senaten.

/ˈsɛnət/

Forms: Middle English senaht, Middle English senas, Middle English–1600s senat, 1500s cenate, plural Scottish senat(t)is, Middle English– senate.

Etymology: < French senat, senaz (modern French sénat ), < Latin senātus (u -stem), lit. council of old men, < sen-em (nominative senex ) old (see senior adj.), old man: see -ate suffix¹. Compare Provençal senet, Spanish senado, Portuguese senado, Italian senato, German senat, Dutch senaat.

1. An assembly or council of citizens charged with the highest deliberative functions in the government of a state.

a. In ancient Rome: A legislative and administrative body, consisting originally of representatives elected by the patricians, and in later times composed partly of appointed members and partly of the actual and former holders of certain high offices of state.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > governing or legislative body of a nation or community > other national governing or legislative bodies > [noun] > in ancient world > in ancient Rome

senatec1275

senec1330

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 12670 Þis weoren þa sixe þe þat senaht al biwusten.

13.. K. Alis. 1477 His lettres come Into þe cite of grete Rome. Þe riche people, & þe senas, Spaken togedres of þis cas.

c1460 J. Fortescue Governance of Eng. (1885) xvi. 149 The Romaynes, while thair counsell callid þe senate was gret, gate, through þe wysdome off that counsell, the lordschippe off gret partye of the world.

c1480 (a1400) St. Placidus 352 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) II. 79 Al þe hale senat [of Rome].

1531 T. Elyot Bk. named Gouernour i. ii. sig. Biij^v The Senate..whiche was fyrste ordayned by Romulus.

1614 A. Gorges tr. Lucan Pharsalia v. 166 The Consuls both did then decree The Senate should assembled be.

1775 J. Harris Philos. Arrangem. i. 2 Cato..used to read Philosophy in the Senate house, while the Senate was assembling.

1879 J. A. Froude Cæsar viii. 79 The Senate was..a body composed of men of any order who had secured the suffrages of the people.

b. Applied to bodies having more or less similar functions in other states of the ancient world, esp. as the equivalent of Greek γερουσία (lit. ‘body of elders’) and βουλή (lit. ‘council’).

ΘΚΠ

senatea1586

a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1590) i. v. sig. D5^v By the king, & Senat of Lacedæmon, Demagoras was..banished the countrie.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Timon of Athens (1623) v. ii. 14 Th' Athenians By two of their most reuerend Senate greet thee.

1658 J. Harrington Prerogative Pop. Govt. i. xii. 108 The Senate of the Beane being the proposing-Assembly (for that of the Areopagites, called also a Senate, was a Judicatory) consisted of four hundred Citizens chosen by Lot, which was performed with beanes.

1737 R. Glover Leonidas i. 408 Lacedæmon's senate now approach'd.

1842 W. Smith Dict. Greek & Rom. Antiq. at βουλή This senate of 500 [at Athens] was divided into ten sections of fifty each, the members of which were called prytanes (πρυτανεῖς), and were all of the same tribe.

c. In the Middle Ages, and subsequently, used as the official title of the governing body in various free cities of Europe.

ΘΚΠ

senatec1374

c1374 G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (1868) i. pr. iv. 19 At þe citee of verone whan þat þe kyng gredy of comune slauȝter caste hym to transporten vpon al þe ordre of þe senat þe gilt of his real maieste.

1530 in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1846) 3rd Ser. II. 193 The day after our coming the Senate [at Nuremberg] sent gentilmen to shew us their provision of harneis, ordinance, and corne.

1836 J. Murray Hand-bk. for Travellers on Continent 403/1 In the election chamber (Wahlzimmer), the Senate of Frankfort now holds its sittings.

1841 W. Spalding Italy & Ital. Islands III. 344 On the mainland there are four Supreme Tribunals, called Senates, placed at Turin, Chambery, Nice, and Genoa.

1880 H. A. Webster in Encycl. Brit. XI. 404/1 According to the present constitution [of Hamburg].., the legislative power is in the hands of the senate [of 18 members] and the general body of citizens, and the executive is committed to the senate alone.

d. gen. The governing or legislative assembly of a nation. Often applied, more or less rhetorically, to the British parliament.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > governing or legislative body of a nation or community > [noun]

thingOE

senatoryc1374

senate1560

camera1658

Thing1774

talking-shop1912

1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. xv^v That he appointe a Cenate or counsell within the empire.

1587 D. Fenner Def. Godlie Ministers sig. Cii^v At the table of whose Hon. Senat [app. of Privy Council], our supplications were..read.

a1674 J. Milton Let. Friend in Wks. (1980) VII. 329 Being now in Anarchy without a counselling & governing power..,the 1^st thing to be found out with all speed, without which no common wealth can subsist, must be a senate or generall Councell of State.

1718 M. Prior On Corrupt. Man. vi And senates vote, as armies fight, for pay.

1742 S. Johnson Deb. Senate Lilliput in Gentleman's Mag. Oct. 524 It declares, my Lords, that there is now an Enquiry depending before the Senate.

1775 A. Adams in J. Adams & A. Adams Familiar Lett. (1876) 227 Whether you are in the American Senate [i.e. Congress] or on board the British fleet, is a matter of uncertainty.

1789 P. Hayes in J. Lewis Mem. Duke of Glocester 58 (note) [The Duke of Buckingham] was..an eloquent orator in the British Senate.

1809–10 S. T. Coleridge Friend (1865) 22 The pernicious influence of this lax morality extends from the nursery and the school to the cabinet and senate.

1848 W. M. Thackeray Vanity Fair lviii. 529 He says there is no place in the bar or the senate that Georgy may not aspire to.

†e. Applied (perhaps in passages translated from Latin) to the Corporation of London. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > local government body > [noun] > town or borough council > of London

senate1548

1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry V f. lii^v The Mayre of London and the Senate appareled in orient grayned Skarlet.

1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 633 Continuall watch was kept by the Maior and senate of London,..for the preseruacion of the peace, and continuance of good order.

f. In the 18th and 19th centuries adopted as the official name for the upper and smaller branch of the legislature in various countries, as the United States (and each of the separate states of the Union), France, Italy, etc.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > governing or legislative body of a nation or community > [noun] > a chamber or house of > upper

lower house1523

upper house1532

upper chamber1753

senate1776

state senate1791

second chamber1828

1776 A. Adams Let. 15 Sept. (1875) 227 Whether you are in the American Senate or on board the British fleet, is a matter of uncertainty.

1780 A. Adams Let. 15 Oct. in J. Adams & A. Adams Familiar Lett. (1876) 388 Hancock will be Governor, by a very great majority; the Senate [of Massachusetts] will have to choose the Lieutenant-governor.

1789 Constit. U.S. Art. i. §3 The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each state.

1796 T. Twining Trav. Amer. (1894) 52 From the hall of the Representatives, I went to that of the Senate, or Upper Chamber.

a1817 T. Dwight Trav. New-Eng. & N.-Y. (1822) IV. 172 New-Hampshire... The Legislature consists of a Senate, and House of Representatives, chosen annually by ballot.

1887 W. C. Ford Amer. Citizen's Man. i. 11 In all the States the upper or smaller House is known as the Senate.

g. transferred and figurative.

ΚΠ

1540 J. Palsgrave tr. G. Gnapheus Comedye of Acolastus v. i. sig. Yij Suerly the senate of my harte is sedicious.

1734 A. Pope Epist. to Arbuthnot 209 Like Cato, give his little Senate laws, And sit attentive to his own applause.

1820 W. Combe Second Tour Dr. Syntax xxvii. 60 Sometimes my bosom's senate sits In silent thought.

a1822 P. B. Shelley Prol. To Hellas in Relics (1862) 7 The senate of the Gods is met, Each in his rank and station set.

a. In the University of Cambridge, and in some other British universities, the official title of the governing body. Cf. senatus n.The Senate of the University of Cambridge corresponds to the Convocation of Oxford University, and consists of all Doctors, Masters of Arts, Law, and Surgery, and Bachelors of Divinity, who keep their names on the books. In the newer English universities, Durham, London, Liverpool, Birmingham, etc., the senate is a smaller body, its composition being different in different universities. In Scotland, the Latin form Senatus (Academicus) is commonly employed.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > educational administration > university administration > [noun] > governing body

potestate1530

Regent House1573

seniority1687

caput1716

senate1736

senatus1835

1736 Charter Coll. Will. & Mary, Virginia 78 Concerning the College Senate.

1748 T. Salmon Foreigner's Compan. Cambr. & Oxf. i. 16 All Graces intended to be proposed to the Senate, must first pass the Caput.

1797 Cambr. Univ. Cal. 147 By the senate is meant all the doctors and masters of arts in the university, who have their names on the boards of their college.

1804 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 12 286 Regulations enacted by the Senate of the University of Glasgow, respecting Degrees in Medicine.

1829 R. Gilbert Liber Scholast. 50 The Senate [of Cambridge], in 1818, decreed the foundation of three scholarships.

b. U.S. In some American colleges, a council composed of members of the faculty and elected students, having the control of the discipline, etc., of the students.

ΚΠ

1891 in Cent. Dict.

†3. A senate-house. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

Parliament chamber1410

parliament house1440

senatoire1474

senatory1474

senate-house?1556

state house1608

senate1616

Thing-field1847

Thing-stead1847

1616 J. Bullokar Eng. Expositor Senat, the Counsell house, where the Magistrates of a citie assemble themselues.

1623 H. Cockeram Eng. Dict. i.

1700 P. Danet Compl. Dict. Greek & Rom. Antiq. at Senatus The Tribunes of the People at first stood at the Door of the Senate to know their Deliberations.

4. Misused for: A senator. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

senatorc1275

lords1571

senate1581

1581 R. Sempill Complaint vpon Fortoun (single sheet) To keip sic senattis it sall decore ȝour land.

1581 R. Sempill Complaint vpon Fortoun (single sheet) Of Iulius Cesar..Slaine be his Senatis..By his awin kinsmen Brutus and Cassus.

1609 Euerie Woman in her Humor C 4 b The olde Senate has put on his spectacles, and Lentulus and hee are turning the leaues of a dog-hay, leaues of a worme eaten Chronicle, and they want Tullies iudgement.

Compounds

attributive as senate-chamber, senate-fight, senate-hall, etc.

ΚΠ

a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1645 (1955) II. 443 The Senate hall [at Venice].

1736 J. Thomson Prospect: 5th Pt. Liberty 568 In the warm struggles of the senate-fight.

1737 R. Savage Of Public Spirit 161 Bid Courts of Justice, Senate-chambers join, Till various All in one proud Work combine!

1856 C. Dickens Little Dorrit (1857) ii. vii. 383 The rugged remains of temples and tombs and palaces and senate halls and theatres.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1911; most recently modified version published online March 2021).

单词	senate
释义	senaten. /ˈsɛnət/ Forms: Middle English senaht, Middle English senas, Middle English–1600s senat, 1500s cenate, plural Scottish senat(t)is, Middle English– senate. Etymology: < French senat, senaz (modern French sénat ), < Latin senātus (u -stem), lit. council of old men, < sen-em (nominative senex ) old (see senior adj.), old man: see -ate suffix¹. Compare Provençal senet, Spanish senado, Portuguese senado, Italian senato, German senat, Dutch senaat. 1. An assembly or council of citizens charged with the highest deliberative functions in the government of a state. a. In ancient Rome: A legislative and administrative body, consisting originally of representatives elected by the patricians, and in later times composed partly of appointed members and partly of the actual and former holders of certain high offices of state. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > governing or legislative body of a nation or community > other national governing or legislative bodies > [noun] > in ancient world > in ancient Rome senatec1275 senec1330 c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 12670 Þis weoren þa sixe þe þat senaht al biwusten. 13.. K. Alis. 1477 His lettres come Into þe cite of grete Rome. Þe riche people, & þe senas, Spaken togedres of þis cas. c1460 J. Fortescue Governance of Eng. (1885) xvi. 149 The Romaynes, while thair counsell callid þe senate was gret, gate, through þe wysdome off that counsell, the lordschippe off gret partye of the world. c1480 (a1400) St. Placidus 352 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) II. 79 Al þe hale senat [of Rome]. 1531 T. Elyot Bk. named Gouernour i. ii. sig. Biij^v The Senate..whiche was fyrste ordayned by Romulus. 1614 A. Gorges tr. Lucan Pharsalia v. 166 The Consuls both did then decree The Senate should assembled be. 1775 J. Harris Philos. Arrangem. i. 2 Cato..used to read Philosophy in the Senate house, while the Senate was assembling. 1879 J. A. Froude Cæsar viii. 79 The Senate was..a body composed of men of any order who had secured the suffrages of the people. b. Applied to bodies having more or less similar functions in other states of the ancient world, esp. as the equivalent of Greek γερουσία (lit. ‘body of elders’) and βουλή (lit. ‘council’). ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > governing or legislative body of a nation or community > other national governing or legislative bodies > [noun] > in ancient world senatea1586 a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1590) i. v. sig. D5^v By the king, & Senat of Lacedæmon, Demagoras was..banished the countrie. a1616 W. Shakespeare Timon of Athens (1623) v. ii. 14 Th' Athenians By two of their most reuerend Senate greet thee. View more context for this quotation 1658 J. Harrington Prerogative Pop. Govt. i. xii. 108 The Senate of the Beane being the proposing-Assembly (for that of the Areopagites, called also a Senate, was a Judicatory) consisted of four hundred Citizens chosen by Lot, which was performed with beanes. 1737 R. Glover Leonidas i. 408 Lacedæmon's senate now approach'd. 1842 W. Smith Dict. Greek & Rom. Antiq. at βουλή This senate of 500 [at Athens] was divided into ten sections of fifty each, the members of which were called prytanes (πρυτανεῖς), and were all of the same tribe. c. In the Middle Ages, and subsequently, used as the official title of the governing body in various free cities of Europe. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > governing or legislative body of a nation or community > other national governing or legislative bodies > [noun] > in medieval and modern city states senatec1374 c1374 G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (1868) i. pr. iv. 19 At þe citee of verone whan þat þe kyng gredy of comune slauȝter caste hym to transporten vpon al þe ordre of þe senat þe gilt of his real maieste. 1530 in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1846) 3rd Ser. II. 193 The day after our coming the Senate [at Nuremberg] sent gentilmen to shew us their provision of harneis, ordinance, and corne. 1836 J. Murray Hand-bk. for Travellers on Continent 403/1 In the election chamber (Wahlzimmer), the Senate of Frankfort now holds its sittings. 1841 W. Spalding Italy & Ital. Islands III. 344 On the mainland there are four Supreme Tribunals, called Senates, placed at Turin, Chambery, Nice, and Genoa. 1880 H. A. Webster in Encycl. Brit. XI. 404/1 According to the present constitution [of Hamburg].., the legislative power is in the hands of the senate [of 18 members] and the general body of citizens, and the executive is committed to the senate alone. d. gen. The governing or legislative assembly of a nation. Often applied, more or less rhetorically, to the British parliament. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > governing or legislative body of a nation or community > [noun] thingOE senatoryc1374 senate1560 camera1658 Thing1774 talking-shop1912 1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. xv^v That he appointe a Cenate or counsell within the empire. 1587 D. Fenner Def. Godlie Ministers sig. Cii^v At the table of whose Hon. Senat [app. of Privy Council], our supplications were..read. a1674 J. Milton Let. Friend in Wks. (1980) VII. 329 Being now in Anarchy without a counselling & governing power..,the 1^st thing to be found out with all speed, without which no common wealth can subsist, must be a senate or generall Councell of State. 1718 M. Prior On Corrupt. Man. vi And senates vote, as armies fight, for pay. 1742 S. Johnson Deb. Senate Lilliput in Gentleman's Mag. Oct. 524 It declares, my Lords, that there is now an Enquiry depending before the Senate. 1775 A. Adams in J. Adams & A. Adams Familiar Lett. (1876) 227 Whether you are in the American Senate [i.e. Congress] or on board the British fleet, is a matter of uncertainty. 1789 P. Hayes in J. Lewis Mem. Duke of Glocester 58 (note) [The Duke of Buckingham] was..an eloquent orator in the British Senate. 1809–10 S. T. Coleridge Friend (1865) 22 The pernicious influence of this lax morality extends from the nursery and the school to the cabinet and senate. 1848 W. M. Thackeray Vanity Fair lviii. 529 He says there is no place in the bar or the senate that Georgy may not aspire to. †e. Applied (perhaps in passages translated from Latin) to the Corporation of London. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > local government body > [noun] > town or borough council > of London senate1548 1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry V f. lii^v The Mayre of London and the Senate appareled in orient grayned Skarlet. 1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 633 Continuall watch was kept by the Maior and senate of London,..for the preseruacion of the peace, and continuance of good order. f. In the 18th and 19th centuries adopted as the official name for the upper and smaller branch of the legislature in various countries, as the United States (and each of the separate states of the Union), France, Italy, etc. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > governing or legislative body of a nation or community > [noun] > a chamber or house of > upper lower house1523 upper house1532 upper chamber1753 senate1776 state senate1791 second chamber1828 1776 A. Adams Let. 15 Sept. (1875) 227 Whether you are in the American Senate or on board the British fleet, is a matter of uncertainty. 1780 A. Adams Let. 15 Oct. in J. Adams & A. Adams Familiar Lett. (1876) 388 Hancock will be Governor, by a very great majority; the Senate [of Massachusetts] will have to choose the Lieutenant-governor. 1789 Constit. U.S. Art. i. §3 The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each state. 1796 T. Twining Trav. Amer. (1894) 52 From the hall of the Representatives, I went to that of the Senate, or Upper Chamber. a1817 T. Dwight Trav. New-Eng. & N.-Y. (1822) IV. 172 New-Hampshire... The Legislature consists of a Senate, and House of Representatives, chosen annually by ballot. 1887 W. C. Ford Amer. Citizen's Man. i. 11 In all the States the upper or smaller House is known as the Senate. g. transferred and figurative. ΚΠ 1540 J. Palsgrave tr. G. Gnapheus Comedye of Acolastus v. i. sig. Yij Suerly the senate of my harte is sedicious. 1734 A. Pope Epist. to Arbuthnot 209 Like Cato, give his little Senate laws, And sit attentive to his own applause. 1820 W. Combe Second Tour Dr. Syntax xxvii. 60 Sometimes my bosom's senate sits In silent thought. a1822 P. B. Shelley Prol. To Hellas in Relics (1862) 7 The senate of the Gods is met, Each in his rank and station set. 2. a. In the University of Cambridge, and in some other British universities, the official title of the governing body. Cf. senatus n.The Senate of the University of Cambridge corresponds to the Convocation of Oxford University, and consists of all Doctors, Masters of Arts, Law, and Surgery, and Bachelors of Divinity, who keep their names on the books. In the newer English universities, Durham, London, Liverpool, Birmingham, etc., the senate is a smaller body, its composition being different in different universities. In Scotland, the Latin form Senatus (Academicus) is commonly employed. ΘΚΠ society > education > educational administration > university administration > [noun] > governing body potestate1530 Regent House1573 seniority1687 caput1716 senate1736 senatus1835 1736 Charter Coll. Will. & Mary, Virginia 78 Concerning the College Senate. 1748 T. Salmon Foreigner's Compan. Cambr. & Oxf. i. 16 All Graces intended to be proposed to the Senate, must first pass the Caput. 1797 Cambr. Univ. Cal. 147 By the senate is meant all the doctors and masters of arts in the university, who have their names on the boards of their college. 1804 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 12 286 Regulations enacted by the Senate of the University of Glasgow, respecting Degrees in Medicine. 1829 R. Gilbert Liber Scholast. 50 The Senate [of Cambridge], in 1818, decreed the foundation of three scholarships. b. U.S. In some American colleges, a council composed of members of the faculty and elected students, having the control of the discipline, etc., of the students. ΚΠ 1891 in Cent. Dict. †3. A senate-house. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > governing or legislative body of a nation or community > [noun] > place of meeting Parliament chamber1410 parliament house1440 senatoire1474 senatory1474 senate-house?1556 state house1608 senate1616 Thing-field1847 Thing-stead1847 1616 J. Bullokar Eng. Expositor Senat, the Counsell house, where the Magistrates of a citie assemble themselues. 1623 H. Cockeram Eng. Dict. i. 1700 P. Danet Compl. Dict. Greek & Rom. Antiq. at Senatus The Tribunes of the People at first stood at the Door of the Senate to know their Deliberations. 4. Misused for: A senator. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > governing or legislative body of a nation or community > other national governing or legislative bodies > [noun] > in ancient world > in ancient Rome > member of senatorc1275 lords1571 senate1581 1581 R. Sempill Complaint vpon Fortoun (single sheet) To keip sic senattis it sall decore ȝour land. 1581 R. Sempill Complaint vpon Fortoun (single sheet) Of Iulius Cesar..Slaine be his Senatis..By his awin kinsmen Brutus and Cassus. 1609 Euerie Woman in her Humor C 4 b The olde Senate has put on his spectacles, and Lentulus and hee are turning the leaues of a dog-hay, leaues of a worme eaten Chronicle, and they want Tullies iudgement. Compounds attributive as senate-chamber, senate-fight, senate-hall, etc. ΚΠ a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1645 (1955) II. 443 The Senate hall [at Venice]. 1736 J. Thomson Prospect: 5th Pt. Liberty 568 In the warm struggles of the senate-fight. 1737 R. Savage Of Public Spirit 161 Bid Courts of Justice, Senate-chambers join, Till various All in one proud Work combine! 1856 C. Dickens Little Dorrit (1857) ii. vii. 383 The rugged remains of temples and tombs and palaces and senate halls and theatres. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1911; most recently modified version published online March 2021). < n.c1275
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