Southernn.2
/ˈsʌðn/, U.S. /ˈsəðərn/ Biochemistry.
Used attributively (esp. in Southern blot, see blot n.1 Additions, Southern blotting, see blotting n. Additions) with reference to a technique for the identification of specific nucleotide sequences in DNA, in which fragments separated on an agarose gel are transferred directly to another medium on which assay is carried out. Cf. northern adj. 8.The second medium is usually a nitrocellulose membrane, and assay is performed by hybridization to a labelled DNA fragment comprising the complementary sequence.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > biological processes > immunogenesis > [noun] > immunological assays > blot procedures
Southern blotting1977
Western blot1981
Western blotting1981
western1985
the world > life > biology > biological processes > immunogenesis > [adjective] > of immunological assays > of blot procedures
Southern blot1977
1977 Cell 12 741/2 Screening experiments, designed to explore the repertoire of viral transcripts present in the cytoplasm of Ad2-infected cells, have been conducted with a novel variation of the Southern blotting technique.
1981 Analyt. Biochem. 116 237/1 In the last 5 years, the Southern blot technique..has become one of the most common techniques in molecular biology.
1990 Jrnl. Exper. Bot. 41 1047/2 The presence of the NPTII gene in this tissue was confirmed by Southern hybridization of the product.
1996 New Scientist 11 May 42/3 A ‘modified’ version of gel electrophoresis—Southern blotting—allowed these chunks to be identified and their lengths compared.
2000 L. K. Kreppel & G. W. Hart in M. Fukuda & O. Hindsgaul Molecular & Cellular Glycobiol. vi. 203 Southern blot analysis indicates that the rat..and human..enzymes are not members of a closely related multigene family.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
southernadj.n.1
/ˈsʌðn/, U.S. /ˈsəðərn/α. Old English–early Middle English suðerne, Old English–Middle English suþerne, late Old English–Middle English sutherne, early Middle English souþþerne, Middle English soþern, Middle English soþerne, Middle English sothyrn, Middle English souþerne, Middle English southirne, Middle English southyrne, Middle English souþorn, Middle English sowþirne, Middle English suthern, Middle English suthirn, Middle English suthorne, Middle English–1600s sothern, Middle English–1600s southerne, Middle English–1600s sowthern, Middle English–1600s sowtherne, Middle English– southern, late Middle English soeurne (transmission error), 1500s sootherne, 1500s–1600s sotherne, 1600s soothern; Scottish pre-1700 southerne, pre-1700 sutherne, pre-1700 1700s– southern, 1900s– suddern.
β. Old English suðrene (rare), Middle English sothryn, Middle English southrin, Middle English souþrene, Middle English sowþren, Middle English suthrin, Middle English–1500s sothren, Middle English–1600s southren, late Middle English sothron (chiefly northern), 1500s southrene, 1600s southrine; Scottish pre-1700 sothren, pre-1700 1700s southren, 1900s– suddren; N.E.D. (1913) also records a form late Middle English southrene.
γ. Middle English soþeren, Middle English sotherin, Middle English souþerin, Middle English sowtheren, Middle English sowtheryne, Middle English–1500s sotheren; Scottish pre-1700 sotheren, pre-1700 sutherane, pre-1700 sutheren, 1900s– sudderin, 1900s– sudderin'; N.E.D. (1913) also records a form Middle English souþeren.
Also with capital initial. A. adj.
1. Of a wind: blowing from the south.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > wind > [adjective] > from specific point of compass
southeOE
northeOE
northerneOE
easternOE
southernOE
south-easternOE
north-easternOE
westernOE
south-westernOE
southena1325
north-east1379
east-north-easta1398
east-south-easta1398
north-north-easta1398
north-westa1398
south-southeasta1398
south-westc1400
south-easta1425
nor'-westa1500
south-southwesta1522
north-westera1525
northerlya1544
southerly1550
south-southeast?1560
south-easterly1577
north-north-west1601
subprincipal1601
southernly1610
north-westerly1611
easternly1614
northernly1632
westwardly1653
northwardly1654
north-easterly1686
southwardly1693
southwesterly1703
eastling1725
south-southeasterly1803
westland1818
south-southwesterly1822
north-western1829
north-north-easterly1831
southwesterly1883
nor-nor-east1891
OE Ælfric De Temporibus Anni (Cambr. Gg.3.28) (2009) x. 94 Ealne ðone cwyld þe se suðerna wind Auster acenð.
lOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Bodl.) (2009) I. vi. 250 Swa eac se suðerna wind [L. Auster] hwilum mid miclum storme gedrefeð þa sæ.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 15994 Com þe win[d] suðerne [c1300 Otho souþþerne], þa sæt an heore wille.
c1300 St. Brendan (Laud) l. 468 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 232 (MED) Þo cam sone a souþerne wynd and northþe-ward drof heom faste.
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Psalms lxxvii. 26 He..broȝte in his vertue the southerne wynd.
tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) i. l. 1104 (MED) The southern wynd is best, as wist Is wel.
?1527 L. Andrewe tr. Noble Lyfe Bestes sig. kij/1 Blaste of the Sothern wynde.
1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus at Notus The southerne windes puffe vp the sayles.
1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §217 The Thinner or Drier Aire, carrieth not the Sound so well, as the more Dense: As appeareth..in moist Weather, and Southern Winds.
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 270 But Southern Gales invite us to the Main.
1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson ii. i. 116 The southern winds..blow off the land in violent gusts.., which..seems to be owing to the obstruction of the southern gale, by the hills in the neighbourhood.
?1770 Adventures of Actor xi. 131 A voice, soft as the southern breeze.
1835 Penny Cycl. III. 27/1 The southern trade-wind..always preserves its direction.
1872 E. H. Whiteman Sonnets 68 His bark is homeward-bound to-day On the breath of the southern wind, Sighing low.
1920 J. Ward With ‘Die-hards’ in Siberia xvi. 175 This southern gale took twenty-four hours in which to blow itself out, and a four days' calm followed.
1984 Novel 17 220 Aschenbach contracts his fatal ailment by lingering too long where southern winds bring both fierce erotic longings and cholera bacilli.
2001 Independent (Nexis) 22 Sept. 4 No soft Septembral southern breeze—In fact it's been the opposite.
2.
a. Living in or originating from the south or the more southerly part of a country or region (in early use esp. of England).
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of specific region > [adjective] > southern people
southernOE
southOE
southernly1620
south-east1959
OE (Northumbrian) Rushw. Gospels: Luke xi. 31 Regina austri surget in iudicio cum uiris generationis huius et contempnabit illos : cwoen suðerne ariseð on dome mið weorum cneoreswo ðisser & giheneð hia.
OE Riddle 62 9 Nydeþ swiþe suþerne secg.
c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Parson's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) Prol. l. 42 But trusteth wel, I am a Southren man.
a1475 (a1447) O. Bokenham Mappula Angliae in Englische Studien (1887) 10 32 (MED) The mydlonde peple is be-twix þe norþyn & þe sowþirne.
1530 Thorpe's Examinacion To Rdr. sig. A.ijv This I haue corrected and put forth in the english that now is vsed in Englande, for ower sothern men, nothynge therto addynge ne yet ther from mynysshyng.
1562 W. Bullein Bk. Simples f. 30 v, in Bulwarke of Defence In the Northe it is called Hauer: the Southerne people Otes.
1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 533 Contention betweene the Northren and Southren students at Oxford.
1647 J. Hall Poems i. 10 As feathers on a Southern-hacneys head.
1705 D. Defoe Consolidator 340 I shall not fail to give a clear State of the Debate of the two Kingdoms, in which the Southern Men had the least Reason.
1753 T. Salmon Universal Traveller II. 665/1 The Hair of the Southern People is generally black.
?1790 A. Macdonald Laura I. xvii. 230 Before Spencer, the southern poets seemed hardly to have any idea of measure at all.
1802 G. Ellis Let. in J. G. Lockhart Mem. Life Sir W. Scott (1837) I. x. 346 In the only situation which can enable a Southern reader to estimate their merits.
1871 W. W. Skeat in Joseph of Arimathie Pref. p. xi The southern forms in the poem being due to a southern scribe.
1905 Geogr. Jrnl. 25 393 The Ross seal is the least common of the southern seals.
1960 W. S. Davis Day in Old Athens i. 6 The bracing sea breeze saved them from that enervating lethargy which has ruined so many southern folk.
2004 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 12 Aug. 55/1 The government of Sudan and the southern rebels..signed a preliminary peace agreement in Naivasha, Kenya.
b. Originally U.S. Frequently with capital initial. Living in or originating from the American South (see south n. 3c).
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of America > native or inhabitant of North America > native or inhabitant of U.S.A. > [adjective] > parts of
southern1774
salt river1828
Appalachian1878
down home1901
Ozarkian1906
1774 (title) A dialogue, between a southern delegate, and his spouse, on his return from the Grand Continental Congress.
1789 Deb. Congr. U.S. 28 Apr. (1834) I. 215 Suppose a member from Massachusetts was to propose an impost on negroes, what would you hear from the Southern gentlemen, if fifty dollars was the sum to be laid?
1839 W. E. Channing Wks. (1884) 553/1 Congress must be an arena in which Northern and Southern parties will be arrayed against each other.
1846 J. Soule in Jrnls. Gen. Conf. Methodist Episcopal Church, South (1851) I. 105 Southern Methodists were able so far to conciliate public opinion, and quiet popular apprehension, as to carry on..the ordinary operations of church enterprise and discipline.
1849 C. Lyell 2nd Visit U.S. II. 35 These Northern settlers are compelled to preserve a discreet silence..when in the society of Southern slave-owners.
1888 A. C. Gunter Mr. Potter xii. 144 The most desperate charge ever made in the war by Southern troops.
1925 Amer. Mercury Jan. 86/1 The supereminent kindness of the southern gentleman's heart.
1967 N. Mailer Why are we in Vietnam? i. 22 My mother is a Southern lady.
2008 New Yorker 9 June 115/2 Martha, who was regarded as a somewhat comical figure—a Southern Gracie Allen for the Nixon era—even as she was falling apart.
3.
a. Situated in or lying towards the south; having a position relatively south.In quot. 1678 used with adverbial force.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > direction > cardinal points > South > [adjective]
southernOE
southwardOE
meridionalc1386
austral1398
southly1440
meridian?a1475
meridialc1540
southerly1556
southernly1591
southwardlyc1612
austrian1634
austrine1635
south'ard1671
fore-south1686
southwards1838
OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 2nd Ser. (Cambr. Gg.3.28) xl. 340 Sum cwen wæs on ðam dagum on suðdæle Saba gehaten... Heo..com fram ðam suðernum gemærum to salomone binnon hierusalem.
?1556 N. Smyth tr. Herodian Hist. ii. f. xxviv It myght haue a munycion vnpreignable, stretchinge from the Northerne vnto the Southerne sea.
1594 T. Blundeville Exercises v. xxx. f. 300v Euery degree of any of the southerne signes riseth Southernly.
1604 E. Grimeston tr. J. de Acosta Nat. & Morall Hist. Indies i. ii. 5 The other Antarticke or Southerne Pole.
1659 J. Dryden Heroique Stanza's xxxi, in E. Waller et al. Three Poems 8 We boldly crost the Line And bravely fought where Southern Starrs arise.
1678 J. Dryden All for Love i. 2 All Southern, from yon hills, the Roman Camp Hangs o'er us black and threatning.
1713 A. Pope Windsor-Forest 17 Under southern Skies.
1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth IV. 49 The Agouti..is found in great abundance in the southern parts of America.
1841 M. Elphinstone Hist. India I. App. iv. 475 The disappearance of the Greeks after the overthrow of their southern kingdom.
1872 R. B. Smyth Mining Statist. 5 The colony of Victoria embraces the southern extremity of the island-continent of Australia.
1917 D. Haig Diary 15 Aug. in War Diaries & Lett. 1914–18 (2005) 315 Gough should arrange to establish a strong flank on the southern edge of the forest.
1977 Daily Tel. 28 July 1/6 The small spaceport at Kagoshima, at the southern tip of Japan.
2007 New Scientist 3 Feb. 35/1 A group called Gondwanatheres, which lived on the southern continents, are known only from an assortment of teeth and a partial jaw.
b. Designating the more southerly part of a country or region.
ΚΠ
1682 P. C. Chamberlayne Compend. Geographicum x. 38 Southern Germany about the Danube, is subdivided into nine parts besides several small divisions.
1733 Dugdale & P. Shaw tr. B. Varenius et al. Compl. Syst. Gen. Geogr. I. xviii. 402 The two Rivers, Rengo and Coauza, produced the Isle of Loanda, on the Shore of southern Africa.
1793 W. Russell Hist. Anc. Europe II. i. xii. 209 The pass of Thermopylæ, on the south-west frontier of Phthiotis; and the only opening through which an army could enter Southern Greece.
1830 C. Lyell Princ. Geol. I. 324 A line drawn through the Grecian archipelago,..Southern Italy, Sicily, Southern Spain, and Portugal, will, if prolonged westward through the ocean, strike the volcanic group of the Azores.
1883 Pall Mall Gaz. 21 Dec. 4/2 It is by his permission..that the gaily-decked squadrons..go thundering across the pasture and ploughs of middle and southern England.
1925 Econ. Geogr. 1 163/1 The environment of southern Asia has coöperated with other agencies in producing distinct species of cattle such as the Brahman or zebu type, the gayal, the yak, the water buffalo and the banteng.
1957 M. Hadfield Brit. Trees 116 The Nootka cypress grows on the Pacific coast of North America, from southern Alaska to southern Oregon.
2008 Review (Rio Tinto) Mar. 19/3 Then there are several promising coking coal projects under way around the world—notably in southern Africa.
4.
a. Of, belonging to, or characteristic of the south or the more southerly part of a country or region; made, found, or occurring in the south.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > direction > cardinal points > South > [adjective] > quality
southerneOE
southOE
south sidea1693
eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) i. lxxix. 152 Gif mon fram longum wege geteorod sie drince betonican on þam suðrenan oxumelle.
eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) ii. xxviii. 224 Oxumelle mid rædice, þæt is suþerne læcedom.
OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 2nd Ser. (Cambr. Gg.3.28) xl. 340 And hire olfendas bæron suðerne wyrta, and deorwurðe gymstanas.
a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) II. 163 Men of myddel Engelond..vnderstondeþ bettre þe side langages, norþerne and souþerne, þan norþerne and souþerne vnderstondeþ eiþer oþer.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 20061 In a writt þis ilk i fand..In sotherin englis was it draun.
Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 467/1 Sowtherne, idem quod sowthely.
1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VI f. clxxxv Meaninge to haue..a southerne byl, to conteruayle a Northren bastard.
1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. i. v. 182 To seeke aduenture In Southren Climates for a milder Winter.
1622 in W. Foster Eng. Factories India 1622–3 (1908) 43 Which..brings them quantetyes of southrine commodities.
1711 A. Pope Ess. Crit. 24 That Sun..not alone the Southern Wit sublimes, But ripens Spirits in cold Northern Climes.
1748 D. Hume National Characters in Ess. Moral & Polit. (ed. 3) xxiv. 280 The more southern [languages] are smooth and melodious, the northern harsh and untuneable.
1801 Farmer's Mag. Jan. 108 The great demand for the southern markets in the Autumn.
1878 M. Williams Mod. India 131 Vaishṇavism and Śaivism (or the worship of Vishṇu and Śiva) constitute the very heart and soul of Southern Hindūism.
1886 T. L. Kington-Oliphant New Eng. I. 68 A curious medley of Northern and Southern pronouns.
1902 J. Buchan Watcher by Threshold ii. 125 He thought Scots games inferior to southern sports.
1961 E. McLeod tr. Colette Break of Day 36 A southern luncheon..salads, stuffed rascasse and aubergine fritters.
2006 C. Stringer Homo Britannicus iv. 165 Southern exotics such as the Montpellier maple and water chestnut.
b. spec. Frequently with capital initial. Of, belonging to, or characteristic of the American South or its inhabitants (see south n. 3c).
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > named regions of earth > America > North America > [adjective] > U.S.A. > southern states
southern1788
Southron1829
southern-fried1972
chicken-fried1975
1788 J. Madison Writings V. 80 I have for some time considered him as driving at a Southern Confederacy.
1836 Southern Literary Messenger 2 111/2 We have known a New Englander laugh at the Southern use of the word clever.
1840 Methodist Rev. Oct. 389 No greater slander could be promulgated than to denounce the Colonization Society as the supporter of the system of southern slavery.
1877 N. Amer. Rev. Nov. 472 The Southern question germinated on the first day when a slave was introduced into the thirteen North American colonies of Great Britain.
1903 W. D. Howells Lett. Home xvii. 111 The girl with the Southern accent that sings pathetic ballads of the lost cause, and then coon songs for her recalls.
1941 W. J. Cash Mind of South iii. iii. 364 It was obvious enough that the basic Rooseveltian ideas..ran directly contrary to the basic Southern attitudes.
1972 Times 15 Nov. 10/5 Professional chef with knowledge of American Southern food..wanted for a new restaurant..in Chelsea.
2004 A. Robbins Pledged 6 ‘Oh,’ one girl drawled in a honeyed southern accent.
5. Designating plants and animals native to or characteristic of southern latitudes, or southern parts of countries or continents. See also Compounds 3.
a. In the names of plants and plant products. See also southernwood n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > by habitat or distribution > [adjective] > characteristic of particular region or period
southerneOE
African1578
Asiatic1670
American1678
Creole1758
Californian1785
subalpine1808
Antarctic1835
Adelaidean1847
Arctic1876
Atlantic1876
gerontogeous1880
Cenomanian1902
Lusitanian1907
pantropic1911
pantropical1913
native1920
eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) ii. xxiii. 212 Him is to sellanne lactucas & suþerne popig inneweard.
OE Lacnunga (2001) I. clxxviii. 122 Wyrc him þonne stanbæð, & on þæm ete suþerne rædic mid sealte.
lOE Durham Plant Gloss. 12 Cinamomum uel cimini, sutherne rind.
1607 G. Markham Cavelarice iii. 17 Not like your southerne Oates light and emptie, which in the north wee call skeggs.
a1722 E. Lisle Observ. Husbandry (1757) 243 It is otherwise with the southern fir, for you must stay till the warmth of the spring for the transplanting of that.
1856 A. Gray Man. Bot. Northern U.S. (1860) 78 Vitis vulpina. Muscadine or Southern Fox-Grape.
1889 T. Kirk Forest Flora 99 Although the two plants [sc. Metrosideros lucida and M. robusta] are easily distinguished..it may be advisable to term this species the southern rata, and M. robusta the northern rata.
1913 H. H. Gibson Amer. Forest Trees 290 In practically all large shipments of southern red oak to the North, some Spanish oak is mixed.
1977 Agric. Water Managem. 1 351 Leaf water potential was positively correlated with soil water potential in southern pea, Vigna silensis.
1986 Scilly up to Date June 5 The Lower Moors used to be a site for the southern marsh orchis (Dactylorhiza praetermissa).
2001 B. McCartney et al. Color Atlas Turfgrass Weeds 41/1 Southern crabgrass is distinguished from large crabgrass on the basis of the length of the second glume.
b. In the names of mammals, fishes, and other animals.
ΚΠ
1690 London Gaz. No. 2614/4 A Pack of Southern Beagles to be sold.
1781 J. Latham Gen. Synopsis Birds I. i. 264 Southern Brown Parrot... Inhabits New Zealand.
1790 Nat. Hist. in J. White Jrnl. Voy. New S. Wales 266 Southern Cottus, Cottus Australis... This fish did not exceed four inches in length.
1823 J. Latham Gen. Hist. Birds VI. 322 Southern Wagtail... Inhabits New-Holland, and has the air and manners of our Common Wagtail.
1848 G. R. Waterhouse Nat. Hist. Mammalia 181 The food of the Southern Cavy consists of seeds and green herbage.
1868 Chambers's Encycl. X. 151/2 The Southern or Cape Whale (Balæna australis) is now regarded as a distinct species.
1882 D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert Synopsis Fishes N. Amer. 929 Argyrops chrysops, Southern Porgee.
1907 W. R. Fisher Schlich's Man. Forestry (ed. 2) IV. ii. ii. 125 Voles breed much more rapidly than mice, the southern field-vole (Arvicola arvalis, Selys.) being especially reproductive.
1936 R. W. Doane et al. Forest Insects v. 78 The southern pine beetle, D[endroctonus] frontalis Zimm., is..a very aggressive species in the South-east.
1994 N.Y. Times 10 May c12/3 The Monterey Bay sanctuary..supports..26 species of marine mammals, including such endangered ones as the southern sea otter and the gray whale.
2002 P. Benshoff Myakka 161 If the call is more like an old-fashioned telephone ringing, it's a Southern toad.
6. Facing southwards; (also) extending in a southerly direction.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > direction > [adjective] > having specific aspect > facing south
southern1620
southeringa1838
1620 T. Venner Via Recta 5 The sunne, which rectifieth the aire, might through the southerne windowes in the winter enter into euery roome.
1693 J. Evelyn tr. J. de La Quintinie Compl. Gard'ner i. iii. xiv. 157 When we have a good Southern Wall, there is hardly any thing more agreeable than to gather..in ones Garden, a Basket of fair Peaches.
1706 G. London & H. Wise Retir'd Gard'ner I. i. 19 What fruit best agrees with a Southern Wall.
1706 G. London & H. Wise Retir'd Gard'ner I. i. 20 The Southern Exposition.
1781 W. Cowper Retirem. 494 There, prison'd in a parlour snug and small, Like bottled wasps upon a southern wall.
1847 G. Lippard Washington & his Generals ii. 115 Even as she stood there, gazing out of the southern window,..there, not ten paces from her side, were seven loaded rifles and a keg of powder.
1860 Amer. Agriculturist 19 353/1 Down the furrowed oak's broad southern side Streams of dissolving rime no longer glide.
1900 W. How Lighter Moments 37 A very good garden with a southern slope.
1952 G. H. Dury Map Interpr. vi. 47 On the southern side of Ben Nevis itself, the relief is comparatively feeble above c. 4,000 ft., with little beyond a field of riven blocks to suggest frost-action.
2009 Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 16 July (Essential section) 18 In the mornings, the southern aspect gives it the most desirable light for an artist.
7. Done or undertaken in the south or in a southerly direction.
ΚΠ
1648 E. Symmons Vindic. King Charles (new ed.) i. 5 Before his intentions could return to motion, for that Southern Expedition, this unhappy Parliament (by his authority) met at Westminster.
1669 J. Seller Pract. Navigation x. 232 Here I thought it necessary to mention something of the Crossiers, which are certain Stars that are of great use in the Southern Navigations.
1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson i. ix. 92 This..would render all that southern navigation infinitely securer than at present.
1789 New Ann. Reg. 1788 Brit. & Foreign Hist. 73/2 The officers, who had marched upon the southern expedition with colonel Fullarton, took the field with twelve, fiftenn, nay eighteen months arrears due to them and their battalions.
1817 M. Wilks Hist. Sketches South of India III. xxxvi. 111 The plan of a southern campaign was liable to the fundamental objection of separating the seat of war from its great magazine and depôt Fort St. George.
1891 S. M. Welch Home Hist. 157 This southern travel mostly consisted of the sugar ‘Nabobs’ of Louisiana and rich planters from the ‘Cotton States’.
1927 Scribner's Mag. Apr. 383/2 Take me along on a Southern trip to see what the rich resorters are wearin'?
1989 R. Headland Chron. List Antarctic Exped. 104 The series of Acts between 1786 and 1813..maintained some restrictions on the whaling industry and southern navigation.
B. n.1† 1. Usually with the. People from the south collectively, esp. the English as opposed to the Scottish (cf. Southron n. 1b). Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of specific region > [noun] > southern people
southc1300
southerna1387
a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 163 (MED) Men of myddel Engelond..vnderstondeþ bettre þe side langages, norþerne and souþerne, þan norþerne and souþerne vnderstondeþ eiþer oþer.
1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) iv. l. 669 Thocht Sotheren had it suorn.
1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) iv. l. 609 Ane awfull salt the Sothren son began.
1622 M. Drayton 2nd Pt. Poly-olbion xxii. 52 The Southerne expert were, in all to warre belong.
1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian vii, in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. I. 200 A sturdy Scotsman, with all sort of prejudices against the southern, and the spawn of the southern.
1860 W. H. Russell My Diary in India 1858–9 II. vii. 142 The Southern who harried their glens with his canine myrmidons in the evil days ere King Jamie annexed England to Scotland.
2. Frequently with capital initial.
a. A native or inhabitant of the south or the southern part of a country or region; (in early use) esp. a person from the lands around the Mediterranean.
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > [noun] > southern
southern?1608
?1608 S. Lennard tr. P. Charron Of Wisdome i. xlii. 167 The Southerns are vnchaste, by reason of that frothie, freating, tickling melancholie, as we commonly see in Hares.
1736 tr. Polit. Dialogues Pasquin & Marforio ii. 20 The Match was now become unequal, as to Numbers at least, and therefore it was judged Necessary by the Southerns, to call in a Third to their Aid.
1811 Belfast Monthly Mag. Feb. 108/2 The southerns calling the month seventh month, which the northerns called first month.
1856 N. Brit. Rev. 26 127 Vegetable oil in lamps lights the Southerns now as in old classical days.
1870 L. Toulmin Smith Eng. Gilds Introd. p. lxxiii When..these Southerns brought Christianity into the North.
1885 H. Taylor Autobiogr. I. 353 The trading interests of the Southerns [of China] were identical with our own.
1900 C. H. H. Parry Style in Musical Art 17 The southerns delight in broad sweeping effects, in which details are of little consequence.
1995 S. Chatterjee Mizo Chiefs & Chiefdom v. 65 The westerns fought against the easterns and the southerns fought against the westerns.
b. spec.† (a) Scottish. An Englishman; = Southron n. 1a. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > British nation > English nation > [noun] > native or inhabitant of England
EnglishmaneOE
EnglishOE
startc1438
Southron1488
Englander1610
knife-man1643
Englisher1652
southern1721
John Bull1772
Saxon1810
Sassenach1815
rosbif1826
Goddam1830
Angrezi1866
Angrez1877
Percy1916
Limey1918
woodbine1918
homie1926
kipper1946
1721 A. Ramsay Prospect of Plenty 82 The Southerns will with pith your project bauk.
1795 W. McVitie Whisky 3 When the Southerns sae o'ergade us, Tho' we scarce had ane for ten; Yet, of those that did invade us, Oft times few gade hame again.
1815 W. Scott Lord of Isles vi. xxvi. 259 Both Southern fierce and hardy Scot.
(b) A native or inhabitant of the southern part of one of the nations of the United Kingdom or, before the Act of Union (1800), Ireland. Cf. southerner n. c. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > the Irish > [noun] > native or inhabitant of Ireland > part of Ireland
Ultagh1649
Corkonian?1770
southern1773
Ultonian1781
Northern Irishman1818
yellowbelly1826
Ulsterman1845
mountainy man1851
Ulsterite1920
Dub1973
the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > British nation > Scots nation > [noun] > native or inhabitant of Scotland > parts of Scotland
ScoteOE
Irish Scota1387
Irish Scot1521
Irishman1529
Moravian1577
Moravea1600
highlander1610
lowlander1621
trewsman1639
Whiglander1682
northland1698
Norlander1716
plaid1749
bonnet man1763
plaid-man1763
norland1768
Irish Gael1771
Galwegian1774
southern1812
Gallovidian1875
Fifer1887
Clydesider1921
teuchter1940
the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > British nation > English nation > [noun] > native or inhabitant of England > south of England
southerna1849
southerner1873
1773 T. Leland Hist. Ireland II. iv. vi. 416 These mutinous attempts of the Southerns being thus vigorously opposed and suppressed.
1812 Eclectic Rev. Feb. 166 They took possession of their mountains and glens, as a long asylum from the encroaching power of the southerns.
a1849 H. Coleridge Ess. & Marginalia (1851) I. 190 The Southerns, and some of you Northerns too, have a strange idea of the lakes.
a1873 S. Wilberforce Ess. (1874) I. 26 Poor stay-at-home Southerns whose nerves were not being braced by the invigorating air of the eastern Highlands.
1893 R. J. Buckley Ireland as it Is 63 If the Northerns and Southerns would swop countries, Ireland must develop into one of the most prosperous countries in the world.
1911 F. J. Snell Customs Old Eng. ix. 103 Promoting discord between Northerns and Southerns.
(c) A native or inhabitant of the Southern states of the United States; = southerner n. a. Now somewhat rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of specific region > [noun] > southern people > person
southerling1609
southlander1647
southern1823
southerner1833
Southron1857
southeasterner1883
1823 Augusta (Georgia) Chron. 30 July The geographical lines between the honest Southerns and tricking Yankees.
1846 G. Warburton Hochelaga II. 314 There were Hamburg Jews, Spaniards from the Havannah, Northerns and Southerns, Westerns, English, Canadians, and a few who had no country in particular.
1854 M. F. Wilkins Slave Son vi. 87 The southerns are as variable as they are impetuous.
1901 M. J. F. McCarthy Five Years Ireland xxxiv. 512 Taking our beating like men, as the Southerns did and do in the United States.
1954 C. Timberlake Bishop of Broadway xiv. 165 The villain joins the Southerns, who, in recognition no doubt of his high character and remarkable record, at once make him a colonel.
3. The variety of English spoken in the Southern states of the United States.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > languages of the world > Indo-Hittite > [noun] > Indo-European > Germanic > English > American English > varieties of
Midland1785
New England1839
Chicagoese1883
Bostonese1888
New Yorkese1888
Brooklynese1893
Western American1901
Manhattanese1908
Harlemese1928
southern1935
jive1938
Yinglish1951
lockjaw1965
Valley Girl1982
Valspeak1982
Valleyspeak1983
Yat1984
1935 A. C. Baugh Hist. Eng. Lang. 446 In the English language spoken in America three major dialects can be distinguished: New England, Southern, and General American.
1951 Language 27 425 The division into Northern, Midland, and Southern (instead of the older New England, General American, and Southern) does not come as a shock.
1975 New Yorker 21 Apr. 33/3 I listened to the Governor's lady talking for some minutes to some of her South Delaware friends, and they were talking Southern.
1981 J. Scott Distant View of Death x. 147 Saying in her comedy Southern: ‘Why, Colonel..you jest spoil lil' ol' me.’
2001 B. A. Fennell Hist. Eng. vii. 223 Before there were any dialect surveys in the United States, it was generally believed that there were two main dialects, Yankee (i.e. northern) and southern.
Compounds
C1. Parasynthetic, instrumental, locative, etc., designating something from the south or having a characteristically southern form or appearance.In quot. 1678 apparently referring to a former subdivision of beagles into northern and southern breeds (cf. quot. 1690 at sense A. 5b).
ΚΠ
1678 London Gaz. No. 1308/4 A broad squot white beagle Bitch,..southern-headed.
1796 J. Lawrence Philos. & Pract. Treat. Horses I. iv. 222 The southern bred horse..is able to move with a much larger proportional weight, than the thick gross horse of these northern countries.
1831 Southern Rev. Nov. 248 The price of Northern-made and Southern-made, of taxed and of untaxed hats, would be the very same.
1866 ‘G. F. Harrington’ Inside x. 81/1 Somerville contains many hundred Southern-born individuals.
1922 D. H. Lawrence Aaron's Rod (N.Y. ed.) xiv. 195 There was..something inhuman and possessed-looking in their foreign, southern-shaped faces, so much more formed and demon-looking than northern faces.
1968 Compar. Stud. in Society & Hist. 10 154 The immediate response of acceptance by northerners of the southern-created Congress.
1991 Washington Post 30 Jan. a7/1 The northern-based Somali National Movement and the Southern-based Somali Patriotic Movement.
2001 E. Bernard in L. Hughes & C. Van Vechten Remember me to Harlem 82 Her anonymous essay, ‘The Fall of a Fair Confederate’, describes her conversion from a Southern-bred racist to a self-described ‘Negrophile’.
C2.
southern belle n. (frequently with capital initial) an attractive, typically upper-class woman from the Southern states of the United States, esp. one perceived as having a wild, flirtatious, or steely character concealed beneath an outwardly demure appearance.
ΚΠ
1824 Tales Amer. Landlord I. xi. 180 We do not wish to insinuate that our southern belle had already made such an impression on the English peer.
1886 Harper's Mag. Sept. 593/1 Did you fall in love with a Southern belle?
1936 M. Mitchell Gone with the Wind ix. 195 A delicately nurtured Southern belle with her Irish up.
1964 ‘E. McBain’ Ax ii. 32 A simpering smile on her lips, as though she were a Southern belle waiting to be asked for a dance.
1992 Independent 22 Aug. 25/4 A real steel magnolia, a pretty, rich southern belle from Florida who married a Houston surgeon.
Southern Cone n. (also with lower-case initials) [after Spanish Cono Sur (mid 20th cent. or earlier)] the region of South America south of the Tropic of Capricorn, comprising the countries of Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, and Chile, and sometimes also Brazil and Bolivia.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > named regions of earth > America > Central and South America > [noun] > other specific regions
Magellanic regions1772
terra firma1772
Southern Cone1960
1960 Christian Sci. Monitor 24 June 17/1 As the maps are brought out and population and other statistical data are analyzed for the area of the ‘Southern Cone’—the name emerging from the geographical shape of this new Common Market.
1978 Guardian Weekly 5 Mar. 13/1 Banzer himself had succeeded in avoiding all out repression of the sort prevailing in the continent's ‘southern cone’.
2008 Amer. Jrnl. Internat. Law 102 820 The political landscape of the Southern Cone has shifted dramatically since the time of the Commission's first amnesty law cases.
southern drawl n. an accent and cadence considered characteristic of the speech of the American South, featuring drawn-out vowel sounds.
ΚΠ
1845 G. P. Putnam Amer. Facts 14 In spite of..the Southern drawl, among ‘the million’, the English language is more generally spoken by all classes in the United States.
1917 Eng. Jrnl. 6 465 The ‘cute’ southern drawl of ‘Ah shooly dew feel mighty wahm today.’
1998 D. Baldacci Simple Truth xxxvii. 261 His deep southern drawl made Sara think of braying coon dogs and clear jugs of 'shine.
Southern Gothic adj. and n. (also with lower-case initial in the second element) (a) adj. of, designating, or reminiscent of a genre of fiction set in the southern United States, characterized by plots involving violence or hidden trauma, eccentric and often psychologically troubled characters, and an atmosphere of repression and decay; cf. Gothic adj. and n. Additions; (b) n. the Southern Gothic genre; a work in this genre.
ΚΠ
1935 E. Glasgow in Sat. Rev. 4 May 4/2 I am not asking the novelist of the Southern Gothic school to change his material.
1951 College Eng. 13 1/2 Reviewers found in Reflections in a Golden Eye another late flowering of Southern Gothic.
1958 F. O'Connor Let. 26 Oct. in Habit of Being (1979) 301 I suppose my novel too will be called another Southern Gothic.
1991 Time 25 Nov. 82/2 He spins out his story..recounting Southern-gothic tales of abuse, alcoholism and incest as examples of dysfunctional family behavior.
1997 Vanity Fair (N.Y.) Dec. 128/2 Other Voices, Other Rooms has been severely marked down in recent decades..part of a general devaluation of the whole school of Southern Gothic.
southern hemisphere n. the half of the earth (or another planet) that is south of the equator.
ΚΠ
1652 S. Foster Posthuma Fosteri: Descr. Ruler xii. 80 If therefore you should be in the Southern Hemisphere, you may easily make these precepts serve there too.
1761 Philos. Trans. 1760 (Royal Soc.) 51 469 I had the pleasure last night..to observe a comet in the southern hemisphere.
1870 J. Yeats Nat. Hist. Commerce 105 The Arctic vegetation has no analogue in the southern hemisphere.
1906 P. Lowell Mars & its Canals vi. 68 The season was probably unusually hot then in the southern hemisphere of Mars.
2009 Christian Sci. Monitor (Nexis) 1 July 6 Several countries in the Southern Hemisphere are now struggling with how to respond to the H1N1 virus.
Southern Indian n. North American (now historical) a North American Indian of the Cree nation.Originally so named by the traders of the Hudson's Bay Company in Canada, to distinguish the Cree from the Chipewyan further north; cf. Northern Indian n. at northern adj., n., and adv. Compounds.
ΚΠ
1689 in H. Kelsey Kelsey Papers (1929) 28 His Country people was gone far to ye for fear of ye southern Indians.
1742 C. Middleton in A. Dobbs Acct. Countries adjoining Hudson's Bay (1744) 192 The Southern Indian, who was Linguist for the Northern ones, returned with the Boat.
1825 J. Richardson in Parry's Jrnl. 2nd Voy. 292 [The wolverine] is termed by the Crees or Southern Indians ommeethatsees and okee-coohawgees.
1974 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 9 May 6/5 The Eskimos, northern Indians (the Chipewyans), and southern Indians (the Crees).
2004 M. Derr Dog's Hist. Amer. (2005) v. 102 His observations of the lives and habits of the Chipewyan Indians, whom he calls northern Indians, and the Cree, or southern Indians,..have proved invaluable.
Southern Oscillation n. Climatology an approximately cyclic variation in the position and intensity of pressure systems in the southern hemisphere, correlated with El Niño; see also El Niño–Southern Oscillation at El Niño n. b.The occurrence of El Niño is accompanied by prevailing low pressure over the warmer waters of the central and eastern Pacific and high pressure over the colder western Pacific.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > movements and pressure conditions > [noun] > atmospheric pressure > cyclone or anticyclone > cyclical variation in southern hemisphere
Southern Oscillation1923
1923 G. T. Walker in Mem. Indian Meteorol. Dept. 24 323 By the southern oscillation is implied the tendency of pressure at stations in the Pacific..and of rainfall in India and Java..to increase, while pressure in the region of the Indian Ocean..decreases.
1976 Nature 13 May 94/1 The Southern Oscillation is not..some local or even hemispheric phenomenon, but rather a..manifestation of the general tendency of the atmosphere/ocean system to vary on this kind of timescale.
1990 J. Gribbin Hothouse Earth vii. 162 When the temperature pattern over the oceans reverses, the winds also reverse, a phenomenon known to meteorologists as the Southern Oscillation.
2007 Earth & Planetary Sci. Lett. 253 68/1 The Southern Oscillation is the change in the atmospheric pressure gradient over the Pacific, defined as the difference in air pressure between Darwin, Australia and Tahiti.
southern-side adj. found or occurring on the southern side of something.
ΚΠ
1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 225 The Current..did not so hurry me as the Southern Side Current had done.
1911 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 63 135 As Mt. Diabolo is on the water shed dividing the island into north and south portions, it is quite possible that the two types represent a northern-side and a southern-side race.
1976 Org. Gardening & Farming May 151/2 The southern-side window boxes should contain only plants that can handle great amounts of heat.
southern state n. (also with capital initial(s)) a state in the American South; see south n. 3c.
ΚΠ
1776 Jrnl. Continental Congr. 24 Dec. 6 1039 That the delegates of the eastern states confer together, and also those of the southern states.
1856 F. L. Olmsted Journey Slave States 252 Those engaged in almost all employments superior to that of field-hands in the Southern States, are, nearly always, ‘gratified’ with some sort of wages.
1889 Harper's Mag. July 229/1 But the need of normal schools is more and more realized; the influence of the Peabody fund is being felt in every Southern State.
1927 Amer. Mercury Feb. 209/2 The Southern States want the boll-weevil eradicated and make loud demands that the business be undertaken at once.
2000 P. Johnson & C. O'Brien World Food: New Orleans 80 Though the peanut rules many other southern states, the pecan is Louisiana's nut of choice.
southern-tinted adj. having an appearance or nature characteristic of the south; (also) offering a view which presents the south, esp. the Southern states of the United States, in an advantageous light or gives undue priority to its interests and concerns (cf. rose-tinted adj. Phrases).
ΚΠ
1845 W. Klauer-Klattowski German Man. for Young (rev. ed.) II. Introd. p. xxiv The foreigner who learns German, acquires at the same time the capability of becoming acquainted..with the Spanish-dignified, southern-tinted trochaïcs of Calderon.
1879 A. L. Wister tr. E. Marlitt In Schillingscourt xix. 199 The young creature with southern-tinted skin, tearless eyes, and compressed lips.
1890 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Colonial Reformer (1891) 341 The nut-brown maid, blushing through her southern-tinted skin in a very visible manner.
1978 W. J. Cooper South & Politics Slavery 1828–56 ix. 347 As in 1848, 1850, and 1852 the southern Democrats viewed popular sovereignty through southern-tinted lenses.
1999 J. R. Kerr-Ritchie Freedpeople in Tobacco South i. 29 The theme of slave recalcitrance during the Civil War was subsequently echoed by the southern-tinted views of some historians.
2008 Kansas City (Missouri) Star (Nexis) 11 Aug. a1 ‘It would be cheaper off [campus],’ she says with a cheerful smile and Southern-tinted assurance.
C3. In the names of plants and animals (sense A. 5).
southern beech n. = Nothofagus n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > trees and shrubs > tree or shrub groups > beech or beeches > [noun]
American beecha800
beecha800
beech-treec1450
weeping beech1606
red beech1789
southern beech1839
copper-beech1846
mastwort1846
red beech1882
Negrohead beech1884
stone-beech1884
mountain beech1886
Nothofagus1896
Southland beech1918
1839 C. Darwin in R. Fitzroy & C. Darwin Narr. Surv. Voy. H.M.S. Adventure & Beagle III. xv. 342 I was also pleased to see, at an elevation of a little less than 1000 feet, our old friend the southern beech.
1914 W. J. Bean Trees & Shrubs Hardy in Brit. Isles II. 97 The southern beeches are only adapted for the milder parts of the country.
2009 F. Holtmeier Mountain Timberlines iv. 194 Contrary to New Zealand southern beech the subalpine beech species..are deciduous.
southern chub n. U.S. regional (now rare) the largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides.
ΚΠ
1843 Southern Planter Sept. 208/1 I have succeeded in stocking my pond with roaches, cats, sun perch, pike, and southern chub.
1883 J. A. Henshall in A. M. Mayer Sport with Gun & Rod 381 In portions of Virginia they [sc. black bass] are called chub, southern chub, or Roanoke chub.
southern lily n. now rare = southern red lily n.Quot. 1901 may represent a less specific use.
ΚΠ
1818 A. Eaton Man. Bot. (ed. 2) 302 Lilium..catesbaei (southern lily).
1901 Outing May 125/2 That there bird..remembers things his father and mother have seen..down amongst the bayous and the big southern lilies.
southern magnolia n. a tall evergreen magnolia, Magnolia grandiflora, native to the south-eastern United States.
ΚΠ
1836 Narr. Adventures Charles Ball viii. 133 Here, also, I first observed groves of the most beautiful of all trees of the wood—the great Southern Magnolia, or Green Bay.
1919 Jrnl. N.Y. Bot. Garden 20 62 The boy of the southern United States delights..in the beauty and perfume of the southern magnolia.
2003 1000 Gardening Questions & Answers (N.Y. Times) ii. 381 Cold winters mean that the best place for a hardy Southern magnolia is near a wall, which will reflect winter warmth and provide shelter.
southern manatee n. now rare the West Indian manatee, Trichechus manatus.
ΚΠ
1838 Proc. Zool. Soc. 6 32 Daubenton has given a figure of the bifid cæcum in the Southern Manatee (Manatus Americanus).
1893 E. Wilson Guide Bristol Mus. (ed. 3) 5 The Sirenia..are represented by a skeleton of the Southern Manatee.
1959 Contrib. Mus. Paleontol. Univ. Michigan 13 191 The Mid-Miocene deposits of Virginia have yielded bones of the southern manatee and crocodiles.
southern pine n. any of several pine trees of south-eastern North America; esp. the longleaf pine, Pinus palustris; (also) the timber of such a tree.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > trees and shrubs > non-British trees or shrubs > North American trees or shrubs > [noun] > other North American trees or shrubs
black-gum1709
white gum1709
red fir1722
Quebec oak1768
Pennsylvania fir tree1770
Pennsylvania dwarf mountain maple1785
Pennsylvania mountain laurel1785
pepperbush1785
pepperbush1785
southern pine1796
titi1827
palo blanco1829
mock orange1860
palo fierro1860
mountain laurel1866
Joshua1867
red cedar1872
porkwood1884
guajillo1886
mountain balm1924
1796 Observ. N.-Amer. Land-Company 148 What is called good timber in this country, is abundantly inferior to the Southern pine.
1840 Penny Cycl. XVIII. 171/2 The southern Pine (Pinus australis or P. palustris)... A native of Virginia and the neighbouring states of America.
1909 J. E. Rogers Trees every Child should Know 119 The arching timbers that support the roof of a church are often made of stiff timbers cut from Southern pines, and dressed only with a coat of oil.
1991 Do it Yourself Fall 43 (caption) Jane stained the pressure-treated Southern pine a medium brown tone.
southern red lily n. the lily Lilium catesbaei, of south-eastern North America, which typically has deep red recurved petals; cf. earlier southern lily n.
ΚΠ
1848 A. Gray Man. Bot. Northern U.S. 494 L[ilium] Catesbæi, Walt. (Southern Red Lily.)
1906 Amer. Botanist 10 81 In the Southern states the common species gives place to the southern red lily (L. Catesbaei), which has narrow, appressed leaves.
1991 St. Petersburg (Florida) Times (Nexis) 17 Sept. (City Times) 1 The pine lily (Lilium catesbaei), also known as the southern red lily, is on the state's list of threatened plants.
southern sea lion n. the South American sea lion, Otaria flavescens (formerly O. byronia), which is orange-brown when dry and found off the coasts and islands of South America from Peru and southern Brazil southwards.Formerly regarded as including the Galapagos sea lion, Zalophus wollebaeki (as in quot. 1956).
ΚΠ
1855 Brit. Mus.: Antiq. & Nat. Hist. Gallery of Nat. Hist. 7 Notice the sea-leopard, the southern sea-lion, and the crested seal.
1902 Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 16 111 The northern and southern Sea Lions, often known respectively as Steller's Sea Lion and Forster's Sea Lion.
1956 Jrnl. Mammalogy 37 287 (heading) Underwater behavior of the southern sea lion, Otaria jubata.
1994 New Scientist 23 Apr. 29/3 The Falklands' craggy coastlines are..breeding grounds for..the southern elephant seal and southern sea lion.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
southernv.
/ˈsʌðn/, U.S. /ˈsəðərn/ intransitive. Of the wind: to change to a more southerly direction; to blow more strongly from the south.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > wind > blow (of the wind) [verb (intransitive)] > blow from a particular quarter > change direction > in specific direction
wester1580
veer1582
souther1635
northera1665
backen1800
south1823
southern1859
back1860
1859 Rep. Commissioners Harbours of Refuge 284/1 in Parl. Papers X. If the wind southerned on ships off Flamborough Head, masters would be justified in taking shelter at Filey.
1870 Daily News 12 May At 7.30 a.m. the wind was S.E., but southerning fast.
1894 Times 6 Aug. 5/2 The breeze southerned and came fresher.
1978 G. A. Williams Merthyr Rising i. 22 The highlands, the Blaenau, sweep west..the coalfield, 10 to 20 miles across, runs with them, southerning a little.
1995 P. Mackesey Brit. Victory Egypt, 1801 ii. 13 Thirty or forty ships, feared lost when they were trapped by the gale in the bay of Tetuan, had survived when the wind unexpectedly ‘southerned’.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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n.21977
adj.n.1eOE
v.1859