boers of the present day, the younger branches [of English settlers] must swarm off to seek new settlements.

1834 T. Pringle Afr. Sketches i. 127 Tall Dutch-African boors..were bawling in Colonial-Dutch.

1857 D. Livingstone Missionary Trav. S. Afr. ii. 29 The Boers of the Cashan Mountains..The word Boer simply means ‘farmer’, and is not synonymous with our word boor.

1865 E. B. Tylor Res. Early Hist. Mankind i. 11 Such a story..would be naturally referred to the Dutch boers.

1899 D. S. F. A. Phillips S. Afr. Recoll. 28 When he inhabits a town he is no longer called a Boer (which is the Dutch for ‘farmer’), but an Africander of Dutch, German or English extraction.

1936 Cambr. Hist. Brit. Empire VIII. 319 The Boers of the eighteen-thirties—and almost without exception the Trekkers were ‘boers’, that is to say frontier stock-farmers—had a definite character of their own.

1950 H. Gibbs Twilight in S. Afr. 125 In 1832 news comes that Crown lands..must be sold by auction. To..Boers, Afrikaner farmers, it means they must pay for what they had believed their birthright.

1974 A. Fugard Sizwe Bansi is Dead in Statements 28 No matter how hard-arsed the boer on this farm wants to be, he cannot move Outa Jacob.

1980 Rand Daily Mail 19 June 9 There is still a cultural gap between the traditional, largely rural Boers and the new, sophisticated Afrikaners who were the children of the 1948 revolution.

1992 L. Gordon Shared Lives vii. 158 One day, a neighbour dragged me into her flat to meet this farmer—a boer from the backveld.

2004 P. E. Louw Rise, Fall & Legacy Apartheid i. 14 The capitalization of agriculture necessarily spawned a large surplus rural population of Boers and blacks who migrated to slums in the ever-growing cities.

b. With distinguishing epithet, designating a particular type of farmer, as cattle boer, corn boer, wine boer, etc. Now historical.

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1785 G. Forster tr. A. Sparrman Voy. Cape Good Hope II. xiv. 249 In their company..came to this place a husbandman, or, as they are usually called here, a corn-boor, from the country near Cape Town.

1785 G. Forster tr. A. Sparrman Voy. Cape Good Hope II. xiv. 327 This tract of country..was so well inhabited, (chiefly by wine-boors) that I could not find room for distinguishing all the farms with the usual circular mark in my map.

1809 Ld. Caledon in G. M. Theal Rec. Cape Colony (1900) VII. 189 Relays of Post Boors, which it is found necessary to hold in readiness for the purpose of keeping up a fixed mode of communication between Cape Town and the Country Districts.

1827 G. Thompson Trav. I. 66 Where he resides, had been formerly occupied by an extensive cattle boor, who had left a memorable monument of his residence in a prodigious dunghill just in front of the house.

1835 G. Champion Jrnl. (1968) 11 He was a wine boor (or farmer) living upon the products of his vineyard.

1905 P. Gibbon Vrouw Grobelaar's Leading Cases 89 He was, of course, a cattle Boer, as all of our family have always been.

1977 R. Elphick Kraal & Castle xi. 223 P. J. van der Merwe has shown that the hunting experience was important in the formation of the cattle boer culture.

2. A South African Dutch-speaking or (later) Afrikaans-speaking colonist at the Cape; (subsequently also) a Dutch-speaking or (later) Afrikaans-speaking settler in southern Africa, esp. in the former South African (Transvaal), Orange Free State, and Natal republics. Now historical. N.E.D. (1887) comments: ‘In recent newspaper language, the name has been applied especially to those of the Transvaal and other districts beyond the British dominions.’

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1800 Lady A. Barnard in D. Fairbridge Lady Anne Barnard (1924) 227 I do not think the Boers after what has passed will be turbulent in a hurry again.

1825 G. Barker Jrnl. 25 July (MS 14258, Cory Libr., Rhodes Univ., Grahamstown, S. Afr.) On the road I baptised the child of a Boer at his particular request, the first time I had Baptised the child of a Colonist.

1837 ‘N. Polson’ Subaltern's Sick Leave 111 There were and still are Boers too in this province, but the generality of the population is British.

1898 Argosy Apr. 130 He ran across a friendly young Boer, and the two located a claim which turned out to be quite a little bonanza.

1915 J. K. O'Connor Afrikander Rebellion 10 The townsman has a habit..of classing all kinds of Dutch people in South Africa under the general name of Boers.

a1951 H. C. Bosman Willemsdorp (1977) i. 8 The colonists at the Cape had been welded into that homogeneous entity that constitutes a new nation. They were not Hollanders; they were Boers.

1989 Reader's Digest Illust. Hist. S. Afr. 5 Blacks, British, Boers..and blood; the history of our troubled country is steeped in the stuff.

3. A soldier of the Afrikaner republics fighting against the British, esp. during the South African War (1899–1902) (frequently attributive). Also (in plural): the Afrikaner republican fighting forces. Now historical.Although the vast majority of Boer soldiers were Afrikaners from the Transvaal and Orange Free State republics, they were supplemented by Germans, Irish, and other nationalities.

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1882 C. L. Norris-Newman With Boers in Transvaal 301 The behaviour of the Boers has won them the respect of many.

1900 A. W. Carter Let. 8 Feb. 1 It was practically a drawn battle, the Boers failing to dislodge the British but not being routed from the field.

1926 M. Nathan S. Afr. from Within 102 In August, Kitchener issued a proclamation threatening such Boer leaders as were captured with perpetual banishment.

1977 Sunday Times (S. Afr.) 6 Nov. (Mag. section) 3 The final irony, with the Boers winning the peace so quickly after losing the war, is briefly but nicely touched on.

1989 W. Ebersohn in Cosmopolitan Apr. 200 At the Treaty of Vereeniging, only six out of the 60 members of the Boer contingent were in favour of rejecting the terms and continuing the war.

2014 C. Ash Kruger, Kommandos & Kak vi. 181 Given that time was of the essence, the Boers advanced at a surprisingly leisurely pace.

4. An Afrikaner; a white South African of Dutch, German, or Huguenot descent. Also occasionally: any white South African.Among non-Afrikaners, frequently in depreciative use, esp. before the changes of 1994.Among Afrikaners of the far right, used to distinguish themselves from those Afrikaners whom they believe have ‘sold out’, frequently relating to the establishment of a separate homeland for like-minded Afrikaners.

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the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Africa > native or inhabitant of Southern Africa > [noun] > Afrikaner

Hollander1699

Afrikaner1820

Afrikander1822

Cape Dutch1826

trek Boer1835

Low Dutch1900

trek-farmer1912

Boer1956

boertjie1956

1956 D. Jacobson Dance in Sun 39 ‘I knew the baas wasn't a Boer’, the African said... If he had approached me on the strength of my not being an Afrikaner, or Boer as he preferred to put it, he had been foolhardy and reckless.

1967 E. Cole & T. Flaherty House of Bondage 51/2 Boer farmers need cheap labor and it is a convenience that the Boer-dominated Government has a steady supply of prisoners available for rent at low cost.

1973 Weekend Post (Port Elizabeth) 17 Feb. 9 We sit in Africa and we are not Africans... We go to England and we find out that we are Boers who try to live like the English here under the Southern Cross.

1974 J. Matthews Park 31 ‘The white people are not all bad. It's only the Boere’, she said.

1978 Sunday Times (S. Afr.) 30 Apr. 7/4 The Afrikaner cannot afford to allow a wedge to be cunningly driven between English and Afrikaner by catering only for a Boer homeland.

1984 D. Beckett Frontline Feb. 36 Overall, he says, there are plenty of white people putting in good and honest efforts. The trouble is that the blacks always believed the worst... ‘They just say “Rubbish, man, the Boere rob us”.’

1988 Frontline Oct. 23 Within the ranks of the far Right, a question rages..: ‘Mirror, mirror, on the wall, Who's the purest Boer of all?’... For some of the ultra-right a ‘Boer’ is a descendant of a Trekker, as opposed to an ‘Afrikaner’..those Cape Afrikaners who stayed behind..talking English with the imperialists.

1990 R. Malan My Traitor's Heart 127 The great Boer poet [Breyten Breytenbach] spent the sixties in exile in Paris and most of the seventies in a South African prison, paying for his role in a quixotic ‘terrorist’ plot.

1990 R. Malan My Traitor's Heart (1991) ii. 268 In the end, he [sc. P. W. Botha] even scrapped the hated pass laws, a move that heralded the end of the deranged Boer fantasy of a pure white South Africa.

1990 Weekend Argus (Cape Town) 14 July 15 I was scared to death and thought I would never get out of Soweto alive, especially after Dhlomo had introduced me as a ‘Boer’ when we visited a shebeen one night.

5. During apartheid: a member of the South African security forces, including any member of the police force, prison service, or defence force (frequently in plural). Also in plural (usually with the): the police force, prison service, or defence force enforcing the apartheid system. Now historical.

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1970 in Dict. of S. Afr. Eng. on Hist. Princ. (1996) 82/1 The boere threw the drunkard in the van.

1978 Daily Dispatch 20 Mar. 7 He said the talks centred around..the withdrawal of South African troops... ‘But we never sat with the Boere and they were too scared to sit with the terrorists,’ he said.

1980 C. Hope Separate Developm. (1983) 138 I'm thinking myself safe and sound..when the boere smash through the door and haul me off to the big hotel.

1989 Daily Dispatch 4 Apr. 1 They had been instructed by their regional commander in Angola to..‘observe if the Boers (SADF) had been restricted to base’.

1991 D. Rowe Wanting Everything (1994) 374 In South Africa, following teargassing and beating of school children by security forces, games of ‘comrades vs boere’ (police) are frequent.

2004 H. Strachan Make a Skyf, Man! xvii. 198 The lifer from Central [Prison] who's been running the place..is down the passage with the Parole Board, and the boer in charge doesn't know where anything is.

6. During apartheid: the South African government. Chiefly in plural with the. Now historical.As the National Party government consisted almost entirely of Afrikaners, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish this sense from sense 4.

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1976 Eastern Province Herald (Port Elizabeth) 19 Nov. 17/4 A Coloured school principal who is a member of the liaison committee in his town..said he had been told his home was stoned because ‘I work with the Boere’.

1977 Sunday Times 27 Nov. 8 I am by no means predicting a Boer-Soviet pact. But can we afford to neglect this possibility completely?

1986 Herald (Zimbabwe) in Cape Times 24 Jan. 6 The fact that the Boers have now been able to successfully engineer a coup against an African leader they do not like is an indication of the seriousness with which frontline states should treat the dangers of apartheid.

1989 Weekly Mail (S. Afr.) 27 Oct. 26 I don't think the boers (government) will allow the rally to be advertised, let alone permit it.

II. Other senses.

7. coarse home-cured tobacco, made for chewing, smoking, or use as snuff; = boer tobacco n. at Compounds. Now rare.

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the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > tobacco > [noun] > other types of tobacco

craccus1617

mavis1641

shoot-tobacco1666

funk1677

black tobacco1698

kite's-foot1788

dark leaf1829

bird's eye1834

bright leaf1834

honeydew tobacco1835

seed leaf1837

long-tails1839

honeydew1843

caporal1850

dogleg tobacco1856

dogleg1863

Boer1881

burley1881

black boy1898

snus1916

1881 in Diggers' Ditties (1989) 15 I've gin and a pipeful of Boer.

1897 F. W. Sykes With Plumer in Matabeleland 103 A half-pound cake of black tobacco fetched £2, whilst a handful of ‘Boer’ was greedily bought in at 5s.

1900 Westm. Gaz. 14 July 8/1 A smoker may keep his pipe going from early morning till late at night if he uses good ‘Boer’.

1935 C. C. Taylor Agric. Southern Afr. (U.S. Dept. Agric. Techn. Bull. No. 466) 224 The most common tobacco grown for air-curing is Boer grown from a seed of unknown origin.

8. A hardy breed of goat developed in South Africa and kept particularly for its meat, having long pendulous ears and a stocky body that is typically white with a reddish-brown head and neck; a goat of this breed. Frequently attributive, as boer goat, etc.

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1885 Suppl. Blue Bk. Natal: Departmental Rep. 1884 ii. b51 In possession of the European population of this Division there are:—Horses, 1,967;..angora goats, 14,584; Boer and Kafir goats, 570;..and about 11 mules.

1896 R. Wallace Farming Industr. Cape Colony 323 The Boer goat, which is termed the native goat to distinguish it from the recently imported Angora, is a strong, coarse, hardy energetic animal, strongly resembling the English goat.

1906 Agric. Jrnl. Cape Good Hope Nov. 679 If a certain kind of tick attacks the kids of our Boer goats, they..become paralyzed.

1986 3rd World Congr. Genetics applied to Livestock Prod. 9 528 One breed which must hold special interest in connection with meat production from goats is the Boer... In general, the Boer equaled or excelled in growth, litter size and kid weight.

2006 Kerrville (Texas) Daily Times 21 Sept. c5/7 (advt.) Boer bucks & does registered pure breed, 7 mos. large, healthy, gentle, color correct.

Compounds

Designating something made, produced, used by, or typical of Boers, or originating in the rural areas of South Africa; see also boerebeskuit n., boerekos n., boeremusiek n., boerewors n., boerwyn n.

boer biscuit n. (a piece of) rusk or hard biscuit; esp. a rustic, rectangular oven-dried bun typically served with coffee, into which it is traditionally dipped; = boerebeskuit n. [After Afrikaans boerebeskuit boerebeskuit n.]

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the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > biscuit > [noun] > other biscuits

dorcake14..

cracknelc1440

hard breada1500

crackling1598

Naples biscuit1650

gingerbread man1686

chocolate biscuit1702

biscotin1723

sponge biscuit1736

maple biscuita1753

butter biscuit1758

nut1775

Oliver biscuit1786

funeral biscuit1790

rock biscuit?1790

ratafia1801

finger biscuit1812

Savoy drop1816

lady's finger1818

snap1819

Abernethy1830

pretzel1831

wine-biscuit1834

gingersnap1838

captain's biscuit1843

lebkuchen1847

simnel1854

sugar cookie1854

peppernut1862

McClellan pie1863

Savoy ring1866

Brown George1867

beaten biscuit1876

digestive1876

Osborne1876

Bath Oliver1878

marie1878

boer biscuit1882

charcoal biscuit1885

biscotti1886

fairing1888

snickerdoodle1889

pfeffernuss1891

zwieback1894

Nice1895

Garibaldi biscuit1896

Oswegoc1900

squashed fly1900

amaretto1905

boerebeskuit1905

Romary1905

petit beurre1906

Oswego biscuit1907

soetkoekie1910

Oreo1912

custard cream1916

Anzac1923

sweet biscuit1929

langue de chat1931

Bourbon biscuit1932

Afghan1934

flapjack1935

Florentine1936

chocolate chip cookie1938

choc chip cookie1940

Toll House cookie1940

tuile1943

pizzelle1949

black and white1967

Romany Cream1970

papri1978

1882 S. M. Heckford Lady Trader in Transvaal iv. 30 The mother helped all to milk and biscuits—the hard bread is called Boer biscuit here.

1915 Daily Mail 16 Sept. 4 Boer biscuit (or Boer rusk) is a bread that will keep as well as a real biscuit. When dry it defies any but the strongest teeth, but soaked in water, coffee, etc., it is pleasant to the taste and very filling.

a1920 O. Schreiner From Man to Man (1926) iii. 111 One morning..Baby-Bertie was kneeling in the pantry, making Boer biscuits.

1969 D. Child Yesterday's Children xiv. 211 A liberal supply of Boer biscuit, biltong and sausages.

1976 R. L. Wallace Australians at Boer War i. 28 He made well-baked loaves from flour and raisins, known as Boer biscuits.

2013 J. Greig & M. Greig Tony Greig i. 16 Our daily routine..began with our father bringing us a cup of coffee and a dry rusk, a Boer biscuit. We all dunked our rusks into our hot drinks.

boer brandy n. (also boer's brandy) privately distilled brandy.

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1832 Graham's Town Jrnl. (S. Afr.) 24 Feb. 33 W. R. Thompson Will hold a Public Sale on Monday next the 27 instant of a variety of fresh Goods,..Cape and Boers' Brandy etc.

1860 Standard 30 Oct. 3/5 He [sc. Prince Alfred] christened after himself a new ferry-boat, performing the ceremony with a bottle of boer brandy.

1900 B. Mitford Aletta 11 Boer brandy, when pure and well matured, is about the best liquor in the world, and this was the best of its kind.

1977 Family Radio & TV (S. Afr.) 19 Sept. 51 The creation of this Boer brandy has been a dying art since the '20s... Even legal Boer brandy heard the death sentence in 1964 when the KWV ruled that no more private licences would be issued.

boermeal n. (also boer's meal) coarsely ground flour.

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the world > food and drink > food > meal > [noun] > other meals

rye mealc1300

amydonc1440

summer meal?a1513

linseed-meal1599

nocake1634

pinole1648

farinha1726

acorn meal1730

salep1736

corn-meal1782

manna croup1843

mealie-meal1846

rokeag1848

plantain meal1871

boermeal1873

crème de riz1896

unga1896

1873 F. Boyle To Cape for Diamonds x. 141 Boer meal (cheap at this moment (42s per muid (200 lbs)).

1878 Roche's On Trek in Transvaal 110 Bread we could not get, only the Boer's meal, i.e. the flour of the country.

1893 H. A. Bryden Gun & Camera in Southern Afr. vii. 151 We made bread—ingredients: Boer meal, baking powder, and water—this morning.

1949 Cape Times 24 Sept. 8/7 We used to get on farms the boermeal bread made from wheat, and nothing but wheat, ground in the ideal way in stone mills.

1979 Jrnl. Southern Afr. Stud. Oct. 111 The costs of necessary items of consumption had increased by between 20 and 30 per cent since before the war..boermeal (coarse maize meal) by 25 per cent.

1987 M. Black in Oxf. Symp. Food & Cookery 1986 51 In the recipe for Denningvleis..the meat is browned in 2 tablespoons of mutton-fat..and so are pannas (minced boiled shin meat and boermeal, shaped into a loaf, sliced and fried).

Boer Republic n. (now historical) any of various independent, self-governed Boer states founded in southern Africa in the 19th cent.; spec. the South African Republic (the Transvaal) or the Orange Free State.Several small Boer states existed briefly during the 19th cent., including Vryheid, Natalia, Stellaland, Goshen, Winburg, and Utrecht.The Transvaal and Orange Free State were formally annexed to the British Empire in 1902, and became provinces of the Union of South Africa in May 1910. [Compare South African Dutch Boerenrepubliek (mid 19th cent.; Afrikaans Boererepubliek).]

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1853 Patriot 21 Mar. 182/3 If we published against the interests of the Boer republic he could and would prosecute us.

1897 Consular Rep. (U.S. Government) Sept. 143 Since the foundation of the Boer Republic, the Germans have had successful commercial relations with the country [sc. the Transvaal].

1926 M. Nathan S. Afr. from Within 165 He [sc. Jameson] frustrated a Boer raid into his territory, only to become a raider in his turn—thereby endangering peace between Great Britain and the Boer Republics.

1961 T. V. Bulpin White Whirlwind 150 Utrecht, an odd little town which until recently had ranked itself among the capitals of the world, for it had been the political centre of one of the several Boer republics in South Africa.

2011 T. L. Crosby Joseph Chamberlain xi. 131 The Boers had retreated far enough to the north to establish..two Boer republics, the Orange Free State and the South African Republic (Transvaal).

boer rusk n. = boerebeskuit n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > crispbread or rusk > [noun]

biscuit?a1400

rusk1589

boer rusk1902

Ryvita1925

crispbread1926

1902 L. S. Amery Times Hist. War S. Afr. II. xii. 440 A hasty breakfast of Boer rusks and coffee.

1937 S. Cloete Turning Wheels xxv. 392 Going without food except for the Boer rusks and biltong that he carried.

1944 V. Pohl Adventures Boer Family i. 12 Saddlebags stuffed to bursting with boer-rusks, bread, and biltong.

1986 Ld. Anglesey Hist. Brit. Cavalry IV. i. 37 He [sc. the Boer on commando] could subsist for a week or more on a pocketful of biltong,..a small bag of Boer rusks and some coffee beans tied up in a bit of cloth.

2006 W. Steenkamp Jim Zulu ix. 68 He..returned a minute or two later, bearing a battered mug of black tea and a handful of Boer rusks, those great lumpy squares studded with raisins, which he commenced to dip into the tea.

boer tobacco n. (also boer's tobacco) coarse home-cured tobacco, made for chewing, smoking, or use as snuff.

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1832 Graham's Town Jrnl. (S. Afr.) 13 Jan. 12 Public Sale... Brazil Tobacco, Boers' do., Raisins.]

1857 T. Shone Diary 11 Sept. (MS Cory Libr., Rhodes Univ., Grahamstown, S. Afr.) Bought from R.d Bradfield 1/2 lb of boers tobacco, paid /6 for it.

1873 F. Boyle To Cape for Diamonds 80 Collarless, bare-armed, unshorn, he puffed coarse boer tobacco from a short clay pipe.

1924 L. Cohen Reminisc. of Johannesburg 23 These men..whose only pleasures consisted of the delights found in coffee, dop brandy and Boer tobacco.

2002 Daily Mail 14 Dec. (Weekend section) 13/2 The retired Balgarnie,..mouth puckered as he happily puffed at his pipe filled with Boer tobacco.

Boer War n. the South African war (1899–1902) between the two Boer republics of the Transvaal and Orange Free State, and Great Britain and her colonies; cf. Anglo-Boer adj. Also: the war of 1880–1 between British forces and the Transvaal.

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society > armed hostility > war > types of war > [noun] > other specific war

Punic War1556

Vandal war1613

American Civil War1775

Seven Years War1775

Revolutionary Wara1784

Peninsular war1811

Great War1815

Mormon war1833

opium war1841

the Thirty Years' War1841

the Thirty Years' War1842

Mexican War1846

Napoleonic War1850

Crimean War1854

Hundred Years War1874

Balkan war1881

Boer War1883

Winter War1939

Six Day War1967

Yom Kippur War1973

Gulf War1981

Falklands conflict1982

1883 T. F. Carter (title) A Narrative of the Boer War: Its Causes and Results.

1893 Brown's S. Afr. 209 The town served as the base of the British military operations during the disastrous Boer war and the treaty of peace was signed here in 1881.

1899 Morning Post 19 Sept. 6/2 Officers for the Boer War.

1899 G. Meredith Let. 27 Oct. (1970) III. 1337 I need patience even to speak of this Boer War.]

1900 C. M. Yonge Let. 17 July in C. R. Coleridge C. M. Yonge: Life & Lett. (1903) xii. 345 Aimée tried to explain the rights of the Boer War.

1914 C. Mackenzie Sinister St. II. iii. v. 587 He..figuratively marched across the road to the Canning..galvanizing..the Oxford Tories now wilting under the strain of the Boer war.

1955 G. Greene Quiet Amer. i. iv. 52 Like a panorama of the Boer War in an old Illustrated London News.

1981 H. Domisse in D. Harrison White Tribe Afr. i. 24 This Boer War, was the stupidest war the English ever carried on.

2009 A. S. Byatt Children's Bk. (2010) xx. 231 The Imperialists, who supported the British army in the Boer War,..believed in spreading the virtues of British democracy throughout the world.

Derivatives

ˈBoerdom n. the community or state of the Boers.

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the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Africa > native or inhabitant of Southern Africa > [noun] > Afrikaner > collectively

the Dutch1731

Boerdom1858

South African Dutch1877

volk1880

Amabhunu1883

Afrikanerdom1900

1858 Morning Chron. 22 July (Evening ed.) 5/3 It will be a few generations hence before the arms of Boerdom again attempt to molest him.

1884 Pall Mall Gaz. 15 Oct. 6/1 Boerdom develops faster than British progress.

1903 E. F. Knight S. Afr. after War 281 These beautiful rich vales of the granary of the Transvaal, the heart of Boerdom and cradle of ‘Dopperdom’.

1941 C. W. De Kiewiet Hist. S. Afr. 125 President F. W. Reitz, believed that all Boerdom should stand united against the British paramount power.

2004 Times 17 Dec. 67/2 Toponym revolutionaries claim that it [sc. Bloemfontein] is named after the farmer on whose land the capital of Boerdom arose, one Jan Bloem.

Boerˈess n. now historical a Boer girl or woman.

ΚΠ

1851 H. Ward Jasper Lyle II. xix. 339 He saw..that the young Boeress meant kindly, and was obliged to content himself with that idea.

1881 N.Y. Times 20 Mar. 3/4 By the side of a bevy of young Boeresses a tulip-bud is dingy indeed.

1974 D. Rooke Margaretha de la Porte 272 On the afternoon of February 19th 1896 I saw the strangled body of a Boeress's slave.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2019; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	boer
释义	Boern. Brit. /bɔː/, /bʊə/, /ˈbəʊə/, U.S. /bɔr/, /bʊ(ə)r/, /ˈboʊər/, South African English /bʊə/ Inflections: Plural Boers, Boere Brit. /ˈbɔːrə/, /ˈbəʊrə/, /ˈbʊərə/, U.S. /ˈboʊ(ə)rə/, /ˈbʊrə/, South African English /ˈbʊərə/; Forms: α. 1700s–1800s Boor, 1800s Boar (in compounds, rare). β. 1700s– Boer. Also occasionally with lower-case initial. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Partly a borrowing from Dutch. Partly a borrowing from Afrikaans. Etymons: boor n.; Dutch boer; Afrikaans boer. Etymology: Originally (in α. forms) a specific use of boor n.; subsequently (in β. forms) reborrowed < South African Dutch boer (Dutch boer , plural boeren : see boor n.) and Afrikaans boer (plural boere), attested in senses corresponding to all of those in branch I.In plural form boere (attested from 1970) after the Afrikaans plural form. I. Senses relating to people. Cf. boor n. 1. a. A Dutch-speaking or (later) Afrikaans-speaking farmer in southern Africa. Now historical. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > [noun] > stock-farmer breeder1531 stock-farmer1769 Boer1776 stock-breeder1815 stockholder1819 veeboer1824 ranchero1825 rancher1836 ranchman1854 stockman1856 pastoral1876 stock-keeper1912 society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > colonist or settler > [noun] > other specific colonists or settlers pilgrim1630 originals1703 old settler1744 Big Knife1750 out-settler1755 provincial1756 Boer1776 freeman1791 Pilgrim Fathers1799 back-settler1809 undertaker1819 oecist1846 Argonaut1848 Canterbury pilgrim1850 poblador1850 shagroon1851 forty-niner1853 planter1858 inside squatter1881 local white1888 Minyan1928 1776 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 66 282 We travelled through the Koud Bocke Veld..and the boors informed us, the summers are often so unkindly, that their wheat is blighted while in ear, so that they purchase corn with their cattle from the low-country farmers. 1797 A. Barnard in S. Afr. Cent. Ago (1925) 53 I think the Boers, or farmers, of the country..a better charactered race than the people of Cape Town. 1820 Caledonian Mercury 21 July From small beginnings,..like the patriarchs of old, and like the African boers of the present day, the younger branches [of English settlers] must swarm off to seek new settlements. 1834 T. Pringle Afr. Sketches i. 127 Tall Dutch-African boors..were bawling in Colonial-Dutch. 1857 D. Livingstone Missionary Trav. S. Afr. ii. 29 The Boers of the Cashan Mountains..The word Boer simply means ‘farmer’, and is not synonymous with our word boor. 1865 E. B. Tylor Res. Early Hist. Mankind i. 11 Such a story..would be naturally referred to the Dutch boers. 1899 D. S. F. A. Phillips S. Afr. Recoll. 28 When he inhabits a town he is no longer called a Boer (which is the Dutch for ‘farmer’), but an Africander of Dutch, German or English extraction. 1936 Cambr. Hist. Brit. Empire VIII. 319 The Boers of the eighteen-thirties—and almost without exception the Trekkers were ‘boers’, that is to say frontier stock-farmers—had a definite character of their own. 1950 H. Gibbs Twilight in S. Afr. 125 In 1832 news comes that Crown lands..must be sold by auction. To..Boers, Afrikaner farmers, it means they must pay for what they had believed their birthright. 1974 A. Fugard Sizwe Bansi is Dead in Statements 28 No matter how hard-arsed the boer on this farm wants to be, he cannot move Outa Jacob. 1980 Rand Daily Mail 19 June 9 There is still a cultural gap between the traditional, largely rural Boers and the new, sophisticated Afrikaners who were the children of the 1948 revolution. 1992 L. Gordon Shared Lives vii. 158 One day, a neighbour dragged me into her flat to meet this farmer—a boer from the backveld. 2004 P. E. Louw Rise, Fall & Legacy Apartheid i. 14 The capitalization of agriculture necessarily spawned a large surplus rural population of Boers and blacks who migrated to slums in the ever-growing cities. b. With distinguishing epithet, designating a particular type of farmer, as cattle boer, corn boer, wine boer, etc. Now historical. ΚΠ 1785 G. Forster tr. A. Sparrman Voy. Cape Good Hope II. xiv. 249 In their company..came to this place a husbandman, or, as they are usually called here, a corn-boor, from the country near Cape Town. 1785 G. Forster tr. A. Sparrman Voy. Cape Good Hope II. xiv. 327 This tract of country..was so well inhabited, (chiefly by wine-boors) that I could not find room for distinguishing all the farms with the usual circular mark in my map. 1809 Ld. Caledon in G. M. Theal Rec. Cape Colony (1900) VII. 189 Relays of Post Boors, which it is found necessary to hold in readiness for the purpose of keeping up a fixed mode of communication between Cape Town and the Country Districts. 1827 G. Thompson Trav. I. 66 Where he resides, had been formerly occupied by an extensive cattle boor, who had left a memorable monument of his residence in a prodigious dunghill just in front of the house. 1835 G. Champion Jrnl. (1968) 11 He was a wine boor (or farmer) living upon the products of his vineyard. 1905 P. Gibbon Vrouw Grobelaar's Leading Cases 89 He was, of course, a cattle Boer, as all of our family have always been. 1977 R. Elphick Kraal & Castle xi. 223 P. J. van der Merwe has shown that the hunting experience was important in the formation of the cattle boer culture. 2. A South African Dutch-speaking or (later) Afrikaans-speaking colonist at the Cape; (subsequently also) a Dutch-speaking or (later) Afrikaans-speaking settler in southern Africa, esp. in the former South African (Transvaal), Orange Free State, and Natal republics. Now historical. N.E.D. (1887) comments: ‘In recent newspaper language, the name has been applied especially to those of the Transvaal and other districts beyond the British dominions.’ ΚΠ 1800 Lady A. Barnard in D. Fairbridge Lady Anne Barnard (1924) 227 I do not think the Boers after what has passed will be turbulent in a hurry again. 1825 G. Barker Jrnl. 25 July (MS 14258, Cory Libr., Rhodes Univ., Grahamstown, S. Afr.) On the road I baptised the child of a Boer at his particular request, the first time I had Baptised the child of a Colonist. 1837 ‘N. Polson’ Subaltern's Sick Leave 111 There were and still are Boers too in this province, but the generality of the population is British. 1898 Argosy Apr. 130 He ran across a friendly young Boer, and the two located a claim which turned out to be quite a little bonanza. 1915 J. K. O'Connor Afrikander Rebellion 10 The townsman has a habit..of classing all kinds of Dutch people in South Africa under the general name of Boers. a1951 H. C. Bosman Willemsdorp (1977) i. 8 The colonists at the Cape had been welded into that homogeneous entity that constitutes a new nation. They were not Hollanders; they were Boers. 1989 Reader's Digest Illust. Hist. S. Afr. 5 Blacks, British, Boers..and blood; the history of our troubled country is steeped in the stuff. 3. A soldier of the Afrikaner republics fighting against the British, esp. during the South African War (1899–1902) (frequently attributive). Also (in plural): the Afrikaner republican fighting forces. Now historical.Although the vast majority of Boer soldiers were Afrikaners from the Transvaal and Orange Free State republics, they were supplemented by Germans, Irish, and other nationalities. ΚΠ 1882 C. L. Norris-Newman With Boers in Transvaal 301 The behaviour of the Boers has won them the respect of many. 1900 A. W. Carter Let. 8 Feb. 1 It was practically a drawn battle, the Boers failing to dislodge the British but not being routed from the field. 1926 M. Nathan S. Afr. from Within 102 In August, Kitchener issued a proclamation threatening such Boer leaders as were captured with perpetual banishment. 1977 Sunday Times (S. Afr.) 6 Nov. (Mag. section) 3 The final irony, with the Boers winning the peace so quickly after losing the war, is briefly but nicely touched on. 1989 W. Ebersohn in Cosmopolitan Apr. 200 At the Treaty of Vereeniging, only six out of the 60 members of the Boer contingent were in favour of rejecting the terms and continuing the war. 2014 C. Ash Kruger, Kommandos & Kak vi. 181 Given that time was of the essence, the Boers advanced at a surprisingly leisurely pace. 4. An Afrikaner; a white South African of Dutch, German, or Huguenot descent. Also occasionally: any white South African.Among non-Afrikaners, frequently in depreciative use, esp. before the changes of 1994.Among Afrikaners of the far right, used to distinguish themselves from those Afrikaners whom they believe have ‘sold out’, frequently relating to the establishment of a separate homeland for like-minded Afrikaners. ΘΚΠ the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Africa > native or inhabitant of Southern Africa > [noun] > Afrikaner Hollander1699 Afrikaner1820 Afrikander1822 Cape Dutch1826 trek Boer1835 Low Dutch1900 trek-farmer1912 Boer1956 boertjie1956 1956 D. Jacobson Dance in Sun 39 ‘I knew the baas wasn't a Boer’, the African said... If he had approached me on the strength of my not being an Afrikaner, or Boer as he preferred to put it, he had been foolhardy and reckless. 1967 E. Cole & T. Flaherty House of Bondage 51/2 Boer farmers need cheap labor and it is a convenience that the Boer-dominated Government has a steady supply of prisoners available for rent at low cost. 1973 Weekend Post (Port Elizabeth) 17 Feb. 9 We sit in Africa and we are not Africans... We go to England and we find out that we are Boers who try to live like the English here under the Southern Cross. 1974 J. Matthews Park 31 ‘The white people are not all bad. It's only the Boere’, she said. 1978 Sunday Times (S. Afr.) 30 Apr. 7/4 The Afrikaner cannot afford to allow a wedge to be cunningly driven between English and Afrikaner by catering only for a Boer homeland. 1984 D. Beckett Frontline Feb. 36 Overall, he says, there are plenty of white people putting in good and honest efforts. The trouble is that the blacks always believed the worst... ‘They just say “Rubbish, man, the Boere rob us”.’ 1988 Frontline Oct. 23 Within the ranks of the far Right, a question rages..: ‘Mirror, mirror, on the wall, Who's the purest Boer of all?’... For some of the ultra-right a ‘Boer’ is a descendant of a Trekker, as opposed to an ‘Afrikaner’..those Cape Afrikaners who stayed behind..talking English with the imperialists. 1990 R. Malan My Traitor's Heart 127 The great Boer poet [Breyten Breytenbach] spent the sixties in exile in Paris and most of the seventies in a South African prison, paying for his role in a quixotic ‘terrorist’ plot. 1990 R. Malan My Traitor's Heart (1991) ii. 268 In the end, he [sc. P. W. Botha] even scrapped the hated pass laws, a move that heralded the end of the deranged Boer fantasy of a pure white South Africa. 1990 Weekend Argus (Cape Town) 14 July 15 I was scared to death and thought I would never get out of Soweto alive, especially after Dhlomo had introduced me as a ‘Boer’ when we visited a shebeen one night. 5. During apartheid: a member of the South African security forces, including any member of the police force, prison service, or defence force (frequently in plural). Also in plural (usually with the): the police force, prison service, or defence force enforcing the apartheid system. Now historical. ΚΠ 1970 in Dict. of S. Afr. Eng. on Hist. Princ. (1996) 82/1 The boere threw the drunkard in the van. 1978 Daily Dispatch 20 Mar. 7 He said the talks centred around..the withdrawal of South African troops... ‘But we never sat with the Boere and they were too scared to sit with the terrorists,’ he said. 1980 C. Hope Separate Developm. (1983) 138 I'm thinking myself safe and sound..when the boere smash through the door and haul me off to the big hotel. 1989 Daily Dispatch 4 Apr. 1 They had been instructed by their regional commander in Angola to..‘observe if the Boers (SADF) had been restricted to base’. 1991 D. Rowe Wanting Everything (1994) 374 In South Africa, following teargassing and beating of school children by security forces, games of ‘comrades vs boere’ (police) are frequent. 2004 H. Strachan Make a Skyf, Man! xvii. 198 The lifer from Central [Prison] who's been running the place..is down the passage with the Parole Board, and the boer in charge doesn't know where anything is. 6. During apartheid: the South African government. Chiefly in plural with the. Now historical.As the National Party government consisted almost entirely of Afrikaners, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish this sense from sense 4. ΚΠ 1976 Eastern Province Herald (Port Elizabeth) 19 Nov. 17/4 A Coloured school principal who is a member of the liaison committee in his town..said he had been told his home was stoned because ‘I work with the Boere’. 1977 Sunday Times 27 Nov. 8 I am by no means predicting a Boer-Soviet pact. But can we afford to neglect this possibility completely? 1986 Herald (Zimbabwe) in Cape Times 24 Jan. 6 The fact that the Boers have now been able to successfully engineer a coup against an African leader they do not like is an indication of the seriousness with which frontline states should treat the dangers of apartheid. 1989 Weekly Mail (S. Afr.) 27 Oct. 26 I don't think the boers (government) will allow the rally to be advertised, let alone permit it. II. Other senses. 7. coarse home-cured tobacco, made for chewing, smoking, or use as snuff; = boer tobacco n. at Compounds. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > tobacco > [noun] > other types of tobacco craccus1617 mavis1641 shoot-tobacco1666 funk1677 black tobacco1698 kite's-foot1788 dark leaf1829 bird's eye1834 bright leaf1834 honeydew tobacco1835 seed leaf1837 long-tails1839 honeydew1843 caporal1850 dogleg tobacco1856 dogleg1863 Boer1881 burley1881 black boy1898 snus1916 1881 in Diggers' Ditties (1989) 15 I've gin and a pipeful of Boer. 1897 F. W. Sykes With Plumer in Matabeleland 103 A half-pound cake of black tobacco fetched £2, whilst a handful of ‘Boer’ was greedily bought in at 5s. 1900 Westm. Gaz. 14 July 8/1 A smoker may keep his pipe going from early morning till late at night if he uses good ‘Boer’. 1935 C. C. Taylor Agric. Southern Afr. (U.S. Dept. Agric. Techn. Bull. No. 466) 224 The most common tobacco grown for air-curing is Boer grown from a seed of unknown origin. 8. A hardy breed of goat developed in South Africa and kept particularly for its meat, having long pendulous ears and a stocky body that is typically white with a reddish-brown head and neck; a goat of this breed. Frequently attributive, as boer goat, etc. ΚΠ 1885 Suppl. Blue Bk. Natal: Departmental Rep. 1884 ii. b51 In possession of the European population of this Division there are:—Horses, 1,967;..angora goats, 14,584; Boer and Kafir goats, 570;..and about 11 mules. 1896 R. Wallace Farming Industr. Cape Colony 323 The Boer goat, which is termed the native goat to distinguish it from the recently imported Angora, is a strong, coarse, hardy energetic animal, strongly resembling the English goat. 1906 Agric. Jrnl. Cape Good Hope Nov. 679 If a certain kind of tick attacks the kids of our Boer goats, they..become paralyzed. 1986 3rd World Congr. Genetics applied to Livestock Prod. 9 528 One breed which must hold special interest in connection with meat production from goats is the Boer... In general, the Boer equaled or excelled in growth, litter size and kid weight. 2006 Kerrville (Texas) Daily Times 21 Sept. c5/7 (advt.) Boer bucks & does registered pure breed, 7 mos. large, healthy, gentle, color correct. Compounds Designating something made, produced, used by, or typical of Boers, or originating in the rural areas of South Africa; see also boerebeskuit n., boerekos n., boeremusiek n., boerewors n., boerwyn n. boer biscuit n. (a piece of) rusk or hard biscuit; esp. a rustic, rectangular oven-dried bun typically served with coffee, into which it is traditionally dipped; = boerebeskuit n. [After Afrikaans boerebeskuit boerebeskuit n.] ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > biscuit > [noun] > other biscuits dorcake14.. cracknelc1440 hard breada1500 crackling1598 Naples biscuit1650 gingerbread man1686 chocolate biscuit1702 biscotin1723 sponge biscuit1736 maple biscuita1753 butter biscuit1758 nut1775 Oliver biscuit1786 funeral biscuit1790 rock biscuit?1790 ratafia1801 finger biscuit1812 Savoy drop1816 lady's finger1818 snap1819 Abernethy1830 pretzel1831 wine-biscuit1834 gingersnap1838 captain's biscuit1843 lebkuchen1847 simnel1854 sugar cookie1854 peppernut1862 McClellan pie1863 Savoy ring1866 Brown George1867 beaten biscuit1876 digestive1876 Osborne1876 Bath Oliver1878 marie1878 boer biscuit1882 charcoal biscuit1885 biscotti1886 fairing1888 snickerdoodle1889 pfeffernuss1891 zwieback1894 Nice1895 Garibaldi biscuit1896 Oswegoc1900 squashed fly1900 amaretto1905 boerebeskuit1905 Romary1905 petit beurre1906 Oswego biscuit1907 soetkoekie1910 Oreo1912 custard cream1916 Anzac1923 sweet biscuit1929 langue de chat1931 Bourbon biscuit1932 Afghan1934 flapjack1935 Florentine1936 chocolate chip cookie1938 choc chip cookie1940 Toll House cookie1940 tuile1943 pizzelle1949 black and white1967 Romany Cream1970 papri1978 1882 S. M. Heckford Lady Trader in Transvaal iv. 30 The mother helped all to milk and biscuits—the hard bread is called Boer biscuit here. 1915 Daily Mail 16 Sept. 4 Boer biscuit (or Boer rusk) is a bread that will keep as well as a real biscuit. When dry it defies any but the strongest teeth, but soaked in water, coffee, etc., it is pleasant to the taste and very filling. a1920 O. Schreiner From Man to Man (1926) iii. 111 One morning..Baby-Bertie was kneeling in the pantry, making Boer biscuits. 1969 D. Child Yesterday's Children xiv. 211 A liberal supply of Boer biscuit, biltong and sausages. 1976 R. L. Wallace Australians at Boer War i. 28 He made well-baked loaves from flour and raisins, known as Boer biscuits. 2013 J. Greig & M. Greig Tony Greig i. 16 Our daily routine..began with our father bringing us a cup of coffee and a dry rusk, a Boer biscuit. We all dunked our rusks into our hot drinks. boer brandy n. (also boer's brandy) privately distilled brandy. ΚΠ 1832 Graham's Town Jrnl. (S. Afr.) 24 Feb. 33 W. R. Thompson Will hold a Public Sale on Monday next the 27 instant of a variety of fresh Goods,..Cape and Boers' Brandy etc. 1860 Standard 30 Oct. 3/5 He [sc. Prince Alfred] christened after himself a new ferry-boat, performing the ceremony with a bottle of boer brandy. 1900 B. Mitford Aletta 11 Boer brandy, when pure and well matured, is about the best liquor in the world, and this was the best of its kind. 1977 Family Radio & TV (S. Afr.) 19 Sept. 51 The creation of this Boer brandy has been a dying art since the '20s... Even legal Boer brandy heard the death sentence in 1964 when the KWV ruled that no more private licences would be issued. boermeal n. (also boer's meal) coarsely ground flour. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > meal > [noun] > other meals rye mealc1300 amydonc1440 summer meal?a1513 linseed-meal1599 nocake1634 pinole1648 farinha1726 acorn meal1730 salep1736 corn-meal1782 manna croup1843 mealie-meal1846 rokeag1848 plantain meal1871 boermeal1873 crème de riz1896 unga1896 1873 F. Boyle To Cape for Diamonds x. 141 Boer meal (cheap at this moment (42s per muid (200 lbs)). 1878 Roche's On Trek in Transvaal 110 Bread we could not get, only the Boer's meal, i.e. the flour of the country. 1893 H. A. Bryden Gun & Camera in Southern Afr. vii. 151 We made bread—ingredients: Boer meal, baking powder, and water—this morning. 1949 Cape Times 24 Sept. 8/7 We used to get on farms the boermeal bread made from wheat, and nothing but wheat, ground in the ideal way in stone mills. 1979 Jrnl. Southern Afr. Stud. Oct. 111 The costs of necessary items of consumption had increased by between 20 and 30 per cent since before the war..boermeal (coarse maize meal) by 25 per cent. 1987 M. Black in Oxf. Symp. Food & Cookery 1986 51 In the recipe for Denningvleis..the meat is browned in 2 tablespoons of mutton-fat..and so are pannas (minced boiled shin meat and boermeal, shaped into a loaf, sliced and fried). Boer Republic n. (now historical) any of various independent, self-governed Boer states founded in southern Africa in the 19th cent.; spec. the South African Republic (the Transvaal) or the Orange Free State.Several small Boer states existed briefly during the 19th cent., including Vryheid, Natalia, Stellaland, Goshen, Winburg, and Utrecht.The Transvaal and Orange Free State were formally annexed to the British Empire in 1902, and became provinces of the Union of South Africa in May 1910. [Compare South African Dutch Boerenrepubliek (mid 19th cent.; Afrikaans Boererepubliek).] ΚΠ 1853 Patriot 21 Mar. 182/3 If we published against the interests of the Boer republic he could and would prosecute us. 1897 Consular Rep. (U.S. Government) Sept. 143 Since the foundation of the Boer Republic, the Germans have had successful commercial relations with the country [sc. the Transvaal]. 1926 M. Nathan S. Afr. from Within 165 He [sc. Jameson] frustrated a Boer raid into his territory, only to become a raider in his turn—thereby endangering peace between Great Britain and the Boer Republics. 1961 T. V. Bulpin White Whirlwind 150 Utrecht, an odd little town which until recently had ranked itself among the capitals of the world, for it had been the political centre of one of the several Boer republics in South Africa. 2011 T. L. Crosby Joseph Chamberlain xi. 131 The Boers had retreated far enough to the north to establish..two Boer republics, the Orange Free State and the South African Republic (Transvaal). boer rusk n. = boerebeskuit n. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > crispbread or rusk > [noun] biscuit?a1400 rusk1589 boer rusk1902 Ryvita1925 crispbread1926 1902 L. S. Amery Times Hist. War S. Afr. II. xii. 440 A hasty breakfast of Boer rusks and coffee. 1937 S. Cloete Turning Wheels xxv. 392 Going without food except for the Boer rusks and biltong that he carried. 1944 V. Pohl Adventures Boer Family i. 12 Saddlebags stuffed to bursting with boer-rusks, bread, and biltong. 1986 Ld. Anglesey Hist. Brit. Cavalry IV. i. 37 He [sc. the Boer on commando] could subsist for a week or more on a pocketful of biltong,..a small bag of Boer rusks and some coffee beans tied up in a bit of cloth. 2006 W. Steenkamp Jim Zulu ix. 68 He..returned a minute or two later, bearing a battered mug of black tea and a handful of Boer rusks, those great lumpy squares studded with raisins, which he commenced to dip into the tea. boer tobacco n. (also boer's tobacco) coarse home-cured tobacco, made for chewing, smoking, or use as snuff. ΚΠ 1832 Graham's Town Jrnl. (S. Afr.) 13 Jan. 12 Public Sale... Brazil Tobacco, Boers' do., Raisins.] 1857 T. Shone Diary 11 Sept. (MS Cory Libr., Rhodes Univ., Grahamstown, S. Afr.) Bought from R.d Bradfield 1/2 lb of boers tobacco, paid /6 for it. 1873 F. Boyle To Cape for Diamonds 80 Collarless, bare-armed, unshorn, he puffed coarse boer tobacco from a short clay pipe. 1924 L. Cohen Reminisc. of Johannesburg 23 These men..whose only pleasures consisted of the delights found in coffee, dop brandy and Boer tobacco. 2002 Daily Mail 14 Dec. (Weekend section) 13/2 The retired Balgarnie,..mouth puckered as he happily puffed at his pipe filled with Boer tobacco. Boer War n. the South African war (1899–1902) between the two Boer republics of the Transvaal and Orange Free State, and Great Britain and her colonies; cf. Anglo-Boer adj. Also: the war of 1880–1 between British forces and the Transvaal. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > war > types of war > [noun] > other specific war Punic War1556 Vandal war1613 American Civil War1775 Seven Years War1775 Revolutionary Wara1784 Peninsular war1811 Great War1815 Mormon war1833 opium war1841 the Thirty Years' War1841 the Thirty Years' War1842 Mexican War1846 Napoleonic War1850 Crimean War1854 Hundred Years War1874 Balkan war1881 Boer War1883 Winter War1939 Six Day War1967 Yom Kippur War1973 Gulf War1981 Falklands conflict1982 1883 T. F. Carter (title) A Narrative of the Boer War: Its Causes and Results. 1893 Brown's S. Afr. 209 The town served as the base of the British military operations during the disastrous Boer war and the treaty of peace was signed here in 1881. 1899 Morning Post 19 Sept. 6/2 Officers for the Boer War. 1899 G. Meredith Let. 27 Oct. (1970) III. 1337 I need patience even to speak of this Boer War.] 1900 C. M. Yonge Let. 17 July in C. R. Coleridge C. M. Yonge: Life & Lett. (1903) xii. 345 Aimée tried to explain the rights of the Boer War. 1914 C. Mackenzie Sinister St. II. iii. v. 587 He..figuratively marched across the road to the Canning..galvanizing..the Oxford Tories now wilting under the strain of the Boer war. 1955 G. Greene Quiet Amer. i. iv. 52 Like a panorama of the Boer War in an old Illustrated London News. 1981 H. Domisse in D. Harrison White Tribe Afr. i. 24 This Boer War, was the stupidest war the English ever carried on. 2009 A. S. Byatt Children's Bk. (2010) xx. 231 The Imperialists, who supported the British army in the Boer War,..believed in spreading the virtues of British democracy throughout the world. Derivatives ˈBoerdom n. the community or state of the Boers. ΘΚΠ the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Africa > native or inhabitant of Southern Africa > [noun] > Afrikaner > collectively the Dutch1731 Boerdom1858 South African Dutch1877 volk1880 Amabhunu1883 Afrikanerdom1900 1858 Morning Chron. 22 July (Evening ed.) 5/3 It will be a few generations hence before the arms of Boerdom again attempt to molest him. 1884 Pall Mall Gaz. 15 Oct. 6/1 Boerdom develops faster than British progress. 1903 E. F. Knight S. Afr. after War 281 These beautiful rich vales of the granary of the Transvaal, the heart of Boerdom and cradle of ‘Dopperdom’. 1941 C. W. De Kiewiet Hist. S. Afr. 125 President F. W. Reitz, believed that all Boerdom should stand united against the British paramount power. 2004 Times 17 Dec. 67/2 Toponym revolutionaries claim that it [sc. Bloemfontein] is named after the farmer on whose land the capital of Boerdom arose, one Jan Bloem. Boerˈess n. now historical a Boer girl or woman. ΚΠ 1851 H. Ward Jasper Lyle II. xix. 339 He saw..that the young Boeress meant kindly, and was obliged to content himself with that idea. 1881 N.Y. Times 20 Mar. 3/4 By the side of a bevy of young Boeresses a tulip-bud is dingy indeed. 1974 D. Rooke Margaretha de la Porte 272 On the afternoon of February 19th 1896 I saw the strangled body of a Boeress's slave. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2019; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1776
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