Rusnakadj.n.

Brit.

/ˈrʊsnak/, U.S.

/ˈrʊsnɑk/,

/ˈrʊsnæk/

Forms:

α. 1800s Roussniak, 1800s Rusniac, 1800s Russnyak, 1800s– Rousniac, 1800s– Rousniak, 1800s– Rusniak, 1800s– Rusnyak, 1800s– Russniac, 1800s– Russniak.

β. 1800s Rusznyak.

γ. 1800s– Rusnak, 1800s– Russnak, 1900s– Rusnaci (plural), 1900s– Rusnacy (plural).

Origin: A borrowing from Rusyn; probably partly modelled on a German lexical item. Etymon: Rusyn rusnak.

Etymology: Ultimately < Rusyn rusnak, noun, self-designation (see note below); compare Ukrainian rusnak . In α. forms probably originally after German Russniaken, plural noun (1779 or earlier), itself ultimately < the Rusyn word, perhaps via a neighbouring Slavonic language (compare Czech rusnák , rusňák (1837), Polish rusnak , rusniak ); compare French roussniak (1829 or earlier). In β. forms after Hungarian rusznyák, adjective and noun (1825 or earlier). With the γ. forms compare German Rusnaken (1792 or earlier), Russnaken (1833 or earlier), plural nouns. Compare earlier Ruthene adj., Ruthenian adj. 1 and later Rusyn adj. With the use as noun, compare earlier Ruthene n. 1 and later Rusyn n., Ruthenian n. 2.Rusyn rusnak (plural rusnaci , rusnacy ) is used (alongside the more common rusyn , noun (see Rusyn n.), rusyn′skyj , adjective) as self-designation of the people in the Transcarpathian region. It is ultimately derived < Old Russian Rus′ (see Russ adj. and n.) + -n- , arbitrary element + -ak , suffix forming nouns (compare Ukrainian poljak , Polish polak Polack n., Ukrainian slovak , Slovak slovák Slovak n., which show the cognate suffixes in other Slavonic languages). With the insertion of -n-, compare the similarly formed Russian bereznjak ‘birch copse’, dubnjak ‘oak copse’, which are derived < berëza birch (see beriozka n.), dub ‘oak’, respectively. In plural forms Rusnaci, Rusnacy after the Rusyn plural forms.

A. adj.

Of or relating to a people native to or inhabiting a region on either side of the border between Ukraine and Slovakia, and extending into adjacent parts of Hungary and Poland; = Rusyn adj.

ΘΠ

the world > people > ethnicities > Slav people > Russian peoples > [adjective]

Ruthene1555

Ruthenica1671

Great Russian1799

Little Russian1799

Malo-Russian1799

Rusnak1804

Ruthene1849

Ruthenian1850

Rusyn1856

Belorussian1888

Belarusian1946

1804 Monthly Rev. Nov. 294 A Russniac peasant, of the Palatinate of Marmaros [i.e. Maramureş, in present-day Romania].

1843 tr. J. G. Kohl Austria 435 The great Rusniak nobility, therefore, has lost all its Russian character, and become completely Polish.

1899 F. H. Groome Gypsy Folk Tales vi. 167 In many Polish and Russniak tales one meets with a bird's feather or a horse-hair possessing the magical power of making anybody immediately appear.

1910 E. G. Balch Our Slavic Fellow Citizens i. i. 8 Of the thirty-nine groups recognized in the classification of the Immigration Department eight are Slav; namely..Croatian and Slovenian,..Ruthenian or Russniak [etc.].

1982 Jrnl. Social Hist. 16 84 It was a Rusnak family from Slovakia.

2004 R. C. Metil in U. Hemetek Manifold Identities 114 Throughout most of the socialist period, Rusnak cultural programming in the region was conducted under the auspices of The Cultural Union of Ukrainian Workers.

B. n.

1. A member of this people; = Rusyn n. 1.

ΘΠ

the world > people > ethnicities > Slav people > Russian peoples > [noun]

Ruthene1548

Ruthenian1555

Ruthenian1594

Ruthene1611

White Russian1659

Black Russian1661

Great Russian1783

Little Russian1799

Malo-Russian1810

Rusnak1823

Rusyn1835

Belorussian1872

Belarusian1951

1823 tr. F. S. Beudant Trav. in Hungary 30 In Transylvania it is the main article of sustenance to the Wallachians and Russniaks, who make a kind of gruel with it.

a1832 Encycl. Metrop. (1845) XX. 397 In the North-Eastern Carpathians the Russniacs, or Red Russians, extend to the County of Marmaros.

1883 19th Cent. Nov. 754 Two-thirds of its population..belonging to the Reformed Church, the remaining third being mainly Russniaks or Ruthenes.

1908 D. Gerard Restitution ii. ii. 56 The inimical neighbourhood had unavoidably tabooed the ‘Rusniaks’.

1969 Amer. Jrnl. Econ. & Sociol. 28 31 Not many Americans were able..to distinguish between the..‘Russniaks’, ‘Russians’, ‘Ukrainians’, and so on.

2002 H. Duc-Fajfer in P. R. Magocsi & I. Pop Encycl. Rusyn Hist. & Culture 293/2 Rusnaks also found employment as seasonal workers in the more agriculturally developed lands to the south, especially the Hungarian Plain.

2. The language of this people; = Rusyn n. 2.Rusnak is regarded by some as a language in its own right, by others as a Ukrainian dialect.

ΘΠ

the mind > language > languages of the world > Indo-Hittite > [noun] > Indo-European > Balto-Slavic > Slavonic > Ukrainian > dialect of

Rusnak1827

Ruthenian1848

Rusyn1856

Ruthene1891

1827 tr. C. Malte-Brun Universal Geogr. VI. xcvi. 102 Rusniac, a very ancient dialect.

1862 R. G. Latham Elements Compar. Philol. 627 With the exception..of the Malo-Russian, Ruthenian, Russinian, Rusniak, or Little Russian,..none of the dialects of Russia have commanded much attention.

1894 A. Lefèvre Race & Lang. 239 Little Russian, Rusniac, or Ruthene.

1949 R. Jakobson Slavic Langs. 4 Ukrainian dialects are classified into Northern, Southeastern, Southwestern, and Carpathian groups; the marginal dialects (called Rusnak) of the latter group are Slovak-influenced.

1990 A. F. Majewicz & T. Wicherkiewicz in D. Gorter Fourth Internat. Conf. Minority Langs. II. xi. 150/3 (table) Lemkish dialect of Ukrainian, regarded by some as a separate language named Rusnak.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	rusnak
释义	Rusnakadj.n. Brit. /ˈrʊsnak/, U.S. /ˈrʊsnɑk/, /ˈrʊsnæk/ Forms: α. 1800s Roussniak, 1800s Rusniac, 1800s Russnyak, 1800s– Rousniac, 1800s– Rousniak, 1800s– Rusniak, 1800s– Rusnyak, 1800s– Russniac, 1800s– Russniak. β. 1800s Rusznyak. γ. 1800s– Rusnak, 1800s– Russnak, 1900s– Rusnaci (plural), 1900s– Rusnacy (plural). Origin: A borrowing from Rusyn; probably partly modelled on a German lexical item. Etymon: Rusyn rusnak. Etymology: Ultimately < Rusyn rusnak, noun, self-designation (see note below); compare Ukrainian rusnak . In α. forms probably originally after German Russniaken, plural noun (1779 or earlier), itself ultimately < the Rusyn word, perhaps via a neighbouring Slavonic language (compare Czech rusnák , rusňák (1837), Polish rusnak , rusniak ); compare French roussniak (1829 or earlier). In β. forms after Hungarian rusznyák, adjective and noun (1825 or earlier). With the γ. forms compare German Rusnaken (1792 or earlier), Russnaken (1833 or earlier), plural nouns. Compare earlier Ruthene adj., Ruthenian adj. 1 and later Rusyn adj. With the use as noun, compare earlier Ruthene n. 1 and later Rusyn n., Ruthenian n. 2.Rusyn rusnak (plural rusnaci , rusnacy ) is used (alongside the more common rusyn , noun (see Rusyn n.), rusyn′skyj , adjective) as self-designation of the people in the Transcarpathian region. It is ultimately derived < Old Russian Rus′ (see Russ adj. and n.) + -n- , arbitrary element + -ak , suffix forming nouns (compare Ukrainian poljak , Polish polak Polack n., Ukrainian slovak , Slovak slovák Slovak n., which show the cognate suffixes in other Slavonic languages). With the insertion of -n-, compare the similarly formed Russian bereznjak ‘birch copse’, dubnjak ‘oak copse’, which are derived < berëza birch (see beriozka n.), dub ‘oak’, respectively. In plural forms Rusnaci, Rusnacy after the Rusyn plural forms. A. adj. Of or relating to a people native to or inhabiting a region on either side of the border between Ukraine and Slovakia, and extending into adjacent parts of Hungary and Poland; = Rusyn adj. ΘΠ the world > people > ethnicities > Slav people > Russian peoples > [adjective] Ruthene1555 Ruthenica1671 Great Russian1799 Little Russian1799 Malo-Russian1799 Rusnak1804 Ruthene1849 Ruthenian1850 Rusyn1856 Belorussian1888 Belarusian1946 1804 Monthly Rev. Nov. 294 A Russniac peasant, of the Palatinate of Marmaros [i.e. Maramureş, in present-day Romania]. 1843 tr. J. G. Kohl Austria 435 The great Rusniak nobility, therefore, has lost all its Russian character, and become completely Polish. 1899 F. H. Groome Gypsy Folk Tales vi. 167 In many Polish and Russniak tales one meets with a bird's feather or a horse-hair possessing the magical power of making anybody immediately appear. 1910 E. G. Balch Our Slavic Fellow Citizens i. i. 8 Of the thirty-nine groups recognized in the classification of the Immigration Department eight are Slav; namely..Croatian and Slovenian,..Ruthenian or Russniak [etc.]. 1982 Jrnl. Social Hist. 16 84 It was a Rusnak family from Slovakia. 2004 R. C. Metil in U. Hemetek Manifold Identities 114 Throughout most of the socialist period, Rusnak cultural programming in the region was conducted under the auspices of The Cultural Union of Ukrainian Workers. B. n. 1. A member of this people; = Rusyn n. 1. ΘΠ the world > people > ethnicities > Slav people > Russian peoples > [noun] Ruthene1548 Ruthenian1555 Ruthenian1594 Ruthene1611 White Russian1659 Black Russian1661 Great Russian1783 Little Russian1799 Malo-Russian1810 Rusnak1823 Rusyn1835 Belorussian1872 Belarusian1951 1823 tr. F. S. Beudant Trav. in Hungary 30 In Transylvania it is the main article of sustenance to the Wallachians and Russniaks, who make a kind of gruel with it. a1832 Encycl. Metrop. (1845) XX. 397 In the North-Eastern Carpathians the Russniacs, or Red Russians, extend to the County of Marmaros. 1883 19th Cent. Nov. 754 Two-thirds of its population..belonging to the Reformed Church, the remaining third being mainly Russniaks or Ruthenes. 1908 D. Gerard Restitution ii. ii. 56 The inimical neighbourhood had unavoidably tabooed the ‘Rusniaks’. 1969 Amer. Jrnl. Econ. & Sociol. 28 31 Not many Americans were able..to distinguish between the..‘Russniaks’, ‘Russians’, ‘Ukrainians’, and so on. 2002 H. Duc-Fajfer in P. R. Magocsi & I. Pop Encycl. Rusyn Hist. & Culture 293/2 Rusnaks also found employment as seasonal workers in the more agriculturally developed lands to the south, especially the Hungarian Plain. 2. The language of this people; = Rusyn n. 2.Rusnak is regarded by some as a language in its own right, by others as a Ukrainian dialect. ΘΠ the mind > language > languages of the world > Indo-Hittite > [noun] > Indo-European > Balto-Slavic > Slavonic > Ukrainian > dialect of Rusnak1827 Ruthenian1848 Rusyn1856 Ruthene1891 1827 tr. C. Malte-Brun Universal Geogr. VI. xcvi. 102 Rusniac, a very ancient dialect. 1862 R. G. Latham Elements Compar. Philol. 627 With the exception..of the Malo-Russian, Ruthenian, Russinian, Rusniak, or Little Russian,..none of the dialects of Russia have commanded much attention. 1894 A. Lefèvre Race & Lang. 239 Little Russian, Rusniac, or Ruthene. 1949 R. Jakobson Slavic Langs. 4 Ukrainian dialects are classified into Northern, Southeastern, Southwestern, and Carpathian groups; the marginal dialects (called Rusnak) of the latter group are Slovak-influenced. 1990 A. F. Majewicz & T. Wicherkiewicz in D. Gorter Fourth Internat. Conf. Minority Langs. II. xi. 150/3 (table) Lemkish dialect of Ukrainian, regarded by some as a separate language named Rusnak. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.n.1804
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