shirkv.

Brit.

/ʃəːk/, U.S.

/ʃərk/

Forms: Also 1600s sherke, shurk, shirke, 1600s–1700s sherk.

Etymology: Belongs to shirk n.¹; see shark v.¹ 1.

†1.

a. intransitive. To practise fraud or trickery, esp. instead of working as a means of living; to prey or sponge upon others; rarely to pilfer (from another). Obsolete. Cf. shark v.¹ 1b.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > cheating, fraud > act fraudulently, cheat [verb (intransitive)] > as way of life

shift1580

shark1608

shirk1633

to live upon the shark1694

spiv1947

the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > approval or sanction > commendation or praise > flattery or flattering > servile flattery or currying favour > flatter servilely or curry favour [verb (intransitive)] > be a parasite or sponger

hang1535

lick1602

parasite1609

shirk1633

sponge1673

scunge1846

coat-tail1852

leech1937

freeload1940

lig1960

the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > petty theft or pilfering > pilfer [verb (intransitive)]

pelfa1400

picka1555

befilch1566

filch1567

pilch1573

lurch1593

purloin1611

nim1622

shirk1709

pilfer1729

maraud1770

souvenir1897

1633 S. Marmion Fine Compan. iv. i. G 3 b Thou shalt follow the Court like a Baboone, when a thousand proper fellowes shall sherke for their ordinary.

1655 tr. C. Sorel Comical Hist. Francion iii. 74 How well he could practice the Lawes of pilfering, by sherking on his Disciples [Fr. friponant sur ses disciples], to feast his friends.

1699 Country Gentleman's Vade-mecum 77 I utterly lose my Pitty, when I see one of these Wretches shirking about in Rags.

1709 W. Reeves tr. Justin Martyr et al. Apol. (1716) I. 4 The Platonist Amelius,..upon reading the first Verses of his [S. John's] Gospel, cry'd out, Per Jovem Barbarus iste cum Platone nostro sentit, By Jove this Barbarian has been shirking from our Master Plato.

†b. transitive. To obtain by cunning or by sponging. Also to shirk up. Obsolete. Cf. shark v.¹ 2.

ΘΠ

the mind > possession > acquisition > obtain or acquire [verb (transitive)] > obtain or acquire in a certain way > by irregular means

miswinc1400

sorn1563

shirk1635

sponge1676

whizzle1787

mooch1865

honeyfuggle1905

hot-stuff1914

scrounge1917

hum1918

ponce1938

organize1941

bludge1944

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > cheating, fraud > treat fraudulently, cheat [verb (transitive)] > obtain fraudulently

wilea1400

lurch1530

fox1596

shirk1635

rook1647

trick1662

pigeon1675

sharp1699

cheat1712

fob1792

snakea1861

wangle1888

slip1890

finagle1926

skuldug1936

swizz1961

shirk1635

sponge1676

1635 E. Rainbow Labour 39 You that never heard the call of any Vocation..; that shirke living from others, but time from yourselves.

1672 J. Eachard Mr. Hobbs's State Nature Considered 34 Small mater that was shirk'd up in France from some of Cartes's acquaintance, and spoyled in the telling.

c. intransitive. To shift or fend for oneself. U.S.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > lack of subjection > freedom or liberty > independence > be independent [verb (intransitive)] > be self-sufficient

to suffice to oneselfc1475

to shift for oneselfa1513

to work out (one's own) salvation1535

reside1610

to stand on (also upon) one's own (two) feet1621

to stand on (also upon) one's own (two) legs1623

shirk1843

to fish for oneself1867

to live on one's hump1909

1843 C. Mathews Var. Writings 71/1 As for Harvest, let him shirk for himself.

1849 N. Kingsley Diary 76 I can shirk for myself pretty well after going through a campaign in the New Haven and California Joint Stock company.

1850 C. Mathews Moneypenny xviii He saves him from a house a-fire, and..he sends him off next morning to shirk for himself.

1861 Trans. Illinois Agric. Soc. 4 515 You might just as well turn out your stall-fed..short-horn cow, and expect her to shirk for herself.

1874 2nd Rep. Vermont State Board Agric. 1873–4 422 They are then turned into the pasture to shirk for themselves.

2. intransitive.

a. To go evasively or slyly; to slink, to sneak away, out, etc. †rarely said of things.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going away > go away [verb (intransitive)] > go away suddenly or hastily > secretly or abscond

to run awayOE

elope1596

to step aside1620

abscond1652

shirk1681

decamp1751

levant1797

absconce1823

skip1865

skin1871

to shoot the crow1887

sneak1896

to go through1933

to take a run-out powder1933

1681 Arraignm.,Tryal & Condemnation S. Colledge 25 Mr. Dugd... You said Rowley was gone, the Rogue was afraid of himself, he was shirked away.

1806 J. Beresford Miseries Human Life I. ix. 214 Trying often to harpoon a floating pat of butter, which, as often, slips aside, or ducks and shirks under your knife.

1812 G. Colman Poet. Vagaries 139 Polyglot Behind the bed-curtain had got, Shirking, and dodging From his Co-Partner.

1850 W. M. Thackeray Pendennis II. xxii. 218 He and his comrades had been obliged to shirk on board at night, to escape from their wives.

1867 R. Broughton Cometh up as Flower II. xiv. 204 Sometimes..I managed to shirk out by myself..and dawdle..about the park.

1874 S. Baring-Gould Yorks. Oddities I. 236 I..came shirking round towards t'back door i't' yard.

†b. To withdraw or draw back through lack of courage from one's word or from an engagement.

ΘΠ

the mind > emotion > fear > timidity > be timorous [verb (intransitive)] > hesitate or hang back through timidity

wondec897

arghc1175

scurnc1325

erch1584

to hang the winga1601

shirk1778

crane1823

the mind > emotion > fear > cowardice or pusillanimity > be cowardly or show signs of cowardice [verb (intransitive)] > shirk or skulk

skulk1626

shirk1778

to funk out1859

duff1883

to chicken out1931

fink1966

wimp1981

cowardize2003

the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > reversal of or forsaking one's will or purpose > reverse or abandon one's purpose or intention [verb (transitive)] > withdraw from an engagement or promise

runOE

withdraw1340

waivec1386

to pass from (also of, fro)c1449

recoil1481

to go back1530

recant1585

resile1641

shirk1778

renegea1849

slink1853

welsh1870

to throw over1891

1778 S. Crisp Let. to F. Burney 8 Dec. Don't imagine..that I am retracting or shirking back from what I have said above.

1820 Ld. Byron Let. 7 Sept. (1977) VII. 172 One of the Cities shirked from the league.

3. transitive.

a. To evade (a person, his conversation, acquaintance, etc.); to avoid meeting, to dodge, ‘give the slip’ to. Now rare or Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social relations > lack of social communication or relations > render unsociable [verb (transitive)] > avoid

voidc1374

eschew1377

avoidc1384

shirk1787

the world > action or operation > safety > escape > escape from [verb (transitive)] > contrive to escape or evade > a person or slip away from

aglya1250

outsteala1325

glide?1510

slip1513

betrumpa1522

to give (one) the slip1567

to get by ——1601

outslip1616

to give (a person or thing) the go-by1653

elude1667

to tip (a person) the picks1673

bilk1679

to tip (a person) the pikes1688

to give one the drop1709

jouk1812

double1819

sneak1819

shirk1837

duck1896

1787 F. Burney Diary June (1842) III. 378 They have all a really most undue dislike of her, and shirk her conversation, and fly to one another, to discourse on hunting and horses.

1801 M. Edgeworth Belinda II. xvii. 167 To punish her for shirking me, by the Lord, I'd [etc.].

1815 Zeluca I. 393 See, see—he's going to shirk Lady Kitty—he pretends he don't see her coming up.

1837 H. Martineau Society in Amer. II. 121 Nor would I..throw the slightest obstacle in the way of the escape of any one of the slaves who may be about to shirk their masters.

1851 H. Mayhew London Labour I. 384/2 Us sailor chaps sometimes shirks the Custom-house lubbers, sharp as they are.

b. At Eton: to avoid meeting (a master, a sixth-form boy) when out of bounds. Also intransitive.

ΘΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > escape > escape from [verb (transitive)] > contrive to escape or evade > a person or slip away from > specifically a schoolmaster

shirk1821

1821 R. Durnford Rashleigh Letter-bag vi, in Etonian (1823) III. 182 I..began to consider..if I could have offended him by not shirking him out of bounds.

1869 ‘R. H. Blake-Humfrey’ Eton Boating Bk. Introd. 1 The necessity of all but the Sixth Form being obliged to shirk the Masters, and of all the Lower Boys having to shirk the Sixth Form.

1910 G. Smith Reminisc. iii. 38 If you met a master outside the nominal bounds you had to ‘shirk’, that is, to make a show of keeping out of sight.

a. transitive. To evade (one's duty, work, obligations, etc.).

ΘΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > wrongdoing > undutifulness > [verb (transitive)] > avoid

scuff1595

balk1631

evade1722

shirk1785

the world > action or operation > inaction > not doing > abstaining or refraining from action > abstain or refrain from (action) [verb (transitive)] > avoid or shun > avoid (duty, work, or exertion)

shoot1543

scuff1595

to shuffle off1604

shirk1785

funk1834

gold-brick1918

dingo1930

squib1934

skate1945

1785 F. Grose Classical Dict. Vulgar Tongue Sherk, to sherk, to evade; to sherk one's duty.

1834 F. Marryat Jacob Faithful III. ix. 153 Father says we may, if we do our duty, and I don't mean to shirk mine.

1842 E. Miall in Nonconformist 2 377 They usually shirk the subject.

1861 ‘G. Eliot’ Silas Marner ix. 145 Let him..shirk the resolute honest work that brings wages, and he will presently find himself dreaming of a possible benefactor.

1880 L. Stephen Alexander Pope v. 126 This trick..was intended..to shirk responsibility.

b. transitive. U.S. To shift (responsibility, etc.) on to or upon (another person). Also with off.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > immunity or exemption from liability > be exempt from (a liability or obligation) [verb (transitive)] > transfer (a duty) to another

post1563

discharge1605

shirk1845

1845 J. R. Lowell Let. to C. F. Briggs 21 Aug. in Lett. (1894) I. 111 I would almost give half the rest of my life if I might shirk off upon somebody else all that is generally considered the pleasant result of a literary reputation.

1863 W. Phillips Speeches xvi. 368 Having shirked it on to the North.

c. intransitive. To practise evasion of work, one's duties, responsibilities, etc.

ΘΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > wrongdoing > undutifulness > [verb (intransitive)] > avoid > habitually

shirk1853

the world > action or operation > inaction > not doing > abstaining or refraining from action > abstain or refrain from action [verb (intransitive)] > avoid > avoid duty, work, or exertion

feignc1300

lurk1551

slug1642

skulk1781

malinger1820

mike1838

shirk1853

slinker1880

scrimshank1882

pike1889

scow1901

spruce1916

to swing the lead1917

bludge1919

to dodge the column1919

skive1919

to screw off1943

to do a never1946

to fuck off1946

to dick off1948

1853 W. M. Thackeray Eng. Humourists iii. 158 He was shirking at the tavern.

1865 J. G. Holland Plain Talks iv. 119 The disposition to shirk seems to be constitutional with the human race.

1886 W. H. Long Dict. Isle of Wight Dial. ‘He's ben and shirked off wi'out dooen his work’. ‘He's too windy by half, and he's sure to shirk out on't zomehow or nother’.

Derivatives

ˈshirking n.

ΘΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > wrongdoing > undutifulness > dereliction of duty > [noun] > avoidance

shirking1638

funking1823

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > cheating, fraud > [noun] > as alternative to work

shirking1638

the world > space > distance > distance or farness > [noun] > avoidance

avoidance1610

shirking1862

the world > action or operation > inaction > not doing > abstaining or refraining from action > [noun] > avoiding an action or condition > avoiding duty, work, or exertion

blanching1642

skulking1805

soldiering1840

malingery1841

malingering1861

old soldierism1866

old soldiering1867

scrimshanking1881

shirking1899

gold-bricking1918

lead-swinging1930

skive1958

skiving1958

scowing1959

1638 J. Hollond Two Disc. Navy (1896) i. 54 'Twere safer..to give them a certain competent fee, than by an uncertain reward to expose them to shirking [Penn MS. sharking].

1862 Rep. Publ. Schools Comm. (1864) III. 283 (Eton) Have you any opinion as to the system of shirking?

1877 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest (ed. 3) I. App. 621 Against plain facts and probabilities we have nothing to set except the shirkings and twistings of Dudo's rhetoric.

1899 M. Shearman et al. Football (Badminton Libr. of Sports & Pastimes) (new ed.) 242 Any shirking..must be suppressed at once.

ˈshirking adj.

ΘΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > wrongdoing > undutifulness > [adjective] > avoiding duty

shirking1635

shirky1847

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > cheating, fraud > [adjective] > cheating > instead of working

shirking1635

the world > action or operation > inaction > not doing > abstaining or refraining from action > [adjective] > that avoids or shuns > avoiding duty, work, or exertion

kid glove1856

malingering1862

scrimshanking1881

shirking1883

clock-watching1889

shirky1897

lead-swinging1930

skiving1959

1635 E. Rainbow Labour 40 Let this shirking generation be cast out.

1668 H. Rolle Abridgm. 53 You are a sherking Attorney.

1736 Disc. Witchcraft 42 These kind of shirking People, a Generation of impudent Liars.

1883 R. L. Stevenson Treasure Island i. v. 38 ‘Search him, some of you shirking lubbers’,..he cried.

ˈshirker n. a person who shirks (duty, work, etc.).

ΘΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > wrongdoing > undutifulness > undutiful person > [noun] > avoiding

shrinker1554

shirker1799

shirk1818

funker1826

gold brick1905

the world > action or operation > inaction > not doing > abstaining or refraining from action > [noun] > avoiding an action or condition > avoiding duty, work, or exertion > one who

skulkc1320

loundererc1425

old soldier1722

malingerer1785

skulker1785

shirker1799

shirk1818

slink1824

schemer1843

sconcer1843

scrimshanker1882

scrimshank1886

sooner1892

Weary Willie1896

slacker1898

slackster1901

sugarer1904

work-shy1904

gold brick1905

tired Tim (also Timothy)1906

lead-swinger1917

piker1917

gold-bricker1919

slinker1919

poler1938

skiver1941

1799 King George IV in Paget Papers (1896) I. 150 I can safely swear I never flinched one [glass],..& you well know I am not even upon indifferent occasions a Shirker.

1884 Macmillan's Mag. Nov. 4/1 Lord Malmesbury..was no shirker of work.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	shirk
释义	† shirkn.¹ Forms: Also 1600s shirke, sherk, shurk. Etymology: Perhaps < German schurke (earlier schork , schurk ): see shark n.² Obsolete. A needy, disreputable parasite; one who makes a living by sponging on others, cheating at play, swindling, or the like; a sharper. = shark n.² ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > cheating, fraud > a charlatan, fraudster > [noun] > a sharper, swindler hawk1548 huckster1556 shifterc1562 coney-catcher1591 sharker1594 shark1600 bat-fowler1602 guller1602 gull-groper1602 poop-noddy1616 int1631 shirk1639 knight of industrya1658 hockettor1672 biter1680 sharper1681 duffer1735 sharp1797 diddler1803 chevalier of industry1807 flat-catcher1821 thimble-man1830 thimblerigger1831 thimblerig1839 riggerc1840 chevalier of fortune1867 flim-flammer1881 spiv1929 sharpie1942 shrewd1954 the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > approval or sanction > commendation or praise > flattery or flattering > servile flattery or currying favour > [noun] > servile flatterer > parasite clienta1393 lick-dishc1440 maunche present1440 scambler?a1513 smell-feast1519 parasite1539 hanger-on1549 parasitaster1552 waiter at the table1552 lick-trencher1571 hang-by1579 shadow1579 trencher-fly1590 trencher-friend1590 fawnguest1592 pot-hunter1592 lick-spigot1599 trencherman1599 shark1600 tub-hunter1600 zany1601 lick-box1611 by-hangera1626 cosherer1634 shirk1639 panlicker1641 clientelary1655 tantony1659 led friend1672 sponger1677 fetcher and carrier1751 myrmidon1800 trencher-licker1814 onhanger1821 tag-tail1835 sponge1838 lick-ladle1849 lick-platter1853 sucker1856 freeloader1933 bludger1938 ligger1977 joyrider1990 1639 J. Taylor Divers Crabtree Lect. 164 You are an Asse, a Shirke, a Rooke. 1668 S. Pepys Diary 8 Mar. (1976) IX. 109 He is a shirke, who owns his owing me 10l for his Lady two or three year ago, and yet cannot provide to pay me. 1681 E. Hickeringill Char. Sham-plotter (single sheet) (verso) When Shoals of these Shirks these Tories and Sham-Plotters, appear Bare-fac't in any Land or Nation, they are as Fatal..as Sword-Fishes, Sharks, and Whales, when thrown up in the Thames. 1699 B. E. New Dict. Canting Crew Shurk, a Sharper. 1710 Medley No. 12 Some..may be reckon'd tame Creatures, such as are those Shirks that ply about Great Tables. 1730 N. Bailey et al. Dictionarium Britannicum Shirk, a sharping Fellow that lies upon the Catch, as the Shark-fish. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online March 2021). shirkn.² Brit. /ʃəːk/, U.S. /ʃərk/ Etymology: < shirk v. 1. One who shirks (work, obligations). ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > wrongdoing > undutifulness > undutiful person > [noun] > avoiding shrinker1554 shirker1799 shirk1818 funker1826 gold brick1905 the world > action or operation > inaction > not doing > abstaining or refraining from action > [noun] > avoiding an action or condition > avoiding duty, work, or exertion > one who skulkc1320 loundererc1425 old soldier1722 malingerer1785 skulker1785 shirker1799 shirk1818 slink1824 schemer1843 sconcer1843 scrimshanker1882 scrimshank1886 sooner1892 Weary Willie1896 slacker1898 slackster1901 sugarer1904 work-shy1904 gold brick1905 tired Tim (also Timothy)1906 lead-swinger1917 piker1917 gold-bricker1919 slinker1919 poler1938 skiver1941 1818 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. 3 402 He..Reviled the Dutchers as Poltroons and shirks. 1883 A. Jessopp Arcady iv The shambling and scrofulous shirk whom you may find any night soaking at the pothouse. 2. An act or the practice of shirking. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > wrongdoing > undutifulness > dereliction of duty > [noun] > avoidance > instance shirk1863 the world > action or operation > inaction > not doing > abstaining or refraining from action > [noun] > avoiding an action or condition > avoiding duty, work, or exertion > opportunity for or an act of come-off1678 mike1825 shirk1863 gold-bricking1901 scrimshank1903 lead-swing1952 skive1958 skive1980 1863 Sat. Rev. 29 Aug. 278/1 Small shirks may be apples of Sodom, but they clearly constitute with some people one of the main pleasures of life. 1877 F. J. Furnivall Leopold Shakspere Introd. 85 We saw the many shirks from doing his duty of which Hamlet was guilty. 1897 Daily News 3 June 5/7 Leisure—and shirk—have been the characteristics of the proceedings of this remarkable body. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † shirkn.³ Etymology: Probably < German dialect schirk (in Nemnich 1793). Obsolete. rare. The sturgeon. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > fish > class Osteichthyes or Teleostomi > subclass Actinopterygii > [noun] > infraclass Chondrostei > order Acipenseriformes > member of family Acipenseridae (sturgeon) sturgeona1300 sound1323 sturec1485 esox?1527 shirk?1706 isinglass-fish1740 hackleback1914 ?1706 E. Hickeringill Priest-craft: 2nd Pt. ii. 27 For a Whale's Throat is narrower (to my knowledge then a Fish (called a Shirk) but of two Yards long). This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online June 2021). shirkv. Brit. /ʃəːk/, U.S. /ʃərk/ Forms: Also 1600s sherke, shurk, shirke, 1600s–1700s sherk. Etymology: Belongs to shirk n.¹; see shark v.¹ 1. †1. a. intransitive. To practise fraud or trickery, esp. instead of working as a means of living; to prey or sponge upon others; rarely to pilfer (from another). Obsolete. Cf. shark v.¹ 1b. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > cheating, fraud > act fraudulently, cheat [verb (intransitive)] > as way of life shift1580 shark1608 shirk1633 to live upon the shark1694 spiv1947 the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > approval or sanction > commendation or praise > flattery or flattering > servile flattery or currying favour > flatter servilely or curry favour [verb (intransitive)] > be a parasite or sponger hang1535 lick1602 parasite1609 shirk1633 sponge1673 scunge1846 coat-tail1852 leech1937 freeload1940 lig1960 the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > petty theft or pilfering > pilfer [verb (intransitive)] pelfa1400 picka1555 befilch1566 filch1567 pilch1573 lurch1593 purloin1611 nim1622 shirk1709 pilfer1729 maraud1770 souvenir1897 1633 S. Marmion Fine Compan. iv. i. G 3 b Thou shalt follow the Court like a Baboone, when a thousand proper fellowes shall sherke for their ordinary. 1655 tr. C. Sorel Comical Hist. Francion iii. 74 How well he could practice the Lawes of pilfering, by sherking on his Disciples [Fr. friponant sur ses disciples], to feast his friends. 1699 Country Gentleman's Vade-mecum 77 I utterly lose my Pitty, when I see one of these Wretches shirking about in Rags. 1709 W. Reeves tr. Justin Martyr et al. Apol. (1716) I. 4 The Platonist Amelius,..upon reading the first Verses of his [S. John's] Gospel, cry'd out, Per Jovem Barbarus iste cum Platone nostro sentit, By Jove this Barbarian has been shirking from our Master Plato. †b. transitive. To obtain by cunning or by sponging. Also to shirk up. Obsolete. Cf. shark v.¹ 2. ΘΠ the mind > possession > acquisition > obtain or acquire [verb (transitive)] > obtain or acquire in a certain way > by irregular means miswinc1400 sorn1563 shirk1635 sponge1676 whizzle1787 mooch1865 honeyfuggle1905 hot-stuff1914 scrounge1917 hum1918 ponce1938 organize1941 bludge1944 the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > cheating, fraud > treat fraudulently, cheat [verb (transitive)] > obtain fraudulently wilea1400 lurch1530 fox1596 shirk1635 rook1647 trick1662 pigeon1675 sharp1699 cheat1712 fob1792 snakea1861 wangle1888 slip1890 finagle1926 skuldug1936 swizz1961 the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > approval or sanction > commendation or praise > flattery or flattering > servile flattery or currying favour > flatter servilely or curry favour with [verb (transitive)] > sponge on > obtain by sponging shirk1635 sponge1676 1635 E. Rainbow Labour 39 You that never heard the call of any Vocation..; that shirke living from others, but time from yourselves. 1672 J. Eachard Mr. Hobbs's State Nature Considered 34 Small mater that was shirk'd up in France from some of Cartes's acquaintance, and spoyled in the telling. c. intransitive. To shift or fend for oneself. U.S. ΘΚΠ society > authority > lack of subjection > freedom or liberty > independence > be independent [verb (intransitive)] > be self-sufficient to suffice to oneselfc1475 to shift for oneselfa1513 to work out (one's own) salvation1535 reside1610 to stand on (also upon) one's own (two) feet1621 to stand on (also upon) one's own (two) legs1623 shirk1843 to fish for oneself1867 to live on one's hump1909 1843 C. Mathews Var. Writings 71/1 As for Harvest, let him shirk for himself. 1849 N. Kingsley Diary 76 I can shirk for myself pretty well after going through a campaign in the New Haven and California Joint Stock company. 1850 C. Mathews Moneypenny xviii He saves him from a house a-fire, and..he sends him off next morning to shirk for himself. 1861 Trans. Illinois Agric. Soc. 4 515 You might just as well turn out your stall-fed..short-horn cow, and expect her to shirk for herself. 1874 2nd Rep. Vermont State Board Agric. 1873–4 422 They are then turned into the pasture to shirk for themselves. 2. intransitive. a. To go evasively or slyly; to slink, to sneak away, out, etc. †rarely said of things. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going away > go away [verb (intransitive)] > go away suddenly or hastily > secretly or abscond to run awayOE elope1596 to step aside1620 abscond1652 shirk1681 decamp1751 levant1797 absconce1823 skip1865 skin1871 to shoot the crow1887 sneak1896 to go through1933 to take a run-out powder1933 1681 Arraignm.,Tryal & Condemnation S. Colledge 25 Mr. Dugd... You said Rowley was gone, the Rogue was afraid of himself, he was shirked away. 1806 J. Beresford Miseries Human Life I. ix. 214 Trying often to harpoon a floating pat of butter, which, as often, slips aside, or ducks and shirks under your knife. 1812 G. Colman Poet. Vagaries 139 Polyglot Behind the bed-curtain had got, Shirking, and dodging From his Co-Partner. 1850 W. M. Thackeray Pendennis II. xxii. 218 He and his comrades had been obliged to shirk on board at night, to escape from their wives. 1867 R. Broughton Cometh up as Flower II. xiv. 204 Sometimes..I managed to shirk out by myself..and dawdle..about the park. 1874 S. Baring-Gould Yorks. Oddities I. 236 I..came shirking round towards t'back door i't' yard. †b. To withdraw or draw back through lack of courage from one's word or from an engagement. ΘΠ the mind > emotion > fear > timidity > be timorous [verb (intransitive)] > hesitate or hang back through timidity wondec897 arghc1175 scurnc1325 erch1584 to hang the winga1601 shirk1778 crane1823 the mind > emotion > fear > cowardice or pusillanimity > be cowardly or show signs of cowardice [verb (intransitive)] > shirk or skulk skulk1626 shirk1778 to funk out1859 duff1883 to chicken out1931 fink1966 wimp1981 cowardize2003 the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > reversal of or forsaking one's will or purpose > reverse or abandon one's purpose or intention [verb (transitive)] > withdraw from an engagement or promise runOE withdraw1340 waivec1386 to pass from (also of, fro)c1449 recoil1481 to go back1530 recant1585 resile1641 shirk1778 renegea1849 slink1853 welsh1870 to throw over1891 1778 S. Crisp Let. to F. Burney 8 Dec. Don't imagine..that I am retracting or shirking back from what I have said above. 1820 Ld. Byron Let. 7 Sept. (1977) VII. 172 One of the Cities shirked from the league. 3. transitive. a. To evade (a person, his conversation, acquaintance, etc.); to avoid meeting, to dodge, ‘give the slip’ to. Now rare or Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social relations > lack of social communication or relations > render unsociable [verb (transitive)] > avoid voidc1374 eschew1377 avoidc1384 shirk1787 the world > action or operation > safety > escape > escape from [verb (transitive)] > contrive to escape or evade > a person or slip away from aglya1250 outsteala1325 glide?1510 slip1513 betrumpa1522 to give (one) the slip1567 to get by ——1601 outslip1616 to give (a person or thing) the go-by1653 elude1667 to tip (a person) the picks1673 bilk1679 to tip (a person) the pikes1688 to give one the drop1709 jouk1812 double1819 sneak1819 shirk1837 duck1896 1787 F. Burney Diary June (1842) III. 378 They have all a really most undue dislike of her, and shirk her conversation, and fly to one another, to discourse on hunting and horses. 1801 M. Edgeworth Belinda II. xvii. 167 To punish her for shirking me, by the Lord, I'd [etc.]. 1815 Zeluca I. 393 See, see—he's going to shirk Lady Kitty—he pretends he don't see her coming up. 1837 H. Martineau Society in Amer. II. 121 Nor would I..throw the slightest obstacle in the way of the escape of any one of the slaves who may be about to shirk their masters. 1851 H. Mayhew London Labour I. 384/2 Us sailor chaps sometimes shirks the Custom-house lubbers, sharp as they are. b. At Eton: to avoid meeting (a master, a sixth-form boy) when out of bounds. Also intransitive. ΘΠ the world > action or operation > safety > escape > escape from [verb (transitive)] > contrive to escape or evade > a person or slip away from > specifically a schoolmaster shirk1821 1821 R. Durnford Rashleigh Letter-bag vi, in Etonian (1823) III. 182 I..began to consider..if I could have offended him by not shirking him out of bounds. 1869 ‘R. H. Blake-Humfrey’ Eton Boating Bk. Introd. 1 The necessity of all but the Sixth Form being obliged to shirk the Masters, and of all the Lower Boys having to shirk the Sixth Form. 1910 G. Smith Reminisc. iii. 38 If you met a master outside the nominal bounds you had to ‘shirk’, that is, to make a show of keeping out of sight. 4. a. transitive. To evade (one's duty, work, obligations, etc.). ΘΠ the mind > goodness and badness > wrongdoing > undutifulness > [verb (transitive)] > avoid scuff1595 balk1631 evade1722 shirk1785 the world > action or operation > inaction > not doing > abstaining or refraining from action > abstain or refrain from (action) [verb (transitive)] > avoid or shun > avoid (duty, work, or exertion) shoot1543 scuff1595 to shuffle off1604 shirk1785 funk1834 gold-brick1918 dingo1930 squib1934 skate1945 1785 F. Grose Classical Dict. Vulgar Tongue Sherk, to sherk, to evade; to sherk one's duty. 1834 F. Marryat Jacob Faithful III. ix. 153 Father says we may, if we do our duty, and I don't mean to shirk mine. 1842 E. Miall in Nonconformist 2 377 They usually shirk the subject. 1861 ‘G. Eliot’ Silas Marner ix. 145 Let him..shirk the resolute honest work that brings wages, and he will presently find himself dreaming of a possible benefactor. 1880 L. Stephen Alexander Pope v. 126 This trick..was intended..to shirk responsibility. b. transitive. U.S. To shift (responsibility, etc.) on to or upon (another person). Also with off. ΘΚΠ society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > immunity or exemption from liability > be exempt from (a liability or obligation) [verb (transitive)] > transfer (a duty) to another post1563 discharge1605 shirk1845 1845 J. R. Lowell Let. to C. F. Briggs 21 Aug. in Lett. (1894) I. 111 I would almost give half the rest of my life if I might shirk off upon somebody else all that is generally considered the pleasant result of a literary reputation. 1863 W. Phillips Speeches xvi. 368 Having shirked it on to the North. c. intransitive. To practise evasion of work, one's duties, responsibilities, etc. ΘΠ the mind > goodness and badness > wrongdoing > undutifulness > [verb (intransitive)] > avoid > habitually shirk1853 the world > action or operation > inaction > not doing > abstaining or refraining from action > abstain or refrain from action [verb (intransitive)] > avoid > avoid duty, work, or exertion feignc1300 lurk1551 slug1642 skulk1781 malinger1820 mike1838 shirk1853 slinker1880 scrimshank1882 pike1889 scow1901 spruce1916 to swing the lead1917 bludge1919 to dodge the column1919 skive1919 to screw off1943 to do a never1946 to fuck off1946 to dick off1948 1853 W. M. Thackeray Eng. Humourists iii. 158 He was shirking at the tavern. 1865 J. G. Holland Plain Talks iv. 119 The disposition to shirk seems to be constitutional with the human race. 1886 W. H. Long Dict. Isle of Wight Dial. ‘He's ben and shirked off wi'out dooen his work’. ‘He's too windy by half, and he's sure to shirk out on't zomehow or nother’. Derivatives ˈshirking n. ΘΠ the mind > goodness and badness > wrongdoing > undutifulness > dereliction of duty > [noun] > avoidance shirking1638 funking1823 the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > cheating, fraud > [noun] > as alternative to work shirking1638 the world > space > distance > distance or farness > [noun] > avoidance avoidance1610 shirking1862 the world > action or operation > inaction > not doing > abstaining or refraining from action > [noun] > avoiding an action or condition > avoiding duty, work, or exertion blanching1642 skulking1805 soldiering1840 malingery1841 malingering1861 old soldierism1866 old soldiering1867 scrimshanking1881 shirking1899 gold-bricking1918 lead-swinging1930 skive1958 skiving1958 scowing1959 1638 J. Hollond Two Disc. Navy (1896) i. 54 'Twere safer..to give them a certain competent fee, than by an uncertain reward to expose them to shirking [Penn MS. sharking]. 1862 Rep. Publ. Schools Comm. (1864) III. 283 (Eton) Have you any opinion as to the system of shirking? 1877 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest (ed. 3) I. App. 621 Against plain facts and probabilities we have nothing to set except the shirkings and twistings of Dudo's rhetoric. 1899 M. Shearman et al. Football (Badminton Libr. of Sports & Pastimes) (new ed.) 242 Any shirking..must be suppressed at once. ˈshirking adj. ΘΠ the mind > goodness and badness > wrongdoing > undutifulness > [adjective] > avoiding duty shirking1635 shirky1847 the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > cheating, fraud > [adjective] > cheating > instead of working shirking1635 the world > action or operation > inaction > not doing > abstaining or refraining from action > [adjective] > that avoids or shuns > avoiding duty, work, or exertion kid glove1856 malingering1862 scrimshanking1881 shirking1883 clock-watching1889 shirky1897 lead-swinging1930 skiving1959 1635 E. Rainbow Labour 40 Let this shirking generation be cast out. 1668 H. Rolle Abridgm. 53 You are a sherking Attorney. 1736 Disc. Witchcraft 42 These kind of shirking People, a Generation of impudent Liars. 1883 R. L. Stevenson Treasure Island i. v. 38 ‘Search him, some of you shirking lubbers’,..he cried. ˈshirker n. a person who shirks (duty, work, etc.). ΘΠ the mind > goodness and badness > wrongdoing > undutifulness > undutiful person > [noun] > avoiding shrinker1554 shirker1799 shirk1818 funker1826 gold brick1905 the world > action or operation > inaction > not doing > abstaining or refraining from action > [noun] > avoiding an action or condition > avoiding duty, work, or exertion > one who skulkc1320 loundererc1425 old soldier1722 malingerer1785 skulker1785 shirker1799 shirk1818 slink1824 schemer1843 sconcer1843 scrimshanker1882 scrimshank1886 sooner1892 Weary Willie1896 slacker1898 slackster1901 sugarer1904 work-shy1904 gold brick1905 tired Tim (also Timothy)1906 lead-swinger1917 piker1917 gold-bricker1919 slinker1919 poler1938 skiver1941 1799 King George IV in Paget Papers (1896) I. 150 I can safely swear I never flinched one [glass],..& you well know I am not even upon indifferent occasions a Shirker. 1884 Macmillan's Mag. Nov. 4/1 Lord Malmesbury..was no shirker of work. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.¹1639n.²1818n.³?1706v.1633
随便看	self-therapy self-thinking self-thinning self-threading self-timer self-tipping self-titled self-tolerance self-toning self-torment self-tormented self-tormenting self-tormentings self-tormentor self-tormentors self-torments self-torture self-tortures self-torturing self-torturings self-tracking self-transcendence self-transcendency self-transcendent self-transcending

† shirkn.1

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shirkv.

Derivatives

† shirkn.¹

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† shirkn.³