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standardn.adj.int. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French standarde, estandart. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman standarde, Anglo-Norman and Old French estandart, Old French estendart (Middle French estandart , estendart , French étendard ) military flag or banner, also as a (fortified) rallying point in battle (c1100), (figuratively) person worth following (c1170), upright post (a1240), large candle (a1339, only in Anglo-Norman), of uncertain origin, probably either (a) < a West Germanic compound with the literal sense ‘something that stands firm’ < the Germanic base of stand v. + the Germanic base of hard adv., or (b) < classical Latin extendere to stretch out (see extend v.), or (c) < a Romance reflex of classical Latin stant- , stāns , present participle of stāre to stand (see stand v.) + Old French -ard -ard suffix. Compare post-classical Latin standardum, standardus candelabrum (8th or 9th cent.; 14th cent. in a British source), military flag, banner (11th cent.; frequently from 12th cent. in British sources), upright piece of timber (from 13th cent. in British sources), legal weight or measure (frequently from 13th cent. in British sources), chest, trunk (from 1300 in British sources), kind of water tower or fountain (1443 and 1451 in British sources).Parallels in other languages. Compare Middle Dutch standaert upright post, military flag (Dutch standaard , standerd ), Middle Low German stanthart , Middle High German stanthart , stantharte , standart , standert (German Standarte ), both in the sense ‘military flag’, which either reflect an underlying West Germanic compound or were borrowed < French at a later date (if so, in some forms with folk-etymological alteration after cognates of stand v. and hard adv.). Compare ( < French) Old Occitan estandart , estendart , Catalan estandard (14th cent.), Spanish estandarte (early 14th cent.), Portuguese estandarte (15th cent.), Italian stendardo (14th cent.), and also Danish standart (in early modern Danish as standar ), Swedish standar (17th cent., also as estandar ), all in the sense ‘military flag, banner’. Compare further (in the same sense) Welsh †ystondardd , ystondard , †standart , etc. (13th cent. as estondardd ; < either Anglo-Norman or Middle English). Compare (in the same sense, but with different suffix) post-classical Latin standale (12th cent.), standalis (14th cent.), Old French estandale (13th cent.), Italian †stendale (1307 as stentale ). The senses at branch A. III. developed within Britain (see below) and were subsequently borrowed from English into many other languages in the post-medieval period, typically retaining the English form (even where this differs form an earlier word for a military flag), e.g. French standard (1692, earliest with reference to English currency), German Standard (late 17th cent., earliest with reference to currency). Variant forms. In the form standar'd at α. forms (which is attested both for the adjective and the noun) apparently reanalysed as an adjective with -ed suffix2 or as a conversion of the past participle of a verb ending in -er (compare the discussion at stander n.); compare †standered in quot. 1606 at standard v. 1. In forms with o in the first syllable (e.g. stondard at α. forms) probably influenced by Middle English stonde , variant of stand v. Anglo-Norman forms with -au- (such as staundard and estaundart ) do not seem to be reflected in English; this may be due to the high register of many of the earlier senses, especially in branch A. III., which may have led to a stronger influence from forms retaining the continental French vowel, and from Latin. Compare also the discussion of stander n., which has a marked semantic overlap with branch A. II. Specific senses. With under the standard of at sense A. 1d compare Middle French sous l'estandard de (1418; French sous l'étandard de ). With use in ornithology (see sense A. 7) compare standardwing n. and the discussion of the taxonomic name at that entry. The senses of branch A. III. originally arose in Britain. The first of these senses, denoting a legal weight or measure (see A. 15) is attested slightly earlier in Anglo-Norman and Latin than it is in English; compare (in this sense) post-classical Latin standardus (frequently from 13th cent. in British sources), Anglo-Norman estandard (a1280 as estaundart ); this use may be a development of the sense ‘military flag or banner’ (see sense A. 1), with the royal standard taken as the symbol of royal authority, e.g. to impose the legal norms (compare also later sense A. 4). The senses in branches A. II. and A. IV. have been reinforced by association with stand v. With branch A. II. compare stander n. I., from which it is sometimes difficult to distinguish. Several of these senses refer to tall erect structures, which also associates them with the underlying sense of the French etymon and (hence) sense A. 1. With use with reference to a packing case or chest (see sense A. 8) compare post-classical Latin standardum (from 1300 in British sources, in this sense). With use with reference to a tub or barrel (see sense A. 11) compare Anglo-Norman estandard small barrel (late 13th cent. in an isolated attestation) and earlier stand n.2, stander n. 2, and standel n.1 With use with reference to a public water fountain (see sense A. 14) compare post-classical Latin standardum (1443 and 1451 in British sources, in this sense). The senses in branch A. IV. show miscellaneous special developments. With old standard at sense A. 26b compare slightly earlier old stander at stander n. 8. With use with reference to a suit of clothes (see sense A. 28) compare earlier stand n.1 25. Potential earlier evidence. Compare the following early examples, although it is unclear whether these should be interpreted as showing the Anglo-Norman or the Middle English word; each of these predates unambiguous evidence of the respective sense in English, and some are not paralleled in unambiguously Anglo-Norman sources. With use with reference to a legal measure (see sense A. 15a; earlier than branch A. III.):1327 Manorial Documents in Mod. Philol. (1936) 34 55 j bussellus secundum standard. With use with reference to an upright post (see sense A. 10a; earlier than branch A. II.):1331 in J. Raine Fabric Rolls York Minster (1859) 355 [For 12 large poles for] standards [for the scaffold, 10s.]. With use with reference to a tree (probably see sense A. 13a; although this sense is not otherwise attested in Anglo-Norman):1369–70 Manorial Documents in Mod. Philol. (1936) 34 52 Henricus Hare amputavit infra boscum domini ij standard. With use with reference to a packing chest (see sense A. 8; this sense is not otherwise attested in Anglo-Norman, but it is paralleled in post-classical Latin):1375 Accts. Exchequer King's Remembrancer (P.R.O.: E 101/397) m. 3/2 j. Standard magn[um] ferro ligatum, vj. Ciste magne ferro ligate. With use with reference to armour (see sense A. 12; although this sense is not otherwise attested in Anglo-Norman):1375 Accts. Exchequer King's Remembrancer (P.R.O.: E 101/397) m. 3/1 Cxliiij standard pro loricis. With use with reference to a service book (see A. 24; although this sense is not otherwise attested in Anglo-Norman):c1400 in J. Raine Fabric Rolls York Minster (1859) 244 Super librum vocatum standard. Related quotation. With use with reference to a kind of arrow (see sense A. 19) perhaps compare the following earlier passage, which appears to refer to a standardized length of arrows (compare sense A. 15):1465–6 in Statute Rolls Parl. Ireland (1914) III. 292 Chescunn englois homme..aura vne englois arke..xij. dez fleches del longour de iij. quartours del estandant [‘..twelve arrows three quarters of the standard in length’]. Evidence from place names. Earlier currency with reference to a tree in a coppice (see sense A. 13a) may be implied in field names such as Standerdbuske, Nottinghamshire (13th cent.) and le Standard, Cambridgeshire (13th cent.), although it is difficult to determine the original sense of these names. A. n. I. A military, naval, or ceremonial flag or ensign, and related senses. 1. society > communication > indication > insignia > standard > [noun] society > armed hostility > military organization > insignia > [noun] > flag, banner, or standard > standard indicating rallying point ?a1160 (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1138 Him [sc. the king of Scotland] com togænes Willelm eorl of Albamar..& to [read te] other æuez men mid fæu men & fuhten wid heom & flemden þe king æt te Standard. c1325 (c1300) (Calig.) 6175 Edmond diȝte is stondard ware he ssolde him sulue abide. c1400 (?a1300) (Laud) (1952) 2378 To Ymagu hij turneden pas, Þere þe kynges standarde was. c1500 (?a1475) (1896) l. 825 All these seuyn capteynes had standardes of pryce. 1588 R. Parke tr. J. G. de Mendoza 165 A watch towre..who had discouered our shippe, and knew the standard or flagge to bee the kings. 1609 P. Holland tr. Ammianus Marcellinus xv. vii. 43 An high banke above which stood the maine standerds of Eagles and other ensignes. 1630 tr. G. Botero (rev. ed.) 314 Every Citie hath his principall Standard, with their peculiar armes and devices therein, to distinguish one people from another. 1656 Earl of Monmouth tr. T. Boccalini (1674) i. lxxxv. 112 Francisco Pico..was made Standard-bearer; and, in his Standard-General, bore the famous Ensign of an open Book. 1737 A. Pope ii. ii. 5 He..Tore down a Standard, took the Fort and all. 1804 12 46 The late dispute respecting the capture of the standard of the Invincibles before Alexandria. 1864 E. B. Pusey (1876) 114 The black eagle is the standard of Prussia. 1975 M. A. Yonah & I. Shatzman (U.S. ed.) 422/2 The aquila (eagle), made of silver, was the standard of the legion from Marius' time. 2006 J. Wilson (2013) (e-book ed.) That act, redolent..of a general displaying the standard of a vanquished enemy. c1390 W. Hilton Mixed Life (Vernon) in C. Horstmann (1895) I. 289 (MED) Þi sauter..is euermore a syker standart and wol not fayle; who so wole cleue þerto, he schal not erre. 1532 T. More ii. p. cv Some that were heretyques in dede, and wolde..auaunce theyr owne heresyes forwarde vnder the name and standard of his [sc. Origen's] famouse authoryte. 1613 S. Purchas 87 No crueltie or sacriledge against God, or man, so irreligious..but Religion was pretended to be the cause, and bare the Standard to Destruction. 1688 King James II in J. Gutch (1781) I. 339 I tell you this is a Standard of Rebellion: I never saw such an address! 1856 26 250 [They] if they did not vote against him, at least deserted their standard, and did not vote at all. 1888 J. Bryce II. lxx. 566 The gain of even twenty or thirty votes..is so likely to bring fresh recruits to his standard. 2001 91 94 All of the psychologists rallying under his standard look to have had good access to extensive listings of his writings. society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > dwelling place or abode > accommodation or lodging > [noun] > quarters > headquarters 1481 W. Caxton tr. ii. xviii. sig. g8v There [sc. in hell] deth holdeth his standard [Fr. son estandart], whiche sendeth out thurgh all the world for to fetche them that ben his. society > armed hostility > military service > [adverb] > serving under specific standard c1500 (1895) 164 Your vassall & seruaunt shal I euer be vnder the standart of your gouernance. 1667 J. Milton vii. 297 As Armies at the call Of Trumpet..Troop to thir Standard . View more context for this quotation 1737 R. Glover i. 155 They with dread Will shrink before your standards. 1840 C. Thirlwall VII. lvii. 241 In a short time he..had a body of more than 2000 horse under his standard. 1902 G. S. Whitmore iii. 31 There was a danger of the whole of the West Coast tribes making common cause against the Government, and joining the standard of Titokowaru. 2009 50 477 Khmel'nyts'kyi's army was disintegrating... His Crimean Tatar allies were leaving him—just 300 of them remained under his standard. 1811 (title of newspaper) The American Standard. 1827 (title of newspaper) The Standard. 1903 A. M. Binstead iii. 79 A fifth document..guaranteeing them the starting-price as returned nightly in The Evening Standard. 1992 Feb. 8/1 A recent article in the Nairobi Standard. 1999 22 Jan. a7/1 The journalists, who work for The Sunday Standard, said they had been beaten. society > armed hostility > armed forces > the Army > group with special function or duty > [noun] > reserves c1325 (c1300) (Calig.) 8252 Þes tueye adde þe meste ost þat as standard was þere Vor to helpe hor felawes wanne hii weri were. society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > soldier with special duty > [noun] > standard-bearer a1425 (?a1300) (Linc. Inn) (1952) 1987 Sendiþ Ymagu ȝoure standard And Archilaus in þe furste ward. 1481 W. Caxton tr. (1893) xcviii. 150 Theyr estandart had ben longe seke by thoccasion of his hurte. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) iii. ii. 16 Thou shalt bee my Lieutenant Monster, or my Standard . View more context for this quotation 1796 20 The standard must take care never to oblige the wheeling man to exceed a moderate gallop. 1832 iii. 101 The Standard and his Coverer resume their posts. 4. society > armed hostility > military organization > insignia > [noun] > flag, banner, or standard a1439 J. Lydgate (Bodl. 263) ix. l. 3144 (MED) Afforn destroied his castellis & his touns..His princis slayn, ther baneres nor penouns Nor brode standardis mihte hem nat auaile; The tras out souht, spoilled of plate & maile. 1548 f. liiiv Barges garnished with standardes, stremers and penons. 1589 (rev. ed.) i. xviii. 33 Knights bannerets are made in the field, with the ceremonie of cutting off the poynt of his standert, and making it as it were a baner. 1644 E. Walsingham 12 His Majesties Banner Royall, vulgarly called the Standard. 1811 11 A Field Marshal is to be saluted with the Colours and Standards of all the Forces. 1868 §6 The Standards of Regiments of Dragoon Guards are to be of silk damask. 1979 M. Pearson ii. 12 Captain Geyer..had escaped south on a white horse..carrying with him the blue silk standard of the regiment. 2001 B. Hoey (2002) vi. 87 The moment she [sc. the Queen] leaves the Palace the Standard is lowered, and the very second she takes up residence again, the Standard is hoisted. society > armed hostility > armed forces > the Army > unit of army > [noun] > regiment > division of cavalry regiment 1571 sig. H.jv/2 Vne Cornette des cheuailliers, a cornet or standard of horsemen, commonly a hundreth. 1580 C. Hollyband Vne Cornette de chevalliers, a cornet or standard of horsemen. 1678 No. 1313/3 The French have received a reinforcement of 15 Standards. 1608 G. Markham & L. Machin iii. sig . F3 Alp. Direct me to her bed chamber, my noble firelock of a flesh pistoll. Co. Follow thy colours my braue worthy, mount vp thy standard, so enter and prosper. 1643 6 We Midwives know that women are not so cold or out of soule, but that they can endure a fight bravely under a Standard, and can use a weapon as well as men if they get it in their handling. 1749 J. Cleland II. 193 He stood with his label of manhood, now lank, unstiffen'd,..his eyes, by turns cast down towards his struck standard, or piteously lifted to Louisa. 1762 in ‘Pisanus Fraxi’ (1885) III. 277 The pleasure the lady's graceful entrance gave him..erected that standard, the peculiar distinction of his sex. 6. the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > particular flower or plant esteemed for flower > [noun] > iris and related flowers > irises > part of 1676 J. Rea (ed. 2) i. xx. 107 Iris of the Maldives hath straw falls, pale yellow arches, mixt with blew, and lively blew standards mixt with yellow. 1785 T. Martyn in tr. J. J. Rousseau xiv. 161 The three outermost of these parts or petals are bent downwards, and thence are called falls; the three inner ones stand erect, and have the name of standards. 1881 29 Oct. 442/3 The base of each standard stands out quite distinct from the base of the claw of the fall on each side of it. 1970 R. Gorer vii. 124 Varieties with three falls should have these overlapping at the base and slightly concave, while the standards should not be narrow nor too erect. 2017 telegraph.co.uk (Nexis) 18 Feb. (Gardening section) ‘Eyecatcher’ lives up to its name, with white falls marked and spotted in blue and yellow and blue-streaked white standards. the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > flower or part containing reproductive organs > [noun] > parts of > petal > of particular shape or position 1725 P. Blair iii. 103 Some [flowers] have the Vexillum or Standard large, and some less, and other small Flowers seem to want it intirely. 1870 J. D. Hooker 103 Lathyrus hirsutus..Flowers ½ in.; standard crimson. 1919 A. R. Horwood IV. 23 Insects..insert their proboscis under the vexillum or standard. 2020 @KateGold24 19 July in twitter.com (accessed 12 Aug. 2021) Two from the pea family: Hop Trefoil and, I think, Tall Melilot. No pods to help with id but the standard, wings and keel of the flower are about the same length. the world > animals > birds > parts of or bird defined by > [noun] > wing or wings > feather(s) on > primary feather(s) > outermost 1859 G. R. Gray in 130 It [sc. a bird of paradise] has, springing from the lesser coverts of each wing, two long shafts, both of which are webbed on each side at the apex. It is the possession of these peculiar winged standards that induces me to propose for it the subgeneric appellation of Semioptera. 1903 W. L. Sclater III. 42 The ninth [primary] is prolonged to about three times the length of the first and forms the so-called streamer or standard. 1911 J. Bland-Sutton xxx. 384 When wooing, the cock drops noiselessly on the ground in front of the hen and moves the wings in such a way as to wave the standards over his head in front of her. 2007 P. Frances et al. 291/2 Outside the breeding season, the male [Standard-winged Nightjar] moults its standards, which grow longer each year. II. A thing standing or placed upright or vertical. society > occupation and work > equipment > receptacle or container > box > [noun] > chest > large 1395 in F. J. Furnivall (1882) 5 (MED) I bequethe..a chariot with twey standardes heled with lether, which that serueth for myn harneys. 1464 in J. H. Parker (1859) III. 113 A square standarde, and covered with blaakletheir, and bowden with yrne.., with 2 lokys... A grete red standerd, full of stuff... A gret standard of the Chapell bounde wth ierne with 2 lokks. 1530 in N. H. Nicolas (1827) 43 For ij standardes for to cary plate fro yorke place to hampton courte. ?a1562 G. Cavendish (1959) 122 The kyng caused to be sent hyme iijre or iiijor Cartloodes of stuffe, And most parte thereof was lokked in great standerdes. 1663 in E. F. Rimbault (1872) 83 The Sergeant shall..deliver the Gentlemen their surplices out of the standard. 2008 G. Simpson in J. McNeill 58 Examples of pine standards do actually survive in the Netherlands and north Germany. 9. the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > candle > support or holder for a candle > [noun] > types of the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > torch > [noun] > wax torch 1434–5 in H. E. Salter (1933) 32 (MED) To the standardes, vi lib. of newe wex, pris ii s. ix d..i lib. of the holde wex was lefte of the standards made small Beteres to the Rodelofte. c1440 (a1400) (Thornton) l. 451 Sythene he..clathes gune calle, Sanapes and salers..Preketes and broketes, and standertis [c1475 Taylor stondartis, a1500 Douce stondardes] by-twene. 1488 in (1877) 45 116 A payre of Candelstyckks, greate standards for grete tapers, of tynne. 1552 in (1869) 4 97 Item ij stondardes of lattyn. 1605 R. Treswell 51 The roome was garnished with three hundred and twenty lights of wax, al set in standerds of siluer, of diuers fashions. 1611 J. Florio Doppione, a great torch of waxe, which we call a standard or a quarrier. 1851 A. W. Pugin 23 This screen is surmounted by standards for wax tapers. 1860 21 72 The church is lighted with brass gas standards. 1953 P. Cowley v. 148 If for festivals more candles are needed, then they should be in standards on the pavement—not on a step—in front of the altar. 2002 V. Harding 195 The number and resulting splendour of candles, tapers, torches, and standards could be multiplied almost indefinitely, and a grand funeral could have hundreds of lights. the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > [noun] > lamp > standard or floor lamp 1885 July 112/3 The standards are different according to taste, some solid, others cast in fancy brass. They are very pretty, finished with French globes, and very useful to read by, reaching about four feet from the ground. 1910 H. G. Wells New Machiavelli iii. iii, in Sept. 292 The light of the big electric standard in the corner. 1939 O. Lancaster 10 All over Europe the lights are going out..olde Tudor lanthorns, standards and wall-brackets. 1993 (Nexis) 28 Aug. (Saturday Extra section) 12 Remove the centre light, replacing it with a ceiling fan. Then, add table lamps and standards, using individual fittings for specific highlighting. 10. the world > space > relative position > support > [noun] > that which supports > a vertical support, post, or stake the world > space > relative position > vertical position > [noun] > vertical object or part > pole or stake society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > base metal > [noun] > lead > lead in specific form > sheet > turned up edge of 1439 in L. F. Salzman (1952) 513 (MED) John Heywood..to eythir dore of the same chapel..shal do maken a louke..and to the ton dore there a porche of ij standardys archyd and bownden with a beme couplyd. ?c1450 (Trin. Cambr.) (1908) 487 At the Ledenhall in Cornhill..a standard of tre was set in myddys of the pavement fast in the grounde, nayled with holme and Ive, for disport of Cristmasse to þe peple of the Cite. 1477–9 in H. Littlehales (1905) 85 (MED) For xxv foote of Elmyn borde, for steppes and standardis for the same steyre, vj d. 1502 in N. H. Nicolas (1830) 25 Item..to John Coneway smyth for foure transoms and xij standardes. 1587 L. Mascall (1596) 72 Their standarts and posts to fasten them [sc. oxen] by, would be round and smooth. 1609 P. Holland tr. Ammianus Marcellinus xxiii. iii. 222 Whereupon the standard [of a ballista: L. stilus] being now at libertie with that quicke stroke..hurleth out the stone. 1627 in A. Macdonald & J. Dennistoun (1843) III. ii. 369 (note) For gilting the Cok and thanis and culloring of the same yallow with the glob and standart and stanes above the steiple heid. 1700 14 Fir Poles, of several lengths for Standards and Ledgers for Scaffolding. 1840 F. Whishaw 391 The distances are marked from either end of the line on stone standards. 1853 115 The stairs in bruising-house and harness-room to be constructed with steps and standards of sufficient strength. 1856 E. T. Hurlstone & J. Gordon XI. 183 The wires..for the..use of the railway company rest upon all the posts or standards in the respondent's township. 1869 W. J. M. Rankine Pl.D 5 The same turning table also carries the standard, F, which supports the main gearing. 1907 H. Wyndham xxxiii At intervals [along the Embankment] rose the tall standards of the electric lights. 2010 C. McKay viii. 112/1 In the belfry, a substantial wrought-iron framework had been built to hang the bells. This was made of 12 cast-iron standards that stood at about 15° from the vertical, three standards on each of the four sides of the frame. society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > parts of vessels > body of vessel > [noun] > timbers of hull > angular supporting timber c1620 Treat. Shipbuilding (modernized text) in W. Salisbury & R. C. Anderson (1958) 11 Every beam of the orlop must have four side knees and two standards. 1748 B. Robins & R. Walter ii. iv. 158 Two standards and several clamps were broken. 1874 S. J. P. Thearle (new ed.) I. iii. xiii. 222 Standards are knees for connecting the stern posts to the deck beams of screw ships... Standards were fitted in sailing ships connecting the fore side of inner post with the after end of the keelson. 2013 W. L. Crothers xv. 219/1 Outboard ends were kneed to the bilge ceiling with standards on the upper side. the world > food and drink > farming > tools and implements > ploughing equipment > [noun] > plough > sheath 1652 W. Blith xxix. 203 By a Standard put into the end of it [sc. the plough-beam]. 1727 R. Bradley Compl. Body Husb. 43 in (1766) at Plough CC are the sheaths or standards. 1895 W. Rye Sill Iron, the iron which connects the plough with the standards, jigs, or carriage, of a Norfolk plough. society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > cart, carriage, or wagon > carriage for conveying persons > [noun] > parts of > specific frame timbers 1669 S. Pepys 26 Apr. (1976) IX. 535 I..do resolve upon having the standards of my coach gilt with this new sort of varnish. 1669 S. Pepys 1 May (1976) IX. 540 We went alone through the town with our new Liverys..and the standards thus gilt with varnish. 1874 W. Kemmis 88 Galvanized iron hoops are jointed to the front and rear standards for hoods, and the front standards are strengthened by jointed stays. 2009 May 137/1 There is one low central step and a small tread on the curved stay to each hind standard, level with the footmen's cushion. the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile manufacture > manufacture textile fabric or that which consists of > manufacture of textile fabric > [noun] > weaving > loom > heddle(s) > leaf of 1807 J. Duncan iv. 184 In the open shed Fig. 1. the half leaves work in an opposite direction to the standards, and leave room for the warp to rise and sink in the space between the leaves and standards. 1832 G. R. Porter iii. vii. 231 That [sc. thread] from above passes through the lower doup of one standard; and the other half leaf, which is attached below, passes through the upper doup of the second standard. 1979 S. A. Zielinski IV. 90 It [sc. Leno (gauze)] can be woven either in the traditional set-up with doups and standards, or with doups alone. society > faith > artefacts > furniture > seat > pew > [noun] > end of 1843 6 425/2 A set of well-carved oaken standards is a peculiarly appropriate gift to a church. 1916 J. C. Cox ii. 55 Marsh Gibbon.—There are many early seventeenth century pews in the nave, five of which have standards with panelled sides and knob finials. society > occupation and work > equipment > receptacle or container > vessel > tub > [noun] > large 1454 in J. A. Kingdon (1886) II. 355 Firste ij Aale standardes and iiij Cantelles of tymber for Wyn. 1535 Will of Johane Broke in F. W. Weaver (1890) 116 ij vates, a standerde, a barell and a kole. 1712 Inventory in A. Jervise (1853) 342 In ye kitchen..a droping pan, a standirt. 1867 W. F. Rock ii. 21 A standard, an' four heaters. society > armed hostility > military equipment > armour > neck armour > [noun] 1464 in (1841) 194 My mastyr lent hym a payr of breganderys cueryd wyth blak ledyr and a stondard of mayll. 1465 in F. W. Fairholt & H. A. Dillon (1885) II. 379 (MED) A standard of gesserant garnesshed with silver. 1465 M. Paston in (2004) I. 300 Sertyn harnys... In-primis,..a standerd of mayle [etc.]. ?a1500 in 5th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS: Pt. 1 (1876) App. 445 in (C. 1432) XL. 1 Fower standardys with two gossetts of mayl. 1530 J. Palsgrave 275/2 Standart of mayle, gorgerin. 1885 H. A. Dillon (ed. 3) I. 205 [On monuments 1391 and 1412] the camail is replaced by, or covered over with, a standard of plate. 2001 P. B. Newman vi. 206/2 A collar of mail was also worn around the arming doublet's collar. Called a standard, the mail collar provided the last line of defense for the knight's throat. 13. the world > plants > by growth or development > defined by habit > tree or woody plant > characterized by habitat > [noun] > forest tree > tree left standing 1473 J. Paston in (2004) I. 458 Þat þe standardys off suche mesure as he and I comonyd off maye also be reseruyd; I suppose it was xxx inche abowt a yerde from the grownde. 1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach ii. f. 94v I set them on the outside of my Orchard, as standardes to defend their fellowes from tempest and weather. 1669 J. Worlidge vi. 94 Felling of Coppices... Trimming up such as you spare for standards, as you go. 1677 R. Plot 206 That ancient Standard in the high-Park, known of all by the name of the Kings Oak. 1775 W. Marshall 31 July (1778) This pulled up the running weeds; the standards left, were readily drawn by hand. 1799 J. Robertson 238 If the advantage of the copse alone is attended to, no standard should be left, except such seedlings as appear necessary to renew the stocks. 1868 J. Grigor xiv. 127 Although the larch is not a coppice tree,..it is less objectionable than many kinds as a standard in coppice, as it rises in an upright figure. 1981 G. F. Peterken ii. 21/2 The standards were generally felled when, by modern estimates, they were still small. 2010 P. A. Thomas in B. G. Bowes x. 199 (caption) The sparse canopy of Fraxinus excelsior (ash) and Tilia spp. (lime) standards allows abundant light to reach the shrub layer of coppiced Corylus avellana (hazel). the world > plants > by growth or development > defined by habit > tree or woody plant > cultivated or valued > [noun] > standard or not dwarfed the world > plants > by growth or development > defined by habit > tree or woody plant > cultivated or valued > [noun] > fruit-tree > wall-tree or standard 1625 F. Bacon (new ed.) 277 Part of which Heapes, to be with Standards, of little Bushes, prickt upon their Top... The Standards to be Roses; Iuniper; Holly [etc.]. 1690 W. Temple Ess. Gardens of Epicurus in (1770) III. 218 [Gardens] part laid out for flowers, others for fruits; some standards, some against walls or palisadoes. 1713 A. Pope in 29 Sept. 2/1 The Trees, which were Standards, and suffered to grow to their full height. 1787 J. Abercrombie (ed. 11) 29 For standards, the principal sorts are apples, pears, plums, cherries, with smaller portions of quinces, medlars, mulberries, filberts, services, &c. 1830 J. Baxter 187 The fig tree may be grown either as a standard, espalier, or against a wall. 1903 Oct. 400 The only material difference between the experiments on dwarfs and standards respectively is that the late summer pruning.., while possibly beneficial to the former, was not so to the latter. 1977 tr. M. Schubert iii. 272 (margin) Space needed for fruit trees. Apples: large standards on wild rootstocks, 96-100 sq yd. 2018 (Nexis) 15 Sept. 60 Treat a medlar just like an apple tree. It's best grown as a standard or half-standard in the lawn. society > occupation and work > equipment > conveyor > [noun] > conduit, channel, or tube > pipe > for water > apparatus for drawing water from mains c1475 Gregory's Chron. in J. Gairdner (1876) 192 (MED) The same day aftyr-non was be-heddyd in Cheppe a-fore the Standard, Syr James Fynes. a1525 ( (1907) I. 157 Þat þe stondard of þe cundyte in þe Smythford-strete..shall not be doon awaye. 1580 c ij A standart with one cocke at Holborne bridge. 1598 J. Stow 316 A standard of timber with a cocke or cockes, deliuering fayre spring water to the inhabitants. 1631 B. Jonson Divell is Asse i. i. 56 in II I will fetch thee a leape From the top of Pauls-steeple, to the Standard in Cheepe. 1665 T. Herbert (new ed.) 164 Towers, most of which are terrassed near the top like the Standard in Cheap-side. 1853 W. M. Thackeray (1854) I. ii. 16 This paradise, five miles from the standard at Cornhill. III. An exemplar of something. 15. the world > relative properties > measurement > [noun] > that by which one measures > an authorized measuring standard 1424 in R. R. Sharpe (1909) I. 295 (MED) That the takynges of alle manere cornes and malt..be mesured..acordyng to the standard striken and not heped. 1429–30 (Electronic ed.) Parl. Sept. 1429 §36. m. 7 Weiytis..acordant to þe standard of þe chekier. a1500 in J. Raine (1890) 61 The sayd Burgese schall haffe ye standard, that is to say the buschell, halff a buschell,..the qwhyche mesures schuld agre wt the kynge's standard. 1588 W. Lambarde (new ed.) iv. iv. 456 If they of the towne where the kings Standerd is appointed to remaine, haue not their common weights and measures signed. 1622 F. Bacon 101 There was also a Statute, for the dispersing of the Standard of the Exchequor, throughout England; thereby to size Weights and Measures. 1694 J. Smith 45 A Royal Pendulum already Rectified, for a Standard to Adjust other Clocks by. 1728 E. Chambers at Measure The sealed Gallon at Guildhall, which is the Standard for Wines, Spirits, Oils, &c. 1799 Nov. 368 The standards of weight were a kilogramme of platina intended for the legislative body, and to be preserved with the most scrupulous attention for very important occasions, and several other kilogrammes of brass, made with the same exactness, and intended for civil use. 1821 J. Q. Adams in C. Davies (1871) iii. 278 To require, under suitable penal sanctions, that the weights and measures used at all the custom-houses, and land surveys, and post-offices,..should be conformable to the national standards. 1870 2 Sept. 5 The annual report of the Warden of the Standards lately issued. 1921 15 Sept. 928/1 Either the Clark or Weston cell may be used as a standard of voltage. 1969 29 Aug. 868/2 Old standards such those for length and time were defined in terms of atomic properties; thereby the standards were made independently reproducible. 2015 Y. Choquet-Bruhat ii. 43 It is likely, however, that in the future, the caesium clock will be replaced as a standard by an optical clock. the world > relative properties > measurement > [noun] > that by which one measures > unit of measurement > legal magnitude of 1535–6 Act 27 Henry VIII c. 6 §1 in (1963) III. 535 Two Mares being not spayed...eche of them of the altitude or hieght of xiij handfulles..and every handfull to conteyne foure ynches of the standarde. 1609 i. C Citty wife. I haue a Ruffe is a quarter deepe, measured by the yard. Hostis. Indeede by the yard! Citty wife. By the standard. the world > space > extension in space > measurable spatial extent > [noun] > suitable or normal 1625 F. Bacon (new ed.) 174 Making Farmes, and houses of Husbandry, of a Standard; That is, maintained with such a Proportion of Land vnto them, as may breed a Subiect, to liue in Conuenient Plenty. 1694 P. Falle ii. 68 Almost all our Trees are Pollards;..The Husbandman being obliged to bring his Trees to a Standard, by Lopping of those..Luxuriant branches which..would cover his little Plots. the world > relative properties > measurement > [noun] > that by which one measures > unit of measurement 1646 Sir T. Browne vi. iii. 284 As for the divisions of the yeare, and the quartering out this remarkable standard of time, there have passed especially two distinctions. View more context for this quotation 1777 A. Bicknell 349 The principal standard of weight among the Britons was at once borrowed and denominated from the Roman Pondo; signifying, like that, a pound either in weight or in money. 1807 A. Aikin & C. R. Aikin II. 554 The new French metrical system is founded on a single standard of length which is called the Metre, and is the ten millionth part of the arc of the meridian which extends from the Equator to the Pole. 1830 J. F. W. Herschel 125 As a first preliminary towards effecting this, we fix on convenient standards of weight, dimension, time, &c. 1921 (Brit. Commerc. Gas Assoc.) ii. 92/2 An Act of Parliament, called the Sale of Gas Act, was passed in 1859, and defined the legal standard or unit of gas when sold by measure as the cubic foot. 2005 I. R. Morus viii. 256 The British Association's ohm, as the crucial standard of electrical resistance came to be called, was the product of much hard work and negotiation. the world > relative properties > measurement > [noun] > that by which one measures > thing or quantity taken as unit of measurement 1748 T. Rutherforth II. 542 Thus likewise it will be in all cases whatever, when water is made the standard with which to compare other bodies, and its specific gravity is reduced in this manner to 1. 1845 W. Gregory i. 31 Now these latter numbers are precisely the atomic weights or equivalents of oxygen and hydrogen, oxygen being made the standard. 1944 24 Mar. 248/1 2 loopfuls of the undiluted standard (in this case a P. notatum filtrate of known potency) were placed upon one disc. 1977 W. Hewitt i. 2 The two substances are a standard and a sample whose potency is to be determined. 2010 J. K. Casper vi. 118 Carbon is the standard with a GWP [= Global Warming Potential] of 1; all other gases are measured against it. the world > matter > colour > colouring > colouring matter > [noun] > dye > types of dyes 1808 A. Rees (1819) XI. at Dipping For pale blue, reduce the standard with 10, 15, or 20 measures of the solution of copperas. 1882 W. Crookes 379 A set of so-called ‘standards’. These are mixtures of colouring matters and mordants not liable to undergo change or decomposition, and which merely require the addition of a thickener..to be ready for printing. 1922 9 Oct. 265/1 A solution of one dyestuff known as a standard for this type of color is matched against a solution of an unknown by the use of two Nessler tubes..placed side by side. the world > life > the body > bodily height > [noun] 1833 J. Nyren 103 John was a stoutly-made man; his standard about five feet ten inches. society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > bowls or bowling > [noun] > measuring stick 1862 62 When it is doubtful which is the nearest bowl to the jack, it is decided by a standard if the distance be less than one yard. 1876 (U.S. reprint ed.) IV. 163/2 They [sc. pegs] are used for measuring which of two bowls is nearest the jack; and, if the distance be under a yard, the ‘standard’—consisting of a light straw or reed—may be called into requisition. 16. society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > precious metal > [noun] > gold or silver > degree of purity of 1464 in (1914) III. 114 Forasmuche as the said moneis of silver may not continually be made according to his right estandert. 1551 J. Williams (1836) 91 Golde..coyned into crownes of vs a pece, according to the standerde apperteyninge to the mynte. 1569 R. Grafton II. 121 At thys tyme was vsed to be coyned that standard and finenesse that was called sterling money. a1684 J. Evelyn anno 1683 (1955) IV. 340 He said it must be finer than the standard; such as was old Angel gold. 1691 J. Locke Considerations Raising Value Money in (1714) II. 68 That precise Weight and Fineness, by Law appropriated to the Pieces of each Denomination, is called the Standard. 1772–3 c. 52 §4 Plate, being of the standard of eleven ounces ten pennyweight of fine silver per pound troy [shall be marked with] the figure of..Britannia. 1852 A. Ryland iii. 28 The standards for gold are 22 and 18 carats of pure metal in every ounce... The coinage is of the higher standard... The lower standard is used for all manufacturing purposes... The standards for silver are 11 oz. 10 dwt., and 11 oz. 2 dwt. of pure metal in every pound troy... The higher standard is never used. 1997 J. Williams iv. 90/2 The Byzantine standard of 4.55 grams was now adjusted to 20 Arabic carats—4.25 grams—the weight also known as the mithqal. 2009 P. Merriman iv. 72 Probably the oldest standard still in use today is sterling silver, consisting of silver and copper in the fixed ratio of 92.5 per cent silver to 7.5 per cent copper. society > trade and finance > merchandise > [noun] > commodity of standard value 1683 47 Some one or other Commodity was every where found out to be the Standard of Commerce and Traffick. 1757 J. Harris 84 In these parts of the world, silver is, and time immemorial hath been, the money standard. 1776 A. Smith I. i. v. 43 Labour..is..the only standard by which we can compare the values of different commodities at all times and at all places. View more context for this quotation 1825 J. R. McCulloch i. 25 Having been used..as standards whereby to measure the relative value of different commodities. 1997 C. A. Gregory 256 The cowrie can be, and has been, a standard of significant value..throughout history. 17. the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > conformity to or with a pattern, etc. > [noun] > a standard or norm c1475 (c1445) R. Pecock (1921) 212 (MED) Which consideraciouns þou schalt not recchelesly forȝete, but poynt hem in a papir, and þo same reherce in anoþir daie iourney, with þe standerdis of þe seid ‘book of cristen religioun.’ 1568 T. Harding i. f. 23 By this he maketh the Faith, not a Standerd to measure our opinions, and iudgementes by, as it ought to be, but he maketh the willes and fansies of the Lordes, the Standerd, whereby to measure our Faith. 1673 J. Dryden Ep. Ded. sig. A3v You have serv'd Him..: making His Greatness, and the true Interest of your Country, the standard and measure of your actions. 1779 No. 30. ⁋8 Let them [sc. the inexperienced] not believe that the scale of fortune is the standard of happiness. 1790 E. Burke 61 The degree of estimation in which any profession is held becomes the standard of the estimation in which the professors hold themselves. View more context for this quotation 1888 J. Bryce I. x. 126 The English reader must be cautioned against applying his English standards to the examination of the American system. 1946 S. T. Felstead i. 15 The words of these melodies might have been a trifle maudlin, judged by present-day standards, but the music..has withstood the test of time. 2014 J. Ellenberg 3 He was drawn to subjects abstract and recondite even by the standards of pure mathematics: set theory and metric spaces. the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > an individual case or instance > [noun] > definitive a1500 (c1477) T. Norton (BL Add.) (1975) l. 128 This boke, Namyd of Alchymye the ordinalle, The crede michi, the standarde perpetuall. 1565 J. Jewel iv. xxii. 277 What if Rome be become the greate Babylon..? Yet may wee not departe from thence? Yet must that be the Rule, and Standarde of Gods Religion? 1665 R. Boyle v. v. sig. Ll1v Men will be asham'd to be unlike those, whose Customs and Deportments pass for the Standards, by which those of other Men are to be measur'd. 1676 M. Hale i. 304 He was exhibited, as the common standard and pattern of a Christian's condition. 1715 H. Felton (ed. 2) 174 Among the Romans, Horace is the Standard of Lyric, and Virgil of Epic Poetry. 1742 R. West Let. 4 Apr. in T. Gray (1971) I. 190 [Racine's] language is the language of the times, and that of the purest sort; so that his French is reckoned a standard. 1839 H. Hallam IV. vii. 507 The Academy..rendered this dictionary the most received standard of the French language. 1924 Oct. 3 (advt.) Only the highest quality could have established the Victrola as the standard by which all talking-machines are judged. 1989 P. Horowitz & W. Hill (ed. 2) x. 729/2 Look for ‘Hayes-compatible’ modems..that are now the de facto standard used by all communications software. 2001 7 Apr. c4/1 There's an energy to the Grand Prix of Long Beach. And it's that vitality which makes this annual gathering of race-goers the standard by which all other events on the CART circuit are measured. 2011 (National ed.) 2 Nov. b3/1 Among those under 30..Internet TV has become the standard. society > faith > aspects of faith > creed > [noun] > formulation of > as document 1746 A. Stevenson 42 My Reasons for excluding the Old Confession, Books of Discipline, Covenants National and Solemn League, Form and Order of Church Goveanment [sic], &c. from being any part of the Religion now authorised amongst us..is, that I find none of the foresaid Standards now authorised properly and formally as Religion. 1841 XXI. 175/1 All the divisions of the Seceders..agree in adopting as their standards, in addition to the Westminster Confession of Faith [certain works of their founders]. 1848 G. Struthers 293 These considerations..induced them simply to proclaim their adherence to the Westminster standards. 1881 J. Macpherson (1882) 1 A Confession of Faith..is accepted by members of churches acknowledging it, simply as a subordinate standard. 1994 July 28/2 The church Doctrine Committee recommended to Assembly that Living Faith be added to our subordinate standards which already include the Westminster Confession and the Declaration of Faith Concerning Church and Nation. the world > action or operation > behaviour > a standard of conduct > [noun] > moral principle(s) 1893 A. H. Morton 178 People who have high standards themselves are apt to be intolerant of gross offenders against social rules. 1896 M. E. Sangster xxxix. 157 Through meretricious reading, or talk with silly young women who have low standards. 1921 July 19/1 I cannot meet competition and remain true to my standards, and I will not lower my standards. 1985 J. B. Hilton ii. 18 I suppose we've got to expect this sort of thing. These people have no standards. 2017 C. Anderson (new ed.) 78 At least give me credit for having a few standards. 18. the world > relative properties > number > mathematical number or quantity > [noun] > particular qualities > definite or indefinite 1545 sig. bvj Knyues of collayne the groce xxx.s. Knyues of roue the standerde v.s. society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > wood > [noun] > building wood > measure or quantity of 1811 P. Kelly I. 261 Deals are mostly sold by the Hundred of six score. The standard for Petersburgh and East Country deals is 12 Feet long, 11 Inches wide, and 1½ Inch thick. 1864 17 Aug. A ‘Petersburgh Standard’..consists of 120 deals of 12 feet long by 11 inches wide and 1½ inch thick. [This = 165 cubic feet.] 1891 91 192/2 The vessel contained about 1000 standards... A standard was 165 cubic feet of timber. 1964 R. Millward ii. xii. 358 The modern sawmill at Veitsiluoto..produced 43,000 standards of timber in 1959. 2013 Z. Ollerenshaw in L. A. DiMatteo et al. ix. 207 A contract for the supply of timber..included an option for the customer to purchase 100,000 standards of timber. society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > missile > arrow > [noun] > other types of arrow 1557 in (1888) App. iii. 177, 178 Who will comme..and take a longe bowe in his hande,—havinge the standarde therin therefore prouyded,..shall haue for the best game a Crowne of golde... And for the best game of the bearinge arrowe, he shall haue [etc.]... And for the best game of the flight, he shall haue [etc.]... And..there shalbe a trumpett blowen at euerye shott, aswell of the standarde, as of the arrowe or flight. 1598 J. Stow 77 Of old time..the Officers of the Citie..were challengers of all men..to shoote the Standarde, broade arrow, and flight, for games. 1682 W. M. Remembr. Show & Shooting 1583 in W. Wood 51 Then came the Duke..bearing a Standard Arrow in his hand.] 20. the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > conformity to or with a pattern, etc. > [noun] > a standard or norm > viewed as object of endeavour, etc. 1711 Ld. Shaftesbury III. Misc. iii. i. 139 'Twas thus they [sc. the Greeks] brought their beautiful and comprehensive Language to a just Standard... The Standard was in the same proportion carry'd into other Arts. 1766 J. Fordyce I. i. 11 Act up to the best standard of your sex. 1780 No. 79. ⁋18 We are told that those manners should be painted, not as they are found in nature, but according to an ideal standard of perfection in what is called the golden age. c1800 S. Pegge (1814) 38 During his translation of Quintus Curtius..it [sc. the French language] had varied so much that he was obliged to correct the former part of the work to bring it to the standard of the other. 1827 E. Bulwer-Lytton i. 45 Neither in person nor in character was he much beneath or above the ordinary standard of men. 1894 Apr. 770/1 He must maintain a certain standard of scholarship or he will be dropped. 1981 E. K. Blankenbaker vi. 76/1 Gas water heaters which have met industry standards bear the American Gas Association (AGA) seal of approval. 1997 G. J. W. Urwin xxix. 547 The officers established a high standard of military discipline. 2009 P. Glennie & N. Thrift iii. 90 The kind of practical knowledge that comes from being involved in installation, maintenance or repair, or in amateur tinkerings that have reached the standard of some professionals. society > education > educational administration > examination > [noun] > school examinations society > education > learning > learner > one attending school > [noun] > division of pupils > form or class 1862 W. R. Morrison 16 The reading prescribed for Standard V. is actually more difficult than the reading required a year later, in Standard VI. 1867 G. S. A. Pillay in Rep. Progress Educ. in India 1866–70 238 in (1870) (C. 397) LII. 1 Supposing the pay of the teacher of a 2nd Anglo-vernacular standard class to be 25 rupees. 1878 F. Kilvert 16 Jan. (1977) 300 Gave the upper standards at the school questions on paper on the Catechism. 1902 V. Jacob xv When the village urchins are still wrestling with the fourth ‘standard’. 1915 D. H. Lawrence xiii. 353 She made friends with the Standard Three teacher. 1973 17 Mar. 7/1 He left Trinidad a Seventh standard pupil of the St. Helena C.M. School. 1988 S. Gray iv. 67 If I don't pass Standard Seven I will be out on the streets. 1999 T. May 29/2 All children in England and Wales were required to attend school until the age of ten, while children aged between ten and thirteen might leave once they had achieved Standard Five. 2004 3 Apr. 1/3 The two boys were in Standard Seven and Four at Gongo la Mboto and Jeshi primary schools, respectively. 1882 8 July 708/3 The only athlete who came out to do battle in the Mile did so more with the intention of gaining the medal for beating the standard of 4 min 32 sec than from any idea of upsetting George. 1959 June 20/2 Our American girl athletes will have to show some marked improvement before the first of August next year to equal many of the qualifying standards set up for the girls' events. 2019 (Nexis) 28 Dec. The London Marathon in April is the ‘trial race’ for the Olympics, with the British Athletics men's standard for Japan 2 hours 11 minutes 30 seconds. society > trade and finance > monetary value > price > [noun] > other specific prices 1778 W. Pryce iv. ii. 242 Ore buyers..did not, neither would they offer at so high a standard for Copper Regule as they would for Copper Ore. 1855 J. R. Leifchild 233 The term ‘standard of copper’..denotes the estimated value of the fine copper per ton, considered from the various assays to be in the ores sold; less a fixed sum per ton..deducted for the cost of smelting... When I began this book the standard of copper was £125, 5s., but it has since varied considerably. 1913 13 Sept. 18/5 London, Sept. 12.—Copper... Standard continued its advance on Monday. 1993 R. Read in J. Brown & M. B. Rose ix. 183 The agreement between Anglesey and Cornwall collapsed in February 1792 and the market reverted to ticketing and a floating Standard. 22. society > communication > book > kind of book > authoritative or standard book > [noun] 1837 G. Vale 17 Mr Paine's work is now a standard, though only an answer to an attack on the French Revolution, while Mr Burke's Reflections are scarcely heard of. 1889 30 Mar. 462 The old-fashioned book-store, with its supply of standards on the shelves tempting a customer to increase his library. 2003 17 May (FT Weekend section) w3/1 Pamela Redmond Satran, co-author of eight baby naming books, including the best-selling standard, Beyond Jason and Jennifer, Madison and Montana: What to Name Your Baby Now. society > leisure > the arts > music > piece of music > type of piece > [noun] > classic or standard 1895 G. M. Kelson iv. 109 The Baker... One of the oldest standards, and a favourite on most rivers. 1919 12 Dec. 7/5 It is now time that America should be equally concerned in a public music of something better than a ‘ragtime’ or ‘Jazz’ standard. 1938 ‘Jelly Roll Morton’ in Aug. 31/1 I also transformed..After the Ball, Back Home in Indiana, etc., and all standards that I saw fit. 1980 M. Booth v. 84 For an hour or so, the band jammed,..before going into standards that they knew and admired. 2015 (National ed.) 8 June a17/1 They performed work songs, union songs and gospel songs, and became known for American folk standards. the mind > language > a language > dialect > [noun] > standard 1904 18 Feb. 167/1 Each one of these variations in tone and pronunciation is bound to give us some day a conglomerate which will not be pure in inflection or pronunciation unless we have a single, spoken standard, to which all who call themselves educated will seek to conform. 1999 28 118 The failure of the Samnorsk (pan-Norwegian) movement to unite the two standards of Bokmål and Nynorsk. 2009 44 381/1 Together, the spoken standard (Mandarin) and written standard (Modern Written Chinese) constitute what is termed Modern Standard Chinese. IV. In various other senses (chiefly associated with the verb stand v.). society > faith > artefacts > book (general) > service book (general) > [noun] 1466 Inventory in (1887) 50 34 (MED) Item, a peire of standarts for the hygh auter with Couerynges of Calues leder made ther for to Couer them wt. 1568 in W. T. Ritchie (1928) II. 71 Write we in till our standert stoute Virgo peperit saluatorem. society > trade and finance > money > coining > [noun] > tools used in coining > stamping irons or dies c1473 (P.R.O.: DURH 3/49) m. 6 We..haue..licencid..William Omorighe..to make graue and prynte ij dosen Trussellys and j dosen Standerdys for penys and iiij. Standerdys and viij. Trussellys for half penys. 1477 (P.R.O.: DURH 3/54) m. 4 To make..iij. dosen Trussels and .ij. dosen Standerdys for penys, and ij. dosen trussels and j. dosen Standerdys for halfpenys. 26. society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > furniture and fittings > [noun] > of a house the world > time > change > absence of change, changelessness > lasting quality, permanence > [noun] > permanent thing or person ?1474 in C. L. Kingsford (1919) I. 146 Þes byth þe standderdus of Stonore þat schalle abyde yn þe Manor. 1492 24 July (P.R.O.: E 40/8331) She shall haue all the goodes, jouelles and catalles movabill and vnmovabill..except the stondardys of howseholde. 1506 (P.R.O.: PROB. 11/15) f. 96v All the brewyng vessell and standardes in the brew house and bake house. 1639 T. Fuller i. xxiii. 35 The mountains..are standards too great..for either time or warre to remove. 1650 T. Fuller App. 190 So there are certain standards in all visions, being the materiall and corporall ground-work, for a spirituall flourish..to improve it self thereupon. 1655 H. L'Estrange 157 The Queen was loath to proscribe so long a standard as Episcopacy, to entertain such an upstart in-mate as Presbytery. the world > people > person > old person > [noun] > old and experienced person 1588 W. Travers 111 Whiche superiour and olde standardes to displace (sayeth hee) to bring in yonge and inferiour Seignours. a1661 T. Fuller (1662) i. 38 The Ficklenesse and Fugitivenesse of such Servants, justly addeth a valuation to their Constancy, who are Standards in a Family. 1665 A. Wood (1892) II. 45 This Dr. was an old standard..and at leisure times he would entertaine A. W. with old stories relating to the universitie. 1768 in (1885) App. i. 410 How they [sc. the new Cabinet] will harmonize is the point. I believe well.., the old standards are usefull & I think makes every office better. 1877 R. De B. Trotter 379 He was the best landlord out, for he never put ony auld standard out of their farm to give it to an incomer, but always keepit them on if they would bide. 1956 W. M. Williams (2002) vi. 136 The Wheatsheaf is a place favoured by the ‘old standards’ and has a reputation for fine singing; it is also the ‘young lads’ pub. the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > [noun] > dish > main dish a1475 J. Russell Bk. Nurture (Harl. 4011) in (2002) i. 165 Two potages, blanger mangere, & Also Iely: For a standard, vensoun rost, kyd, favne, or cony. 1508 (de Worde) sig. B.iiiv The seconde course. Gelly whyte and reed..samon dorrey brytte turbot halybut; for standarde base troute [etc.]. 1526 in J. Croft (1797) 80 Item, for a Standart Cranes, two of a Dish. the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > set or suit of clothes > [noun] 1631 B. Jonson Argt. ii The Lady had commanded a standard of her owne best apparrell to bee brought downe. 1631 B. Jonson Argt. ii. ii. 44 We ha' brought a standard of apparrell, down, Because this Taylor fayld vs i' the maine. B. adj. Chiefly attributive. I. Serving as or conforming to a standard. 1. the world > relative properties > measurement > [adjective] > serving as a unit of measurement > standard (of units) ?1532 sig. B Euery fyrkyn for bere [sc. shall conteyne] nyne galons of the kynges standerde galon. 1622 G. de Malynes 306 If it bee appointed of make a Standard peece of tenne ounces fine. 1670 J. Beale in (Royal Soc.) 4 1113 A measure, taken exactly from the standard-foot of London. 1721 G. Hooper iv. viii. 406 This Oriental Ounce of 10 Dirhems is still the Standard Ounce of England for Gold and Silver. 1764 B. Franklin in L. W. Labaree (1967) XI. 13 Were we about to order a true Standard Yard to be made for regulating Long Measure..and a true Standard Peck for other Measure. 1830 M. Faraday (new ed.) iii. 67 The standard or imperial pint now to be used is larger than the wine pint. 1873 J. C. Maxwell (1881) II. 322 When it is intended to measure a current with the greatest accuracy in terms of standard units, it is called a Standard Galvanometer. 1938 XV. 138 Within this tank there is a brass and aluminum rotor that carries the twenty standard pint jars in which the tests are made. 2006 (U.K. ed.) Dec. 86/1 The method links the standard kilogram, the meter and the second to highly accurate practical realizations of electrical resistance (in ohms). the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > conformity to or with a pattern, etc. > [adjective] > conforming to a standard rule > standard > that is a standard 1626 H. Burton 66 This is the marke, which the Councell of Trent, the standard rule of the Romish Church, shoote at. 1660 J. Towers iv. 193 I am content to have faith to my selfe before God..and not to measure another man by my Bushel (in things indifferent, for want of ample Revelation, or large capacity, there is no standard-faith). 1724 A. Collins 103 It seems incredible, that Origen..and other Christians of his time..should receive an Old Testament (and that with the greatest applause for its integrity, and as a standard Text) from enemies. 1776 C. Burney I. 276 (note) We may suppose this sound to be the standard pitch, and fundamental note of the Mercurian lyre. 1845 A. De Morgan 95 One hundred of these [sc. the fixed stars] are selected, among which are the standard stars, as they are called, being those which are best known and best adapted for the most accurate use. 1922 July 25/1 There are two standard methods of making bread—the ‘sponge’ and the ‘straight dough’. 1968 H. O. Mackey & J. P. Mackey (ed. 9) vi. 37 Adrenaline is still one of the standard treatments for acute urticaria. 1989 P. van der Merwe (1992) xix. 159 This is one variant of the rhythm that has been called ‘the African signature tune’ or the ‘standard pattern’ of African rhythm. 2017 13 May 33/1 It has become standard procedure for companies and governments to put employees through hostile environment awareness training..before sending them to high-risk areas. 1723 9 Feb. 5/1 Several under-siz'd Men being lately discharg'd from the Guards, they are now inlisting Men of the Standard Size to supply that Deficiency. 1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ 550 The standard thickness of a brick wall is 1½ brick laid lengthwise... A rod of standard brick-work..will require 4500 bricks. 1857 W. A. Miller III. 60 For the preparation of the standard copper solutions. 1889 P. N. Hasluck 43 All the small parts..would be made to some standard measurement. 1904 D. J. Shackleton Speech House of Commons 23 Mar. in 557 That this House is of opinion that the wages paid to the unskilled workers in Government factories..should be not less than the standard rate of wages. 2007 July 42/1 Topiary trees can be made in many different sizes, from miniature through to the normal standard size of four to five feet high. the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > [adjective] > standard quality 1740 (title) A table of the assize and price of standard wheaten bread. 1772 Rep. Comm. Several Laws Relative to Assize of Bread in (1776) III. 58/1 The Wheaten Twelve-Peny Loaf of this Standard Bread would contain 7lb. 7oz. 3dr. of Bread. 1851 H. Mayhew I. 178/2 Previously to 1815 bakers were restricted..to the baking of three kinds of bread—wheaten, standard wheaten, and household. The wheaten was made of the best flour, the standard wheaten of the different kinds of flour mixed together. 1996 S. L. Kaplan Notes 608 The great unpopularity of a ‘trifling admixture’ of maize flour (10 percent) to the standard wheaten loaf in England during the First World War. 1915 21 Aug. 387/2 Goodyear Cord Tires... Adopted for the new Locomobile as standard equipment. 1968 28 Nov. 43/1 Not all cars have reversing lights fitted as standard. 1971 Sept. 18/2 Rubber mats are standard; carpets are an optional extra at £10·88. 1989 23 Oct. 107/3 Such storage devices come standard only on the Next computer now, but eventually they may replace magnetic disk drives. 1991 Mar. 14 (advt.) The Trooper comes standard with four-wheel drive and auto-locking hubs. 1998 Aug. 70/3 A high capacity power pack comes as standard with the phone. 2020 (Nexis) 31 Oct. (Motoring section) 15 Other standard features include active cruise control, 21-inch alloys,..[etc.]. Buyers can spec on a panoramic sunroof. the world > relative properties > kind or sort > generality > [adjective] > of no special quality > commonplace 1977 26 June (Book World) e7/3 This opera's two brief acts are fairly standard romantic melodrama, though well made. 1996 22 June 42/1 [It] has two or three gems, but is generally a fairly standard and predictable anthology in this most fascinating subgenre of science fiction. 1998 Apr. 14/5 Unfortunately, the energy only succeeds in masking some pretty standard Britrock fare. 2012 25 Oct. 19/1 Instead of wacky Ital-Mex bar food, those nachos are pretty standard greasy chips with waxy cheese and bland ground meat. the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > conformity to or with a pattern, etc. > [adjective] > conforming to a standard rule > standard society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > types of metal generally > [adjective] > fine or pure > conforming to legal standards of value 1603 G. de Malynes 176 The proportion betweene the gold and siluer, which with vs in England hath continued for many yeares, 11 of fine siluer to one of fine gold, or 11 of Standard siluer to 1 of crowne gold. 1677 W. Badcock (title page) Discovering..how to know Adulterated Wares from those made of the True Standard Alloy. 1706 (new ed.) at Jacobus A Gold-coin..of two sorts, viz. the Broad Piece of Twenty Shillings Standard-value..and the 22s. Broad-Piece. 1809 R. Langford 38 Standard Gold contains 11 parts of pure Gold, and 1 part of alloy. Standard Silver contains 37 parts of pure Silver, and 3 parts of alloy. 1866 A. Crump x. 230 The standard purity of the sovereign underwent many changes. 1964 (88th Congr., 2nd Sess.) 57 Any such excess silver may be..used for the coinage of standard silver dollars and subsidiary silver coins. 1997 J. Williams iv. 101/2 More successful currency reforms were carried out by Ghazan (1295–1304), whereby a standard silver coin weighing half a mithqal (about 2.16 grams) was struck all over the empire. 3. society > communication > book > kind of book > authoritative or standard book > [adjective] society > leisure > the arts > literature > a written composition > [adjective] > standard 1645 J. Milton 27 But Erasmus, who for having writ an excellent Treatise of Divorce, was wrote against by som burly standard Divine,..defends his former work. 1742 A. Pope 119 Let Standard-Authors thus, like Trophies borne, Appear more glorious as more hack'd and torn. 1759 O. Goldsmith 24 Nov. That he [sc. Lestrange] was a standard-writer cannot be disowned, because a great many very eminent authors formed their stile by his. 1849 C. Brontë I. v. 94 One should not be apathetic in studying standard works. 1891 2 May 534/1 A ‘History of Chemistry’, which..has rapidly won its way into recognition in scientific circles as a standard book on the subject. 1969 J. Gross iv. 115 He goes on to supply a list of standard works, English and European,..which would certainly keep most ordinary readers tied up for as far ahead as they could plan. 2006 J. T. Costa ii. 19 Allee and colleagues..authored the tome that was to become the standard reference for students of the fledgling discipline of animal population ecology: Principles of Animal Ecology, first published in 1949. society > law > [adjective] > various epithets applied to laws 1660 W. Somner 79 A Standard-law to be currant over all the Kingdome. 1752 J. Louthian (ed. 2) 162 The Standard-law in England, concerning High Treason, is the Statute of the 25th of Edward III. cap. 2. 2001 (Nexis) 21 June 21 We cannot differentiate outside the classification that is established by the authorities. It is a standard law throughout the UK. the world > action or operation > behaviour > customary or habitual mode of behaviour > [adjective] > usual or ordinary > commonplace > habitually used or stock 1724 J. Swift Drapier's Let. VI in (1735) IV. 202 If Sir John Holt's Opinion were a Standard Maxim for all Times and Circumstances, any Writer, with a very small Measure of Discretion, might easily be safe. 1805 J. Foster iii. i. 10 A standard expression of contemptuous dispatch. 1870 M. Arnold Pref. p. xvi Mr Miall's standard-maxim: The Dissidence of Dissent, and the Protestantism of the Protestant religion. 1885 25 July 977/1 [He] has his oft-repeated little standard jokes. 2007 34 48/1 ‘Getting out of the head and into the body’ is a standard maxim among Satyananda yogis. the mind > language > a language > dialect > [adjective] > standard or standardized the mind > language > languages of the world > Indo-Hittite > [noun] > Indo-European > Germanic > English > standard the mind > language > languages of the world > Indo-Hittite > [noun] > Indo-European > Germanic > English > American English 1806 G. Chalmers in D. Lindsay I. 141 The Scottish dialect was formed, as the various dialects of England were formed, by retaining antiquated words and old orthography, while the standard English relinquished both, and adopted novelties. 1859 3 As soon as a standard language has been formed, which in England was the case after the Reformation, the lexicographer is bound to deal with that alone. 1951 D. J. Lloyd in Summer 283 In this sense, standard American English is the sum of the language habits of the millions of educated people in this country. 1972 H. Kurath 105 This divergence between Pennsylvania German..and Standard German..would tend to keep the two apart. 1975 7 Feb. 136/2 Local names pronounced in [Chinese] dialects widely different from ‘Mandarin’ or, as it must now be called, Standard Speech. 2008 Sept. 24/2 You..muse that Chinglish and Singlish might one day be considered as proper as..Standard English. the world > relative properties > number > mathematical number or quantity > [adjective] > infinite > (not) involving infinities or infinitesimals 1961 A. Robinson in A. 64 434 We consider in the first instance functions, relations, sets, etc. which are defined already in R0 [sc. the set of all real numbers]... Such concepts will be called standard (functions, relations, sets, etc.). 1972 June 86/2 We define the instantaneous velocity not as the ratio of infinitesimal increments, as L'Hôpital did, but rather as the standard part of that ratio; then ds, dt and their ratio ds/dt are nonstandard real numbers. 1973 C. C. Chang & H. J. Keisler i. 42 The standard model of number theory is 〈ω, +, · , S, 0〉, where S is the successor function and +, · , 0 have their usual meaning. 1994 Nov. 68/3 Nelson finds nonstandard numbers on the real line by adding three rules, or axioms, to the set of 10 or so statements supporting most mathematical systems. (Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory is one such foundation.) These additions introduce a new term, standard, and help us to determine which of our old friends in the number system are standard and which are non-standard. 2016 P. A. Loeb App. C. 235 For each standard mathematical model there are other mathematical objects, called nonstandard models. II. Upright, vertical, and related senses. the world > space > relative position > vertical position > [adjective] > upright or erect 1538 Accts. J. Scudamore in T. Wright (1843) 276 Item, ij. standert candelstyckes. 1733 W. Ellis 318 Its Standard Iron Pin is twenty Inches long and one Inch Diameter. 1833 J. C. Loudon §981 Each fireplace to have..standard grates (kitchen grates supporting themselves by feet in front). 1865 27 Feb. The illumination is produced almost entirely by standard gas-burners. 1875 E. H. Knight III. 2307/2 Standard-piles, in a coffer-dam. Piles placed at regular intervals apart and connected by runners. 1901 J. Black 21 Each side of the inner square was divided into two by two upright poles, so that there were thirty-six standard poles on the outside, and sixteen on the inside. 1937 A. D. Taylor 22/2 Three kinds of standard grates often used for picnic purposes... The grate in each of these fireplaces is supported by four legs, each of which may be solidly anchored. the world > plants > by growth or development > defined by habit > tree or woody plant > cultivated or valued > [adjective] > standard or not dwarfed 1629 J. Parkinson 539 The standard Cherries are alwaies later then the wall Cherries. 1690 W. Temple Ess. Gardens of Epicurus in (1731) I. 185 The Border is set with Standard Laurels. 1798 28 June 4/2 Large walled Garden..stocked with standard and wall fruit trees. 1864 S. Hibberd 217 The Dog rose is largely used in this country in the production of standard roses, for which it is so admirably suited, being of vigorous constitution. 1977 Apr. 94 (caption) In a 40 by 40-foot plot a standard apple tree would fill, 15 dwarf fruit trees can flourish and produce more fruit. 2010 4 Dec. (Mag.) 91/1 Winter pruning is the way to gradually build up a standard or half standard apple or pear. C. int.2004 June 88/2 I got crunked every night. Standard. 2010 N. Shukla iii. 66 He'd really liked it. He'd found it ‘moving.’ ‘Yeah man, standard,’ I'd said. 2018 @wildy412 8 Jan. in twitter.com (accessed 23 Jan. 2019) [In response to Media twisting his words again though.] Standard mate. I always read media comments in same vein as bedtime stories to my kids. Phrasessociety > armed hostility > [verb (intransitive)] > begin hostilities 1548 f. ccxxviiiv The king of Englande..had passed the seas, raysed his standard, and by dukes procurement entered into the lande of hys enemyes. 1845 G. P. R. James I. vi. 125 The king..would raise his standard at once, march to London. 2004 D. Scott ii. 37 By the time Charles raised his standard at Nottingham on 22 August, sporadic fighting had broken out in a number of counties. P2. With of, forming noun phrases. †a. In sense A. 4a. (a) society > communication > indication > insignia > standard > [noun] > flag > house or trade flag 1653 H. Cogan tr. F. M. Pinto xvii. 59 A Standart of Trade hung out..to the end they might be taken for Merchants. (b) 1449 R. Wenyngton in (2005) III. 69 Then they lonchyd a bote and sette vppe a stondert of truesse. b. the mind > possession > wealth > [noun] > prevailing view of minimum necessary 1808 July 353 The effect of such checks would be felt rather in the retardation of the population, than in the adoption of an inferior kind of food, or a different standard of comfort. 1879 A. Marshall & M. P. Marshall II. vii. 102 The Standard of Comfort which young people are prudent enough to secure for themselves before they marry, varies from place to place and from time to time. 1907 G. B. Shaw ii. 41 He guesses Broadbent's standard of comfort a little more accurately than his sister does. 2007 K. Ledbetter ii. 45 The machinery of commercial production that gave Tennyson the cash needed to support his standard of comfort. c. (a) the mind > possession > wealth > [noun] > prevailing view of minimum necessary 1825 8 Oct. They must speedily come to perceive that wages must depend on the proportion which the absolute number of hands that can work, bears to the demand for labour; that the former depends on their own habits, their foresight, the standard of living which they have adopted for themselves; the latter on the amount of capital in a country. 1903 ‘A. McNeill’ (ed. 3) xx. 186 The standard of living in England is an..artificial standard. Practically every Englishman lives, or longs to live, beyond his means. 2002 4 Apr. ii. 4/2 Las Vegans enjoy a high-quality, low-cost standard of living as bounteous as any in the land of the free. (b) 1896 21 Dec. 10/1 The plague..is..an indirect product of dirt and bad food..scarcely touching those whose higher standards of life and generous diet enable them to defy it. 1936 J. M. Keynes xvi. 218 The position of equilibrium, under conditions of laissez-faire, will be one in which employment is low enough and the standard of life sufficiently miserable to bring savings to zero. 1987 W. Greider i. v. 174 The general ‘standard of life’ was improved dramatically, at least in the industrial world. d. 1849 29 Nov. The law intends and demands that they shall bring their defence up to the highest standard of proof, or they shall smart for it. 1941 41 1076 The United States Supreme Court..[requires] a very rigid standard of proof to establish possession. 2019 (Nexis) 18 Apr. 58 Disciplinary tribunals for solicitors and barristers announced that they were lowering the standard of proof required to convict lawyers of misconduct. e. 1852 32 574 The standard of care required of travelers upon the highway, is such care as persons of common prudence generally exercise. 1906 4 Aug. 269/1 The standard of care by which a Christian Science healer is to be judged is the care, skill, and knowledge of the ordinary Christian Scientist..and not that of the ordinary physician. 2016 (Nexis) 8 Mar. There is conflicting evidence as to whether or not he met the standard of care in terms of advocating for his patient. 1865 21 Jan. 11/5 The principal question, was, therefore, whether the muster bale was or was not of a quality up to standard, that is, whether it was best dry Shanghai cotton. 1925 E. F. Norton in E. F. Norton et al. 31 The dilatory and obstructive methods of the Dzong Pen..were fully up to standard. 2007 (Nexis) 31 Mar. (Books section) 26 Thomson is an artful writer, and his prose here is up to standard. Compounds C1. Compounds of the noun. society > armed hostility > military organization > insignia > [noun] > flag, banner, or standard 1497 in M. Oppenheim (1896) 89 Standard shaftes. a1560 T. Phaer tr. Virgil (1562) ix. sig. Eeijv His fyriesmoking bronds on standard-staff Mezentius shooke. c1660 J. Evelyn anno 1644 (1955) II. 282 The ropes and cables which support the standard-pole. 1799 (ed. 3) 298 The commanding officer in the rear of the standard half squadron. 1799 T. Campbell ii. 180 The stormy showers..Freeze every standard-sheet. 1821 7 196 When potent nature her standard-flag rears. 1848 H. C. Hamilton in tr. Walter de Hemingburgh I. 59 The carroccio, or great standard-car, is said to have been invented..in the year 1035. 1855 C. Kingsley xx His left hand on the standard-staff, his sword pointed in his right. 2011 G. Seymour xvi. 396 She'd check there were no crumples in the black ribbon she tied with a flourished bow at the top of the standard pole. 1868 31 387 The first report of the Standards Commission which has just been presented, shows the necessity of the establishment of the Standards' Department. 1937 A. H. David iv. 46 Limitation of the decibel to intensity ratios and the to loudness scales has been adopted by the British Standards Institution. 1961 July 14/2 The successful application of standards called for continuous consultation between the standards engineer and his colleagues. 1981 3 Feb. 11 (advt.) We have a vacancy..for a Standards Officer to assist the Standards Engineer. 2012 24 May 6/4 Last week, the standards watchdog Ofsted carried out a no-notice inspection of the home following allegations that staffing levels did not meet the minimum requirements at the time of abuse. c. In general use. the world > plants > by growth or development > defined by habit > tree or woody plant > cultivated or valued > [adjective] > standard or not dwarfed 1821 R. Sweet 293 Some of the humbler kinds, as C[ytisus] purpureus, &c. make a handsome appearance when budded standard high on C[ytisus] Laburnum or alpinus. 1867 E. Watts xxii. 126 If the stock be strong and healthy, the sort vigorous, and the soil good, it will soon grow standard high. 1949 1 Sept. 348/3 Quantities of standards are grafted standard high, as Kent growers prefer this type of tree. 1676 C. Molloy i. ii. 15 Though the Art is now become lawful by the Law..of Nations, yet it must have its Standard mark, for the same cannot be done by any private authority, but only by the power of that Prince or Republique. 1687 3 The Book, I see, has the Standard Mark; 'tis Licens'd by the Archbishop of Canterbury's Chaplain; and so must be suppos'd to contain nothing, but what is agreeable to your Church. ?1726 (single sheet) Not one Quarter of the Small Silver-Wares..do go to the Hall for the Standard-Mark. 1881 F. J. Britten (ed. 4) 156 The Standard Mark for Sterling Silver is a lion passant. 1889 F. E. Gretton 73 In stature and in grasp of mind rather below standard-mark. 1997 B. C. Wees 107/3 The thistle was used until 1974, when the Hallmarking Act of 1973 introduced new standard marks. 2015 S. Alcorn & W. Turner v. xxvi. 63 With the..move away from the diploma as the standard mark of educational achievement, associations will need to provie a credible way for people to demonstrate their achievement in their chosen specialities. 1899 16 Dec. 874/4 So the list, as a standard setter, is worth most when it is confined to new books of a like material character. 1948 48 249/2 These boards, too, are standard setters in nursing education. 2018 (Nexis) 1 Dec. 14 Reddan is a standard-setter in training and in the gym. 1886 14 Oct. 4/3 Not the least of the occasions for laughter is to be found in the silence of our own standard-setting Bulgarian-outrage monger. 1911 4 July 4/2 We prefer, if any standard setting is necessary, to leave it to the men who are in direct and personal contact with the King himself. 1993 Feb. 12/2 Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) is the long awaited culmination of years of international standard setting by computer scientists. 2012 24 Feb. 2/4 Doctors and nurses are to be instructed to treat patients with ‘dignity, kindness and compassion’ in new guidance issued by one of the NHS's standard-setting bodies. C2. 1958 17 Feb. 71/3 ‘Standard American bidding has lost the four world championships,’ editor Sheinwold told Newsweek. ‘We must develop a new system of our own.’ 1961 A. Sheinwold 13/1 Most of the hands in this book are bid according to the principles of ‘Standard American’. 2011 23 May (Times2 section) 19/2 Worth 2♥ in Acol but in Standard American a Two-over-one shows rather more. 1988 (Dept. Educ. & Sci.) vii. ¶45 The range and scope of standardised assessments that can be used..is far wider than the term ‘test’ is usually taken to imply. We emphasise this point to draw attention to the fact that our use of the word test will have this broader meaning. Ideally it might be better expressed by the phrase ‘standard assessment task’. 2003 (Nexis) 17 Dec. 2 Birmingham's head of education..underlined the authority's concern over Standard Assessment Tasks and league tables. 1988 (Dept. Educ. & Sci.) iii. 52 As in the primary phase, the elements of training will cover the programmes of study; the attainment targets; the role and practice of internal assessment and its recording; the place and conduct of the standard assessment tasks (tests).] 1988 30 Sept. 3/3 My guess is that the standard assessment tests for 14-year-olds will look very different from those for 7-year-olds. 1989 10 Sept. f9/6 At the end of each key stage, his performance will be judged in standard assessment tests, the first of which will come in summer 1991. 2002 (Nexis) 5 Dec. 1 The tables are based on the percentage of 11-year-old pupils achieving the expected level in tests for English, maths and science in the annual standard assessment tests. the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > movements and pressure conditions > [noun] > atmospheric pressure > units of atmospheric pressure society > travel > air or space travel > a means of conveyance through the air > construction and servicing aircraft or spacecraft > [noun] > testing equipment > hypothetical atmospheric conditions in tests 1842 (Royal Soc.) 132 252 On the hypothesis of uniform opacity, a standard atmosphere of 760mm, or 29·922 English inches of mercurial pressure, and having a mean dampness or ratio to saturation represented by ·56 nearly, would transmit 68½ per cent.,..of the incident heating rays. 1921 tr. P. Grimault (U.S. National Advisory Comm. Aeronautics: Techn. Memorandum 15) 1 On April 15, 1920, the under Secretary of State for Aeronautics and Aerial Transport decided to adopt as Standard Atmosphere for official airplane tests in France, the atmosphere defined by the following law..: From 0 to 11,000 m. θ = 15 − 0.0065 Z and above 11,000 m. θ = −56.5° being the temperature in centigrade degrees at altitude Z expressed in meters. 1977 I. M. Campbell iii. 47 The origin of the rising temperature from 11 to 50 km in the standard atmosphere is the degradation of a portion of the solar irradiance to thermal energy through the agency of primary absorption by ozone. 2000 C. D. Whiteman iv. 32 The Standard Atmosphere is representative of average annual conditions in the midlatitudes, although it is not calculated from data at any one location. 2009 E. Rudloff & K. P. Winkler in D. C. Silverstein & K. Hopper cxv. 497/1 This involves delivery of 100% oxygen at 2 to 2.5 standard atmospheres for 90 minutes every 8 hours, then twice daily. 1953 6 265 In terms of the standard basis(eii) (i, j = 1, ... , 2r) of the ring of square matrices of order 2r, we define e. 1958 L. C. A. Corsten i. 5 As this basis will be used frequently, we call it the standard basis of this space. 1989 20 230 There is a simple expression for the matrix [of rotation] in the standard basis which depends only on the coordinates of p and the angle θ. 2007 T. S. Shores iii. 175 It is very easy to write out any other vector..in terms of the standard basis. society > communication > telecommunication > telegraphy or telephony > telephony > [noun] > unit of attenuation or intensity 1905 17 Nov. 1109/1 The limit of commercial speech having been fixed in miles of standard cable, the limit on all other types of conductors was a simple matter of calculation. 1906 J. Poole (ed. 3) xxvi. 413 Standard Cable and Equivalents.—In the agreement entered into in February 1905 between the British Post Office and the National Telephone Co. certain standards of telephonic transmission were stipulated, and these were to be measured by comparison with the transmission results obtained with standard telephone instruments through certain lengths of standard test cable. 1924 K. S. Johnson (1925) ii. 10 Standard cable is defined as a cable having uniformly distributed resistance of 88 ohms per loop mile and uniformly distributed shunt capacitance of .054 microfarad per mile. 1963 H. G. Jerrard & D. B. McNeill 131 The standard cable produced an attenuation of about 20% for a 800 c/s input. 2018 D. M. Thompson (ed. 2) xiii. 304 In the early days of telephony, gains and losses were not measured in dB but rather in miles of standard cable. the world > matter > light > illumination > [noun] > unit of illumination > standard candle the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > intensity of light, luminosity > [noun] > unit of light intensity > superseded terms 1850 11 Nov. 314/2 Five cubic feet per hour of this gas giving a light equal to from 22 to 25 standard candles. 1937 G. S. Monk v. 36 The standard candle was originally of sperm wax, weighing 1/ 6 lb., 7/ 8 in. diameter, and burning 120 grains per hr. 1959 2 July 14/2 By studying the period of a Cepheid, we can..find out its real luminosity; its apparent magnitude is easy to measure, and hence its distance may be determined, so that these convenient variables act as our standard candles in space. 1976 2 Dec. 530/1 The new finding opens the way to calibrate a new standard candle, namely, the absolute brightness of a galaxy by means of an easy measurement in radio astronomy. 2005 J. F. Hawley & K. A. Holcomb (ed. 2) xiii. 384 The apparent brightness of a standard candle is a proxy for distance, since in flat spatial geometry the brightness drops off as the distance squared. 2018 S. A. Treese xiii. 928 To determine candlepower of a light source, a standard candle was burned next to the light source of interest, separated by an opaque divider. the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > galvanism, voltaism > [noun] > voltaic cell 1864 23 July 39/2 In the same manner the value of each degree may be increased tenfold by employing fifteen or twenty cells for the larger battery and connecting the standard cell at the tenth division on the scale. 1920 (ed. 4) 100 The original standard cell devised by Latimer Clark is a mercury-zinc cell using zinc and mercurous sulphates as electrolyte and depolarizer respectively. 1980 J. P. Bromberg xvii. 315 The voltage of the unknown cell..can be determined from the calibrated slide wire and the known voltage of the standard cell. 2001 B. W. Petley in 146 121 It was possible to alter the voltage of a standard cell by drawing a current from it during the measurement process. society > trade and finance > monetary value > [noun] > standard of value or valuation 1895 6 212 Mr. Schloss indicates that one of the greatest difficulties is to fix to the satisfaction of both the employer and employed, the standard costs upon which the calculation of the bonus is based. 1917 W. N. Polakov in 38 587 Carrying out the analysis of the economy limit to its logical conclusion, the standard cost of the product is arrived at. 2013 88 1419 The seeded error in the financial statements resulted from management's failure to appropriately adjust standard costs to actual costs incurred during the period. 1918 G. C. Harrison in 56 393/2 In the ‘Standard Cost Card’ shown in Form I it will be seen that the estimated or standard cost of the bolts is $11·079 per thousand. 1935 C. M. Gillespie iv. 62 The structure of standard cost cards becomes complex. 2009 M. N. Arora xii. 93 The standard cost card for one unit of product shows the following costs for material and labour. 1921 Plywood Manufacturers' Assoc. (title) Standard costing principles and practices for the plywood industry. 1959 I. 39/2 Two major developments in cost accounting must be briefly mentioned. Firstly the introduction of standard costing. Standard costs are estimates made in detail for operations, processes of articles on the basis of predetermined standards. 2003 M. Bendrey et al. xii. 177 Standard costing is linked to budgetary control in a manufacturing company because figures which make up budgets may also be used in standard costing and vice versa. society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > wood > wood in specific form > [noun] > board or plank > specific sizes 1785 19 Nov. (advt.) This Day were published..Sandy's tables, to reduce deals, as imported from the Baltic, to standard deals. 1834 J. R. McCulloch (ed. 2) 1150 361/ 3 Russian stand [ard] deals 12 ft. long, 11/ 2 inch thick, 11 inch broad, make 1 load timber. 1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Standard-Deals, those planks of the pine or fir above 7 inches wide and 6 feet long. 1988 S.-E. Åström v. 94 In 1826, total exports of St. Petersburg standard deals had declined and only amounted to 130,000 dozens. 1967 107 144/2 One does not normally view a transparency—or a television screen—at the print-distance of 12 in., on which the standard definition is based. 1990 12/1 The maximum permissible vector magnitude..corresponds to a speed of approximately 5 seconds per picture width, beyond which..the system's resolution becomes comparable to that of standard definition television. 2008 23 Feb. 27/3 If you don't have a high-resolution TV screen to watch HD shows on, you'll still see them in the same standard-definition picture quality. 2016 4 Feb. a14/3 All of the channels..are in standard definition. the world > relative properties > number > probability or statistics > [noun] > distribution > variability or spread > measures of 1895 K. Pearson in (Royal Soc.) A. 185 75 Each component normal curve has three variables: (i.) the position of its axis, (ii.) its ‘standard-deviation’ (Gauss's ‘Mean Error’, Airy's ‘Error of Mean Square’), and (iii.) its area. 1925 R. A. Fisher iii. 46 Twice the standard deviation is exceeded only about once in 22 trials. 1978 7 115/1 Suppose a large flock of sheep has weights which are normally distributed with a mean weight of 50 kg and a standard deviation of 5 kg. 2008 D. J. Hand ii. 34 If most of the data points are clustered very closely together, with just a few outlying points, this will be recognized by the standard deviation being small. the world > relative properties > number > probability or statistics > [noun] > distribution > variability or spread > standard error 1897 G. U. Yule in 60 483 We may regard σ1√1 − r2 as the standard error made in estimating x from the relation x = b1y. 1962 J. H. Kinoshita et al. in A. Pirie 409 The results are given as the mean ± standard error of the mean of 12 determinations. 2019 11 395 We define the standard error as the standard deviation of 200 of these bootstrapped estimates. 1904 Dec. 468/1 The characteristic of a logarithm is the index of the power of 10 used to bring the number to ‘standard form’. 2013 M. Askew & R. Eastaway 222 The whole number can be written in standard form as 1.768 x 10-1. society > law > legal obligation > contract > [noun] > other contracts 1908 Oct. 297 Standard form contract. 1953 16 319 Standard form contracts have a long history in various fields of commerce. 2020 (Nexis) 21 July The Court indicated that standard form contracts are more likely to be unconscionable. This is because they are written by one party without input from the other. 1840 F. Whishaw 11 This railway is laid to the English standard gauge, viz. 4 feet 8½ inches. 1881 12 Mar. A standard-gauge railroad. 1998 July 16/1 Among the exhibits is Gazelle, the world's smallest standard gauge locomotive. 2001 C. Whitehead ii. 120 It's all six-foot gauge they have up there, and that's the problem. It's not compatible. Our entire track is standard gauge, it conforms to the American standard. society > computing and information technology > data > [noun] > format 1983 Nov. 83/1 The Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) is concerned with generic code construction. 1999 J. Naughton 248/1 [Tim Berners-Lee] proposed Hypertext Mark-up Language or HTML as a subset of the Standard Generalised Mark-up Language (SGML) tagging system which was already established in the electronic publishing business. 2019 (Nexis) 17 Jan. I was so excited that my Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) skills could be put to use somewhere. 1983 30 June 3/8 Scottish Secretary George Younger has announced that O-grades will be replaced by Standard grades in schools from 1986... The Standard grade will be awarded on a seven-point scale covering the range of pupils' abilities. 2003 (Nexis) 9 Sept. 35 If they come in with their standard grades they can go to work towards their highers one day a week. 1885 Ann. Rep. Board Regents Smithsonian Inst. 1883 493 in (48th Congr., 1st Sess.: House of Representatives Misc. Doc. 69) XXXIV The annual mean distribution of atmospheric pressure reduced to standard gravity and at sea-level and for all meridians is given for each 5° of latitude. 1914 (U.S. Dept. Commerce: Bureau of Standards Circular No. 48) 31 The amount of the gas which would occupy a volume of 1 cubic foot at a temperature of 60° F,..and under a pressure equivalent to that of 30 inches of mercury at 32° F and under standard gravity. 2019 S. S. P. Shen & R. C. J. Somerville vii. 174 This hydrostatic balance equation depends on the standard gravity g0, which is a constant, and does not explicitly depend on the variable gravitational acceleration g(ɸ,θ,z). 1626 J. Smith 9 All the beames to be bound with two knees at each ende, and a standard knee at euery beames end vpon the Orlope. 1846 A. Young 295 Standard-knees. 1997 D. J. Souza (1998) iv. 98 The wooden carrick-bitts, cheeks, and standard-knees have deteriorated. the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > [noun] > lamp > standard or floor lamp 1794 (Royal Soc.) 84 83 The standard lamp may be adjusted with the requisite degree of precision. 1894 115/1 Wrought Iron Standard Lamp, with copper Oil Container, 70/-. 1932 R. Lehmann i. xi. 110 The light was very bright and white, coming from three brass standard lamps with white silk shades. 2012 J. Erdal xii. 57 Next to the bureau was a standard lamp in the modern style, all thin and bendy like a Giacometti figure. 1917 28 May (Suppl.) 1/1 Fig. 4 was taken with what we have called the ‘standard lens’, i.e. the six-inch lens on a 5 by 4 plate. 1947 June 117/2 While the angle of critical human vision is about 5 to 7°, the angle of conscious vision is about 25°. This approximates the angle covered by standard lenses with which cameras are normally equipped. 2005 H. Drew 89 The 50mm standard lens translates into a 75mm on most digital SLRs, which means it is even better for portraits. 1397 (P.R.O.: C 145/266/12) Item .xv. materas prec' lxj.s' iiij.d'. Item j. materas standard..xiij s iiij.d in manibus Thome Sayuill. 1415 in E. F. Jacob & H. C. Johnson (1937) II. 46 (MED) j standard materas of blew card. 1974 S. Weinberg in iii. 61/2 The possible solution I would like to suggest is that the standard model is right but the resulting low mass Goldstone boson..behaves like quarks and gluons, and does not appear in collisions of color-neutral particles.] 1975 F. A. Wilczek et al. in D. 12 2769/1 In the standard model the quarks enter into weak SU(2) doublets only of the left-handed variety. 1982 M. K. Gaillard et al. in B. 116 279/1 In such models the familiar particles of the standard model are accompanied by supersymmetric partners. 2017 (Nexis) 15 July The most obvious flaw in the Standard Model was there from the beginning—it could never account for gravity, the force that rules at the macro scale. 1939 21 Dec. The number and size of lamps to be operated shall be as determined by Municipality, subject to the conditions of this contract ordinance and to the reasonable requirements of standard operating procedure for a series systems. 1947 10 373 Standard operating procedures are established for each project by the Adjutant General. 2008 (Nexis) 6 June i. 5 Frisell's woozy, reverbed sound..and his deft use of digital delay have become standard operating procedure for a whole generation of guitarists. 1933 20 Aug. (Late City ed.) iii. 6/1 Best standard poodle—Mrs. W. M. Churchman jr.'s Viki. 1981 J. Palmer 36/2 Fanciers will confirm that the Standard Poodle is the soundest of the varieties. 2009 (National ed.) 10 Feb. b14/1 Standard poodles started out as water retrievers, and their cut was designed by hunters to protect sensitive areas—like their lungs and joints—from icy lakes and ponds. 1766 J. Buchanan Pref. p. xi It would turn greatly to the advantage of the British youth..were a Standard Pronunciation taught in all our public schools. 1810 B. H. Smart i. 8 While it is necessary that there should be a standard pronunciation, and while the courtly and well-bred conform to it, that of the inhabitants of the metropolis will always claim the preference. 1992 H. Aigner in C. Blank I. 750 The influence of the standard pronunciation as heard from television announcers. 1972 (H.M. Customs & Excise) 30 Where an amount payable covers both standard-rated and zero-rated goods or services, the amount must be split in fair proportion. 2011 4 Jan. 7/3 Alcoholic beverages are standard-rated, but tea, milk shakes and coffee are zero-rated. 1861 19 Sept. 1/5 (advt.) Achromatic Object Glasses, with the standard size screw. 1958 10 Jan. 40/3 Pubs refusing to serve standard-size bottles of mineral water because they only stock ‘babies’. 2008 M. Crum & M. L. Turner xxi. 252 The simplest self-mailer uses a standard-size sheet folded once or twice. 1843 J. Egerton tr. N. P. Lerebours Introd. p. xvi. When, on the contrary, it is requisite to operate upon the larger-sized plates; viz. for the quarter, half, normal or standard sized plates [Fr. plaques..normales], and the extra-sizes. 1855 31 Jan. 1/1 We have standard sized bricks. 2013 Winter 140/1 Sydney-based Wilson also turns out lamp, tables and the innovative, award-winning A-joint—a sturdy metal joint that allows DIY-ers to construct benches and tables with standard-sized timber. 1793 R. Kerr tr. A. Lavoisier (ed. 2) 114 The gas weighs 0.695 parts of a grain for each cubical inch, in the common standard temperature and pressure mentioned above. [No corresponding clause in the French original.] 1797 June 115 Even if distilled water were at hand, it would seldom happen that the times of the standard temperature and pressure would agree with those of the experiment. 1892 24 The sample of gas so obtained reduced to standard temperature and pressure is then driven out of the burette. 2018 A. L. Dicks & D. Rand (ed. 3) 53 According to Avogadro's law, the volume of 1 mol of any gas is 2.24x104 cm 3 at standard temperature and pressure. the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > schools or theories of grammar > [noun] > other spec. 1966 32 20/1 It is not easy to accommodate these facts in terms of standard theory. A rejection of the assumption of partial overlap of allophones and phonemes results in the setting up of a very high number of allomorphic doublets. 1970 P. M. Postal in 1 112 This statement..must be based on some terminological equivocation made possible by the introduction of a new term Standard Theory. This term, as far as I can see, distorts the properties of the Classical Theory, which Chomsky purports the term Standard Theory is general enough to characterize. 1987 6 310 The description employs as a framework the ‘Standard Theory’ version of transformative-generative grammar. 1809 Nov. 84/1 He might get his watch set to the standard time at Greenwich. 1879 S. Fleming 13 On a journey from Paris to Vienna..the standard time employed by the railways changes frequently. 1917 90/1 Since the year 1883 the system of Standard Time by Zones has been gradually accepted, and now the majority of the countries of the world use as Standard Time the time of some meridian which differs from that of Greenwich by a multiple of 15°. 1974 XVIII. 415/1 All clocks in the United States were kept one hour ahead of standard time for the interval February 9, 1942–September 30, 1945... Since then, the time in a large part of Europe has been kept one hour ahead of standard zone time without any change during the summer. 2004 T. Wheeler 173/2 The Falklands are four hours behind Greenwich Mean Time... From September to April, Stanley goes on daylight-saving time so it's only three hours behind, but camp remains on standard time. the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement of length > measurement of other dimensions > [noun] > of thickness > standard thickness for wire or metal plate society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > metal in specific state or form > [noun] > wire > measure of wire 1842 3 Dec. 520 (heading) Standard wire-gauges. 1884 Weights & Meas.: Rep. Board of Trade 3 in (H.C. 322) XXVIII. 851 The new standard wire-guage has been adopted by the War, Admiralty, and India Departments. 1906 T. H. Cockin (ed. 2) xxix. 416 A cable composed of seven wires each of No. 16 standard wire gauge (S.W.G.). 1950 Sept. 239/1 Measure the bare wire from both windings, either with a standard wire gauge or with a micrometer. 2011 (Nexis) 8 Oct. 29 The needle used..is measured in Standard Wire Gauge. Derivatives society > morality > moral evil > lack of principle or integrity > [adjective] 1853 Dec. 456/2 The man who looks over the moral world, and discerns that it is an inexplicable chaos, a standardless battle, a sick and fevered dream. 1912 J. Galsworthy 217 How can we help it, seeing that we are undisciplined and standardless, seeing that we started without the backbone that schooling gives? 1973 2 Aug. 4/8 Such a subjective determination as is proposed here lacks the necessary standards to insure a nondiscriminatory result. The danger of discrimination which inheres in such a standardless approval is..evidenced by the determination in question here. 1993 R. Limbaugh xv. 190 Feel-good, standardless liberalism has taken the place of substance. 1887 16 June Mr Ridpath..is excelled by none in his beauty of style, graphic description and standardness as an author. 1972 J. L. Dillard vi. 238 A combination of age-grading, status-grading, and peer group influence causes a special feature to operate among young males at about the age of puberty. At that time, their graph of standardness will actually swing ‘downward’ a bit. 2008 91 10 We can only speculate about the degree to which writing measures were used to determine the standardness of students' language. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2022). † standardv. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: standard n. Etymology: < standard n. With sense 2 compare earlier standarding n. With sense 3 compare earlier standardize v.In the past participle form standered showing either assimilatory loss of the ending or an otherwise unattested verb *stander in the same sense, formed by conversion < stander n. (compare sense 5 at that entry); compare discussion of forms at standard n., adj., and int. Obsolete. 1606 W. Birnie Ded. sig. B2 That such cullours of Asdod remaine not so standered out, even in Israels campe, vnder this our protested reformation. society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > work with metal [verb (transitive)] > test 1734 R. Hayes sig. B2 (heading) First table for standarding silver. 1820 G. G. Carey 98 Method of standarding coins and bullion. 1873 12 221 Among the many alterations made by Sir John [Herschel], he framed and calculated tables for standarding the various qualities of gold and silver, which superseded those said to have been Sir Isaac Newton's. the world > relative properties > measurement > measure [verb (transitive)] > establish as a standard of measure 1816 Surv. Coast U.S. in (14th Congr., 1st Sess.) II. No. 198. 27 Four iron bars upwards of seventy feet in length, not yet standarded, because they were intended to be cut to a proper standard on the most authentic measures. 1817 F. R. Hassler in J. Q. Adams (1821) 154 An iron metre standarded at Paris in 1799. 1837 Oct. 288 Copies of the English yard and ell by Thomas Jones, two iron toises by Canivet, nine metres, of iron, platinum, and brass, (one being an original, delivered by the Committee of Weights and Measures, and another standarded by Arago,) were procured from these sources. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2022). <  n.adj.int.?a1160 v.1606 |
