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单词 specialist
释义

specialistn.adj.

Brit. /ˈspɛʃəlɪst/, /ˈspɛʃl̩ɪst/, U.S. /ˈspɛʃ(ə)ləst/
Forms: 1600s– specialist; also Scottish (north-eastern) 1900s– speesh'list.
Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: special adj., -ist suffix.
Etymology: < special adj. + -ist suffix.In sense A. 1 after post-classical Latin specialista, noun (1614 in G. Estius In omnes divi Pauli apostoli epistolas commentariorum tomus prior 362/1, the source referred to in quot. 1661). In sense A. 2 after post-classical Latin speciali gratia ‘by special grace’ (1720 in the same source as quot. 1720 at sense A. 2, or earlier). In sense A. 3a originally after French spécialiste (1837 in this sense, in ‘Timon’ Études sur les orateurs parlementaires (ed. 2) I. xxi. 311, the source reviewed in quot. 1839, where it occurs in a list of types of orators in parliament; 1832 denoting a person who has an intuitive knowledge of a subject; 1842 as adjective, designating a person who is highly skilled in a particular subject or field; 1855 denoting a medical practitioner who specializes in a particular branch of medicine). In sense A. 3d after Russian specialist (1901 or earlier in this sense).
A. n.
1. Theology. A depreciative term for: a Christian, esp. a Calvinist, who claims that genuine faith includes a special certainty of eternal salvation. Obsolete. rare.
ΚΠ
1661 A. Burgess Expository Comment 1st Chap. 2 Cor. lxxxvii. 396 This is that which the Papists do so declaim against, and for which Estius calleth us Specialistas, Specialists.
2. colloquial. At Trinity College, Dublin: a person who has been awarded a degree speciali gratia, i.e. without having completed the usual course of studies and examinations. Obsolete. rare.
ΚΠ
1720 Right of Precedence between Phisicians & Civilians 12 Doctors in Divinity, and those not Specialists, as we use to call them, i.e. such as have received that Degree by the special Indulgence and undeserv'd Favour and Grace of the University.
3.
a. A person highly trained or skilled in a specific and restricted field; a person, company, etc., specializing in a particular subject, activity, or line of business.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > scholarly knowledge, erudition > learned person, scholar > [noun] > expert, specialist, authority
masterc1225
historian?a1439
authentic1613
scientiate1647
supernaturalist1659
authority1665
connoisseur1732
pundit1816
expert1825
specialist1839
past master1840
sharp1840
professional1846
beggar1859
specializer1868
passed master1882
buff1903
man1921
sharpshooter1942
sharpie1949
watcher1966
meister1975
1839 Q. Rev. Oct. 422 The economists, the jurists, the specialists (or practical men), the theorists, the formalists, the generalisers, the phraseologists, and the interrupters.
1867 H. Spencer First Princ. (ed. 2) ii. i. §36 130 Even the most limited specialist would not describe as philosophical, an essay which [etc.].
1877 C. W. Thomson Voy. ‘Challenger’ I. i. 9 To associate with her complement of scientific officers a civilian staff of specialists.
1924 M. Baring C xvi. 187 Mr. Owen..was a specialist in preparing boys for Oxford and Cambridge.
1955 Househ. Guide & Almanac (News of World) 311/2 The champion ‘draw specialists’ of the season were Accrington Stanley.
1976 Evening Post (Nottingham) 14 Dec. 15/8 (advt.) Derby's leading boyswear and schoolwear specialists.
2010 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 30 Sept. 6/2 Before that, he was a West Europeanist, a specialist in the intellectual and political history of France.
b. spec. A medical practitioner having advanced training in and dealing exclusively with the study or treatment of a particular disease or class of diseases, a particular part or system of the body, or a particular group of people.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > healer > specialist > [noun]
pure1827
specialist1839
1839 Med. Examiner 21 Dec. 815/2 I do not place much reliance on his statement, for he was a specialist, and those gentlemen have generally something more in view than the interests of science.
1856 E. K. Kane Arctic Explor. II. ix. 93 The recital might edify a specialist who was anxious to register the Protean indications of scurvy.
1875 B. Meadows Clin. Observ. 11 Has been treated by an eminent specialist, with both arsenic and mercury.
1889 D. C. Murray & H. Murray Dangerous Catspaw 162 He was a famous nerve specialist when he retired from practice.
1919 D. Cooper Diary 19 July (2005) 107 At last Doctor Pritchard whom I was consulting took me to a skin specialist who diagnosed it as tinia.
1967 Canad. Med. Assoc. Jrnl. 29 July 257/2 A cancer specialist..serves as a consultant to the local doctors.
2007 S. Perkins & J. Meyers-Thompson Infertility for Dummies vii. 110 You may decide that it's time to see a specialist.
c. U.S. Stock Market. A dealer who buys and sells only a single stock or a narrow range of stocks, typically having or sharing responsibility for maintaining a stable market in the relevant sector.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > stocks and shares > [noun] > dealer in stocks and shares > type of
profit taker1552
bull1714
bear1718
fund-monger1734
lame duck1806
stag1845
taker-in1852
cornerer1869
wrecker1876
corner-man1881
market-rigger1881
boursocrat1882
offeror1882
ribbon clerk1882
inflater1884
manipulator1888
underwriter1889
kangaroo1896
piker1898
share pusher1898
specialist1900
tailer1900
writer1906
placee1953
corporate raider1955
tippee1961
raider1972
bottom fisher1974
white knight1978
greenmailer1984
1900 S. A. Nelson ABC of Wall St. xxxv. 159 Specialists. Brokers who deal in one or two stocks only.
1907 S. A. Nelson Consolidated Stock Exchange N.Y. xiii. 69 The successful specialist if trading in an active stock must be a robust man, have a strong voice, be quick-witted, and always willing to trade.
1934 Sun (Baltimore) 3 Mar. 15/8 New York Stock Exchange ‘specialists’ today objected emphatically to provisions of the pending securities market control bill which would require them to abandon the practice of trading on their own account.
1963 B. E. Shultz Securities Market (ed. 2) xvi. 302 A ‘floor give-up’ in which specialists and two-dollar brokers give up the names of the firms for which they are acting.
1988 Times 12 Feb. 24/5 The specialist in New York assumes an obligation to act to prevent volatile price movements in the shares for which he has the sole obligation to make a market.
2003 U.S. News & World Rep. 9 June 27/3 Each of the 443 specialists is supposed to hold an auction for every sale.
d. In the Soviet Union and other communist countries: a person with a specialist knowledge in some area of science, engineering, or culture; an engineer or scientist. Now historical.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > branch of knowledge > systematic knowledge, science > [noun] > scientist
man of science1482
natural philosopher?1541
secretary of nature1580
artsman1632
experimental philosopher1651
artist1665
scientific1738
sciencist1778
scientist1834
scientician1841
scientiate1847
scient1854
sciencer1871
natural scientist1872
specialist1918
boffin1945
the world > action or operation > ability > skill or skilfulness > [noun] > skilful person > skilled and knowledgeable person > with specialist knowledge
specialist1918
1918 New Jersey Municipalities Oct. 309/1 He alluded to an address of Lenine's, in which the necessity for expertness in a democratic government—even to the extent of using ‘bourgeois specialists’, if necessary—is set forth.
1929 tr. ‘V. M. Molotov’ Communist Party Soviet Union 39 Of course there cannot be many among the ranks of the old specialists who could be taken into the Party... The Shakhtny case revealed clearly enough that we have some of the most bitter enemies among the specialists, whose skill we must nevertheless use.
1974 T. P. Whitney tr. A. Solzhenitsyn Gulag Archipel. I. i. ix. 334 The Case of Glavtop—May, 1921. This case was important because it involved engineers—or, as they had been christened in the terminology of the times, ‘specialists’, or spetsy.
1977 ‘S. Leys’ Chinese Shadows (1978) ii. 101 It [sc. the Tower of the Six Harmonies] is such a sturdy building that an army of ‘specialists’ would have been necessary to demolish it.
1997 Theory & Society 26 44 According to the 1989 census, the specialists as a sociological group constituted about 28 percent of the employed Russian population.
e. U.S. Military. An enlisted soldier in the U.S. Army of one of four grades (specialist 4, equivalent to the rank of corporal, being the most junior, specialist 7, equivalent to sergeant first class, being the most senior) who has technical or administrative duties but does not exercise command. Frequently prefixed to the name of a soldier. Cf. spec n.4
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > soldier with special duty > [noun]
partyman1693
specialist1955
spec1958
1955 Army-Navy-Air Force Reg. 14 May 1/1 Army personnel in the top four enlisted grades will be separated into two groups, non-commissioned officers and specialists... Those who perform non-leadership duties of a technical or administrative nature will be designated ‘Specialists’..and will rank among themselves as Master Specialists (E-7), Specialist First Class (E-6), Specialist Second Class (E-5), and Specialist (E-4).
1969 I. Kemp Brit. G.I. in Vietnam iii. 67 I got on particularly well with the new crew chief, Specialist Fifth Class Jaycelon.
1974 Encycl. Brit. Micropædia VII. 406/2 Specialist, military, any of four enlisted ranks in the U.S. Army corresponding to the grades of corporal (Specialist 4) through sergeant first class (Specialist 7).
2008 N.Y. Times Mag. 24 Feb. 64/2 He and Specialist Michael Jackson had crawled up the hill twice trying to retake it.
4. Ecology. A species which is closely adapted to certain environmental conditions or a particular ecological niche.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > balance of nature > organisms in relation to habitat > [noun]
colonist1839
benthos1891
land form1897
heterotroph1900
autotroph1901
epibenthos1902
specialist1902
microaerophile1903
nitrifier1903
consumer1904
nitrogen fixer1904
producer1904
indicator1906
psychrophile1906
thermophil1909
sulphuretum1925
influent1926
halobiont1928
halophile1928
mesophile1928
oligosaprobe1931
saprobe1932
eurytope1938
stenotope1938
photoautotroph1939
chemoautotroph1943
prototroph1946
mixotrophy1948
chemolithoautotroph1949
auxotroph1950
chemoheterotroph1951
chemoorganotroph1953
chemolithotroph1955
chemotroph1958
osmophile1961
psychrotroph1963
saprotroph1963
generalist1964
opportunist1967
cryophile1970
1902 Bull. Univ. Cincinnati Apr. 7 The advantages and disadvantages of specialists; the giraffe and the ant-eater.
1966 BioScience 16 243/1 Some of these early living forms doubtless became specialists adapted to particular environmental conditions.
2009 M. J. Angilletta Thermal Adaption 194/1 If hotter is truly better, a specialist adapted to a high body temperature would enjoy greater fitness than a specialist adapted to a low body temperature.
B. adj.
1. Of a person: that is a specialist; possessing detailed knowledge of a specific and restricted subject; engaged in activity or study in a restricted field, market, role, etc.
ΚΠ
1856 Asylum Jrnl. Mental Sci. No. 15. 82 M Falret points out three principal conclusions which specialist physicians have arrived at, in their study of emotional disturbance.
1887 D. Maguire Art of Massage (ed. 4) i. 15 The specialist doctor who practises therapeutic massage should develop a special action of his own.
1926 Lincoln (Nebraska) Sunday Star 17 Jan. 2/1 The specialist grain farmer will put up a fuss in times of low corn prices.
1969 Australian 24 May 36/7 Owen Butler and Dick Millard, the two towering NSW Country second rowers, are specialist lineout jumpers.
2004 B. Cunliffe Iron Age Communities in Brit. xviii. 505 Specialist potters were at work in at least four centres supplying the ceramic needs of the communities.
2. That involves or requires detailed knowledge of a specific and restricted subject; aimed at, suited for, or carried out by specialists; specialized.
ΚΠ
1861 Med. Critic & Psychol. Jrnl. 1 60 Such evils as appertain to specialist practice and specialties in medicine may be readily distinguished from the good which belongs to them.
1883 Fortn. Rev. July 110 The matters to be dealt with require a specialist knowledge.
1893 F. W. L. Adams New Egypt xix I had no specialist acquaintance with the place or the people.
1967 Brit. Jrnl. Psychiatry 113 450/1 Thirty-nine papers reprinted from specialist journals make this volume excellent value.
1986 Jrnl. Operational Res. Soc. 37 1019 The techniques are rather specialist and cannot in general be fully applied.
2009 J. Struthers Red Sky at Night 139 You can always buy more specialist equipment later, if you get the flower-pressing bug.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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n.adj.1661
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