stooln.

Brit.

/stuːl/, U.S.

/stul/ (in sense 1e)West African English

/stul/

Forms: Old English stool, Old English–Middle English stól, Middle English stol, Middle English stule, Middle English–1600s stole (also 1800s in sense 13), stoole, Middle English stoll, Middle English–1500s stolle, 1500s, 1700s stoul, (1500s stoule, stoulle, stoale, stowle, stoel, northern stoile), 1500s–1600s stowell, ( stowll), Middle English– stool; ScottishMiddle English–1500s stule, 1500s stuill, stuyll, stwyll, stul(l, stwle, 1600s stuile.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Common Germanic; Old English stól (masculine) = Old Saxon stôl (Dutch stoel ), Old High German, Middle High German stuol (modern German stuhl ), Old Norse stóll (Swedish, Danish stol ), Gothic stōl-s throne < Germanic *stōlo-z , probably < root *stō- : sta- to stand v. Compare Old Church Slavonic stolŭ throne, seat.

†1.

a. Any kind of seat for one person; often, a chair of authority, state, or office; esp. a royal or episcopal throne. (Hence occasionally = see n.¹ 4a) Obsolete. porphyry stool: cf. porphyry n.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > office > symbol of office or authority > [noun] > seat of office or authority

seldc825

stoolc897

high settlec950

seatc1175

benchc1330

stool1390

chair1393

stall1399

estatea1475

chair of state1498

statea1500

office chaira1715

c897 K. Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care lvi. 435 Swa micle swa se bið beforan ðe on ðæm stole [L. cathedra] sitt ðæm oðrum ðe ðær ymb stondað.

OE Genesis 260 Wið þone hehstan heofnes waldend, þe siteð on þam halgan stole.

a1100 Gerefa in Anglia (1886) 9 264 Man sceal habban..sceamelas, stolas, læflas.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 12120 Þe biscop-stole [c1300 Otho stol] wes at Seint Aaron.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 6316 A þan daȝen at Seint Pauwel wes þe ærchebiscop stol [c1300 Otho stolle].

?a1300 Shires England 13 in Old Eng. Misc. Þis bispryche wes hwylen two bispriche, þeo oþer stol wes at remmesbury.

c1320 Seuyn Sag. 1889 [The barber] set her on a stol,..And gan to smiten hire on the veyn, And sche bledde.

a1450 Knt. de la Tour xxiii. 33 Sethe y am come and must sitte, late me haue sum quyshon or a stole.

c1480 (a1400) St. George 541 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) II. 191 On þe morne gert he grathit be a stule in place of Iugment.

1489 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (Adv.) ii. 151 The Bruce..raid to Scone, for to be set In kingis stole, and to be king.

1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in Wks. G. Chaucer i. f. cccxxx^v Suche persons as louen the first syttynges at feestes, the highest stoles in churches & in hal.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Psalms xciii. [xciv.] 20 Wilt thou haue eny thinge to do with the stole of wickednesse [1611 Bible, throne of iniquitie; Luther dem schädlichen Stuhl].

1549 E. Allen tr. L. Juda Paraphr. Reuelacion S. John iv. f. 1, in M. Coverdale et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. II Gods stoole or seate in heauen sygnified the euerlastynge state and continuaunce of the power..of god.

1558–9 in J. W. Burgon Life & Times Sir T. Gresham (1839) I. iv. 248 Before the stoole of estate satt an other mayde.

1649 J. Milton Observations in Articles of Peace with Irish Rebels 55 In vain were Bishops..forbid to sit..in the House, if these men..be permitted more license on their Presbyteriall stooles.

1677 W. Hughes Man of Sin ii. xii. 227 How? Bring Paul to the Porph'ry Stool?

figurative phrases.1565 T. Stapleton Fortresse of Faith f. 27 If Scripture telleth vs it [i.e. the church] is at Wittenberg,..then the Ciuill Lutherans haue the church only: Caluin, Illyricus, Osiander, and all their adherents are put beside the stoole.1579 in W. Wilkinson Confut. Familye of Loue sig. B i^v Right discerning..commeth..by them that are set in the right place of iudgement by the Lord himselfe, and not by those that sitt on their owne stoole.1819 W. Scott Bride of Lammermoor i, in Tales of my Landlord 3rd Ser. III. 10 He is an old man, and a minister of state... You had more need to think of making up to Miss Lucy Ashton the disgrace..than of interfering with a man too old to fight, and on too high a stool for your hand to reach him.

†b. A church pew Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > artefacts > furniture > seat > pew > [noun]

stool1570

pew1631

corner-pew1663

1570 Minutes in Archdeaconry of Essex Records (MS Essex Rec. Office D/AEA) f. 5^v He refusyth to syt in the stole where the church wardens do place him.

1616 Min. Archdeaconry of Colchester f. 27 (MS.) A couple that came to be married, which, by..custome, should have sitten in the stoole aforesayd.

†c. ? A seat by a grave or tomb. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > furniture and fittings > seat > [noun] > seat by a grave

stool1463

1463 in S. Tymms Wills & Inventories Bury St. Edmunds (1850) 15 No stoon to be steryd of my graue, but a pet to be maad vnder the ground sille ther my lady Schardeloue was wont to sitte, the stoolys removyd, and the body put in.

1526 Cartular. S. Nicholai Aberd. (New Spalding Club) I. 155 Our collectour..shall ȝeirlie sett ane honest stuill apoun ye said Jhonis sepultur decorit with bakin and arress as wss is.

1537 in C. Innes Registrum Episcopatus Aberdonensis (1845) I. 414 Tway schillingis to þe sacristene for þe settyng of þe stwyll at his graif.

1539 in Abstr. Protocols Town Clerks Glasgow (1897) IV. 119 That the said vicar..warne the sacrista minor of revestry to cuyr ane stuyll honestlie and fynd twa wax preckattis byrneand..aboue the lair of Jhonn Painter.

†d. A seat for an offender. See cucking-stool n., cutty-stool n., pining-stool n. at pining n. Compounds, stool of repentance n.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > public or popular punishments > [noun] > stool or ducking-stool

cuck-stool1200

thewc1273

cucking-stoolc1308

stoolc1308

pining-stoolc1400

scolding stool1474

tumbrila1513

cuckle-stool1592

ducking-stool1597

gum-stool1623

trebucheta1641

gumble-stool1653

gogingstool1679

ducking tumbrel1688

c1308 Sat. People Kildare 100 in Early Eng. Poems & Lives Saints (1862) 155 Brewesters..beþ i-war of þe coking-stole, þe lak is dep and hori.

1562 in A. Macdonald & J. Dennistoun Misc. Maitland Club (1843) III. ii. 327 In ye essemble of ye congregacion to syt vpon ye penitent stul tym of ye seruice.

1714 J. Gay Shepherd's Week iii. 105 Where the high stool On the long plank hangs o'er the muddy pool, That stool, the dread of ev'ry scolding Quean.

17.. W. Forbes Dominie Depos'd i. xxiv Sae shall they never mount the stool, Whereon the lassies greet an' howl.

17.. W. Forbes Dominie Depos'd ii. xxvii Ye've play'd the fool, Anither now your post maun bruik, An' you the stool.

e. West African. (See quots.)

ΚΠ

1819 T. E. Bowdich Mission to Ashantee 231 Saï Tootoo..was presented with the stool, or made king.

1819 T. E. Bowdich Mission to Ashantee 236 This monarch..raised his favourite captains to the vacant stools, uniting three or four in one.

1819 T. E. Bowdich Mission to Ashantee 236 (note) ‘To succeed to the stool,’..is the common expression for succeeding to a property even in private life. The same stool, or seat, descends through many generations.

1909 D. Moore & F. G. Guggisberg We Two in W. Afr. 146 On the ‘Coast’..the chief of a tribe is said to be on the stool of that tribe... The word stool is nearly always used instead of tribe.

a. A wooden seat (for one person) without arms or a back; a piece of furniture consisting in its simplest form of a piece of wood for a seat set upon legs, usually three or four in number, to raise it from the ground.The Old English instances belong properly to the general sense 1. Often with qualifying word indicating its form or use, as round, three-legged, camp-, music-stool and the like.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > office > symbol of office or authority > [noun] > seat of office or authority

seldc825

stoolc897

high settlec950

seatc1175

benchc1330

stool1390

chair1393

stall1399

estatea1475

chair of state1498

statea1500

office chaira1715

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > furniture and fittings > seat > stool > [noun]

shamblec825

stool1390

tabouret1656

tambouret1658

mora1818

c725 Corpus Gloss. (Hessels) T 309 Tripes, stool.

c1000 Sax. Leechd. II. 76 Gewyrc þonne stol of þrim treowum ni an ðyrele site on bydene.]

1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis III. 224 The kinges fol Sat be the fyr upon a stol.

c1425 Cast. Persev. 2599 in Macro Plays 154 Worldis wele is lyke a iij-foted stole, it faylyt a man at hys most nede.

1434 in F. J. Furnivall Fifty Earliest Eng. Wills (1882) 102 Also a litil Ioyned stoll for a child, & a nother Ioyned stoll, large for to sitte on, whanne he cometh to mannes state.

1512 in W. H. Stevenson Rec. Borough Nottingham (1885) III. 114 Duo scabella vocata joyned stoles.

a1529 J. Skelton Colyn Cloute (?1545) sig. A.ii^v Let hym go to scole A thre foted stole That he may downe sit.

1592 Arden of Feversham v. i. 131 Place Mosbie, being a stranger, in a chaire, And let your husband sit vpon a stoole.

1594 J. Lyly Mother Bombie iv. ii. sig. F4 Acc. You neede not bee so lustye, you are not so honest. Silena. I crie you mercy I tooke you for a ioynd stoole.

1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 441 Young lads..with stooles fastened into their buttockes to milke [ewes].

1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Selle,..any illfauored, ordinarie..stoole, of a cheaper sort then the ioyned, or buffet-stoole.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Taming of Shrew (1623) ii. i. 198 Kate. I knew you at the first You were a mouable. Pet. Why, what's a mouable? Kat. A ioyn'd stoole .

1631 W. Gouge Gods Three Arrowes iv. §15 In the garret were set some stooles, and chaires for the better sort.

1634 Withal's Dict. 553 Ante hoc te cornua habere putabam, I cry you mercy, I tooke you for a joynd stoole.

1638 R. Baker tr. J. L. G. de Balzac New Epist. III. 174 Fitter to bee read upon a Ioyne stoole, than pronounced at a Tribunall.

1709 R. Steele Tatler No. 80. ⁋3 A servant brought a round Stool, on which I sat down.

1712 J. Arbuthnot App. to John Bull Still in Senses i. 7 He us'd to lay Chairs and Joint-stools in their way, that they might break their Noses by falling over them.

1785 W. Cowper Task i. 86 Thus first necessity invented stools, Convenience next suggested elbow-chairs.

1785 W. Cowper Task i. 19 Joint-stools were then created; on three legs Upborne they stood. Three legs upholding firm A massy slab, in fashion square or round.

1820 W. Scott Monastery II. ii^*. 75 As passive an instrument of my accommodation as this ill-made and rugged joint-stool on which I sit.

1859 J. M. Jephson & L. Reeve Narr. Walking Tour Brittany ii. 9 I seated myself on a joint-stool on the deck.

1886 W. J. Tucker Life E. Europe 310 The legs and seats of the stools,—for chairs there were none,—were coloured in harmony with the rest.

b. A high seat of this kind for convenience of writing at a high desk; more fully office stool. Hence, a situation as clerk in an office.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > work > [noun] > office or clerical work

office worka1678

desk1796

stool1836

desk-work1864

pencil-pushing1883

pen-pushing1906

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > furniture and fittings > seat > stool > [noun] > high

high stool1576

stool1836

stand-rest1877

1836 C. Dickens Let. ?27 July (1965) I. 157 If you write me word that you will give him a stool, he shall sit himself upon it forthwith.

1837 C. Dickens Pickwick Papers liv. 591 Wilkins Flasher, Esquire, was balancing himself on two legs of an office stool.

1842 Ld. Tennyson Audley Court in Poems (new ed.) II. 44 Oh! who would cast and balance at a desk, Perch'd like a crow upon a three-legg'd stool?

1853 C. Dickens Bleak House xx. 193 Mr. Guppy suspects everybody who enters on the occupation of a stool in Kenge and Carboy's office, of entertaining..sinister designs upon him.

c. A low short bench or form upon which to rest the foot, to step or kneel. Chiefly = footstool n. Sometimes used as a child's seat.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > furniture and fittings > support or rest > [noun] > for feet

shamblec825

stoola1250

benchc1405

buffet1432

foot cushiona1475

footstool1530

cricket1559

grest1563

foot stock1567

hassock1582

cracket1635

crock1709

tuffet1805

mora1818

footrest1833

toe-board1892

a1250 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Nero) (1952) 73 Vor þi alle ðe halewen makeden of al ðe worlde ase ane stol [?c1225 Cleo. scheomel; a1250 Titus schamel] to hore uet uorto arechen ðe heouene.

1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. v. 394 I may nouȝte stonde ne stoupe ne with-oute a stole knele.

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Matt. xxii. 44 Til that I put thin enmyes a stole of thi feet.

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xiv. ii. 690 Þe hole erþe..is yclepid þe stole of Goddis owen feete.

c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 476/2 Stool, scabellum.

1468 in Archaeologia 10 197 Item, payd Will. Pylche for makyng of the stole to the funte and keverynge of the same, xx d.

1567 Gude & Godlie Ball. 50 And war the warld ten tymes sa wyde,..Unworthie it war, ȝit to the, Under thy feit ane stule to be.

1828 E. Bulwer-Lytton Pelham I. xii. 74 You must not lounge on your chair—nor put your feet upon a stool.

1858 E. Bulwer-Lytton What will he do with It? i. vi Sophy left her seat, and placed herself on a stool at her grandfather's knee.

†d. stool and ball, the implements used in the game of stool-ball n. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > stoolball > [noun] > equipment

stool and ball1619

stool-ball1690

1619 Pasquils Palinodia sig. D^v When Country wenches play with stoole and ball.

3. figurative.

a. Proverb, to fall, come to the ground, sit between two stools: to incur failure through vacillation between two different courses of action.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > failure or lack of success > fail or be unsuccessful [verb (intransitive)] > fail through vacillation

to fall, come to the ground, sit between two stools1390

the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > be irresolute or vacillate [verb (intransitive)] > incur failure through vacillation

to fall, come to the ground, sit between two stools1390

1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 15 Bot it is seid..Betwen tuo Stoles lyth the fal, Whan that men wenen best to sitte.

1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis II. 22 O fol of alle foles, Thou farst as he betwen tuo stoles That wolde sitte and goth to grounde.

a1536 Prov. in Songs, Carols etc. (E.E.T.S.) 129 Betwen two stolis, the ars goth to grwnd.

1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage 610 Guageda betwixt two stooles had vnquiet sitting, paying tribute both to the Kings of Telensin, and the Arabians.

1718 M. Prior Alma i, in Poems Several Occasions (new ed.) 328 Poor Alma sits between two Stools.

1765 Ld. Holland in J. H. Jesse G. Selwyn & his Contemp. (1843) I. 380 I only hope Sir Charles Bunbury has not lost his Paris place, and dropped, as I fear he has, between two stools.

1857 A. Trollope Barchester Towers xx Truly he had fallen between two stools.

1867 A. Trollope Last Chron. Barset I. xxxv. 301 She was like to fall to the ground between two stools,—having two lovers, neither of whom could serve her turn.

b. Phrases.

ΚΠ

a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) iii. iv. 81 But now they rise againe With twenty mortall murthers on their crownes, And push vs from our stooles .

a1732 T. Boston Memoirs (1776) x. 286 The work was begun on Thursday with a sermon on Amos vi. 1. which I believe drew the stool from under most of us.

1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones I. i. xiii. 75 One of the Maxims..is, when once you are got up, to kick the Stool from under you. In plain English, when you have made your Fortune by the good Offices of a Friend, you are advised to discard him as soon as you can.

†4. The lair of a hare; = form n. 21, seat n. 10.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > order Lagomorpha (rabbits and hares) > [noun] > family Leporidae > genus Lepus (hares) > lepus europaeus (hare) > lair or breeding place

formc1290

maze1486

meuse1585

squat1590

muset1594

stool1607

hare-warren1647

seat1735

1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 271 In such places doth the Hare seek her lodging... Then let him [sc. the hunter] draw his nets round about them..and then raise her from her stoole.

a. A seat enclosing a chamber utensil; a commode; more explicitly stool of ease. Also, a privy.For groom of the stool (stole), see stole n.²

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > sanitation > privy or latrine > [noun]

gongOE

privy?c1225

room-housec1275

chamber foreignc1300

wardrobea1325

privy chamberc1325

foreignc1390

siegec1400

stool1410

jakes1432

house of easementa1438

kocayc1440

siege-hole1440

siege-house1440

privy house1463

withdraught1493

draught1530

shield1535

bench-hole1542

common house1542

stool1542

jakes house1547

boggard1552

house of office?1560

purging place1577

little house1579

issue1588

Ajax1596

draught-house1597

private1600

necessary house1612

vault1617

longhouse1622

latrine1623

necessary1633

commonsa1641

gingerbread officea1643

boghouse1644

cloaca1645

passage-house1646

retreat1653

shithouse1659

closet of ease1662

garderobe1680

backside1704

office1727

bog?1731

house of ease1734

cuz-john1735

easing-chair1771

backhouse1800

outhouse1819

netty1825

petty1848

seat of ease1850

closet1869

bathroom1883

crapper1927

lat1927

shouse1941

biffy1942

shitholec1947

toot1965

shitter1967

woodshed1974

the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > sanitation > privy or latrine > [noun] > close-stool or commode

privy stool1377

night-chair1404

close-stool1410

stool1410

chamber stool1567

night table1730

night-stool1781

commode1802

Sir John1808

chamber closet1842

chaise percée1939

thunder-box1939

1410 Wye Acc. in J. E. T. Rogers Hist. Agric. & Prices (1882) (modernized text) III. 546/2 2 close stoles.

1501 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1900) II. 25 Item,..giffin for ane stule of es bocht to the King viij d.

1516–17 in H. Littlehales Medieval Rec. London City Church (1905) 292 Paid for makyng clene of the Rectors stolys ij d.

1528 in J. Raine Testamenta Eboracensia (1884) V. 254 In his owne chambre..A prevey stole, iiijd.

1561 in T. Thomson Coll. Inventories Royal Wardrobe (1815) 139 Item ane stuill of ease coverit with crammosie broun velvot.

?1573 L. Lloyd Pilgrimage of Princes f. 145 The Emperour Heliogabalus was killed vpon his stoole at his easemente.

1603 J. Florio tr. M. de Montaigne Ess. iii. xiii. 646 A commodious Ajax or easie close-stoole.

1645 J. Milton Colasterion 13 I send them by his advice to sit upon the stool and strain.

1660 J. Milton Readie Way Free Commonw. (ed. 2) 29 Chamberlains, ushers, grooms, even of the close-stool.

a1774 A. Tucker Light of Nature Pursued (1777) III. i. 389 If Alexander and Cesar could never be easy off the stool I would not deny them that needful utensil.

1869 E. A. Parkes Man. Pract. Hygiene (ed. 3) 620.

b. In phrases originally meaning ‘the place of evacuation’, now (without the) the action of evacuating the bowels.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > sanitation > privy or latrine > [noun]

gongOE

privy?c1225

room-housec1275

chamber foreignc1300

wardrobea1325

privy chamberc1325

foreignc1390

siegec1400

stool1410

jakes1432

house of easementa1438

kocayc1440

siege-hole1440

siege-house1440

privy house1463

withdraught1493

draught1530

shield1535

bench-hole1542

common house1542

stool1542

jakes house1547

boggard1552

house of office?1560

purging place1577

little house1579

issue1588

Ajax1596

draught-house1597

private1600

necessary house1612

vault1617

longhouse1622

latrine1623

necessary1633

commonsa1641

gingerbread officea1643

boghouse1644

cloaca1645

passage-house1646

retreat1653

shithouse1659

closet of ease1662

garderobe1680

backside1704

office1727

bog?1731

house of ease1734

cuz-john1735

easing-chair1771

backhouse1800

outhouse1819

netty1825

petty1848

seat of ease1850

closet1869

bathroom1883

crapper1927

lat1927

shouse1941

biffy1942

shitholec1947

toot1965

shitter1967

woodshed1974

1542 A. Borde Compend. Regyment Helth viii. sig. E.i Than go to your stole to make your egestyon.

1558 W. Ward tr. G. Ruscelli Secretes Alexis of Piemount f. 32^v The sayde pylles..prouoke not to the stoole.

1602 2nd Pt. Returne fr. Parnassus i. ii They..write as men go to stoole, for needes.

1676 A. Marvell Mr. Smirke sig. F Though they be reading Papers of State, or at the Stool, more seasonably [he] obtrudes his Pamphlet.

1706 Philos. Trans. 1704–05 (Royal Soc.) 24 2111 When he dy'd it was nine weeks after he had any Stole.

1706 Philos. Trans. 1704–05 (Royal Soc.) 24 2110 He did not go to Stole for a fortnight or three weeks together.

1726 J. Swift Gulliver II. iii. vi. 89 Men are never so Serious, Thoughtful, and Intent, as when they are at Stool.

1871 G. H. Napheys Prevention & Cure Dis. iii. ix. 980 To go to stool twice a day.

1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VII. 263 When the veins are congested by straining at stool.

c. The action of evacuating the bowels; an act of discharging fæces. by stool: by fæcal as distinguished from other means of evacuation.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > organs of excretion > defecation or urination > defecation > [noun]

purgationa1387

shitting1386

officec1395

outpassinga1398

subduction?a1425

easementa1438

cuckingc1440

siegea1475

evacuation?1533

stool1541

egestion1547

dunging1558

purging1579

stooling1599

cackc1600

motion1602

dejection1605

excretion1640

exclusion1646

purgament1650

exoneration1651

disenteration1654

orduring1654

crapping1673

passage1681

seat1697

opening1797

defecation1825

excreting1849

poopc1890

movement1891

job1899

shit?1927

crap1937

dump1942

soiling1943

gick1959

jobbie1981

pooh1981

the world > life > the body > organs of excretion > defecation or urination > defecation > [adverb]

by stool1541

stercoraceously1894

1541 T. Elyot Castel of Helthe (new ed.) 38 b By experience and diligent serch by their stoole, their nourices shal perceyve what digesteth wel.

1596 J. Harington New Disc. Aiax sig. C5 Hee heard him say, hee thanked God, hee had had a good stoole.

1623 J. Hart tr. P. van Foreest Arraignm. Vrines i. 2 Having his vacuations by stoole as orderly as other healthfull men.

a1625 J. Fletcher Noble Gentleman v. i, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Ff2^v/2 I fear this losse of honour will give him some few stooles.

1663 S. Pepys Diary 24 May (1971) IV. 153 Having taken one of Mr. Holliards pills last night, it brought a stool or two this morning.

1682 G. Hartman Digby's Choice Coll. Rare Secrets ii. 228 A second Dose..will work either by Stool or Vomit, or Sweat.

1783 J. Wesley Jrnl. 16 Mar. It gave me four or five and twenty stools, and a moderate vomit.

1843 R. J. Graves Syst. Clin. Med. 110 I do not feel the least anxiety if the patient remains without having a stool for two or three days.

1875 H. C. Wood Treat. Therapeutics (1879) 106 The stools are at times normal in character and frequency.

figurative.1592 T. Nashe Strange Newes 11 A Letter whereof his inuention had a hard stoole, and yet it was for his ease.

d. A discharge of fæcal matter of a specified colour, consistency, etc.; the matter discharged (chiefly plural).

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > organs of excretion > excretions > faeces > [noun] > of specific type

stool1598

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > other equipment of vessel > [noun] > external lanterns lights > blocks supporting poop-lanterns

stool1598

1598 A. M. tr. J. Guillemeau Frenche Chirurg. 4/1 His vrine bloodye; his stoels like matter.

1598 A. M. tr. J. Guillemeau Frenche Chirurg. 3 b/2 The patient can nether retayne his vrine, Sperma, or Stole.

1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 104 Her nature is to hide her own dung..the little Mouse being able by that stoole, to smell the presence of hir mortall foe.

1698 H. Sloane in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 20 69 Stools resembling the Dregs of Wine.

1790 W. Buchan Domest. Med. (ed. 11) xlvii. 497 He must..drink freely of water-gruel to prevent bloody stools.

1845–6 G. E. Day tr. J. F. Simon Animal Chem. II. 386 Calomel is frequently given..: its administration is succeeded by numerous, very green, bilious stools.

1871 A. B. Garrod Essentials Materia Medica (new ed.) 97 It often produces in children the so-named calomel stools, or green-coloured fæces.

†6. A frame upon which to work embroidery or tapestry. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile manufacture > manufacture textile fabric or that which consists of > sewing or ornamenting textile fabric > [noun] > embroidery or ornamental sewing > frame

stoolc1385

tent1548

frame1728

tambour1780

tambour-frame1781

web frame1845

tabouret1858

c1385 G. Chaucer Legend Good Women 2352 So that she werkyn & enbroude couthe And weuyn in hire stol the radyuore.

?c1475 Promptorium Parvulorum (Cambr.) 305/2 Lyncet, a werkynge stole, liniarium.

1502 in N. H. Nicolas Privy Purse Expenses Elizabeth of York (1830) 7 Item..for the stuff and making of iiij working stoles for the Quene..v s. iiij d.

1513 Inventory in State Papers Henry VIII (P.R.O.: SP 1/4) f. 56 A frontlett for an aulter wrought in the stole.

1523 J. Skelton Goodly Garlande of Laurell 790 To weue in the stoule sume were full preste, With slaiis, with tauellis, with hedellis well drest.

1538 T. Elyot Dict. Licia, be thredes, whiche sylke women do weaue in lyncelles or stooles.

1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VIII f. vii On their heades bonets of Damaske, syluer flatte wouen in the stole.

7. Nautical.

a. (See quot. 1867. Cf. channel n.²)

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > masts, rigging, or sails > rigging > [noun] > fixed rigging > rigging supporting mast laterally > chain-wale > for backstays

stool1711

1711 W. Sutherland Ship-builders Assistant 37 Backstays or Topmast Shrouds are to be fasten'd down to the Channels, or Stools fixed for that purpose.

1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. Stool, a minor channel abaft the main channels, for the dead-eyes of the backstays.

b. (See quot. 1850.)

ΚΠ

1750 T. R. Blanckley Naval Expositor

1850 J. Greenwood Sailor's Sea-bk. 153 Stools,..ornamental blocks for the poop lanterns to stand on abaft.

c. (See quot. 1846.)

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > parts of vessels > body of vessel > [noun] > timbers of hull > deck or hold beams

transom1545

beam1627

wing-transom1711

stool1797

hold-beam1801

breast beam1805

skid beam1846

beak-head-beam1850

cat-beam1850

deck-beam1858

main-transom1867

spale1867

1797 Encycl. Brit. XVII. 395/2 This line will represent the lower edge of the rail that comes to the middle stool.

1830 P. Hedderwick Treat. Marine Archit. 120 Stools, pieces of plank which are bolted edgeways to the quarters of small vessels, to form the mock quarter-galleries.

1846 A. Young Naut. Dict. 323 Stool, the lowest transom of a vessel's stern~frame; or, more correctly, a chock introduced beneath the lowest transom: to it the lower ends of the fashion-pieces are secured.

8. Brickmaking. A brick-moulder's shed or workshop; also, the gang of workmen employed in one shed; also, a moulder's bench.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > workplace > place where specific things are made > [noun] > bricks or tiles

brickyard1618

stool1693

brickfield1726

brickworks1763

tile-yard1835

tilery1846

tile-field1882

tile-works1882

society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > producer > maker of bricks or tiles > [noun] > brick-maker > gang

stool1693

society > occupation and work > equipment > brick-making equipment > [noun] > brick-moulder's bench

stool1850

1693 Coll. Improvem. Husbandry & Trade No. 70. ⁋1 There are usually employed about a Stooles Work four Men, and two Boyes: The first, an Earth-maker that prepares the Earth. The second a Carter..to bring the Earth to the Stool.

1693 Coll. Improvem. Husbandry & Trade No. 70. ⁋3 A Stool does ordinarily make..eight Thousand in a Day.

1850 E. Dobson Rudimentary Treat. Manuf. Bricks & Tiles i. i. 34 In slop moulding, the mould is simply laid on the moulding stool.

1850 E. Dobson Rudimentary Treat. Manuf. Bricks & Tiles i. i. 37 The area occupied by each stool is greater than in making slop-moulded bricks.

1886 Standard 10 May 8/5 To be let, a brickfield with four stools.

1891 Standard 24 Jan. 2/8 To distribute the funds to the different fields according to the number of stools or moulders' sheds worked.

9. Architecture. The sill of a window. Obsolete exc. U.S.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > window or door > parts of windows > [noun] > window-sill

sill1428

leaning-place1530

leaning-board1533

window-sole1570

leaning1663

stool1663

window ledge1679

window stoola1684

windowsill1703

window board1722

window shelf1795

window-bottom1820

window stone1822

1663 B. Gerbier Counsel to Builders 88 For the Capitol, to the stooles of those windowes.

1682 Sir C. Wren in W. H. St. John Hope Windsor Castle (1913) II. 387 By cleansinge from moss & weeds all the coapings of the Buttresses,..the stooles of the Windowes,..[etc.].

1891 Cent. Dict. (at cited word) Stool of a window, or window-stool, in arch., the flat piece on which the sash shuts down, corresponding to the sill of a door.

1911 Webster's New Internat. Dict. Eng. Lang. s.v. [adds] In the United States, the narrow shelf fitted on the inside against the actual sill.

10.

a. A base or stand upon which a thing is set to raise it above the ground or general surface.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > support > [noun] > that which supports > a stand or support to raise from the ground

lathe1476

stool1481

stallagec1500

stand1587

thrall1674

stock1688

horse1703

stage1797

sub-base1865

stillage1875

1481–3 in W. H. St. J. Hope Windsor Castle (1913) II. 404 Cxx et xxxviij pedibus Chaptrelles et Braces. xvij Stolys. xlii. Botraces. cix panelles.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) 2 Chron. iv. 14 He made the stoles also and y^e kettels vpon the stoles [Luther Gestühle].

1554–5 in J. D. Marwick Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1871) II. 309 For twa greit bakis to be stullis to the malt myln [etc.].

1566 Reg. Mag. Sig. Scot. 763/2 Dicti commendatarius [etc.] sustentarent dimidietatem scabelli lie mylne stuill.

1641 Invent. Goods C'tess Arundel in Burlington Mag. (1911) Nov. 98/1 In the Seller..is noething, but two stowelles to sett beare on & two Shelues.

1683 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises II. 132 So much of this Bottom-Plate..is called the Stool,..because on it the lower end of the Matrice rests.

1827 M. Faraday Chem. Manip. iv. 97 This furnace..being raised upon a stool so as to bring the aperture of the air chamber to a level with the nozzle of the bellows.

1888 C. T. Jacobi Printers' Vocab. 133 Stool, a platform or stage on which paper or printed work is stacked.

b. The stand of a beehive. ? Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > bee-keeping > [noun] > beehive > parts of

moutha1398

stool?1523

skirt1555

hackle1609

smoot1615

imp1618

bolster1623

cop1623

underlaya1642

hack1658

tee-hole1669

frame1673

hood1686

alighting board1780

body box1823

superhive1847

super1855

quilt1870

queen excluder1881

bar-super1884

brood box1888

?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. xxxvii^v Set a stole or a fourme nygh vnto the swarme,..shake the bees into the hyue, and shortly set it vpon the stole.

1609 C. Butler Feminine Monarchie i. sig. B1 As many as fall beside the stoole when it waxeth darke, ten to one they ly abroad all night.

1774 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 65 274 We have seen fleas..swarming at the mouths of these holes like bees on the stools of their hives.

11. A bench, counter, table, trestle. Scottish and northern.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > furniture and fittings > table > [noun]

boarda1000

beodc1000

throckOE

tablec1330

stool1519

taffel1552

magazine table1966

1519 in C. Innes Registrum Episcopatus Aberdonensis (1845) II. 177 The baikhouss witht..ij bakin stulis.

1559 in J. Raine Wills & Inventories Archdeaconry Richmond (1853) 135 The mylke house..a fleke, a stole.

1559 Peebles Burgh Rec. (1872) 257 The inqueist findis Thomas Dikesone in the wrang for..castin of his [John Edmond's] flesche stule in the gutter.

1870 J. K. Hunter Life Stud. Char. xlvi. 282 There was nae word o' John comin' wi' the spokes and stools [trestle for a coffin].

12. Mining. (See quot. 1851.)

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > workplace > places where raw materials are extracted > mine > [noun] > other places in mine

work1474

firework1606

stemple1653

stool1653

bink1675

engine pit1687

swamp1691

feeder1702

wall1728

bag1742

sill1747

stope1747

rose cistern1778

striking-house1824

plat1828

stemplar1828

screen chamber1829

offtake1835

footwall1837

triple pit1839

stamp1849

paddock1852

working floor1858

pit house1866

ground-sluice1869

screen tower1871

planilla1877

undercurrent1877

mill1878

blanket-sluice1881

stringing-deal1881

wagon-breast1881

brushing-bed1883

poppet-leg1890

slippet1898

stable1906

overcut1940

society > occupation and work > industry > mining > [noun] > distance miner cuts before him

stool1851

1653 E. Manlove Liberties & Customes Lead-mines Derby 62 Then must the Miners chase the stole to th' stake; From meer to meer.

1670 J. Pettus Fodinæ Regales 86 And the Miners shall work their Meers duly, and shall chuse their Stool on that one part there as he may find Mine between two Walls.

1747 W. Hooson Miners Dict. sig. Nivb When the old-man is cleared out from a Shaft~foot, Forfield, Stool, or Stope, we say we have bared it.

1778 W. Pryce Mineralogia Cornubiensis 63 The end or stool of the vein will run of itself, like sand.

1851 T. Tapping Gloss. in Chron. Customs Lead Mines Stool, is where the miners leave digging deeper and work in the ends forward; the end before you is called the stool... The term stool has also another signification, which is so far as the miner cuts before him, which is about two yards high.

13. [Compare Dutch stoel in similar uses. (In technical language sometimes spelt stole.)]

a. The stump of a tree which has been felled; also the head of the stump, from which new shoots are produced.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > part of tree or woody plant > [noun] > stump

stock862

moreeOE

stub967

zuche1358

stumpc1440

scrag1567

stool1577

brock1772

stow1774

hagsnar1796

stab1807

spronk1838

tree stool1898

1577 R. Holinshed Hist. Eng. 264/1 in Chron. I When a greene tree is cut in sunder in the middle, and the parte cut off, is carried three acres bredth from the stocke, & returning agayne to the stoale, shall ioyne therewith.

1686 R. Plot Nat. Hist. Staffs. vi. 209 The stooles or stumps of many trees.

1770 D. Barrington in Philos. Trans. 1769 (Royal Soc.) 59 33 No pine or fir ever shoots from the stool.

1842 J. C. Loudon Suburban Horticulturist 286 If a graft is inserted either in the collar or stool, or in the amputated head, it will give an immediate direction to the sap.

1844 H. Stephens Bk. of Farm I. 116 The stools of hard-wood trees,..set on end.., form a very durable flooring.

1874 C. Lyell Elem. Geol. xxiv. 421 All the stools of the fossil trees dug out by us divided into four parts.

1886 R. Holland Gloss. Words County of Chester at Stoo Clap yon owd stoo a' top o' th' foire.

1899 R. Munro Prehist. Scotl. ii. 29 As evidence..we can still point to the stools of huge trees, at the bottom of extensive tracts of moorland peat.

b. Forestry. A stock or stump of a tree felled or headed for the production of coppice-wood, underwood, saplings, or young timber. Also a set or group of stumps.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > part of tree or woody plant > [noun] > stump > left after felling

stumpc1440

hag1618

stoola1722

moot1777

fall1785

hagsnar1796

a1722 E. Lisle Observ. Husbandry (1757) 365 I proposed to cut coppice~wood for the fire: my woodward said, it would not hurt the stools to cut it so late, but it would never..burn well.

1827 H. Steuart Planter's Guide (1828) 298 The making up into one set or stool separate plants of the same species.

1831 On Planting (Libr. Useful Knowl.) iii. 41 The parent wood of coppice stools is most frequently suffered to rise too high from the roots.

1880 R. Jefferies Great Estate (1881) 82 Between the stoles [of the copse]..the ground was quite covered in spring with dark-green vegetation.

1894 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 3rd Ser. 5 243 The [willow] rods being cut off close to the stools.

c. Forestry and Horticulture. The base of a plant cut down to produce shoots or branches for layering. Also, a plant laid down for layering (rare).

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > propagation of plants > [noun] > by layering > plant cut down for layering

stool1789

the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > propagation of plants > [noun] > by cuttings > cutting or slip

planteOE

plantingeOE

quickwoodc1383

graffa1393

sarmenta1398

slivingc1400

springc1400

clavec1420

sleavingc1440

talionc1440

quick1456

quicking1469

graft1483

quickset1484

slip1495

setlingc1503

set1513

pitchset1519

slaving?1523

truncheon1572

stallon1587

crosset1600

marquot1600

sliver1604

secta1616

offset1629

slipping1638

side-slip1651

slift1657

cutting1691

pitcher1707

mallet-shoot1745

root cutting1784

stowing1788

stool1789

pitch1808

heel1822

cutling1834

piping1851

cutback1897

stump plant1953

1789 Trans. Soc. Arts 7 126 I have likewise procured several small stools of the black mulberry [for propagating].

1813 C. Marshall Introd. Knowl. & Pract. Gardening (ed. 5) xix. 317 In order to obtain suckers and shoots for layers [of elm], stools are to be formed, by cutting down some young trees, almost close to the ground.

1824 J. C. Loudon Green-house Compan. i. 221 Where entire plants are layed down to produce layers, they are called stools; and the main root remains there as a stool for several years.

1842 J. C. Loudon Suburban Horticulturist 711 Having been much troubled with caterpillars on our gooseberry stools in the nursery.

1880 C. R. Markham Peruvian Bark 223 He afterwards went round to all the old stools and put in as many layers from them as possible.

d. Horticulture. The base containing the latent buds in plants which annually throw up new stems or foliage to replace the old.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > root > [noun] > root or plant

roota1200

stool1791

1791 Philos. Trans. 1790 (Royal Soc.) 80 350 Stool of [sugar] canes (which is the assemblage of its numerous roots where the stems begin to shoot out) is almost impenetrable to rain.

1824 J. C. Loudon Encycl. Gardening (ed. 2) §3339 Stools [of the strawberry] of two years standing, which have borne one crop, may be put into pots in August.

1832 J. Baxter Libr. Agric. & Hort. Knowl. (ed. 2) 511 As the finest..of these fruits [sc. raspberries] are..the produce of strong and well-ripened canes, it becomes necessary that the stools should have every advantage afforded them.

1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 1194 Rattoons (a word corrupted from rejettons) are the sprouts or suckers that spring from the roots or stoles of the canes that have been previously cut for sugar.

1842 Florist's Jrnl. (1846) 3 95 Chrysanthemums may be struck and the old stools turned out.

1877 S. Hibberd Amateur's Kitchen Garden 158 Manure should be spread around the stool to insure some benefit to the roots of the [rhubarb] plant.

1882 Garden 14 Jan. 17/3 Each stool consisting of about eight canes.

e. A cluster of stems or foliage springing from a stool or from the same root; the complement of stalks produced by one grain of corn.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > plants collectively > [noun] > tuft, clump, or cluster of plants

hassockc1450

tuft?1523

tusk1530

tush1570

hill1572

dollop1573

clumpa1586

rush1593

trail1597

tussock1607

wreath1610

stool1712

tump1802

sheaf1845

massif1888

1712 J. Morton Nat. Hist. Northants. 154 They much resembled the Bottom of a Cluster, or Stool, as it is here called, of large Rushes.

1807 Prize Ess. & Trans. Highland Soc. Scotl. 3 476 A single stole of corn growing in a dung hill, has plenty of air, light, and heat.

1880 F. W. Burbidge Gardens of Sun v. 94 Each tuft or stool [of rice] being about eight inches from its neighbours.

1882 Contemp. Rev. Aug. 233 From one wheat grain there were eighty-five stalks to the stool.

1887 R. D. Blackmore Springhaven III. vii. 100 His shelter was a stool of hazel, thrown up to repair the loss of stem.

1894 R. D. Blackmore Perlycross I. vii. 89 A great stool of fern.

f. a fine or good stool (of clover, of timber): clover or timber well stooled (see stool v. 3).

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > by growth or development > defined by good growth > good growth [phrase] > a good growth

a fine or good stool1801

1801 Farmer's Mag. Nov. 461 This year, the field was in barley, and yielded seven bolls per acre, leaving as fine a stool of young clover and rye-grass as ever I saw.

1814 4th Rep. Comm. Irish Bogs II. 188 The country possesses a good stool of timber.

in extended use.1831 J. Wilson Noctes Ambrosianae lix, in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Nov. 837 Hecate a beauty! I aye thocht she had been a furious fricht—black-a-viced, pockey-ort, wi' a great stool o' a beard.

g. A shoot or layer from the stump or base of a plant. [Confused with Latin stolo : see stole n.³, stolon n.]

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > shoot, sprout, or branch > [noun] > sucker or side-shoot

scourgea1382

by-sprouting1562

sucker1577

lateral1578

offset1642

spiney1649

side shoot1658

appendix1664

by-shoot1669

water sprout1688

turion1725

tiller1733

surculus1775

suckler1796

suckling1798

offshoot1814

stool1818

base shoot1835

side-tiller1903

toe1952

1818 H. J. Todd Johnson's Dict. Eng. Lang. Stool, 4. [stolo Latin], a shoot from the trunk of a tree.

1821 S. F. Gray Nat. Arrangem. Brit. Plants I. 52 Stool, Stolo. A branch from the head of the root, bending down, taking root, and emitting leaves.

1824 J. Mactaggart Sc. Gallovidian Encycl. Stowl or Stole, a scion from a root.

†14.

a. The scar left by a wound, a cicatrix. Obsolete. rare. (Cf. staddle n. 6.)

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > blemish > [noun] > scar

wama1000

wem1297

arra1300

nirtc1400

scara1425

cicatricec1450

fester?c1475

list1490

stool1601

cicatrix1641

cautery1651

seam1681

cicatricula1783

welt1800

sabre-cutc1820

stigmate1870

scarring1898

whelp1912

Mars bar1971

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. xx. i. 36 The root [of wild cucumber]..reduceth the stooles or skars left after any sore..to their fresh and native colour againe.

†b. The ‘eye’ of an apple, pear or quince.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > fruit or reproductive product > [noun] > parts of > remains of calyx or eye

crown?a1475

eye1587

stool1672

nose1718

basin1909

1672 N. Grew Anat. Veg. vi. 151 All [the branches of the endocarp of an apple] enarching themselves towards the Cork or Stool of the Flower.

1672 N. Grew Anat. Veg. vi. 153 Towards the Cork or Stool of the [pear] Flower.

1672 N. Grew Anat. Veg. vi. §10 [of a quince].

†15. The head or top of a mushroom. (Cf. stool in toadstool n.) Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular vegetables > [noun] > mushrooms or edible fungi > mushroom > head of a mushroom

button1695

stool1744

cap1763

1744 R. Pickering in Philos. Trans. 1742–3 (Royal Soc.) 42 595 I began with one of the Gills carefully separated from the Head, or Stool, without bruising.

16. U.S. (See quot.)

ΚΠ

1881 E. Ingersoll Oyster-industry (10th Census U.S.: Bureau of Fisheries) 249 Stools.—Material spread on the bottom for oyster spawn to cling to.

17.

†a. ? Some part of a plough. Obsolete. rare. (Possibly an error.)

ΚΠ

?1530 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry (rev. ed.) f. iiii It is necessary for hym, to lerne to make his yokes, oxe bowes, stoles, and all maner of ploughe gere.

b. The shank of a rake or hay-fork ( Northumbld. Gloss. 1893–4).

18. U.S.

a. A decoy-bird (perhaps short for stool-pigeon n. at Compounds 2), esp. one used in shooting wildfowl; also a perch upon which a decoy-bird is set. (Cf. stale n.³, stall n.²) Also transferred, a person employed as a decoy by criminals.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > hunting > fowling > fowling equipment > [noun] > decoy bird

stalec1440

stall?a1500

chanterelle1601

staling1601

gig1621

fetcha1640

call bird1686

caller1725

stool1825

playbird1878

brace-bird1885

jacky-bird1897

the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > thief > defrauder or swindler > [noun] > decoy

stale1526

barnardc1555

barnacle1591

setter1591

tumbler1602

circling boy1631

moon-curser1673

sweetener1699

stool1825

stool-pigeon1830

bonnet1831

buttoner1839

button1851

steerer1873

plugger1886

shillaber1913

shill1916

the world > food and drink > hunting > fowling > fowling equipment > [noun] > decoy bird > perch

flur1768

stool1872

1825 Huntington (New York) Town Rec. (1889) III. 322 No person [shall] be permitted to gun with macheanes or stools in sd. Town.

1847 J. Roach Let. 20 May in T. Coleman Passage to America (1972) xi. 183 There is three hundred emigrants in the Rochester tonight... The head man is a ‘Stool’—make him jump.

1859 J. R. Bartlett Dict. Americanisms (ed. 2) 452 Stool, an artificial duck or other water-fowl used as a decoy.

1872 M. S. De Vere Americanisms 211 Stool-Pigeon... In the former [literal signification] it means the pigeon, with its eyes stitched up, fastened on a stool, which can be moved up and down by the hidden fowler.

1874 J. W. Long Amer. Wild-fowl Shooting xvii. 205 Wood-ducks..are not easily decoyed, either by stools or calls.

1895 G. J. Manson Sporting Dict. Stool, a decoy for snipe, plover, and peach-birds.

1902 J. B. Greenough & G. L. Kittredge Words 363 A stool pigeon..is a ‘decoy pigeon’, so called from its being tied to a stool.

b. A police informer. Cf. stool-pigeon n. at Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > information > informing on or against > [noun] > informer > police informer

setter1630

nose1789

mouchard1802

rat1818

stool-pigeon1830

knark1851

police informer1851

nark1859

telegraph1864

copper1885

sarbut1897

Noah's Ark1898

stool1906

snout1910

finger1914

policeman1923

stoolie1924

shelf1926

grass1929

grasshopper1937

grasser1950

stukach1969

supergrass1975

1906 G. E. Stevens Wicked City 233 Under others were inscribed: ‘He is a “stool”.’.. ‘He was croaked by the cops.’

1915 J. London Jacket ii. 10 They laughed at him and turned him away..for the stool that he was.

1932 E. Wallace When Gangs came to London xv. 129 I'm not so sure that I want to tell you anything—I never was a stool.

1939 J. Steinbeck Grapes of Wrath xx. 338 I'll come for ya tonight. Maybe I'm wrong. There's stools aroun' all a time.

1962 B. Cobb Murder: Men Only i. 12 He said he wasn't a stool, he wasn't giving anybody away.

Compounds

C1. General attributive. (In sense 2).

a. (In sense 2.)

stool cover n.

ΚΠ

1837 A. Hayward Lett. (1886) I. 60 I am quite charmed with the stool-cover.

b. (In sense 5.)

† stool door n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1564 in Archaeologia Cantiana (1874) 9 234 Itm payd..for makyng and setting on of ij payer of Charnayles [hinges] uppon a stoole doore, vj d.

† stool house n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1541–2 MS. Rawl. D. 781 lf. 160 Item in y^e Stolle howse ij quarelles mendyd—j d.

16.. in Archaeologia 64 390 The Stowll hous.

† stool pan n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1620 in Unton Inventories (1841) 26 xj stoole panns.

1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory (1905) iii. xiv. 9/2 He beareth Gules, a stoole pan, or close stoole pan, Argent.

c. (In sense 13.)

stool-growth n.

ΚΠ

1909 Nation 1 May 156/2 We push through the rods of the stool-growth with difficulty.

stool shoot n.

ΚΠ

1907 Blackwood's Mag. Apr. 488/2 Self-sown seedlings and stool~shoots being then left to come up naturally.

d. (In sense 7c.)

stool rail n.

ΚΠ

1797 Encycl. Brit. XVII. 395/2 Set off the depth of the middle stool rail above the line already drawn.

e. Appositive. (In sense 1.)

stool stone n.

ΚΠ

1665 J. Webb Vindic. Stone-Heng Restored 202 One only simple Circle of about twelve Slabbs of stone, with a Stool-stone for the King.

f. Objective.

stool-bearer n.

ΚΠ

1518 Perth Hammermen Bk. (1889) 2 The stule berer.

stool-bearing adj.

ΚΠ

1821 S. F. Gray Nat. Arrangem. Brit. Plants I. 42 Stool-bearing. Stoloniferæ. Throwing out stools, stolones, which take root.

stool-casting adj.

ΚΠ

1637 Ld. Wariston Diary (1911) I. 265 Thair rayse..sik ane outcrying quhat be the people's murmuring, mourning, rayling, stoolcasting, as the lyk was never seien.

g. Similative.

stool-like adj.

ΚΠ

1869 Ann. Rep. Commissioner Agric. 1868 251 in U.S. Congress. Serial Set (40th Congr., 3rd Sess.: House of Representatives Executive Doc.) XV A hedge becomes thin at the base..the sap ascending and forming a spreading, stool-like form of growth.

C2. Special combinations: For stool-chamber, stool-room, see stole n.²

stool-bed n. (see quot. 1879).

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > device for discharging missiles > firearm > gun carriage > [noun] > base for gun

flask1578

bed1598

bed-bolster1769

mortar-bed1769

sweep1837

swing-bed1842

saddle1848

stool-bed1859

mount1888

1859 F. A. Griffiths Artillerist's Man. (1862) 126 Place stool~bed and quoin.

1879 Cassell's Techn. Educator (new ed.) II. 391/2 A third point of support..for the gun..is supplied..by a ‘quoin’..placed immediately under the breech, and resting on a block called a ‘stool-bed’.

stool-bent n. (see quot. 1777).

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > a grass or grasses > reedy or aquatic grasses > [noun] > rush and related plants

rusheOE

sharp rushc1050

seave14..

junk?a1425

candle-rushc1440

rush1562

sea-rush1562

camel's-straw1578

mat-rush1578

sprot1595

frog grass1597

matweed1597

rush grass1597

sprata1600

spart1614

bumble1633

toad-grass1640

moss-rush1670

thresha1689

spreta1700

bog rush1760

black grassa1763

goose-corn1762

toad-rush1776

wood-rush1776

stool-bent1777

scrub-grass1811

beak-rush1830

salt-weed1836

wiwi1840

thread rush1861

three-leaved rush1861

kill-cow1898

1777 J. Lightfoot Flora Scotica II. App. 1131 [Juncus squarrosus] Stool-Bent. Scot. aust.

1835 ‘S. Oliver’ Rambles Northumberland 165 Spreats and stool-bent, which, in moist places, always indicate the spot where the pedestrian may be sure of firm footing.

stool-crab n. (see quot. 1880).

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Crustacea > [noun] > subclass Malacostraca > division Thoracostraca > order Decapoda > suborder Brachyura (crab) > miscellaneous or unspecified types of crab

sea lion1601

blue crab1763

violet crab1774

angular crab1777

red crab1825

softshell1830

turtle-crab1838

porcellanian1840

Thelphusian1842

lady crab1844

oxystome1852

lobster-crab1854

porcelain crab1854

ochidore1855

havil1857

mask crab1857

sepoy crab1857

violet land crab1864

frog crab1876

stool-crab1880

paper-shell1890

porter crab1904

mitten crab1934

1880 T. Q. Couch E. Cornwall Words in M. A. Courtney & T. Q. Couch Gloss. Words Cornwall Stool-crab, the male of the edible crab, Platycarcinus pagurus.

stool land n. West Africa (see quot. 1909, cf. 1e).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > possessions > [noun] > real or immovable property > land > land belonging to African tribe

stool land1909

1909 D. Moore & F. G. Guggisberg We Two in W. Afr. 146 I..mean the lands belonging to the tribe governed by the chief in question. On the ‘Coast’ these are called stool lands.

stool-mail n. Scottish a fine imposed upon a person condemned to the stool of repentance.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > fine > [noun] > for fornication or adultery

lairwitec1230

letherwite1297

lecherwitea1425

whore toll1545

buttock-mail?1552

stool-mail1837

1837 Voluntary Ch. Mag. Nov. 493 It was poinded by the session because its owner would not pay the stool-mail for having had a bastard child.

stool-pigeon n. (a) U.S. a pigeon fastened to a stool as a decoy; chiefly figurative of a person employed, especially by gamblers, as a decoy; (b) a police informer.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > information > informing on or against > [noun] > informer > police informer

setter1630

nose1789

mouchard1802

rat1818

stool-pigeon1830

knark1851

police informer1851

nark1859

telegraph1864

copper1885

sarbut1897

Noah's Ark1898

stool1906

snout1910

finger1914

policeman1923

stoolie1924

shelf1926

grass1929

grasshopper1937

grasser1950

stukach1969

supergrass1975

the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > thief > defrauder or swindler > [noun] > decoy

stale1526

barnardc1555

barnacle1591

setter1591

tumbler1602

circling boy1631

moon-curser1673

sweetener1699

stool1825

stool-pigeon1830

bonnet1831

buttoner1839

button1851

steerer1873

plugger1886

shillaber1913

shill1916

society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > games of chance > [noun] > decoy, etc.

woodpecker1608

puff1722

flasher1731

squib1731

stool-pigeon1830

roper1840

shill1916

stick1926

1830 Workingman's Gaz. (Woodstock, Vermont) 1 Dec. 79/2 A wag who keeps an oyster cellar in Newark advertises, among other things, ‘wildbirds domesticated and stool pigeons trained to catch voters for the next Presidency—warranted to suit either party.’

1836 W. Irving Astoria I. 137 One man..was used like a ‘stool pigeon’, to decoy the others.

1844 J. H. Greene Espos. Gambling (ed. 2) 158 Those secret partners, by gamblers, are termed ropers, or stool-pigeons: their business is to delude the inexperienced into their dens of iniquity.

1845 Yankee (Boston) 9 Aug. 2/6 If this business is so profitable to thieves, how much do those [sc. police officers] make out of it who encourage the stool pigeon business?

1849 Bankers' Mag. Aug. 89 The senior high constable of Philadelphia..recollected that Harry White..who he had been lately using as a ‘stool pigeon’, or secret informer, had informed him..that ‘a big thing’ was coming off shortly.

1850 Congress. Globe 18 July 1403/1 Sheltering this aggression, on the part of the United States, behind ‘poor New Mexico’, who is only a stool-pigeon.

1859 J. R. Bartlett Dict. Americanisms (ed. 2) 452 Stool-pigeon, a decoy robber, in the pay of the police, who brings his associates into a trap laid for them.

1865 Pall Mall Gaz. 13 Nov. 2 The harrowing narrative of ‘Antilles’ may be after all only an ingenious ‘stool-pigeon,’ concocted for the purpose of terrifying the Republican party.

1906 L. H. Vincent Amer. Lit. Masters 46 I am not going to be made a stool-pigeon to attract birds of passage that may be flying about.

1910 E. A. Walcott Open Door 134 Rafferty..assured the chief that he would pass word to certain stool-pigeons to keep their eyes and ears open for trace of the missing canvas.

1930 Times Lit. Suppl. 4 Dec. 1047/3 Occasionally a masterful rogue arose who shot a few people as ‘stool-pigeons’, even though they had never imparted any information to the police.

1974 J. Thomson Long Revenge ii. 23 A stool pigeon planted in a local Gestapo prison to eavesdrop on the detainees.

stool-pipe n. (see quot. 1886).

ΚΠ

1886 J. Barrowman Gloss. Sc. Mining Terms 64 Stool-pipe, Stool-piece, the pipe on which a column of pipes rests.

† stool table n. Obsolete ? a table on trestles.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > furniture and fittings > table > [noun] > trestle table

stool table1630

trestle-table1891

1630 Maldon (Essex) Documents (Bundle 217, No. 22) In the hall..1 stoole table.

† stool-wagon n. [German stuhl-wagen] Obsolete a German chaise.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > cart, carriage, or wagon > carriage for conveying persons > [noun] > types of carriage > strong, for travelling > chaise or post-chaise > other types

chaise-marine1740

tailor's wagon1818

stool-wagon1829

1829 Sporting Mag. 24 201 Four horses were next put to the stool-wagon, and we drove to Faulenrost.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1917; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	stool
释义	stooln. Brit. /stuːl/, U.S. /stul/ (in sense 1e)West African English /stul/ Forms: Old English stool, Old English–Middle English stól, Middle English stol, Middle English stule, Middle English–1600s stole (also 1800s in sense 13), stoole, Middle English stoll, Middle English–1500s stolle, 1500s, 1700s stoul, (1500s stoule, stoulle, stoale, stowle, stoel, northern stoile), 1500s–1600s stowell, ( stowll), Middle English– stool; ScottishMiddle English–1500s stule, 1500s stuill, stuyll, stwyll, stul(l, stwle, 1600s stuile. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Common Germanic; Old English stól (masculine) = Old Saxon stôl (Dutch stoel ), Old High German, Middle High German stuol (modern German stuhl ), Old Norse stóll (Swedish, Danish stol ), Gothic stōl-s throne < Germanic stōlo-z , probably < root stō- : sta- to stand v. Compare Old Church Slavonic stolŭ throne, seat. †1. a. Any kind of seat for one person; often, a chair of authority, state, or office; esp. a royal or episcopal throne. (Hence occasionally = see n.¹ 4a) Obsolete. porphyry stool: cf. porphyry n. ΘΚΠ society > authority > office > symbol of office or authority > [noun] > seat of office or authority seldc825 stoolc897 high settlec950 seatc1175 benchc1330 stool1390 chair1393 stall1399 estatea1475 chair of state1498 statea1500 office chaira1715 c897 K. Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care lvi. 435 Swa micle swa se bið beforan ðe on ðæm stole [L. cathedra] sitt ðæm oðrum ðe ðær ymb stondað. OE Genesis 260 Wið þone hehstan heofnes waldend, þe siteð on þam halgan stole. a1100 Gerefa in Anglia (1886) 9 264 Man sceal habban..sceamelas, stolas, læflas. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 12120 Þe biscop-stole [c1300 Otho stol] wes at Seint Aaron. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 6316 A þan daȝen at Seint Pauwel wes þe ærchebiscop stol [c1300 Otho stolle]. ?a1300 Shires England 13 in Old Eng. Misc. Þis bispryche wes hwylen two bispriche, þeo oþer stol wes at remmesbury. c1320 Seuyn Sag. 1889 [The barber] set her on a stol,..And gan to smiten hire on the veyn, And sche bledde. a1450 Knt. de la Tour xxiii. 33 Sethe y am come and must sitte, late me haue sum quyshon or a stole. c1480 (a1400) St. George 541 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) II. 191 On þe morne gert he grathit be a stule in place of Iugment. 1489 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (Adv.) ii. 151 The Bruce..raid to Scone, for to be set In kingis stole, and to be king. 1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in Wks. G. Chaucer i. f. cccxxx^v Suche persons as louen the first syttynges at feestes, the highest stoles in churches & in hal. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Psalms xciii. [xciv.] 20 Wilt thou haue eny thinge to do with the stole of wickednesse [1611 Bible, throne of iniquitie; Luther dem schädlichen Stuhl]. 1549 E. Allen tr. L. Juda Paraphr. Reuelacion S. John iv. f. 1, in M. Coverdale et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. II Gods stoole or seate in heauen sygnified the euerlastynge state and continuaunce of the power..of god. 1558–9 in J. W. Burgon Life & Times Sir T. Gresham (1839) I. iv. 248 Before the stoole of estate satt an other mayde. 1649 J. Milton Observations in Articles of Peace with Irish Rebels 55 In vain were Bishops..forbid to sit..in the House, if these men..be permitted more license on their Presbyteriall stooles. 1677 W. Hughes Man of Sin ii. xii. 227 How? Bring Paul to the Porph'ry Stool? figurative phrases.1565 T. Stapleton Fortresse of Faith f. 27 If Scripture telleth vs it [i.e. the church] is at Wittenberg,..then the Ciuill Lutherans haue the church only: Caluin, Illyricus, Osiander, and all their adherents are put beside the stoole.1579 in W. Wilkinson Confut. Familye of Loue sig. B i^v Right discerning..commeth..by them that are set in the right place of iudgement by the Lord himselfe, and not by those that sitt on their owne stoole.1819 W. Scott Bride of Lammermoor i, in Tales of my Landlord 3rd Ser. III. 10 He is an old man, and a minister of state... You had more need to think of making up to Miss Lucy Ashton the disgrace..than of interfering with a man too old to fight, and on too high a stool for your hand to reach him. †b. A church pew Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > faith > artefacts > furniture > seat > pew > [noun] stool1570 pew1631 corner-pew1663 1570 Minutes in Archdeaconry of Essex Records (MS Essex Rec. Office D/AEA) f. 5^v He refusyth to syt in the stole where the church wardens do place him. 1616 Min. Archdeaconry of Colchester f. 27 (MS.) A couple that came to be married, which, by..custome, should have sitten in the stoole aforesayd. †c. ? A seat by a grave or tomb. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > furniture and fittings > seat > [noun] > seat by a grave stool1463 1463 in S. Tymms Wills & Inventories Bury St. Edmunds (1850) 15 No stoon to be steryd of my graue, but a pet to be maad vnder the ground sille ther my lady Schardeloue was wont to sitte, the stoolys removyd, and the body put in. 1526 Cartular. S. Nicholai Aberd. (New Spalding Club) I. 155 Our collectour..shall ȝeirlie sett ane honest stuill apoun ye said Jhonis sepultur decorit with bakin and arress as wss is. 1537 in C. Innes Registrum Episcopatus Aberdonensis (1845) I. 414 Tway schillingis to þe sacristene for þe settyng of þe stwyll at his graif. 1539 in Abstr. Protocols Town Clerks Glasgow (1897) IV. 119 That the said vicar..warne the sacrista minor of revestry to cuyr ane stuyll honestlie and fynd twa wax preckattis byrneand..aboue the lair of Jhonn Painter. †d. A seat for an offender. See cucking-stool n., cutty-stool n., pining-stool n. at pining n. Compounds, stool of repentance n. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > public or popular punishments > [noun] > stool or ducking-stool cuck-stool1200 thewc1273 cucking-stoolc1308 stoolc1308 pining-stoolc1400 scolding stool1474 tumbrila1513 cuckle-stool1592 ducking-stool1597 gum-stool1623 trebucheta1641 gumble-stool1653 gogingstool1679 ducking tumbrel1688 c1308 Sat. People Kildare 100 in Early Eng. Poems & Lives Saints (1862) 155 Brewesters..beþ i-war of þe coking-stole, þe lak is dep and hori. 1562 in A. Macdonald & J. Dennistoun Misc. Maitland Club (1843) III. ii. 327 In ye essemble of ye congregacion to syt vpon ye penitent stul tym of ye seruice. 1714 J. Gay Shepherd's Week iii. 105 Where the high stool On the long plank hangs o'er the muddy pool, That stool, the dread of ev'ry scolding Quean. 17.. W. Forbes Dominie Depos'd i. xxiv Sae shall they never mount the stool, Whereon the lassies greet an' howl. 17.. W. Forbes Dominie Depos'd ii. xxvii Ye've play'd the fool, Anither now your post maun bruik, An' you the stool. e. West African. (See quots.) ΚΠ 1819 T. E. Bowdich Mission to Ashantee 231 Saï Tootoo..was presented with the stool, or made king. 1819 T. E. Bowdich Mission to Ashantee 236 This monarch..raised his favourite captains to the vacant stools, uniting three or four in one. 1819 T. E. Bowdich Mission to Ashantee 236 (note) ‘To succeed to the stool,’..is the common expression for succeeding to a property even in private life. The same stool, or seat, descends through many generations. 1909 D. Moore & F. G. Guggisberg We Two in W. Afr. 146 On the ‘Coast’..the chief of a tribe is said to be on the stool of that tribe... The word stool is nearly always used instead of tribe. 2. a. A wooden seat (for one person) without arms or a back; a piece of furniture consisting in its simplest form of a piece of wood for a seat set upon legs, usually three or four in number, to raise it from the ground.The Old English instances belong properly to the general sense 1. Often with qualifying word indicating its form or use, as round, three-legged, camp-, music-stool and the like. ΘΚΠ society > authority > office > symbol of office or authority > [noun] > seat of office or authority seldc825 stoolc897 high settlec950 seatc1175 benchc1330 stool1390 chair1393 stall1399 estatea1475 chair of state1498 statea1500 office chaira1715 society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > furniture and fittings > seat > stool > [noun] shamblec825 stool1390 tabouret1656 tambouret1658 mora1818 c725 Corpus Gloss. (Hessels) T 309 Tripes, stool. c1000 Sax. Leechd. II. 76 Gewyrc þonne stol of þrim treowum ni an ðyrele site on bydene.] 1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis III. 224 The kinges fol Sat be the fyr upon a stol. c1425 Cast. Persev. 2599 in Macro Plays 154 Worldis wele is lyke a iij-foted stole, it faylyt a man at hys most nede. 1434 in F. J. Furnivall Fifty Earliest Eng. Wills (1882) 102 Also a litil Ioyned stoll for a child, & a nother Ioyned stoll, large for to sitte on, whanne he cometh to mannes state. 1512 in W. H. Stevenson Rec. Borough Nottingham (1885) III. 114 Duo scabella vocata joyned stoles. a1529 J. Skelton Colyn Cloute (?1545) sig. A.ii^v Let hym go to scole A thre foted stole That he may downe sit. 1592 Arden of Feversham v. i. 131 Place Mosbie, being a stranger, in a chaire, And let your husband sit vpon a stoole. 1594 J. Lyly Mother Bombie iv. ii. sig. F4 Acc. You neede not bee so lustye, you are not so honest. Silena. I crie you mercy I tooke you for a ioynd stoole. 1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 441 Young lads..with stooles fastened into their buttockes to milke [ewes]. 1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Selle,..any illfauored, ordinarie..stoole, of a cheaper sort then the ioyned, or buffet-stoole. a1616 W. Shakespeare Taming of Shrew (1623) ii. i. 198 Kate. I knew you at the first You were a mouable. Pet. Why, what's a mouable? Kat. A ioyn'd stoole . View more context for this quotation 1631 W. Gouge Gods Three Arrowes iv. §15 In the garret were set some stooles, and chaires for the better sort. 1634 Withal's Dict. 553 Ante hoc te cornua habere putabam, I cry you mercy, I tooke you for a joynd stoole. 1638 R. Baker tr. J. L. G. de Balzac New Epist. III. 174 Fitter to bee read upon a Ioyne stoole, than pronounced at a Tribunall. 1709 R. Steele Tatler No. 80. ⁋3 A servant brought a round Stool, on which I sat down. 1712 J. Arbuthnot App. to John Bull Still in Senses i. 7 He us'd to lay Chairs and Joint-stools in their way, that they might break their Noses by falling over them. 1785 W. Cowper Task i. 86 Thus first necessity invented stools, Convenience next suggested elbow-chairs. 1785 W. Cowper Task i. 19 Joint-stools were then created; on three legs Upborne they stood. Three legs upholding firm A massy slab, in fashion square or round. 1820 W. Scott Monastery II. ii^. 75 As passive an instrument of my accommodation as this ill-made and rugged joint-stool on which I sit. 1859 J. M. Jephson & L. Reeve Narr. Walking Tour Brittany* ii. 9 I seated myself on a joint-stool on the deck. 1886 W. J. Tucker Life E. Europe 310 The legs and seats of the stools,—for chairs there were none,—were coloured in harmony with the rest. b. A high seat of this kind for convenience of writing at a high desk; more fully office stool. Hence, a situation as clerk in an office. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > work > [noun] > office or clerical work office worka1678 desk1796 stool1836 desk-work1864 pencil-pushing1883 pen-pushing1906 society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > furniture and fittings > seat > stool > [noun] > high high stool1576 stool1836 stand-rest1877 1836 C. Dickens Let. ?27 July (1965) I. 157 If you write me word that you will give him a stool, he shall sit himself upon it forthwith. 1837 C. Dickens Pickwick Papers liv. 591 Wilkins Flasher, Esquire, was balancing himself on two legs of an office stool. 1842 Ld. Tennyson Audley Court in Poems (new ed.) II. 44 Oh! who would cast and balance at a desk, Perch'd like a crow upon a three-legg'd stool? 1853 C. Dickens Bleak House xx. 193 Mr. Guppy suspects everybody who enters on the occupation of a stool in Kenge and Carboy's office, of entertaining..sinister designs upon him. c. A low short bench or form upon which to rest the foot, to step or kneel. Chiefly = footstool n. Sometimes used as a child's seat. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > furniture and fittings > support or rest > [noun] > for feet shamblec825 stoola1250 benchc1405 buffet1432 foot cushiona1475 footstool1530 cricket1559 grest1563 foot stock1567 hassock1582 cracket1635 crock1709 tuffet1805 mora1818 footrest1833 toe-board1892 a1250 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Nero) (1952) 73 Vor þi alle ðe halewen makeden of al ðe worlde ase ane stol [?c1225 Cleo. scheomel; a1250 Titus schamel] to hore uet uorto arechen ðe heouene. 1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. v. 394 I may nouȝte stonde ne stoupe ne with-oute a stole knele. c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Matt. xxii. 44 Til that I put thin enmyes a stole of thi feet. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xiv. ii. 690 Þe hole erþe..is yclepid þe stole of Goddis owen feete. c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 476/2 Stool, scabellum. 1468 in Archaeologia 10 197 Item, payd Will. Pylche for makyng of the stole to the funte and keverynge of the same, xx d. 1567 Gude & Godlie Ball. 50 And war the warld ten tymes sa wyde,..Unworthie it war, ȝit to the, Under thy feit ane stule to be. 1828 E. Bulwer-Lytton Pelham I. xii. 74 You must not lounge on your chair—nor put your feet upon a stool. 1858 E. Bulwer-Lytton What will he do with It? i. vi Sophy left her seat, and placed herself on a stool at her grandfather's knee. †d. stool and ball, the implements used in the game of stool-ball n. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > stoolball > [noun] > equipment stool and ball1619 stool-ball1690 1619 Pasquils Palinodia sig. D^v When Country wenches play with stoole and ball. 3. figurative. a. Proverb, to fall, come to the ground, sit between two stools: to incur failure through vacillation between two different courses of action. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > failure or lack of success > fail or be unsuccessful [verb (intransitive)] > fail through vacillation to fall, come to the ground, sit between two stools1390 the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > be irresolute or vacillate [verb (intransitive)] > incur failure through vacillation to fall, come to the ground, sit between two stools1390 1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 15 Bot it is seid..Betwen tuo Stoles lyth the fal, Whan that men wenen best to sitte. 1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis II. 22 O fol of alle foles, Thou farst as he betwen tuo stoles That wolde sitte and goth to grounde. a1536 Prov. in Songs, Carols etc. (E.E.T.S.) 129 Betwen two stolis, the ars goth to grwnd. 1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage 610 Guageda betwixt two stooles had vnquiet sitting, paying tribute both to the Kings of Telensin, and the Arabians. 1718 M. Prior Alma i, in Poems Several Occasions (new ed.) 328 Poor Alma sits between two Stools. 1765 Ld. Holland in J. H. Jesse G. Selwyn & his Contemp. (1843) I. 380 I only hope Sir Charles Bunbury has not lost his Paris place, and dropped, as I fear he has, between two stools. 1857 A. Trollope Barchester Towers xx Truly he had fallen between two stools. 1867 A. Trollope Last Chron. Barset I. xxxv. 301 She was like to fall to the ground between two stools,—having two lovers, neither of whom could serve her turn. b. Phrases. ΚΠ a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) iii. iv. 81 But now they rise againe With twenty mortall murthers on their crownes, And push vs from our stooles . View more context for this quotation a1732 T. Boston Memoirs (1776) x. 286 The work was begun on Thursday with a sermon on Amos vi. 1. which I believe drew the stool from under most of us. 1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones I. i. xiii. 75 One of the Maxims..is, when once you are got up, to kick the Stool from under you. In plain English, when you have made your Fortune by the good Offices of a Friend, you are advised to discard him as soon as you can. View more context for this quotation †4. The lair of a hare; = form n. 21, seat n. 10. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > order Lagomorpha (rabbits and hares) > [noun] > family Leporidae > genus Lepus (hares) > lepus europaeus (hare) > lair or breeding place formc1290 maze1486 meuse1585 squat1590 muset1594 stool1607 hare-warren1647 seat1735 1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 271 In such places doth the Hare seek her lodging... Then let him [sc. the hunter] draw his nets round about them..and then raise her from her stoole. 5. a. A seat enclosing a chamber utensil; a commode; more explicitly stool of ease. Also, a privy.For groom of the stool (stole), see stole n.² ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > sanitation > privy or latrine > [noun] gongOE privy?c1225 room-housec1275 chamber foreignc1300 wardrobea1325 privy chamberc1325 foreignc1390 siegec1400 stool1410 jakes1432 house of easementa1438 kocayc1440 siege-hole1440 siege-house1440 privy house1463 withdraught1493 draught1530 shield1535 bench-hole1542 common house1542 stool1542 jakes house1547 boggard1552 house of office?1560 purging place1577 little house1579 issue1588 Ajax1596 draught-house1597 private1600 necessary house1612 vault1617 longhouse1622 latrine1623 necessary1633 commonsa1641 gingerbread officea1643 boghouse1644 cloaca1645 passage-house1646 retreat1653 shithouse1659 closet of ease1662 garderobe1680 backside1704 office1727 bog?1731 house of ease1734 cuz-john1735 easing-chair1771 backhouse1800 outhouse1819 netty1825 petty1848 seat of ease1850 closet1869 bathroom1883 crapper1927 lat1927 shouse1941 biffy1942 shitholec1947 toot1965 shitter1967 woodshed1974 the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > sanitation > privy or latrine > [noun] > close-stool or commode privy stool1377 night-chair1404 close-stool1410 stool1410 chamber stool1567 night table1730 night-stool1781 commode1802 Sir John1808 chamber closet1842 chaise percée1939 thunder-box1939 1410 Wye Acc. in J. E. T. Rogers Hist. Agric. & Prices (1882) (modernized text) III. 546/2 2 close stoles. 1410 Wye Acc. in J. E. T. Rogers Hist. Agric. & Prices (1882) (modernized text) III. 546/2 2 close stoles. 1501 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1900) II. 25 Item,..giffin for ane stule of es bocht to the King viij d. 1516–17 in H. Littlehales Medieval Rec. London City Church (1905) 292 Paid for makyng clene of the Rectors stolys ij d. 1528 in J. Raine Testamenta Eboracensia (1884) V. 254 In his owne chambre..A prevey stole, iiijd. 1561 in T. Thomson Coll. Inventories Royal Wardrobe (1815) 139 Item ane stuill of ease coverit with crammosie broun velvot. ?1573 L. Lloyd Pilgrimage of Princes f. 145 The Emperour Heliogabalus was killed vpon his stoole at his easemente. 1603 J. Florio tr. M. de Montaigne Ess. iii. xiii. 646 A commodious Ajax or easie close-stoole. 1645 J. Milton Colasterion 13 I send them by his advice to sit upon the stool and strain. 1660 J. Milton Readie Way Free Commonw. (ed. 2) 29 Chamberlains, ushers, grooms, even of the close-stool. a1774 A. Tucker Light of Nature Pursued (1777) III. i. 389 If Alexander and Cesar could never be easy off the stool I would not deny them that needful utensil. 1869 E. A. Parkes Man. Pract. Hygiene (ed. 3) 620. b. In phrases originally meaning ‘the place of evacuation’, now (without the) the action of evacuating the bowels. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > sanitation > privy or latrine > [noun] gongOE privy?c1225 room-housec1275 chamber foreignc1300 wardrobea1325 privy chamberc1325 foreignc1390 siegec1400 stool1410 jakes1432 house of easementa1438 kocayc1440 siege-hole1440 siege-house1440 privy house1463 withdraught1493 draught1530 shield1535 bench-hole1542 common house1542 stool1542 jakes house1547 boggard1552 house of office?1560 purging place1577 little house1579 issue1588 Ajax1596 draught-house1597 private1600 necessary house1612 vault1617 longhouse1622 latrine1623 necessary1633 commonsa1641 gingerbread officea1643 boghouse1644 cloaca1645 passage-house1646 retreat1653 shithouse1659 closet of ease1662 garderobe1680 backside1704 office1727 bog?1731 house of ease1734 cuz-john1735 easing-chair1771 backhouse1800 outhouse1819 netty1825 petty1848 seat of ease1850 closet1869 bathroom1883 crapper1927 lat1927 shouse1941 biffy1942 shitholec1947 toot1965 shitter1967 woodshed1974 1542 A. Borde Compend. Regyment Helth viii. sig. E.i Than go to your stole to make your egestyon. 1558 W. Ward tr. G. Ruscelli Secretes Alexis of Piemount f. 32^v The sayde pylles..prouoke not to the stoole. 1602 2nd Pt. Returne fr. Parnassus i. ii They..write as men go to stoole, for needes. 1676 A. Marvell Mr. Smirke sig. F Though they be reading Papers of State, or at the Stool, more seasonably [he] obtrudes his Pamphlet. 1706 Philos. Trans. 1704–05 (Royal Soc.) 24 2111 When he dy'd it was nine weeks after he had any Stole. 1706 Philos. Trans. 1704–05 (Royal Soc.) 24 2110 He did not go to Stole for a fortnight or three weeks together. 1726 J. Swift Gulliver II. iii. vi. 89 Men are never so Serious, Thoughtful, and Intent, as when they are at Stool. 1871 G. H. Napheys Prevention & Cure Dis. iii. ix. 980 To go to stool twice a day. 1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VII. 263 When the veins are congested by straining at stool. c. The action of evacuating the bowels; an act of discharging fæces. by stool: by fæcal as distinguished from other means of evacuation. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > organs of excretion > defecation or urination > defecation > [noun] purgationa1387 shitting1386 officec1395 outpassinga1398 subduction?a1425 easementa1438 cuckingc1440 siegea1475 evacuation?1533 stool1541 egestion1547 dunging1558 purging1579 stooling1599 cackc1600 motion1602 dejection1605 excretion1640 exclusion1646 purgament1650 exoneration1651 disenteration1654 orduring1654 crapping1673 passage1681 seat1697 opening1797 defecation1825 excreting1849 poopc1890 movement1891 job1899 shit?1927 crap1937 dump1942 soiling1943 gick1959 jobbie1981 pooh1981 the world > life > the body > organs of excretion > defecation or urination > defecation > [adverb] by stool1541 stercoraceously1894 1541 T. Elyot Castel of Helthe (new ed.) 38 b By experience and diligent serch by their stoole, their nourices shal perceyve what digesteth wel. 1596 J. Harington New Disc. Aiax sig. C5 Hee heard him say, hee thanked God, hee had had a good stoole. 1623 J. Hart tr. P. van Foreest Arraignm. Vrines i. 2 Having his vacuations by stoole as orderly as other healthfull men. a1625 J. Fletcher Noble Gentleman v. i, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Ff2^v/2 I fear this losse of honour will give him some few stooles. 1663 S. Pepys Diary 24 May (1971) IV. 153 Having taken one of Mr. Holliards pills last night, it brought a stool or two this morning. 1682 G. Hartman Digby's Choice Coll. Rare Secrets ii. 228 A second Dose..will work either by Stool or Vomit, or Sweat. 1783 J. Wesley Jrnl. 16 Mar. It gave me four or five and twenty stools, and a moderate vomit. 1843 R. J. Graves Syst. Clin. Med. 110 I do not feel the least anxiety if the patient remains without having a stool for two or three days. 1875 H. C. Wood Treat. Therapeutics (1879) 106 The stools are at times normal in character and frequency. figurative.1592 T. Nashe Strange Newes 11 A Letter whereof his inuention had a hard stoole, and yet it was for his ease. d. A discharge of fæcal matter of a specified colour, consistency, etc.; the matter discharged (chiefly plural). ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > organs of excretion > excretions > faeces > [noun] > of specific type stool1598 society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > other equipment of vessel > [noun] > external lanterns lights > blocks supporting poop-lanterns stool1598 1598 A. M. tr. J. Guillemeau Frenche Chirurg. 4/1 His vrine bloodye; his stoels like matter. 1598 A. M. tr. J. Guillemeau Frenche Chirurg. 3 b/2 The patient can nether retayne his vrine, Sperma, or Stole. 1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 104 Her nature is to hide her own dung..the little Mouse being able by that stoole, to smell the presence of hir mortall foe. 1698 H. Sloane in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 20 69 Stools resembling the Dregs of Wine. 1790 W. Buchan Domest. Med. (ed. 11) xlvii. 497 He must..drink freely of water-gruel to prevent bloody stools. 1845–6 G. E. Day tr. J. F. Simon Animal Chem. II. 386 Calomel is frequently given..: its administration is succeeded by numerous, very green, bilious stools. 1871 A. B. Garrod Essentials Materia Medica (new ed.) 97 It often produces in children the so-named calomel stools, or green-coloured fæces. †6. A frame upon which to work embroidery or tapestry. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile manufacture > manufacture textile fabric or that which consists of > sewing or ornamenting textile fabric > [noun] > embroidery or ornamental sewing > frame stoolc1385 tent1548 frame1728 tambour1780 tambour-frame1781 web frame1845 tabouret1858 c1385 G. Chaucer Legend Good Women 2352 So that she werkyn & enbroude couthe And weuyn in hire stol the radyuore. ?c1475 Promptorium Parvulorum (Cambr.) 305/2 Lyncet, a werkynge stole, liniarium. 1502 in N. H. Nicolas Privy Purse Expenses Elizabeth of York (1830) 7 Item..for the stuff and making of iiij working stoles for the Quene..v s. iiij d. 1513 Inventory in State Papers Henry VIII (P.R.O.: SP 1/4) f. 56 A frontlett for an aulter wrought in the stole. 1523 J. Skelton Goodly Garlande of Laurell 790 To weue in the stoule sume were full preste, With slaiis, with tauellis, with hedellis well drest. 1538 T. Elyot Dict. Licia, be thredes, whiche sylke women do weaue in lyncelles or stooles. 1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VIII f. vii On their heades bonets of Damaske, syluer flatte wouen in the stole. 7. Nautical. a. (See quot. 1867. Cf. channel n.²) ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > masts, rigging, or sails > rigging > [noun] > fixed rigging > rigging supporting mast laterally > chain-wale > for backstays stool1711 1711 W. Sutherland Ship-builders Assistant 37 Backstays or Topmast Shrouds are to be fasten'd down to the Channels, or Stools fixed for that purpose. 1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. Stool, a minor channel abaft the main channels, for the dead-eyes of the backstays. b. (See quot. 1850.) ΚΠ 1750 T. R. Blanckley Naval Expositor 1850 J. Greenwood Sailor's Sea-bk. 153 Stools,..ornamental blocks for the poop lanterns to stand on abaft. c. (See quot. 1846.) ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > parts of vessels > body of vessel > [noun] > timbers of hull > deck or hold beams transom1545 beam1627 wing-transom1711 stool1797 hold-beam1801 breast beam1805 skid beam1846 beak-head-beam1850 cat-beam1850 deck-beam1858 main-transom1867 spale1867 1797 Encycl. Brit. XVII. 395/2 This line will represent the lower edge of the rail that comes to the middle stool. 1830 P. Hedderwick Treat. Marine Archit. 120 Stools, pieces of plank which are bolted edgeways to the quarters of small vessels, to form the mock quarter-galleries. 1846 A. Young Naut. Dict. 323 Stool, the lowest transom of a vessel's stern~frame; or, more correctly, a chock introduced beneath the lowest transom: to it the lower ends of the fashion-pieces are secured. 8. Brickmaking. A brick-moulder's shed or workshop; also, the gang of workmen employed in one shed; also, a moulder's bench. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > workplace > place where specific things are made > [noun] > bricks or tiles brickyard1618 stool1693 brickfield1726 brickworks1763 tile-yard1835 tilery1846 tile-field1882 tile-works1882 society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > producer > maker of bricks or tiles > [noun] > brick-maker > gang stool1693 society > occupation and work > equipment > brick-making equipment > [noun] > brick-moulder's bench stool1850 1693 Coll. Improvem. Husbandry & Trade No. 70. ⁋1 There are usually employed about a Stooles Work four Men, and two Boyes: The first, an Earth-maker that prepares the Earth. The second a Carter..to bring the Earth to the Stool. 1693 Coll. Improvem. Husbandry & Trade No. 70. ⁋3 A Stool does ordinarily make..eight Thousand in a Day. 1850 E. Dobson Rudimentary Treat. Manuf. Bricks & Tiles i. i. 34 In slop moulding, the mould is simply laid on the moulding stool. 1850 E. Dobson Rudimentary Treat. Manuf. Bricks & Tiles i. i. 37 The area occupied by each stool is greater than in making slop-moulded bricks. 1886 Standard 10 May 8/5 To be let, a brickfield with four stools. 1891 Standard 24 Jan. 2/8 To distribute the funds to the different fields according to the number of stools or moulders' sheds worked. 9. Architecture. The sill of a window. Obsolete exc. U.S. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > window or door > parts of windows > [noun] > window-sill sill1428 leaning-place1530 leaning-board1533 window-sole1570 leaning1663 stool1663 window ledge1679 window stoola1684 windowsill1703 window board1722 window shelf1795 window-bottom1820 window stone1822 1663 B. Gerbier Counsel to Builders 88 For the Capitol, to the stooles of those windowes. 1682 Sir C. Wren in W. H. St. John Hope Windsor Castle (1913) II. 387 By cleansinge from moss & weeds all the coapings of the Buttresses,..the stooles of the Windowes,..[etc.]. 1891 Cent. Dict. (at cited word) Stool of a window, or window-stool, in arch., the flat piece on which the sash shuts down, corresponding to the sill of a door. 1911 Webster's New Internat. Dict. Eng. Lang. s.v. [adds] In the United States, the narrow shelf fitted on the inside against the actual sill. 10. a. A base or stand upon which a thing is set to raise it above the ground or general surface. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > support > [noun] > that which supports > a stand or support to raise from the ground lathe1476 stool1481 stallagec1500 stand1587 thrall1674 stock1688 horse1703 stage1797 sub-base1865 stillage1875 1481–3 in W. H. St. J. Hope Windsor Castle (1913) II. 404 Cxx et xxxviij pedibus Chaptrelles et Braces. xvij Stolys. xlii. Botraces. cix panelles. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) 2 Chron. iv. 14 He made the stoles also and y^e kettels vpon the stoles [Luther Gestühle]. 1554–5 in J. D. Marwick Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1871) II. 309 For twa greit bakis to be stullis to the malt myln [etc.]. 1566 Reg. Mag. Sig. Scot. 763/2 Dicti commendatarius [etc.] sustentarent dimidietatem scabelli lie mylne stuill. 1641 Invent. Goods C'tess Arundel in Burlington Mag. (1911) Nov. 98/1 In the Seller..is noething, but two stowelles to sett beare on & two Shelues. 1683 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises II. 132 So much of this Bottom-Plate..is called the Stool,..because on it the lower end of the Matrice rests. 1827 M. Faraday Chem. Manip. iv. 97 This furnace..being raised upon a stool so as to bring the aperture of the air chamber to a level with the nozzle of the bellows. 1888 C. T. Jacobi Printers' Vocab. 133 Stool, a platform or stage on which paper or printed work is stacked. b. The stand of a beehive. ? Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > bee-keeping > [noun] > beehive > parts of moutha1398 stool?1523 skirt1555 hackle1609 smoot1615 imp1618 bolster1623 cop1623 underlaya1642 hack1658 tee-hole1669 frame1673 hood1686 alighting board1780 body box1823 superhive1847 super1855 quilt1870 queen excluder1881 bar-super1884 brood box1888 ?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. xxxvii^v Set a stole or a fourme nygh vnto the swarme,..shake the bees into the hyue, and shortly set it vpon the stole. 1609 C. Butler Feminine Monarchie i. sig. B1 As many as fall beside the stoole when it waxeth darke, ten to one they ly abroad all night. 1774 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 65 274 We have seen fleas..swarming at the mouths of these holes like bees on the stools of their hives. 11. A bench, counter, table, trestle. Scottish and northern. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > furniture and fittings > table > [noun] boarda1000 beodc1000 throckOE tablec1330 stool1519 taffel1552 magazine table1966 1519 in C. Innes Registrum Episcopatus Aberdonensis (1845) II. 177 The baikhouss witht..ij bakin stulis. 1559 in J. Raine Wills & Inventories Archdeaconry Richmond (1853) 135 The mylke house..a fleke, a stole. 1559 Peebles Burgh Rec. (1872) 257 The inqueist findis Thomas Dikesone in the wrang for..castin of his [John Edmond's] flesche stule in the gutter. 1870 J. K. Hunter Life Stud. Char. xlvi. 282 There was nae word o' John comin' wi' the spokes and stools [trestle for a coffin]. 12. Mining. (See quot. 1851.) ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > workplace > places where raw materials are extracted > mine > [noun] > other places in mine work1474 firework1606 stemple1653 stool1653 bink1675 engine pit1687 swamp1691 feeder1702 wall1728 bag1742 sill1747 stope1747 rose cistern1778 striking-house1824 plat1828 stemplar1828 screen chamber1829 offtake1835 footwall1837 triple pit1839 stamp1849 paddock1852 working floor1858 pit house1866 ground-sluice1869 screen tower1871 planilla1877 undercurrent1877 mill1878 blanket-sluice1881 stringing-deal1881 wagon-breast1881 brushing-bed1883 poppet-leg1890 slippet1898 stable1906 overcut1940 society > occupation and work > industry > mining > [noun] > distance miner cuts before him stool1851 1653 E. Manlove Liberties & Customes Lead-mines Derby 62 Then must the Miners chase the stole to th' stake; From meer to meer. 1670 J. Pettus Fodinæ Regales 86 And the Miners shall work their Meers duly, and shall chuse their Stool on that one part there as he may find Mine between two Walls. 1747 W. Hooson Miners Dict. sig. Nivb When the old-man is cleared out from a Shaft~foot, Forfield, Stool, or Stope, we say we have bared it. 1778 W. Pryce Mineralogia Cornubiensis 63 The end or stool of the vein will run of itself, like sand. 1851 T. Tapping Gloss. in Chron. Customs Lead Mines Stool, is where the miners leave digging deeper and work in the ends forward; the end before you is called the stool... The term stool has also another signification, which is so far as the miner cuts before him, which is about two yards high. 13. [Compare Dutch stoel in similar uses. (In technical language sometimes spelt stole.)] a. The stump of a tree which has been felled; also the head of the stump, from which new shoots are produced. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > part of tree or woody plant > [noun] > stump stock862 moreeOE stub967 zuche1358 stumpc1440 scrag1567 stool1577 brock1772 stow1774 hagsnar1796 stab1807 spronk1838 tree stool1898 1577 R. Holinshed Hist. Eng. 264/1 in Chron. I When a greene tree is cut in sunder in the middle, and the parte cut off, is carried three acres bredth from the stocke, & returning agayne to the stoale, shall ioyne therewith. 1686 R. Plot Nat. Hist. Staffs. vi. 209 The stooles or stumps of many trees. 1770 D. Barrington in Philos. Trans. 1769 (Royal Soc.) 59 33 No pine or fir ever shoots from the stool. 1842 J. C. Loudon Suburban Horticulturist 286 If a graft is inserted either in the collar or stool, or in the amputated head, it will give an immediate direction to the sap. 1844 H. Stephens Bk. of Farm I. 116 The stools of hard-wood trees,..set on end.., form a very durable flooring. 1874 C. Lyell Elem. Geol. xxiv. 421 All the stools of the fossil trees dug out by us divided into four parts. 1886 R. Holland Gloss. Words County of Chester at Stoo Clap yon owd stoo a' top o' th' foire. 1899 R. Munro Prehist. Scotl. ii. 29 As evidence..we can still point to the stools of huge trees, at the bottom of extensive tracts of moorland peat. b. Forestry. A stock or stump of a tree felled or headed for the production of coppice-wood, underwood, saplings, or young timber. Also a set or group of stumps. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > part of tree or woody plant > [noun] > stump > left after felling stumpc1440 hag1618 stoola1722 moot1777 fall1785 hagsnar1796 a1722 E. Lisle Observ. Husbandry (1757) 365 I proposed to cut coppice~wood for the fire: my woodward said, it would not hurt the stools to cut it so late, but it would never..burn well. 1827 H. Steuart Planter's Guide (1828) 298 The making up into one set or stool separate plants of the same species. 1831 On Planting (Libr. Useful Knowl.) iii. 41 The parent wood of coppice stools is most frequently suffered to rise too high from the roots. 1880 R. Jefferies Great Estate (1881) 82 Between the stoles [of the copse]..the ground was quite covered in spring with dark-green vegetation. 1894 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 3rd Ser. 5 243 The [willow] rods being cut off close to the stools. c. Forestry and Horticulture. The base of a plant cut down to produce shoots or branches for layering. Also, a plant laid down for layering (rare). ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > propagation of plants > [noun] > by layering > plant cut down for layering stool1789 the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > propagation of plants > [noun] > by cuttings > cutting or slip planteOE plantingeOE quickwoodc1383 graffa1393 sarmenta1398 slivingc1400 springc1400 clavec1420 sleavingc1440 talionc1440 quick1456 quicking1469 graft1483 quickset1484 slip1495 setlingc1503 set1513 pitchset1519 slaving?1523 truncheon1572 stallon1587 crosset1600 marquot1600 sliver1604 secta1616 offset1629 slipping1638 side-slip1651 slift1657 cutting1691 pitcher1707 mallet-shoot1745 root cutting1784 stowing1788 stool1789 pitch1808 heel1822 cutling1834 piping1851 cutback1897 stump plant1953 1789 Trans. Soc. Arts 7 126 I have likewise procured several small stools of the black mulberry [for propagating]. 1813 C. Marshall Introd. Knowl. & Pract. Gardening (ed. 5) xix. 317 In order to obtain suckers and shoots for layers [of elm], stools are to be formed, by cutting down some young trees, almost close to the ground. 1824 J. C. Loudon Green-house Compan. i. 221 Where entire plants are layed down to produce layers, they are called stools; and the main root remains there as a stool for several years. 1842 J. C. Loudon Suburban Horticulturist 711 Having been much troubled with caterpillars on our gooseberry stools in the nursery. 1880 C. R. Markham Peruvian Bark 223 He afterwards went round to all the old stools and put in as many layers from them as possible. d. Horticulture. The base containing the latent buds in plants which annually throw up new stems or foliage to replace the old. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > root > [noun] > root or plant roota1200 stool1791 1791 Philos. Trans. 1790 (Royal Soc.) 80 350 Stool of [sugar] canes (which is the assemblage of its numerous roots where the stems begin to shoot out) is almost impenetrable to rain. 1824 J. C. Loudon Encycl. Gardening (ed. 2) §3339 Stools [of the strawberry] of two years standing, which have borne one crop, may be put into pots in August. 1832 J. Baxter Libr. Agric. & Hort. Knowl. (ed. 2) 511 As the finest..of these fruits [sc. raspberries] are..the produce of strong and well-ripened canes, it becomes necessary that the stools should have every advantage afforded them. 1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 1194 Rattoons (a word corrupted from rejettons) are the sprouts or suckers that spring from the roots or stoles of the canes that have been previously cut for sugar. 1842 Florist's Jrnl. (1846) 3 95 Chrysanthemums may be struck and the old stools turned out. 1877 S. Hibberd Amateur's Kitchen Garden 158 Manure should be spread around the stool to insure some benefit to the roots of the [rhubarb] plant. 1882 Garden 14 Jan. 17/3 Each stool consisting of about eight canes. e. A cluster of stems or foliage springing from a stool or from the same root; the complement of stalks produced by one grain of corn. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > plants collectively > [noun] > tuft, clump, or cluster of plants hassockc1450 tuft?1523 tusk1530 tush1570 hill1572 dollop1573 clumpa1586 rush1593 trail1597 tussock1607 wreath1610 stool1712 tump1802 sheaf1845 massif1888 1712 J. Morton Nat. Hist. Northants. 154 They much resembled the Bottom of a Cluster, or Stool, as it is here called, of large Rushes. 1807 Prize Ess. & Trans. Highland Soc. Scotl. 3 476 A single stole of corn growing in a dung hill, has plenty of air, light, and heat. 1880 F. W. Burbidge Gardens of Sun v. 94 Each tuft or stool [of rice] being about eight inches from its neighbours. 1882 Contemp. Rev. Aug. 233 From one wheat grain there were eighty-five stalks to the stool. 1887 R. D. Blackmore Springhaven III. vii. 100 His shelter was a stool of hazel, thrown up to repair the loss of stem. 1894 R. D. Blackmore Perlycross I. vii. 89 A great stool of fern. f. a fine or good stool (of clover, of timber): clover or timber well stooled (see stool v. 3). ΘΚΠ the world > plants > by growth or development > defined by good growth > good growth [phrase] > a good growth a fine or good stool1801 1801 Farmer's Mag. Nov. 461 This year, the field was in barley, and yielded seven bolls per acre, leaving as fine a stool of young clover and rye-grass as ever I saw. 1814 4th Rep. Comm. Irish Bogs II. 188 The country possesses a good stool of timber. in extended use.1831 J. Wilson Noctes Ambrosianae lix, in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Nov. 837 Hecate a beauty! I aye thocht she had been a furious fricht—black-a-viced, pockey-ort, wi' a great stool o' a beard. g. A shoot or layer from the stump or base of a plant. [Confused with Latin stolo : see stole n.³, stolon n.] ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > shoot, sprout, or branch > [noun] > sucker or side-shoot scourgea1382 by-sprouting1562 sucker1577 lateral1578 offset1642 spiney1649 side shoot1658 appendix1664 by-shoot1669 water sprout1688 turion1725 tiller1733 surculus1775 suckler1796 suckling1798 offshoot1814 stool1818 base shoot1835 side-tiller1903 toe1952 1818 H. J. Todd Johnson's Dict. Eng. Lang. Stool, 4. [stolo Latin], a shoot from the trunk of a tree. 1821 S. F. Gray Nat. Arrangem. Brit. Plants I. 52 Stool, Stolo. A branch from the head of the root, bending down, taking root, and emitting leaves. 1824 J. Mactaggart Sc. Gallovidian Encycl. Stowl or Stole, a scion from a root. †14. a. The scar left by a wound, a cicatrix. Obsolete. rare. (Cf. staddle n. 6.) ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > blemish > [noun] > scar wama1000 wem1297 arra1300 nirtc1400 scara1425 cicatricec1450 fester?c1475 list1490 stool1601 cicatrix1641 cautery1651 seam1681 cicatricula1783 welt1800 sabre-cutc1820 stigmate1870 scarring1898 whelp1912 Mars bar1971 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. xx. i. 36 The root [of wild cucumber]..reduceth the stooles or skars left after any sore..to their fresh and native colour againe. †b. The ‘eye’ of an apple, pear or quince. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > fruit or reproductive product > [noun] > parts of > remains of calyx or eye crown?a1475 eye1587 stool1672 nose1718 basin1909 1672 N. Grew Anat. Veg. vi. 151 All [the branches of the endocarp of an apple] enarching themselves towards the Cork or Stool of the Flower. 1672 N. Grew Anat. Veg. vi. 153 Towards the Cork or Stool of the [pear] Flower. 1672 N. Grew Anat. Veg. vi. §10 [of a quince]. †15. The head or top of a mushroom. (Cf. stool in toadstool n.) Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular vegetables > [noun] > mushrooms or edible fungi > mushroom > head of a mushroom button1695 stool1744 cap1763 1744 R. Pickering in Philos. Trans. 1742–3 (Royal Soc.) 42 595 I began with one of the Gills carefully separated from the Head, or Stool, without bruising. 16. U.S. (See quot.) ΚΠ 1881 E. Ingersoll Oyster-industry (10th Census U.S.: Bureau of Fisheries) 249 Stools.—Material spread on the bottom for oyster spawn to cling to. 17. †a. ? Some part of a plough. Obsolete. rare. (Possibly an error.) ΚΠ ?1530 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry (rev. ed.) f. iiii It is necessary for hym, to lerne to make his yokes, oxe bowes, stoles, and all maner of ploughe gere. b. The shank of a rake or hay-fork ( Northumbld. Gloss. 1893–4). 18. U.S. a. A decoy-bird (perhaps short for stool-pigeon n. at Compounds 2), esp. one used in shooting wildfowl; also a perch upon which a decoy-bird is set. (Cf. stale n.³, stall n.²) Also transferred, a person employed as a decoy by criminals. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > hunting > fowling > fowling equipment > [noun] > decoy bird stalec1440 stall?a1500 chanterelle1601 staling1601 gig1621 fetcha1640 call bird1686 caller1725 stool1825 playbird1878 brace-bird1885 jacky-bird1897 the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > thief > defrauder or swindler > [noun] > decoy stale1526 barnardc1555 barnacle1591 setter1591 tumbler1602 circling boy1631 moon-curser1673 sweetener1699 stool1825 stool-pigeon1830 bonnet1831 buttoner1839 button1851 steerer1873 plugger1886 shillaber1913 shill1916 the world > food and drink > hunting > fowling > fowling equipment > [noun] > decoy bird > perch flur1768 stool1872 1825 Huntington (New York) Town Rec. (1889) III. 322 No person [shall] be permitted to gun with macheanes or stools in sd. Town. 1847 J. Roach Let. 20 May in T. Coleman Passage to America (1972) xi. 183 There is three hundred emigrants in the Rochester tonight... The head man is a ‘Stool’—make him jump. 1859 J. R. Bartlett Dict. Americanisms (ed. 2) 452 Stool, an artificial duck or other water-fowl used as a decoy. 1872 M. S. De Vere Americanisms 211 Stool-Pigeon... In the former [literal signification] it means the pigeon, with its eyes stitched up, fastened on a stool, which can be moved up and down by the hidden fowler. 1874 J. W. Long Amer. Wild-fowl Shooting xvii. 205 Wood-ducks..are not easily decoyed, either by stools or calls. 1895 G. J. Manson Sporting Dict. Stool, a decoy for snipe, plover, and peach-birds. 1902 J. B. Greenough & G. L. Kittredge Words 363 A stool pigeon..is a ‘decoy pigeon’, so called from its being tied to a stool. b. A police informer. Cf. stool-pigeon n. at Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ society > communication > information > informing on or against > [noun] > informer > police informer setter1630 nose1789 mouchard1802 rat1818 stool-pigeon1830 knark1851 police informer1851 nark1859 telegraph1864 copper1885 sarbut1897 Noah's Ark1898 stool1906 snout1910 finger1914 policeman1923 stoolie1924 shelf1926 grass1929 grasshopper1937 grasser1950 stukach1969 supergrass1975 1906 G. E. Stevens Wicked City 233 Under others were inscribed: ‘He is a “stool”.’.. ‘He was croaked by the cops.’ 1915 J. London Jacket ii. 10 They laughed at him and turned him away..for the stool that he was. 1932 E. Wallace When Gangs came to London xv. 129 I'm not so sure that I want to tell you anything—I never was a stool. 1939 J. Steinbeck Grapes of Wrath xx. 338 I'll come for ya tonight. Maybe I'm wrong. There's stools aroun' all a time. 1962 B. Cobb Murder: Men Only i. 12 He said he wasn't a stool, he wasn't giving anybody away. Compounds C1. General attributive. (In sense 2). a. (In sense 2.) stool cover n. ΚΠ 1837 A. Hayward Lett. (1886) I. 60 I am quite charmed with the stool-cover. b. (In sense 5.) † stool door n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1564 in Archaeologia Cantiana (1874) 9 234 Itm payd..for makyng and setting on of ij payer of Charnayles [hinges] uppon a stoole doore, vj d. † stool house n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1541–2 MS. Rawl. D. 781 lf. 160 Item in y^e Stolle howse ij quarelles mendyd—j d. 16.. in Archaeologia 64 390 The Stowll hous. † stool pan n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1620 in Unton Inventories (1841) 26 xj stoole panns. 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory (1905) iii. xiv. 9/2 He beareth Gules, a stoole pan, or close stoole pan, Argent. c. (In sense 13.) stool-growth n. ΚΠ 1909 Nation 1 May 156/2 We push through the rods of the stool-growth with difficulty. stool shoot n. ΚΠ 1907 Blackwood's Mag. Apr. 488/2 Self-sown seedlings and stool~shoots being then left to come up naturally. d. (In sense 7c.) stool rail n. ΚΠ 1797 Encycl. Brit. XVII. 395/2 Set off the depth of the middle stool rail above the line already drawn. e. Appositive. (In sense 1.) stool stone n. ΚΠ 1665 J. Webb Vindic. Stone-Heng Restored 202 One only simple Circle of about twelve Slabbs of stone, with a Stool-stone for the King. f. Objective. stool-bearer n. ΚΠ 1518 Perth Hammermen Bk. (1889) 2 The stule berer. stool-bearing adj. ΚΠ 1821 S. F. Gray Nat. Arrangem. Brit. Plants I. 42 Stool-bearing. Stoloniferæ. Throwing out stools, stolones, which take root. stool-casting adj. ΚΠ 1637 Ld. Wariston Diary (1911) I. 265 Thair rayse..sik ane outcrying quhat be the people's murmuring, mourning, rayling, stoolcasting, as the lyk was never seien. g. Similative. stool-like adj. ΚΠ 1869 Ann. Rep. Commissioner Agric. 1868 251 in U.S. Congress. Serial Set (40th Congr., 3rd Sess.: House of Representatives Executive Doc.) XV A hedge becomes thin at the base..the sap ascending and forming a spreading, stool-like form of growth. C2. Special combinations: For stool-chamber, stool-room, see stole n.² stool-bed n. (see quot. 1879). ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > device for discharging missiles > firearm > gun carriage > [noun] > base for gun flask1578 bed1598 bed-bolster1769 mortar-bed1769 sweep1837 swing-bed1842 saddle1848 stool-bed1859 mount1888 1859 F. A. Griffiths Artillerist's Man. (1862) 126 Place stool~bed and quoin. 1879 Cassell's Techn. Educator (new ed.) II. 391/2 A third point of support..for the gun..is supplied..by a ‘quoin’..placed immediately under the breech, and resting on a block called a ‘stool-bed’. stool-bent n. (see quot. 1777). ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > a grass or grasses > reedy or aquatic grasses > [noun] > rush and related plants rusheOE sharp rushc1050 seave14.. junk?a1425 candle-rushc1440 rush1562 sea-rush1562 camel's-straw1578 mat-rush1578 sprot1595 frog grass1597 matweed1597 rush grass1597 sprata1600 spart1614 bumble1633 toad-grass1640 moss-rush1670 thresha1689 spreta1700 bog rush1760 black grassa1763 goose-corn1762 toad-rush1776 wood-rush1776 stool-bent1777 scrub-grass1811 beak-rush1830 salt-weed1836 wiwi1840 thread rush1861 three-leaved rush1861 kill-cow1898 1777 J. Lightfoot Flora Scotica II. App. 1131 [Juncus squarrosus] Stool-Bent. Scot. aust. 1835 ‘S. Oliver’ Rambles Northumberland 165 Spreats and stool-bent, which, in moist places, always indicate the spot where the pedestrian may be sure of firm footing. stool-crab n. (see quot. 1880). ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Crustacea > [noun] > subclass Malacostraca > division Thoracostraca > order Decapoda > suborder Brachyura (crab) > miscellaneous or unspecified types of crab sea lion1601 blue crab1763 violet crab1774 angular crab1777 red crab1825 softshell1830 turtle-crab1838 porcellanian1840 Thelphusian1842 lady crab1844 oxystome1852 lobster-crab1854 porcelain crab1854 ochidore1855 havil1857 mask crab1857 sepoy crab1857 violet land crab1864 frog crab1876 stool-crab1880 paper-shell1890 porter crab1904 mitten crab1934 1880 T. Q. Couch E. Cornwall Words in M. A. Courtney & T. Q. Couch Gloss. Words Cornwall Stool-crab, the male of the edible crab, Platycarcinus pagurus. stool land n. West Africa (see quot. 1909, cf. 1e). ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > possessions > [noun] > real or immovable property > land > land belonging to African tribe stool land1909 1909 D. Moore & F. G. Guggisberg We Two in W. Afr. 146 I..mean the lands belonging to the tribe governed by the chief in question. On the ‘Coast’ these are called stool lands. stool-mail n. Scottish a fine imposed upon a person condemned to the stool of repentance. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > fine > [noun] > for fornication or adultery lairwitec1230 letherwite1297 lecherwitea1425 whore toll1545 buttock-mail?1552 stool-mail1837 1837 Voluntary Ch. Mag. Nov. 493 It was poinded by the session because its owner would not pay the stool-mail for having had a bastard child. stool-pigeon n. (a) U.S. a pigeon fastened to a stool as a decoy; chiefly figurative of a person employed, especially by gamblers, as a decoy; (b) a police informer. ΘΚΠ society > communication > information > informing on or against > [noun] > informer > police informer setter1630 nose1789 mouchard1802 rat1818 stool-pigeon1830 knark1851 police informer1851 nark1859 telegraph1864 copper1885 sarbut1897 Noah's Ark1898 stool1906 snout1910 finger1914 policeman1923 stoolie1924 shelf1926 grass1929 grasshopper1937 grasser1950 stukach1969 supergrass1975 the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > thief > defrauder or swindler > [noun] > decoy stale1526 barnardc1555 barnacle1591 setter1591 tumbler1602 circling boy1631 moon-curser1673 sweetener1699 stool1825 stool-pigeon1830 bonnet1831 buttoner1839 button1851 steerer1873 plugger1886 shillaber1913 shill1916 society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > games of chance > [noun] > decoy, etc. woodpecker1608 puff1722 flasher1731 squib1731 stool-pigeon1830 roper1840 shill1916 stick1926 1830 Workingman's Gaz. (Woodstock, Vermont) 1 Dec. 79/2 A wag who keeps an oyster cellar in Newark advertises, among other things, ‘wildbirds domesticated and stool pigeons trained to catch voters for the next Presidency—warranted to suit either party.’ 1836 W. Irving Astoria I. 137 One man..was used like a ‘stool pigeon’, to decoy the others. 1844 J. H. Greene Espos. Gambling (ed. 2) 158 Those secret partners, by gamblers, are termed ropers, or stool-pigeons: their business is to delude the inexperienced into their dens of iniquity. 1845 Yankee (Boston) 9 Aug. 2/6 If this business is so profitable to thieves, how much do those [sc. police officers] make out of it who encourage the stool pigeon business? 1849 Bankers' Mag. Aug. 89 The senior high constable of Philadelphia..recollected that Harry White..who he had been lately using as a ‘stool pigeon’, or secret informer, had informed him..that ‘a big thing’ was coming off shortly. 1850 Congress. Globe 18 July 1403/1 Sheltering this aggression, on the part of the United States, behind ‘poor New Mexico’, who is only a stool-pigeon. 1859 J. R. Bartlett Dict. Americanisms (ed. 2) 452 Stool-pigeon, a decoy robber, in the pay of the police, who brings his associates into a trap laid for them. 1865 Pall Mall Gaz. 13 Nov. 2 The harrowing narrative of ‘Antilles’ may be after all only an ingenious ‘stool-pigeon,’ concocted for the purpose of terrifying the Republican party. 1906 L. H. Vincent Amer. Lit. Masters 46 I am not going to be made a stool-pigeon to attract birds of passage that may be flying about. 1910 E. A. Walcott Open Door 134 Rafferty..assured the chief that he would pass word to certain stool-pigeons to keep their eyes and ears open for trace of the missing canvas. 1930 Times Lit. Suppl. 4 Dec. 1047/3 Occasionally a masterful rogue arose who shot a few people as ‘stool-pigeons’, even though they had never imparted any information to the police. 1974 J. Thomson Long Revenge ii. 23 A stool pigeon planted in a local Gestapo prison to eavesdrop on the detainees. stool-pipe n. (see quot. 1886). ΚΠ 1886 J. Barrowman Gloss. Sc. Mining Terms 64 Stool-pipe, Stool-piece, the pipe on which a column of pipes rests. † stool table n. Obsolete ? a table on trestles. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > furniture and fittings > table > [noun] > trestle table stool table1630 trestle-table1891 1630 Maldon (Essex) Documents (Bundle 217, No. 22) In the hall..1 stoole table. † stool-wagon n. [German stuhl-wagen] Obsolete a German chaise. ΘΚΠ society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > cart, carriage, or wagon > carriage for conveying persons > [noun] > types of carriage > strong, for travelling > chaise or post-chaise > other types chaise-marine1740 tailor's wagon1818 stool-wagon1829 1829 Sporting Mag. 24 201 Four horses were next put to the stool-wagon, and we drove to Faulenrost. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1917; most recently modified version published online June 2022). stoolv. Brit. /stuːl/, U.S. /stul/ (in sense 1b)West African English /stul/ Forms: Also 1500s, 1800s stole. Etymology: < stool n. 1. transitive. To put or set (a person) on a stool. a. To condemn (a person) to the stool (of repentance). nonce-use. In quot. 1682 absol. ΚΠ 1682 E. Hickeringill 2nd Pt. Hist. Whiggism 38 Horning, Cursing, Damning, Imprisoning, Stooling or Fooling upon the Stool of Repentance. b. West African. (Cf. stool n. 1e.) ΘΚΠ society > authority > office > appointment to office > appoint a person to an office [verb (transitive)] > admit to office formally or ceremonially > on stool enstool1895 stool1898 1898 R. A. Freeman Trav. Ashanti i. 3 Until the king [of Ashanti] had been enthroned on the gold stool his title was not officially recognised... But the ceremony of ‘stooling’ a new king was one that involved considerable expense. 2. intransitive. To evacuate the bowels; also transitive, to evacuate as excrement. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > organs of excretion > defecation or urination > defecation > [verb (intransitive)] dritea1000 to do one's filthheadc1300 shit?c1335 to go to siegec1400 scumbera1425 cack1436 to do one's easementa1438 to ease nature, ease oneselfc1440 skite1449 to do of one's needingsc1475 fen1486 dung1508 spurge1530 to cover his feet1535 lask1540 stool1540 to exonerate nature1542 file1564 fiant1575 cucka1605 wray1620 exonerate1631 excrement1632 to do one's ease1645 sir-reverence1665 excrementizec1670 nest1679 poop1689 move1699 defecate1837 crap1874 mire1918 to make a mess1928 mess1937 to go poo-poo (also poo-poos)1960 potty1972 to do a whoopsie (or whoopsies)1973 pooh1975 1540 R. Jonas tr. E. Roesslin Byrth of Mankynde i. f. xlii The greate labor and payne the which the partie hathe in..enforsynge her selfe other to stole or to make water. 1843 R. J. Graves Syst. Clin. Med. v. 57 They are..almost constantly confined to bed except when rising to stool. 3. Of a plant: To throw up young shoots or stems; of corn, grass, herbage, to throw out lateral shoots producing a thick head of stems or foliage. Also with out, forth. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > by growth or development > grow or vegetate [verb (intransitive)] > sprout or put forth new growth spriteOE wrideOE brodc1175 comea1225 spirec1325 chicka1400 sprouta1400 germin?1440 germ1483 chip?a1500 spurgea1500 to put forth1530 shootc1560 spear1570 stock1574 chit1601 breward1609 pullulate1618 ysproutc1620 egerminate1623 put1623 germinate1626 sprent1647 fruticate1657 stalk1666 tiller1677 breerc1700 fork1707 to put out1731 stool1770 sucker1802 stir1843 push1855 braird1865 fibre1869 flush1877 1770 in Maryland Hist. Mag. 12 360 Our Wheat particularly which cannot stool or Branch. 1789 Trans. Soc. Arts (ed. 2) 1 260 Some sorts of Cotton did not rattoon or stool so well as others. 1790 W. Marshall Agric. Provincialisms in Rural Econ. Midland Counties II. 443 To Stool, to ramify as corn. 1795 C. Vancouver Gen. View Agric. Essex 152 Strong and luxuriant shoots stool forth. 1830 M. T. Sadler Law of Population I. 93 Wheat is one of those plants which, according to the phraseology of agriculturists, stools; that is, throws out lateral roots capable of producing separate stems. 1844 H. Stephens Bk. of Farm III. 857 New grass, if moderately eaten down in spring, stools out, and affords a thicker cutting at hay time. 1853 G. Johnston Terra Lindisfarnensis I. 121 The herbage..does not spread nor stool upon the ground. 1869 R. D. Blackmore Lorna Doone II. x. 120 I worked very hard in the copse of young ash,..cutting out the saplings where they stooled too close together. 1886 Harper's Mag. Sept. 533/2 On light land strawberry plants..do not develop or ‘stool out’. figurative.1835 Tait's Edinb. Mag. New Ser. 2 491 From the original hardy stem of the Surrey yeomen, this vigorous branch ‘stooled out’, and put forth arms. 4. a. transitive. To entice (wildfowl) by means of a decoy-bird; also intransitive (of a bird) to come (well) to a decoy. U.S. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > hunting > fowling > hunt birds [verb (transitive)] > decoy stop1768 stool1842 the world > food and drink > hunting > fowling > hunt birds [verb (intransitive)] > come to a decoy stool1874 1842 ‘J. Cypress, Jr.’ Sporting Scenes i. 55 I'll tell you all about that..the next time we're stooling snipe together. 1859 J. R. Bartlett Dict. Amer. (ed. 2) 452 Stooling, decoying ducks or other fowls by the means of ‘stools’. 1874 J. W. Long Amer. Wild-fowl Shooting xviii. 209 Widgeon..stool well to almost any decoys. b. intransitive. To act as a stool or stool-pigeon; to inform on (someone). slang (chiefly U.S.). ΘΚΠ society > communication > information > informing on or against > inform on or against [verb (intransitive)] inform1588 peach1598 whistle1599 sing1612 whiddlec1661 squeak1690 wheedle1710 whittle1735 to blow the gab1785 snitch1801 rat1810 nose1811 sing1816 gnarl1819 split1819 stag1839 clype1843 squeal1846 blow1848 to round on1857 nark1859 pimp1865 squawk1872 ruck1884 to come or turn copper1891 copper1897 sneak1897 cough1901 stool1911 tattle-tale1918 snout1923 talk1924 fink1925 scream1925 sarbut1928 grass1929 to turn over1967 dime1970 1911 G. Bronson-Howard Enemy to Society v. 159 Stooling for the coppers and swearing many a right guy into the boob. 1938 Amer. Speech 13 191/2 To stool, to act as a stool-pigeon. 1950 H. Patterson & E. Conrad Scottsboro Boy iii. v. 224 There were little mice in Kilby. They ran in the cells. They weren't the trouble that the big rats were, though, them that stooled on you. 1960 ‘E. McBain’ See them Die v. 48 You'd stool on Pepe for that rotten cop?.. A stoolie is a stoolie. 1973 ‘B. Mather’ Snowline xi. 133 ‘I stand in a sort of special relationship with these bums. If they thought I was stooling on them—well, you see what I mean?’ ‘No,..I don't see that putting me in touch..could possibly be construed as stooling. I'm not a policeman.’ 5. Mining. To work (a vein). Cf. stool n. 12. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > mining > mine [verb (transitive)] > work a mine, vein, or seam to work out1545 coal1708 stool1824 1824 J. Mander Derbyshire Miners' Gloss. 69 Then it is common to say, the vein is Stoled, or Stooled, ten or twelve fathoms. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1917; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.c897v.1540
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stooln.

Compounds

stoolv.