accusativeadj.n.

Brit.

/əˈkjuːzətɪv/, U.S.

/əˈkjuzədɪv/

Forms: Middle English accusatyff, Middle English acusatif, Middle English–1500s accusatyf, Middle English–1500s accusatyfe, Middle English–1600s accusatif, 1500s accusatife, 1500s accusatyue, 1500s acusatife, 1500s acusatyue, 1500s–1600s accusatiue, 1500s– accusative, 1600s acusatiue, 1600s acusative.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French accusatif; Latin accūsātīvus.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman acusatyf, Anglo-Norman and Middle French accusatif, acusatif (French accusatif ) (noun) denoting the object case (13th cent. in Old French), (adjective) designating the object case (second half of the 14th cent. in Old French) and their etymon classical Latin accūsātīvus, designating the object case, also as noun, denoting this case < accūsāt- , past participial stem of accūsāre accuse v. + -īvus -ive suffix, after Hellenistic Greek αἰτιατικός. Compare Spanish acusativo (second half of the 15th cent. as adjective and noun), Portuguese acusativo (1536 as adjective and noun), Italian accusativo (second half of the 13th cent. as adjective and noun), all earliest and chiefly in grammatical sense.The formation of classical Latin accūsātīvus rests upon a misinterpretation of Hellenistic Greek αἰτιατικός ‘of or relating to that which is caused or effected (ancient Greek τὸ αἰτιατόν )’, designating the case of the effect, or thing directly affected by verbal agency, but misinterpreted by the Latin grammarians as ‘(the case) of accusing’ ( < ancient Greek αἰτιᾶσθαι to accuse). Compare the following early use of the Latin word (in senses A. 1 and B. 1) in an English context:OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 23 accvssativvs ys wregendlic: mid ðam casv byð geswutelod, hu men sprecað be ælcum þinge.OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 78 Þe[o]s declinung gæð þus: nominativo hic sensus þis andgyt, genitivo huius sensus ðises andgytes, dativo huic sensui þisum andgyte, accvsativo hunc sensum þis andgyt, [etc.].OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 268 Twegen casvs he tyhð him to, acvsativvm and ablitivvm.

A. adj.

1. Grammar.

a. accusative case n. (in ancient Greek, Latin, German, and other inflected languages) a case of nouns and pronouns, and of words in grammatical agreement with them, the typical function of which is to express the direct object of a transitive verb or direction towards something; (also occasionally) (in uninflected languages) the object of a transitive verb.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > case > [noun] > accusative

accusativec1400

accusative casec1400

objective1827

object case1875

c1400 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 192 ‘In’ preposicion serues til accusatif case when he betakyns steryng fra a place til a nothyr.

c1450 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 35 How knowest accusatyf case? Whenne I haue noun, pronoun or participle comyng in a reson aftur a verbe, gerundyf, participle or supyn and the dede of eny of hem passe into hym, hit schall be accusatyf case... Also whenne I haue eny preposicion that wole seruen to accusatyf case.

a1535 T. More Confut. Barnes in Wks. (1557) 742/1 Some vnlearned vse thys worde learne for thys worde teache, with his accusatyue case set oute, as Richarde learneth Robert.

1590 J. Stockwood Eng. Accidence 65 This verbe exuo, of araying, or rather indeed of vnaraying, hath two accusative cases.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor (1623) iv. i. 39 Eva. Well: what is your Accusatiue-case? Will. Accusatiuo hinc .

1656 J. Smith Myst. Rhetorique Unvail'd 44 It is called a Synecdoche, or Comprehension, when a common word or name is restrained to a part which is expressed by the Accusative Case.

1730 Grub-St. Jrnl. 22 Oct. The Question here is, Whether fore may be used with an accusative case and infinitive mood following it?

1773 Gentleman's Mag. Mar. 122/1 A letter..relating to what I had suggested against the verb trepido governing an accusative case.

1823 Times 6 Jan. 2/2 Here are subjects without verbs; nominative and accusative case, put in apposition with each other; and that by a man who has puffed off a work upon the world which he calls a Grammar.

1863 W. Barnes Gram. & Gloss. Dorset Dial. 28 The truth is, that in the Dorset the verb takes y only when it is absolute, and never with an accusative case.

1938 Amer. Speech 13 26 The NED gives one another as the equivalent of each other used as a reciprocal pronoun in the accusative, dative, or genitive case.

1977 W. B. Lockwood Introd. Mod. Faroese (ed. 3) 102 The direct object stands in the accusative case.

1999 T. Bowler Shadows (2001) 35 ‘I was hoping you might explain it to us, Jamie. And when else is the accusative case used?’ He didn't know and he didn't care.

b. Of the nature of, relating to, or characteristic of an accusative or the accusative case. Also: = objective adj. 7.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > case > [adjective] > accusative

accusative1625

objective1763

accusatival1842

object case1875

1625 G. Mason Grammaire Angloise 55/2 The accusatiue pronowne in the English tongue, euer followeth the verbe.

1767 W. Ward Gram. Eng. Lang. ii. 86 Yet, without having this grammatic Form, these are of the same Effect, when placed in immediate Dependence on a transitive Verb, as the Accusative Forms of the other Pronouns.

1841 A. Allen & J. Cornwell New Eng. Gram. ii. 112 These may be termed Objective or Accusative sentences.

1881 Amer. Jrnl. Philol. 2 56 The n is either a phonetic affix to prevent hiatus or a relic of the old accusative ending m.

1921 H. R. Driggs Live Lang. Lessons Teachers' Man. 200 Compound and appositive expressions used accusatively take accusative forms as: They saw John and me. They spoke to us boys.

1976 M. Silverstein in R. M. Dixon Grammatical Categories Austral. Langs. 115 We might postulate that all languages are underlying ergative-absolutive systems, and use some obligatory ‘anti-passivisation’ to derive all accusative language structures.

1995 Appl. Linguistics 16 519 Dutch and American learners of German were tested on nominative and accusative case marking in incomplete sentences (headlines and captions).

2. Relating to or characterized by accusation; accusing, accusatory.In quot. a1500 used punningly with reference to sense A. 1a.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > testing > accusation, charge > [adjective]

wrayful?c1225

accusatorya1400

accusative?a1475

informablec1475

querelatory1553

condemnatory1570

accusatorial1788

accusive1861

?a1475 Ludus Coventriae (1922) 76 (MED) Accusatyff confessyon of iniquite.

a1500 (?a1450) Gesta Romanorum (BL Add. 9066) (1879) 417 The fourte case is accusatif case, and are tho that accusen theyre neghbores, and for swich accusyng they are wele with grete men; but, for sothe, thes han a falle.

1641 ‘Smectymnuus’ Vindic. Answer Hvmble Remonstr. §13, 168 Episcopacy and their Cathedrals, with whom it is now the Accusative age.

1694 in Jrnl. Cork Hist. & Archaeol. Soc. (1902) 8 223 For want of witnesses to prove the accusative allegation 'twas put off till next morning.

1763 Gazetteer & London Daily Advertiser 29 Oct. What appears most insisted on upon the accusative side is, that there was no occasion for appointing an extraordinary commission to audit the German accounts.

1865 ‘B. Gray’ My Married Life at Hillside xx. 116 Mrs. G. wondered at it, and asked me, in an accusative tone of voice, whether I had touched him.

1890 M. W. Hungerford Born Coquette II. xviii. 196 It was difficult to be angry with her, or jealous, or accusative.

1923 News (Frederick, Maryland) 15 May 10/1 The report goes that on returning to her hotel the woman found one of the accusative letters.

1969 Cedar Rapids (Iowa) Gaz. 22 June (Parade section) 4/1 Gail fixed her husband with an accusative look and said, ‘You're a Congressman. What do you know about all this?’

2008 Church Times 20 Mar. 56/3 Victorian hymns are often frank and accusative.

B. n. Grammar.

1. Chiefly with the. The accusative case.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > case > [noun] > accusative

accusativec1400

accusative casec1400

objective1827

object case1875

c1400 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 191 How mony case has yow? Sex... Þe nominat[if], geniti[f], datif, acusatif, vocatif, þe ablatif.

c1525 T. Linacre Rudimenta Grammatices sig. e2^v The accusatiue is, that comunly receyueth the dede of a uerbe actiue, and that cometh after some of the prepositions, that be construed with the accusatiue.

c1620 A. Hume Of Orthogr. Britan Tongue (1870) ii. v. §9 The accusative hath noe other noat then the nominative; as, the head governes the bodie.

1699 R. Bentley Diss. Epist. Phalaris (new ed.) 136 The Dorians abbreviate even ας in the Accusative Plural.

1751 J. Harris Hermes ii. iv. 283 The Accusative is that Case, which to an efficient Nominative and a Verb of Action subjoins either the Effect or the passive Subject.

1772 A. Adam Princ. Lat. & Eng. Gram. 151 Verbs of accusing, condemning, acquitting, valuing, and admonishing, govern the Accusative and Genitive.

1824 J. Heard Gram. Russ. Lang. §9 There are six cases in the Russian Language: the Nominative, the Accusative, the Genitive, the Dative, the Instrumental, the Prepositional.

1845 Encycl. Metrop. (1847) I. 33/1 It often becomes necessary to state the object of a verb active, or the agent of a verb passive. Hence arises the necessity for two other cases, which have been called the accusative and the ablative.

1904 C. T. Onions Adv. Eng. Syntax 92 The large majority of verbs took the Accusative as Object, and thus there was a tendency for the Accusative to become the universal Object-case.

1956 J. Thurber Let. 25 June (2002) 656 I had been planning a piece on personal pronouns and the death of the accusative.

1992 Trans. Philol. Soc. 90 192 The merging of accusative and ablative which began in Vulgar Latin cannot be based on synemptosis alone.

2. A word in the accusative case; a form which is the accusative case of a word.cognate, dative-, factitive accusative, etc.: see the first element.

ΚΠ

c1434 J. Drury Eng. Writings in Speculum (1934) 9 81 With what case construit þe posityf degre?.. With an acusatif.

c1450 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 19 In a neutyr gendyr þe nominatyf, þe accusatyf and þe vocatyf schal endyn in -a.

1533 N. Udall Floures for Latine Spekynge 104 b Induo is one of the verbes that gouerne a double accusatife after them, and of al suche verbes their passiues require the later accusatife of both.

1591 R. Percyvall Bibliotheca Hispanica Gram. sig. F^v Verbes put acquisitiuely with the signe for will haue a datiue of the person, and a nominatiue or accusatiue of the thing [e.g. do this for me].

1647 Bp. J. Taylor New Inst. Gram. 5 [In neuter nouns] the nominative, accusative, and vocative are alike in both numbers.

1668 Bp. J. Wilkins Ess. Real Char. 448 Some words requiring a Nominative, others a Dative, others an Accusative.

1736 R. Ainsworth Thes. Linguæ Latinæ II. at O O..is often understood both before an accusative and vocative.

1751 J. Harris Hermes ii. iii. 263 Hence..arises the Grammatical Regimen of the Verb by its Nominative, and of the Accusative by its Verb.

1858 G. Bush Notes Crit. & Pract. Bk. Numbers 190/2 The original presents the peculiar usage of two objectives or accusatives under the regimen of one verb.

1877 Jrnl. Anthropol. Inst. 6 476 ‘Him’ is historically a dative, not an accusative.

1939 S. C. Boyanus Spoken Russ. ii. 5 The Accusative of masculine animate nouns is identical with the Genitive in the singular and plural.

1950 ‘J. Tey’ To love & be Wise iv. 42 ‘Met whom?’ asked Walter who always remembered his accusatives.

1995 Appl. Linguistics 16 519 These learners would not normally be familiar with the use of nominatives and accusatives in headlines.

Compounds

accusative absolute n. [In use with reference to the classical languages, after post-classical Latin accusativus absolutus (1559 or earlier with reference to Latin, 1581 or earlier with reference to Greek). In use with reference to German, after German absoluter Accusativ (1808 or earlier with reference to the classical languages, 1827 or earlier with reference to German; now absoluter Akkusativ), itself after post-classical Latin accusativus absolutus.] an absolute construction in the accusative case; spec. (a) (in ancient Greek) such a construction involving the participle of an impersonal verb, equivalent to the genitive absolute; (b) (in German) an adverbial phrase formed from an accusative noun or pronoun followed by an (adjectival or non-finite verbal) adjunct; (c) (in post-classical Latin) a construction equivalent to, and used instead of, the classical ablative absolute.

ΚΠ

1755 G. Benson Hist. First Planting Christian Relig. (ed. 2) II. iii. viii. 260 For a genitive case absolute, the Attics put the accusative absolute, without regarding what went before, or followed after.

1838 A. Bernays Key to 1st Bk. Schiller's 30 Years' War 35 Die Waffen in der Hand, with arms in his hands.—An accusative absolute; in this manner often used in the higher style, mit being understood.

1842 W. E. Jelf Gram. Greek Lang. II. 327 In many of the examples which are brought of the accusative absolute, we shall find that the accusative either depends, in apposition or government, on some word in another part of the sentence,..or on a word supplied from the context.

1891 Athenæum 6 June 727/2 Side by side with the old ablative absolute we find, in Gregory and Jordanes, sometimes a nominative, but much oftener an accusative absolute, rearing its head.

1898 Literature 17 Sept. 262/1 In one of the limitations of his holograph will (‘whom failing, &c.’), Mr. Gladstone appears desirous of bequeathing to his country an accusative absolute.

1914 C. Harris German Gram. 221 The accusative absolute stands in still looser syntactical connection with the rest of the sentence than the adverbial accusative.

1970 German Q. 43 253 The accusative absolute is found also in Gothic where it frequently translates the Greek genitive absolute in eventual competition with the so-called dative absolute.

2004 E. Rose in Y. Hen & R. Meens Bobbio Missal 72 The use of the accusative absolute instead of the ablative absolute, a well-known feature of the Latin of the early medieval period.

2006 R. S. Bagnall & R. Cribiore Women's Lett. from Anc. Egypt 289 The second sentence seems to end with an awkward construction most charitably seen as an accusative absolute.

Derivatives

acˌcusaˈtivity n. Grammar the state or condition of being accusative.In quot. 1950 an isolated use with reference to the work of the philosopher and psychologist Franz Brentano (1838–1917).

ΚΠ

1950 Proc. Aristotelian Soc. 50 168 Brentano's doctrines (a) that consciousness is essentially intentional, i.e. of some object or ‘accusative’ and (b) that there are just three irreducibly different dimensions of ‘accusativity’.

1970 Teaching German 3 57 Teaching the function of cases, one might best start out by imparting a sense of ‘nominativity’ vs. ‘accusativity’ (doer vs. non-doer functions).

1985 Internat. Jrnl. Amer. Linguistics 51 173 More immediately relevant to the problem of ergativity and accusativity is the system of postverbal predicating particles.

2008 G. L. J. Haig Alignment Change in Iranian Langs. iii. 128 The presence of the innovated Accusative marker is generally considered to be the hallmark of full accusativity.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	accusative
释义	accusativeadj.n. Brit. /əˈkjuːzətɪv/, U.S. /əˈkjuzədɪv/ Forms: Middle English accusatyff, Middle English acusatif, Middle English–1500s accusatyf, Middle English–1500s accusatyfe, Middle English–1600s accusatif, 1500s accusatife, 1500s accusatyue, 1500s acusatife, 1500s acusatyue, 1500s–1600s accusatiue, 1500s– accusative, 1600s acusatiue, 1600s acusative. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French accusatif; Latin accūsātīvus. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman acusatyf, Anglo-Norman and Middle French accusatif, acusatif (French accusatif ) (noun) denoting the object case (13th cent. in Old French), (adjective) designating the object case (second half of the 14th cent. in Old French) and their etymon classical Latin accūsātīvus, designating the object case, also as noun, denoting this case < accūsāt- , past participial stem of accūsāre accuse v. + -īvus -ive suffix, after Hellenistic Greek αἰτιατικός. Compare Spanish acusativo (second half of the 15th cent. as adjective and noun), Portuguese acusativo (1536 as adjective and noun), Italian accusativo (second half of the 13th cent. as adjective and noun), all earliest and chiefly in grammatical sense.The formation of classical Latin accūsātīvus rests upon a misinterpretation of Hellenistic Greek αἰτιατικός ‘of or relating to that which is caused or effected (ancient Greek τὸ αἰτιατόν )’, designating the case of the effect, or thing directly affected by verbal agency, but misinterpreted by the Latin grammarians as ‘(the case) of accusing’ ( < ancient Greek αἰτιᾶσθαι to accuse). Compare the following early use of the Latin word (in senses A. 1 and B. 1) in an English context:OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 23 accvssativvs ys wregendlic: mid ðam casv byð geswutelod, hu men sprecað be ælcum þinge.OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 78 Þe[o]s declinung gæð þus: nominativo hic sensus þis andgyt, genitivo huius sensus ðises andgytes, dativo huic sensui þisum andgyte, accvsativo hunc sensum þis andgyt, [etc.].OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 268 Twegen casvs he tyhð him to, acvsativvm and ablitivvm. A. adj. 1. Grammar. a. accusative case n. (in ancient Greek, Latin, German, and other inflected languages) a case of nouns and pronouns, and of words in grammatical agreement with them, the typical function of which is to express the direct object of a transitive verb or direction towards something; (also occasionally) (in uninflected languages) the object of a transitive verb. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > case > [noun] > accusative accusativec1400 accusative casec1400 objective1827 object case1875 c1400 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 192 ‘In’ preposicion serues til accusatif case when he betakyns steryng fra a place til a nothyr. c1450 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 35 How knowest accusatyf case? Whenne I haue noun, pronoun or participle comyng in a reson aftur a verbe, gerundyf, participle or supyn and the dede of eny of hem passe into hym, hit schall be accusatyf case... Also whenne I haue eny preposicion that wole seruen to accusatyf case. a1535 T. More Confut. Barnes in Wks. (1557) 742/1 Some vnlearned vse thys worde learne for thys worde teache, with his accusatyue case set oute, as Richarde learneth Robert. 1590 J. Stockwood Eng. Accidence 65 This verbe exuo, of araying, or rather indeed of vnaraying, hath two accusative cases. a1616 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor (1623) iv. i. 39 Eva. Well: what is your Accusatiue-case? Will. Accusatiuo hinc . View more context for this quotation 1656 J. Smith Myst. Rhetorique Unvail'd 44 It is called a Synecdoche, or Comprehension, when a common word or name is restrained to a part which is expressed by the Accusative Case. 1730 Grub-St. Jrnl. 22 Oct. The Question here is, Whether fore may be used with an accusative case and infinitive mood following it? 1773 Gentleman's Mag. Mar. 122/1 A letter..relating to what I had suggested against the verb trepido governing an accusative case. 1823 Times 6 Jan. 2/2 Here are subjects without verbs; nominative and accusative case, put in apposition with each other; and that by a man who has puffed off a work upon the world which he calls a Grammar. 1863 W. Barnes Gram. & Gloss. Dorset Dial. 28 The truth is, that in the Dorset the verb takes y only when it is absolute, and never with an accusative case. 1938 Amer. Speech 13 26 The NED gives one another as the equivalent of each other used as a reciprocal pronoun in the accusative, dative, or genitive case. 1977 W. B. Lockwood Introd. Mod. Faroese (ed. 3) 102 The direct object stands in the accusative case. 1999 T. Bowler Shadows (2001) 35 ‘I was hoping you might explain it to us, Jamie. And when else is the accusative case used?’ He didn't know and he didn't care. b. Of the nature of, relating to, or characteristic of an accusative or the accusative case. Also: = objective adj. 7. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > case > [adjective] > accusative accusative1625 objective1763 accusatival1842 object case1875 1625 G. Mason Grammaire Angloise 55/2 The accusatiue pronowne in the English tongue, euer followeth the verbe. 1767 W. Ward Gram. Eng. Lang. ii. 86 Yet, without having this grammatic Form, these are of the same Effect, when placed in immediate Dependence on a transitive Verb, as the Accusative Forms of the other Pronouns. 1841 A. Allen & J. Cornwell New Eng. Gram. ii. 112 These may be termed Objective or Accusative sentences. 1881 Amer. Jrnl. Philol. 2 56 The n is either a phonetic affix to prevent hiatus or a relic of the old accusative ending m. 1921 H. R. Driggs Live Lang. Lessons Teachers' Man. 200 Compound and appositive expressions used accusatively take accusative forms as: They saw John and me. They spoke to us boys. 1976 M. Silverstein in R. M. Dixon Grammatical Categories Austral. Langs. 115 We might postulate that all languages are underlying ergative-absolutive systems, and use some obligatory ‘anti-passivisation’ to derive all accusative language structures. 1995 Appl. Linguistics 16 519 Dutch and American learners of German were tested on nominative and accusative case marking in incomplete sentences (headlines and captions). 2. Relating to or characterized by accusation; accusing, accusatory.In quot. a1500 used punningly with reference to sense A. 1a. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > testing > accusation, charge > [adjective] wrayful?c1225 accusatorya1400 accusative?a1475 informablec1475 querelatory1553 condemnatory1570 accusatorial1788 accusive1861 ?a1475 Ludus Coventriae (1922) 76 (MED) Accusatyff confessyon of iniquite. a1500 (?a1450) Gesta Romanorum (BL Add. 9066) (1879) 417 The fourte case is accusatif case, and are tho that accusen theyre neghbores, and for swich accusyng they are wele with grete men; but, for sothe, thes han a falle. 1641 ‘Smectymnuus’ Vindic. Answer Hvmble Remonstr. §13, 168 Episcopacy and their Cathedrals, with whom it is now the Accusative age. 1694 in Jrnl. Cork Hist. & Archaeol. Soc. (1902) 8 223 For want of witnesses to prove the accusative allegation 'twas put off till next morning. 1763 Gazetteer & London Daily Advertiser 29 Oct. What appears most insisted on upon the accusative side is, that there was no occasion for appointing an extraordinary commission to audit the German accounts. 1865 ‘B. Gray’ My Married Life at Hillside xx. 116 Mrs. G. wondered at it, and asked me, in an accusative tone of voice, whether I had touched him. 1890 M. W. Hungerford Born Coquette II. xviii. 196 It was difficult to be angry with her, or jealous, or accusative. 1923 News (Frederick, Maryland) 15 May 10/1 The report goes that on returning to her hotel the woman found one of the accusative letters. 1969 Cedar Rapids (Iowa) Gaz. 22 June (Parade section) 4/1 Gail fixed her husband with an accusative look and said, ‘You're a Congressman. What do you know about all this?’ 2008 Church Times 20 Mar. 56/3 Victorian hymns are often frank and accusative. B. n. Grammar. 1. Chiefly with the. The accusative case. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > case > [noun] > accusative accusativec1400 accusative casec1400 objective1827 object case1875 c1400 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 191 How mony case has yow? Sex... Þe nominat[if], geniti[f], datif, acusatif, vocatif, þe ablatif. c1525 T. Linacre Rudimenta Grammatices sig. e2^v The accusatiue is, that comunly receyueth the dede of a uerbe actiue, and that cometh after some of the prepositions, that be construed with the accusatiue. c1620 A. Hume Of Orthogr. Britan Tongue (1870) ii. v. §9 The accusative hath noe other noat then the nominative; as, the head governes the bodie. 1699 R. Bentley Diss. Epist. Phalaris (new ed.) 136 The Dorians abbreviate even ας in the Accusative Plural. 1751 J. Harris Hermes ii. iv. 283 The Accusative is that Case, which to an efficient Nominative and a Verb of Action subjoins either the Effect or the passive Subject. 1772 A. Adam Princ. Lat. & Eng. Gram. 151 Verbs of accusing, condemning, acquitting, valuing, and admonishing, govern the Accusative and Genitive. 1824 J. Heard Gram. Russ. Lang. §9 There are six cases in the Russian Language: the Nominative, the Accusative, the Genitive, the Dative, the Instrumental, the Prepositional. 1845 Encycl. Metrop. (1847) I. 33/1 It often becomes necessary to state the object of a verb active, or the agent of a verb passive. Hence arises the necessity for two other cases, which have been called the accusative and the ablative. 1904 C. T. Onions Adv. Eng. Syntax 92 The large majority of verbs took the Accusative as Object, and thus there was a tendency for the Accusative to become the universal Object-case. 1956 J. Thurber Let. 25 June (2002) 656 I had been planning a piece on personal pronouns and the death of the accusative. 1992 Trans. Philol. Soc. 90 192 The merging of accusative and ablative which began in Vulgar Latin cannot be based on synemptosis alone. 2. A word in the accusative case; a form which is the accusative case of a word.cognate, dative-, factitive accusative, etc.: see the first element. ΚΠ c1434 J. Drury Eng. Writings in Speculum (1934) 9 81 With what case construit þe posityf degre?.. With an acusatif. c1450 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 19 In a neutyr gendyr þe nominatyf, þe accusatyf and þe vocatyf schal endyn in -a. 1533 N. Udall Floures for Latine Spekynge 104 b Induo is one of the verbes that gouerne a double accusatife after them, and of al suche verbes their passiues require the later accusatife of both. 1591 R. Percyvall Bibliotheca Hispanica Gram. sig. F^v Verbes put acquisitiuely with the signe for will haue a datiue of the person, and a nominatiue or accusatiue of the thing [e.g. do this for me]. 1647 Bp. J. Taylor New Inst. Gram. 5 [In neuter nouns] the nominative, accusative, and vocative are alike in both numbers. 1668 Bp. J. Wilkins Ess. Real Char. 448 Some words requiring a Nominative, others a Dative, others an Accusative. 1736 R. Ainsworth Thes. Linguæ Latinæ II. at O O..is often understood both before an accusative and vocative. 1751 J. Harris Hermes ii. iii. 263 Hence..arises the Grammatical Regimen of the Verb by its Nominative, and of the Accusative by its Verb. 1858 G. Bush Notes Crit. & Pract. Bk. Numbers 190/2 The original presents the peculiar usage of two objectives or accusatives under the regimen of one verb. 1877 Jrnl. Anthropol. Inst. 6 476 ‘Him’ is historically a dative, not an accusative. 1939 S. C. Boyanus Spoken Russ. ii. 5 The Accusative of masculine animate nouns is identical with the Genitive in the singular and plural. 1950 ‘J. Tey’ To love & be Wise iv. 42 ‘Met whom?’ asked Walter who always remembered his accusatives. 1995 Appl. Linguistics 16 519 These learners would not normally be familiar with the use of nominatives and accusatives in headlines. Compounds accusative absolute n. [In use with reference to the classical languages, after post-classical Latin accusativus absolutus (1559 or earlier with reference to Latin, 1581 or earlier with reference to Greek). In use with reference to German, after German absoluter Accusativ (1808 or earlier with reference to the classical languages, 1827 or earlier with reference to German; now absoluter Akkusativ), itself after post-classical Latin accusativus absolutus.] an absolute construction in the accusative case; spec. (a) (in ancient Greek) such a construction involving the participle of an impersonal verb, equivalent to the genitive absolute; (b) (in German) an adverbial phrase formed from an accusative noun or pronoun followed by an (adjectival or non-finite verbal) adjunct; (c) (in post-classical Latin) a construction equivalent to, and used instead of, the classical ablative absolute. ΚΠ 1755 G. Benson Hist. First Planting Christian Relig. (ed. 2) II. iii. viii. 260 For a genitive case absolute, the Attics put the accusative absolute, without regarding what went before, or followed after. 1838 A. Bernays Key to 1st Bk. Schiller's 30 Years' War 35 Die Waffen in der Hand, with arms in his hands.—An accusative absolute; in this manner often used in the higher style, mit being understood. 1842 W. E. Jelf Gram. Greek Lang. II. 327 In many of the examples which are brought of the accusative absolute, we shall find that the accusative either depends, in apposition or government, on some word in another part of the sentence,..or on a word supplied from the context. 1891 Athenæum 6 June 727/2 Side by side with the old ablative absolute we find, in Gregory and Jordanes, sometimes a nominative, but much oftener an accusative absolute, rearing its head. 1898 Literature 17 Sept. 262/1 In one of the limitations of his holograph will (‘whom failing, &c.’), Mr. Gladstone appears desirous of bequeathing to his country an accusative absolute. 1914 C. Harris German Gram. 221 The accusative absolute stands in still looser syntactical connection with the rest of the sentence than the adverbial accusative. 1970 German Q. 43 253 The accusative absolute is found also in Gothic where it frequently translates the Greek genitive absolute in eventual competition with the so-called dative absolute. 2004 E. Rose in Y. Hen & R. Meens Bobbio Missal 72 The use of the accusative absolute instead of the ablative absolute, a well-known feature of the Latin of the early medieval period. 2006 R. S. Bagnall & R. Cribiore Women's Lett. from Anc. Egypt 289 The second sentence seems to end with an awkward construction most charitably seen as an accusative absolute. Derivatives acˌcusaˈtivity n. Grammar the state or condition of being accusative.In quot. 1950 an isolated use with reference to the work of the philosopher and psychologist Franz Brentano (1838–1917). ΚΠ 1950 Proc. Aristotelian Soc. 50 168 Brentano's doctrines (a) that consciousness is essentially intentional, i.e. of some object or ‘accusative’ and (b) that there are just three irreducibly different dimensions of ‘accusativity’. 1970 Teaching German 3 57 Teaching the function of cases, one might best start out by imparting a sense of ‘nominativity’ vs. ‘accusativity’ (doer vs. non-doer functions). 1985 Internat. Jrnl. Amer. Linguistics 51 173 More immediately relevant to the problem of ergativity and accusativity is the system of postverbal predicating particles. 2008 G. L. J. Haig Alignment Change in Iranian Langs. iii. 128 The presence of the innovated Accusative marker is generally considered to be the hallmark of full accusativity. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < adj.n.c1400
随便看	to take to to take to bed to take to farm to take to fere or unto fere to take to flight to take to foot to take to grief to take to heart to take to lead to take to marriage to take to matrimony to take to memory to take to mercy to take to one side to take to one's bed to take to one's bosom to take to one's feet to take to one's fere or unto one's fere to take to one's foot to take to one's heart to take to one's heels to take to one's legs to take to one's parable to take to one's scrapers to take to or hit the silk