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单词 bloat
释义

bloatn.

Brit. /bləʊt/, U.S. /bloʊt/
Etymology: < bloat adj.2
1.
a. Bloatedness.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > bodily shape or physique > broad shape or physique > [noun] > fat or plump shape or physique > state of having
fatnessc1000
greasea1340
corsiousnessc1440
fleshiness1541
plumpness1545
corporateness1547
fogginess1547
fleshliness1552
corpulency1577
corpulence1581
corsiness1587
fullness1599
obesity1611
pinguitude1623
obeseness1653
aletude1656
portliness1658
eventriqueness1667
rotundity1684
fat1726
rotundness1727
bloatedness1732
embonpoint1751
roundness1763
repleteness1770
plumpitude1828
corporosity1837
stoutness1838
crumb1843
plumptitude1843
roundedness1849
chubbiness1850
adiposeness1868
roundliness1870
buxomness1875
bloat1905
tubbiness1906
poundage1915
overweight1917
endomorphy1940
plumpishness1947
pudge1967
morbid obesity1969
1905 G. B. Shaw Irrational Knot xi. 226 He..had noted with aversion a certain unhealthy bloat in her face.
1911 F. H. Burnett Secret Garden xxvii. 300 If he took his food natural sir, you'd think he was putting on flesh—but we're afraid it may be a sort of bloat.
b. spec. in Veterinary Path. A disease of livestock characterized by an accumulation of gases in the stomach; = hoove n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > animal disease or disorder > disorders of cattle > [noun] > dietary disorders
dew-bolne?1523
hunger-rot?1523
grass-sick1607
grain-sick1834
hoove1840
grass staggers1858
bloat1878
wobbles1886
grain-founder1890
blowing1891
veld sickness1896
corn-stalk disease1900
cattle-sickness1903
Molteno disease1911
grass tetany1931
1878 G. H. Dadd Amer. Cattle Doctor iii. 65 Tympanites rumenites signifies distension of the rumen in the bovine species—the ox and cow—and, in the phraseology of the grazier, is known as bloat or hoven.
1962 R. Seiden Livestock Health Encycl. (ed. 2) 65/2 Bloat, hoven, tympanites, or tympany in livestock (especially in cattle, sheep and goats)..is primarily caused by vigorous fermentation in the rumen.
2. A conceited or contemptible person (see also quot. 1889). U.S. slang.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > dead body > [noun] > drowned
floater1717
bloat1860
wash-upa1903
the mind > emotion > pride > swelling or inflation with pride > [noun] > person swollen with pride
puffin1612
imposthumea1625
bloat1860
the world > food and drink > drink > thirst > excess in drinking > [noun] > one who drinks to excess
houndOE
drinkerc1200
keach-cup?c1225
gulchcupa1250
bollerc1320
taverner1340
ale stake?1515
wine-bibber1535
bibber1536
swill-bowl1542
malt-wormc1550
rinse-pitcher1552
bibblera1556
ale knight1556
tosspot1568
ring-pigger1570
troll-the-bowl1575
malt-bug1577
gossip-pint-pot1580
black pot1582
alehouse knight1583
worrier1584
suck-spigot1585
bezzle1592
bezzlera1593
cup-leech1593
soaker1593
carouser1596
barley-cap1598
swiller1598
rob-pot1599
Philistine1600
sponge1600
wine-knight1601
fill-knaga1605
reel-pot1604
faithful1609
fill-pot1609
bouser1611
spigot-sucker1611
suck-pint1611
whip-can1611
bib-all-night1612
afternoon man1615
potling1616
Bacchanalian1617
bombard1617
pot-shot1617
potisuge1620
trougha1625
tumbrila1625
borachioa1627
pot-leech1630
kill-pota1637
biberon1637
bang-pitcher1639
son of Bacchusc1640
shuffler1642
suck-bottlea1652
swill-pot1653
poter1657
potatora1660
old soaker1665
fuddle cap1666
old toast1668
bubber1669
toper1673
ale-toast1691
Bacchant1699
fuddler1699
swill-belly1699
tickle-pitcher1699
whetter1709
draughtsmanc1720
bender1728
drammer1740
dram-drinker1744
drammist1756
rum-bud1805
siper1805
Bacchanal1812
boozera1819
rum-sucker1819
soak1820
imp of the spigot1821
polyposist1821
wineskin1821
sack-guzzler1823
sitfast1828
swill-flagon1829
cup-man1834
swiper1836
Lushington1851
lushing-man1859
bloat1860
pottle pot1860
tipsificator1873
tipsifier1873
pegger1874
swizzler1876
bibulant1883
toss-cup1883
lusher1895
stew-bum1902
shicker1906
stiff1907
souse1915
booze-hound1926
stumblebum1932
tanker1932
lush-hound1935
lushy1944
lush-head1945
binge drinker1946
pisshead1946
hophead1948
1860 in Amer. Speech (1947) 22 299/1 I considered such an old bloat not worth minding.
a1861 T. Winthrop Life in Open Air (1863) 147 When I think..what a mean bloat I was, going to the stub-tail dogs with my hat over my eyes.
1871 Congress. Globe Feb. App. 129/1 Wife whippers, penitentiary birds, street vagabonds, beastly bloats, and convicted felons.
1889 J. S. Farmer Americanisms 64/1 Bloat (cant), a drowned body; also a drunkard.
3. ‘A hammer swelled at the eye.’ Raymond Mining Gloss. 1881.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > equipment > driving or beating tools > [noun] > hammer > other hammers
hand-hammereOE
maulc1225
plating hammer1543
bucker1653
axe-hammer1681
brick hammer1688
chipping hammer1783
tup1848
clinch-hammer1850
tack-hammer1865
bucking hammer1875
bloat1881
ringer1883
key hammer1884
peen hammer1885
straight pein1904
toffee hammer1958
1881 Trans. Amer. Inst. Mining Engineers 1880–1 9 109 Bloat, a hammer swelled at the eye.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1933; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

bloatadj.1

Brit. /bləʊt/, U.S. /bloʊt/
Forms: Also Middle English–1500s blote, 1600s bloate.
Etymology: The spelling bloat occurs in this sense earlier than in that of bloat adj.2, with which this is often identified, though it is safer to keep them distinct. The Middle English blote is perhaps identical with Old Norse blaut-r in the sense ‘soft with moisture, soaked, wet’; or from a parallel form *blót- : compare the Middle English verb blotne , Old Norse blotna to soften, moisten (see bloten v.), also Swedish blöt soft, moist, yielding. But it would also answer in form to Old English blát ‘livid, pale’, though this sense is less likely. Sense 2 recalls Old Norse blautr fiskr , i.e. ‘soft fish’, applied to ‘fresh’ fish, but in Swedish blöt fisk , to ‘soaked’ fish (Vigfusson). Though evidence of actual connection is wanting, it is conjectured that the English ‘bloat herring’ is, in some way, identical with these, and means, etymologically, either ‘soft (moist) herring’, in opposition to ‘dried’, or else ‘soaked, steeped herring’, in reference to part of the process of curing the herrings so termed. In Act 18 Chas. II. ii. ‘bloated’ is opposed to ‘dried’, and it is explained by Blount as ‘half-dried’; but most of the quotations give it as meaning (in actual use) ‘smoked’, (smoking being an important part of the process). One at least (1613 below) appears to identify it with ‘puffed up’, and thus with bloat adj.2 2, whereas Sylvester, in 1616, says ‘Herrings shrink in bloating’; but moist herrings are naturally plumper than those more thoroughly dried. See also bloat adj.2, and bloat v.1
1. ? Soft with moisture (or ? livid, pale). Obsolete.
ΘΠ
the world > matter > constitution of matter > softness > types of softness > [adjective] > soft and moist
bloatc1300
relented?1440
sposhy1842
squelchy1843
givey1859
c1300 Of Men Lif xiii, in Early Eng. Poems & Lives Saints (1862) 154 Ȝe sutters [? suters = sutors]..wiþ ȝour blote hides of selcuþ bestis.
2. bloat herring n. a smoked half-dried herring, cured by the process described in bloat v.1; a bloated herring, a bloater. Also a term of contempt for a human being. ? Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > person > [noun]
hadc900
lifesmaneOE
maneOE
world-maneOE
ghostOE
wyeOE
lifeOE
son of manOE
wightc1175
soulc1180
earthmanc1225
foodc1225
person?c1225
creaturec1300
bodyc1325
beera1382
poppetc1390
flippera1400
wat1399
corsec1400
mortal?a1425
deadly?c1450
hec1450
personagec1485
wretcha1500
human1509
mundane1509
member1525
worma1556
homo1561
piece of flesh1567
sconce1567
squirrel?1567
fellow creature1572
Adamite1581
bloat herringa1586
earthling1593
mother's child1594
stuff1598
a piece of flesh1600
wagtail1607
bosom1608
fragment1609
boots1623
tick1631
worthy1649
earthlies1651
snap1653
pippin1665
being1666
personal1678
personality1678
sooterkin1680
party1686
worldling1687
human being1694
water-wagtail1694
noddle1705
human subject1712
piece of work1713
somebody1724
terrestrial1726
anybody1733
individual1742
character1773
cuss1775
jig1781
thingy1787
bod1788
curse1790
his nabs1790
article1796
Earthite1814
critter1815
potato1815
personeityc1816
nibs1821
somebody1826
tellurian1828
case1832
tangata1840
prawn1845
nigger1848
nut1856
Snooks1860
mug1865
outfit1867
to deliver the goods1870
hairpin1879
baby1880
possum1894
hot tamale1895
babe1900
jobbie1902
virile1903
cup of tea1908
skin1914
pisser1918
number1919
job1927
apple1928
mush1936
face1944
jong1956
naked ape1965
oke1970
punter1975
the world > food and drink > food > animals for food > seafood > [noun] > fish > cured fish > smoked fish
red herringa1399
bloat herringa1586
fumade1599
sore1600
Yarmouth capona1661
kipper1769
finnana1774
Norfolk capon1785
bukkama1805
soldier1811
bloater1832
Yarmouth bloater1832
finnie haddie1851
Californian1873
smoky1891
two-eyed steak1893
finney1906
buckling1909
lox1937
nova1964
a1586 Sir P. Sidney Remed. for Love 65 (Grosart II. 176) Her compound, or electuary, Made of olde linge or caviarie, Blote herringe, cheese.
1602 T. Dekker Satiro-mastix sig. I4 Bloate-herring dost heare?
1615 T. Overbury et al. New & Choise Characters with Wife (6th impr.) sig. K7v Hee'l be puft vp to your hand like a bloate [1618 (10th impr.) bloat] Herring.
1621 B. Jonson Masque of Augures sig. A3 You stink like so many bloat~herrings newly taken out of the chimney!
1661 Pepys 5 Oct. To the Dolphin, and there eat some bloat herrings.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1887; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

bloatadj.2

Brit. /bləʊt/, U.S. /bloʊt/
Forms: Middle English bloute, 1500s–1600s blowt(e, 1600s– bloat.
Etymology: Apparently distinct at first (as an English word) from bloat adj.1, since the earlier form of that was blote , but of this blout ; though of parallel origin, and, since the 17th cent., identified in form, and often associated in meaning. Middle English blout , blowt , was the regular adopted form of Old Norse blautr- soft (as a baby's limbs, a bed, silk; see Vigfusson); compare Swedish blöt ‘soft, yielding, pulpous, pulpy’. The later form bloat does not answer phonetically to blout , blowt , yet its modern use is largely owing to the ‘blowt king’ of Hamlet having been printed ‘bloat’ by editors since Warburton, 1747; G. Daniel had also spelt the word in this way c1640–50. Possibly bloat adj.1 in ‘bloat herrings’ (found as early as 1602) was in the 17th cent. a much better known word than this, and being, rightly or wrongly, identified with it, influenced its form. It is to be noted that bloat v.1, and its derivatives bloated adj.1, bloating n.1, are all of earlier use as applied to the herring, than in senses connected with this word. Sense 2 is a natural enough extension of 1; but it may have been influenced by association with blow , blown ; the mutual influence of this and bloat adj.1 since 1600, cannot be settled without more definite knowledge of the exact notion at first attached to ‘bloat herring’.
1. Blowte, bloute: ? Soft, soft-bodied, flabby, pulpy; passing into ‘puffy, puffed, swollen’. Obsolete.
ΘΠ
the world > matter > constitution of matter > softness > types of softness > [adjective] > flabby or flaccid
bloatc1300
quavya1398
lennow1528
fobbya1535
flaggya1565
limber1592
quaggy1611
flaccid1620
frothy1626
boggy1664
flabby1697
limp1706
loppy1855
limpsy1865
huffy1890
c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) 1910 He leyden on..[blows]..He maden here backes al so bloute Als he[re] wombes, and made hem rowte Als he weren kradel-barnes.
1603 H. Crosse Vertues Common-wealth sig. T3 The body I say, is subiect to so much pestilence..the face blowte, puft vp, and stuft with the flockes of strong beere.
1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet iii. iv. 166 Let the blowt King temp't you againe to bed. View more context for this quotation
2.
a. Bloat: Puffed, swollen, inflated, esp. with self-indulgence. Hence bloat-faced adj. (In modern writers an echo of Shakespeare's word since that has been written bloat. bloated adj.1 occurs in the same sense from 1664.) Warburton (1747) printed bloat for blowt and blunt in Hamlet.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > bodily shape or physique > broad shape or physique > [adjective] > fat or plump
fatc893
frimOE
fullOE
overfatOE
greatOE
bald1297
roundc1300
encorsivea1340
fattishc1369
fleshyc1369
fleshlyc1374
repletea1398
largec1405
corsious1430
corpulentc1440
corsyc1440
fulsome1447
portlyc1487
corporate1509
foggy fata1529
corsive1530
foggish?1537
plump1545
fatty1552
fleshful1552
pubble1566
plum1570
pursy1576
well-fleshed1576
gross?1577
fog1582
forfatted1586
gulchy1598
bouksome1600
fat-fed1607
meatified1607
chuff1609
plumpya1616
bloat1638
blowze-like1647
obese1651
jollya1661
bloated1664
chubbed1674
pluffya1689
puffya1689
pussy1688
sappy1694
crummy1718
chubby1722
fodgel1724
well-padded1737
beefy1743
plumpish1753
pudsy1754
rotund1762
portable1770
lusty1777
roundabout1787
well-cushioned1802
plenitudinous1803
stout1804
embonpointc1806
roly-poly1808
adipose1810
roll-about1815
foggy1817
poddy1823
porky1828
hide-blown1834
tubby1835
stoutish1836
tubbish1836
superfatted1841
pottle-bodied1842
pincushiony1851
opulent1882
well-covered1884
well-upholstered1886
butterball1888
endomorphic1888
tisty-tosty1888
pachyntic1890
barrel-bodied1894
overweight1899
pussy-gutted1906
upholstered1924
the world > life > the body > external parts of body > head > face > types of face > [adjective]
flatc1400
hardc1400
low-cheeredc1400
large?a1425
ruscledc1440
well-visagedc1440
platter-faced1533
well-faced1534
full-faced1543
fair-faced1553
bright-faceda1560
crab-faced1563
crab-snouted1563
crab-tree-faced1563
long-visaged1584
owlya1586
wainscot-faced1588
flaberkin1592
rough-hewn1593
angel-faced1594
round-faced1594
crab-favoured1596
rugged1596
weasel-faced1596
rough-faced1598
half-faced1600
chitty1601
lenten-faced1604
broad-faced1607
dog-faced1607
weaselled-faced1607
wry-faced1607
maid-faced1610
warp-faced1611
ill-faceda1616
lean-faceda1616
old-faceda1616
moon-faced1619
monkey-faced1620
chitty-face1622
chitty-faceda1627
lean-chapt1629
antic-faced1635
bloat-faced1638
bacon-facea1640
blue-faced1640
hatchet-faced1648
grave1650
lean-jawed1679
smock-faced1684
lean-visaged1686
flaber1687
baby-faced1692
splatter-faced1707
chubby1722
puggy1722
block-faced1751
haggard-looking1756
long-faced1762
haggardly1763
fresh-faced1766
dough-faced1773
pudding-faced1777
baby-featured1780
fat-faced1782
haggard1787
weazen-face1794
keen1798
ferret-like1801
lean-cheeked1812
mulberry-faced1812
open-faced1813
open-countenanced1819
chiselled1821
hatchety1821
misfeatured1822
terse1824
weazen-faced1824
mahogany-faced1825
clock-faced1827
sharp1832
sensual1833
beef-faced1838
weaselly1838
ferret-faced1840
sensuous1843
rat-faced1844
recedent1849
neat-faced1850
cherubimical1854
pinch-faced1859
cherubic1860
frownya1861
receding1866
weak1882
misfeaturing1885
platopic1885
platyopic1885
pro-opic1885
wind-splitting1890
falcon-face1891
blunt-featured1916
bun-faced1927
fish-faced1963
1638–48 G. Daniel Eclog. iii. 83 The foolish rites Of bloatfac'd Bacchus.
a1657 G. Daniel Trinarchodia: Henry V ccxcii, in Poems (1878) IV. 174 The Bloat Face of Rusticitie, Smuggs, looking in A Mirrour.
1832 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. 32 661 The bloat and ugly villain.
1857 C. Heavysege Saul (1869) 332 To fetch a calf or sheep, That its bloat master may it stick and slay?
1861 ‘N. Temple’ & ‘E. Trevor’ Tannhäuser 11 From foul embrace Of that bloat Queen.
b. transferred.
ΘΠ
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > exaggeration, hyperbole > [adjective]
hyperbolical?a1475
overchargeda1542
magnificate1568
amplified1580
superlative1586
fulsome1602
hyperthetical?1611
hyperbolous1638
hyperbolic1646
bloata1657
exaggerated1725
overshot1774
overstuffed1808
overdrawn1841
fine-drawn1888
steep1895
larger-than-life1937
blown-up1961
1635 F. Quarles Emblemes i. Invoc. 2 Scorne, scorne to feed on thy old bloat desires. (perh. cf. bloat herring.)]
a1657 G. Daniel Poems (1878) I. 89 What I loose or win To bloat opinion, that below my fate I ever value.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1887; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

bloatv.1

Forms: Also 1600s blote.
Etymology: Apparently < bloat adj.1, with the sense ‘to make bloat’.
transitive. To cure (herrings) by a process which leaves them soft and only half-dried. This is now done by leaving them in dry salt on a floor for 24 hours, washing in fresh water, spitting, and smoking them over an oak fire for a period varying from 24 hours to 3 or 4 days, according to the time they are to be kept before being eaten. (Earlier authorities speak of their being steeped for a time in brine before smoking; which has to be remembered in discussing the original meaning of bloat.)Bloated herrings are opposed to dried or red herrings, which are left in dry salt for 10 days, and smoked for 14 days, whence their deep colour and shrivelled dryness.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preserving or pickling > pickle or preserve [verb (transitive)] > smoke
reekOE
smudge1599
fume1602
bloat1611
smoke-dry1704
cure1725
smoke1757
baconize1799
1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Fumer, to..bloat, besmoake, hang, or drie in the smoake.
a1625 J. Fletcher Island Princesse ii. iv, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Nnn3v/2 I have more smoke in my mouth, then would Blote a hundred herrings.
1682 J. Collins Salt & Fishery 109 Of Bloated and Dryed Fish. These the Fishmongers say are bloated as followeth, to wit, they sink them 3 or 4 hours in a Brine..and then hang them up a drying in Chimnies.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1887; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

bloatv.2

Etymology: apparently < bloat adj.2: its identity with or distinctness from the bloat v.1 depends of course upon the relation of the two adjectives.
1.
a. transitive. To blow out, inflate, swell, make turgid. Also absol.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > pride > swelling or inflation with pride > inflate with pride [verb (transitive)]
swellc1200
bolnea1340
inblowc1384
blow1388
embolne1430
puff1526
inflate1530
puft1563
tympanize1593
overleaven1604
bladder1610
hufflea1652
bloat1677
the world > life > the body > bodily shape or physique > broad shape or physique > [verb (transitive)] > fat or plump
farce14..
alarda1425
plum1561
enseam1562
lard1579
engross1587
impinguate1620
to put on1626
rotund1650
pinguedinize1656
bloat1677
to take ona1750
round1830
pinguefy1893
the world > space > extension in space > expansion or enlargement > expand or enlarge [verb (transitive)] > distend > inflate
forblow1413
puffc1460
inflate1528
huff1601
sufflate1616
plima1691
balloon1784
bloat1815
gas1919
1677 J. Dryden Prol. Circe Prol. 25 Encourage him, and bloat him up with praise, That he may get more bulk before he dies.
1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 127. ¶6 To see so many well shaped innocent Virgins bloated up, and walking up and down like big-bellied Women.
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Epispastic Of Epispasticks there are some which..swell, and bloat the Skin.
1748 Ld. Chesterfield Let. 2 Aug. (1932) (modernized text) III. 1189 All malt liquors fatten, or at least bloat.
1815 Encycl. Brit. III. 549 Butchers have a kind of blast or bellows..by which they bloat or blow up their meat when killed.
1835 H. Miller Scenes & Legends N. Scotl. xv. 266 Dead bodies..bloated by the water.
a1878 Stirling-Maxwell in Edinb. Rev. No. 323. 19 Excess, both in eating and drinking..had bloated his cheek.
b. figurative.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > exaggeration, hyperbole > exaggerate [verb (transitive)]
flatter?c1225
engregec1386
enhancec1400
extol?1504
extend1509
aggravate1533
exagger1535
blowa1538
amplify1561
exasperate1561
bombast1566
aggerate1570
enlarge1592
rengrege1601
exaggerate1604
magnify1605
hyperbolize1609
to slobber over ——1761
bloat1896
over-heighten1904
overpitch1904
overblow1961
inflate1982
1896 J. A. Hobson Probl. Unemployed 1 Well-meaning..social reformers stretch the term [‘unemployment’] and bloat it out to gigantic proportions.
2. intransitive. To swell, become swollen or turgid.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > bodily shape or physique > broad shape or physique > [verb (intransitive)] > fat or plump
forwaxc897
fatc1000
burnish1398
battle1575
pinguefy1598
bellya1642
fatten1676
(to be) in flesh1677
thrive1711
feed1727
bloat1735
plumpen1795
to fill out1851
stouten1863
1735 J. Arbuthnot Ess. Nature Aliments (ed. 3) 158 If a Person of a firm Constitution begins to bloat.
1813 T. Jefferson Corr. (1830) 221 No man knows what his property is worth, because it is bloating while he is calculating.
1839 Fraser's Mag. 19 94 Who shut me up In darkness..to fatten, swell, and bloat.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1887; most recently modified version published online March 2019).
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n.1860adj.1c1300adj.2c1300v.11611v.21677
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