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单词 running
释义

runningn.

Brit. /ˈrʌnɪŋ/, U.S. /ˈrənɪŋ/
Forms:

α. Old English ærnign (transmission error), Old English ærning, Old English ærningc, Old English ærninge (in compounds), Old English ernincg (Northumbrian), Old English herning (Northumbrian), Old English iorning, Old English (Northumbrian)–Middle English erning, Middle English arnyng, Middle English eornyng, Middle English ernyng, Middle English vrning.

β. Old English rynnincg, Old English–Middle English rynning, Middle English rennenge, Middle English renning, Middle English rennyge, Middle English rennyin, Middle English rennyng, Middle English renyng, Middle English renynge, Middle English rownnyng, Middle English rynnyng, Middle English rynnynge, Middle English–1500s rennynge, 1500s ronninge, 1500s ronnyng, 1500s ronnynge, 1500s runnyng, 1500s runnynge, 1500s rynnyne, 1500s– running, 1600s runinge; also Scottish pre-1700 rennyng, pre-1700 rinin, pre-1700 rining, pre-1700 rininge, pre-1700 rinnand, pre-1700 rinning, pre-1700 ronnynge, pre-1700 runeing, pre-1700 runin, pre-1700 runing, pre-1700 running, pre-1700 runninge, pre-1700 runnyin, pre-1700 runnyne, pre-1700 ryning, pre-1700 rynning, pre-1700 rynninge, pre-1700 rynnyne, pre-1700 rynnyng, pre-1700 rynyng.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: run v., -ing suffix1.
Etymology: < run v. + -ing suffix1.With α. forms compare metathesized forms of run v. and see discussion at that entry. In Old English unmetathesized forms are attested only in sense ‘rennet’ (sense 22a); compare also the prefixed form gerinning coagulation (see quot. OE at sense 22b, and compare y- prefix).
I. Movement using the legs and related senses.
* Movement of a person or animal.
1.
a. The action of run v. 1a; an instance of this. Also in extended use.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > rate of motion > swiftness > going swiftly on foot > [noun] > running
runningOE
runec1330
leapingc1440
pelt1879
OE Wærferð tr. Gregory Dialogues (Corpus Cambr.) (1900) i. iv. 38 Sona on dægred com ærendraca to Iuliane..mid swiðe geswenctan horse for ærninge [L. uehementer equo in cursu fatigato].
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1963) 2 Kings xviii. 27 I beholde þe rennyng of þe formere as þe rennyng of Achymaas þe sone of Sadoch.
a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1872) IV. 167 Þere ofte he travaylede wylde bestes and took hem wiþ swifte rennynge [v.r. eornyng; ?a1475 anon. tr. rennenge; L. cursu].
c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) l. 2161 (MED) Now rist grete tabour-betyng, Blaweyng of pypes and ek trumpyng, Stedes lepyng and ek arnyng.
c1405 (c1387–95) G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Prol. (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 553 Ther was no dore that he noolde heue of harre Or breke it at a rennynge with his heed.
1440 J. Capgrave Life St. Norbert (1977) l. 1176 There is now rennyng; þere is now waytynge.
1509 S. Hawes Pastime of Pleasure (1928) xi. 41 The gentyll best, they wyll regarde nothynge But to the swyne take course of rennynge.
c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy 2365 My horse..hote was of Rennyng.
1591 T. Cokayne Short Treat. Hunting B 3 Their hardie fighting and swift running.
1633 P. Fletcher Poeticall Misc. 91 in Purple Island Jerusalem, thy burning If I forget; Forget thy running, My hand, and all thy cunning To th' harp to set.
1665 S. Pepys Diary 30 Jan. (1972) VI. 25 I home..and in great fear to bed, thinking every running of a mouse really a thief.
1735 Sir J. Chardin in Buccleuch MSS (Hist. MSS Comm.) (1899) I. 386 Your running towards me.
1740 H. Bracken Farriery Improv'd (ed. 2) II. vi. 167 The Horse is young and fond of running.
1776 G. White Let. 8 Jan. in Nat. Hist. Selborne (1789) 203 The pains which a beast suffers from the running of a shrew-mouse over the part affected.
1839 C. Darwin in R. Fitzroy & C. Darwin Narr. Surv. Voy. H.M.S. Adventure & Beagle III. ii. 38 This is the only butterfly which I have ever seen that uses its legs for running.
1869 H. F. Tozer Res. Highlands of Turkey II. 310 In order to be less impeded in running and jumping.
1889 Harper's Mag. July 214/2 At no other hour were the pavements so thronged, was there such a crush of carriages,..such running and shouting.
1905 Longman's Mag. July 277 The tree-creeper, which nearly always begins his runnings and creepings at the bottom of the trunks.
1920 Poet Lore 31 429 I'm tired from running. The mire is ankle deep.
1967 B. Herndon Unlikeliest Hero ii. 33 In spite of all the running he had to do to catch up.
2001 D. Burnie Kingfisher Illustr. Dinosaur Encycl. 118/3 Very long bones in the lower parts of its back legs—the ideal shape for running.
b. The action of running for sport or exercise; the action of running in a race or as a pastime. Formerly also (as a count noun): †a race (obsolete).base-, distance, fell, interval, pinch-, repetition, road running, etc.: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > racing or race > racing on foot > [noun]
runningeOE
foot race1592
foot strife?1611
foot match1660
foot racing1698
stadium1749
eOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Otho) (2009) I. xxvi. 502 Færð ðonne micel folc to, & yrnað ealle endemes, ða ðe hiora ærninge trewað.
OE (Northumbrian) Liturgical Texts (Durham Ritual) in A. H. Thompson & U. Lindelöf Rituale Ecclesiae Dunelmensis (1927) 60 Bonum certamen certaui; cursum cosummaui : god gifeht ic gifæht; erning [corrected in MS to herning] ic giendade.
a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Eccles. ix. 11 Rennyng [1560 Geneva the race] is not of swift men, nethir batel is of stronge men.
c1440 S. Scrope tr. C. de Pisan Epist. of Othea (St. John's Cambr.) (1970) 88 With Athalenta strive þou not now... To such a rennyng haue þou noon hast.
a1500 in R. L. Greene Early Eng. Carols (1935) 278 (MED) He is loved ouer all Among maydyns..In daunsyng, in pypynge, and rennyng at the ball.
1579 J. Jones Arte preseruing Bodie & Soule i. xi. 23 Other exercises, as riding, running easily at Bace, at grinstole ball, boules, riding on horseback..I wil omitte.
c1598 King James VI & I Basilicon Doron (1944) I. iii. 188 But the exercises that I uolde haue you to use..are rinning, leaping, urestling, [etc.].
1625 P. Heylyn Μικρόκοσμος (rev. ed.) 391 The exercises were..running on foot, quoiting, wrestling, darting, shooting.
a1626 L. Andrewes XCVI Serm. (1629) 221 To winne but a prize, at a running, or a wrestling..and all is but for a poore Silver game.
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Gymnic Gymnic Games are those wherein the Body is exercised; such are Wrestling, Running, Dancing.
1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall II. xviii. 87 He excelled in the gymnastic arts of leaping and running.
1801 J. Strutt Glig-gamena Angel-ðeod ii. ii. 70 There is no kind of exercise that has more uniformly met the approbation of authors in general than Running.
1843 Penny Cycl. XXVII. 588/1 Leaping and running..generally accompany the wrestling as prize games.
1888 Dict. National Biogr. XVI. 383/2 He..was first-rate at running, jumping, and riding.
1908 A. Shrubb Running x. 66 Of all forms of pedestrianism..there can be nothing superior to cross-country running.
1970 Lawrence (Kansas) Daily Jrnl.-World 12 June 17/1 Where's he going?.. Swimming? Or just riding in the country? Nope. He's going running.
2007 Men's Fitness July 30/3 You can opt for either the duathlon or the aquathon (running and swimming).
c. The action of moving rapidly with hostile intent; raiding; (as a count noun) an incursion, raid; a charge. Cf. run v. 8. Obsolete (Scottish in later use).
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > attack > raid > [noun] > action of raiding
runningc1325
skeckinga1387
skickinga1400
raiding1785
OE (Northumbrian) Liturgical Texts (Durham Ritual) in A. H. Thompson & U. Lindelöf Rituale Ecclesiae Dunelmensis (1927) 36 Oues quas pretioso sanguine tuo redemisti diabolica non sinas incursione lacerari : scip ða diorwyrðum blode ðinum eft gilesdest diowlica ne forlet ðu onerninge þætte ue sie tosliteno.]
c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 11060 (MED) In þis manere þe barons bigonne hor vrning [v.r. ernyng].
a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1876) VI. 13 Þe province was swiþe destourbed by rennynge [v.r. ernyng; ?a1475 anon. tr. incursions; L. incursione] of reses of straungers.
a1450 ( tr. Vegetius De Re Militari (Douce) f. 109v Wiþstant þe sodeyn rennynge of enemyes.
1489 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (Adv.) xviii. 688 Thai Suld hald thar fayis all that day Doand..With thar ronnyngis [1487 St. John's Cambr. saltis] that thai suld ma.
c1536 J. Bellenden tr. H. Boece Hist. & Chron. Scotl. (1821) II. 153 The Pichtis gat gret skaith be thair haistie and unavisit rinning on thair ennimes.
1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1895) II. 165 Tha war the only authoris of thift, rubrie, and rinning of forrayis.
1602 in D. Masson Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1884) 1st Ser. VI. 360 For persuite and rynning of forrowis upon the said complenar.
1623 H. Cockeram Eng. Dict. Decursion, a running of souldiers on their enemies.]
d. Cricket. The action of running from one popping crease to the other, as performed by both batters in the scoring of runs (run n.2 5a). Frequently in running between (the) wickets. Cf. pinch-running n.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > cricket > batting > [noun] > running
running1752
1752 Game at Cricket in New Universal Mag. Nov. 582/2 They [sc. the Umpires] are sole judges of all hindrances, crossing the players in running, and standing unfair to strike.
1833 Cricketers' Reg. 12 in New Sporting Mag. 5 The steady manner in which Pilch bowled rendered the running very difficult throughout.
1877 Encycl. Brit. VI. 580/1, 21 Or if in running the wicket be struck down by a throw..before his bat (in hand) or some part of his person be grounded over the popping crease.
1897 Earl of Suffolk et al. Encycl. Sport I. 225/2 The art of running between wickets, without coming to a misunderstanding with one's partner, is indispensable.
1906 A. E. Knight Compl. Cricketer ii. 87 Some of the best running between wickets ever witnessed has been shown by Australian teams.
1976 Milton Keynes Express 23 July 39/3 With some firm strokes and quick running between the wickets [they] took the score to 61 all out after 17.3 overs.
2004 Sports Rules Bk. (Human Kinetics) (ed. 2) x. 67/1 If a fielder intentionally obstructs a batter in running, the umpire will signal ‘dead ball’ and allow any completed runs..to score.
e. Capacity for running (in sense 1a); ability to run.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > racing or race > horse racing > [noun] > horse by performance > racing qualities
bottom1747
running1798
steel1850
staying power1859
1798 J. Lawrence Philos. & Pract. Treat. Horses II. 194 What if after keeping the nag during all that long period,..he should at last..prove to have no running in him?
1821 Sporting Mag. 9 35/1 Both horses finished full of running.
1843 C. J. Lever Jack Hinton xxv. 174 Although the ground was trying, his breeding began to tell, and I could feel that he had plenty of running still in him.
1859 C. J. Lever Davenport Dunn xii. 99 He thinks I've running in me yet.
1919 J. Masefield Reynard the Fox (1920) 242 The fox was strong, he was full of running, He could run for an hour and then be cunning.
1999 R. Charlton Red Squirrel Guide Women's Soccer 185 They will be very fit and full of running.
f. Skating. The action of skating swiftly on ice by pushing alternately on the inside edge of each ice-skate. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > winter sports > skating > [noun] > other types of skating
running1816
free skating1902
pair skating1902
sculling1938
skeeling1969
skatathon1970
1816 Travellers Guide through United Netherlands 372 The inhabitants of Friesland excell in bodily exercices, chiefly, in running in skates on the ice.
1838 New Sporting Mag. Mar. 154 With us it is straight-forward running, and hence the local term of runners, applied to the fast skaters.
1878 S. H. Miller & S. B. J. Skertchly Fenland vi. 163 Here some of the fastest ‘running’ in the world might be seen.
1901 E. Gueyse Movable Quartette xii. 130 Their skating consisted in running on the ice far enough to get a good start,and then sliding.
2.
a. The action of riding on horseback, typically at a quick pace, and esp. in a race or tournament; racing; jousting, tilting; an instance of this. Frequently in running on horseback, running at the ring, and similar phrases. Also in extended use. Now chiefly historical.spear-running: see spear n.1 Compounds 3a.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > racing or race > horse racing > [noun]
runningeOE
horse-running1504
swift horse running?a1513
horse racingc1654
horse-coursing1764
jockeyinga1770
sport of kings1918
eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Tanner) v. vi. 400 Eala; hwæt ðu me micel yfel & lað dest mid þinre ærninge [L. o quam magnum uae facis mihi sic equitando].
c1460 (?c1400) Tale of Beryn l. 2402 (MED) Yeur rennyng & yeur trotting in-to an esy pase I shall turn or þat wee twyn.
c1500 Lyfe Roberte Deuyll 283 in W. C. Hazlitt Remains Early Pop. Poetry Eng. (1864) I. 230 Lordes came fro many a farre lande, And Ladyes also, that runnynge to see.
1563 in W. Robertson Hist. Scotl. (1759) II. App. 14 We..pass our time in feasts, banquetting, masking, and running at the ring, and such like.
1625 P. Heylyn Μικρόκοσμος (rev. ed.) 391 The exercises were running with swift horses, whorlebats, [etc.].
a1630 F. Moryson in Shakespeare's Europe (1903) v. i. 465 They haue Tiltings, Runnings with lances against a Post Armed like a man at all peeces.
1670 C. Cotton tr. G. Girard Hist. Life Duke of Espernon ii. v. 211 The Duke..had invited all the Nobility and Gentry of the Country to Bordeaux to a publick running at the Ring.
1739 in J. Cheny Hist. List Horse-matches Run p. v In case of Neglect or Refusal..such Owners and Riders shall be immediately declar'd incapable of Running or Riding any more.
1776 T. Mortimer Brit. Plutarch (new ed.) II. 97 There were bear-baitings, fire-works, Italian tumblers, and a country wake, running at the quintain, and morrice-dancing.
1828 R. Thomson Illustr. Hist. of Great Brit. II. iv. ii. 282 Sports on the Thames, of running at a mark, or tilting, in boats with wooden spears.
1844 J. Donovan Rome Anc. & Mod. (ed. 2) II. 445 Funeral games,..wrestling, leaping, running on horseback and bounding with the lance.
1880 19th Cent. Oct. 606 It [sc. the day's sport] partook of the double nature of stalking and running on horseback.
1913 M. Sullivan Court Masques James I i. 14 Beaumont was invited for Twelfthnight to a dinner, running at the ring, a play, [etc.].
1995 Past & Present No. 146 145 St Francis de Sales defended a whole range of pastimes as good in themselves, among them tennis, running at the ring, chess and draughts.
b. The action of a horse (or other quadruped) running in a race; the action of being ridden in a race by a jockey or other rider. Formerly also (as a count noun): †a race (obsolete). Cf. earlier horse-running n. at horse n. Compounds 2a.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > racing or race > horse racing > [noun] > on the part of the horse
running1577
1577 in J. A. Picton City of Liverpool: Select. Munic. Rec. (1883) I. 119 There was a running of horses..for a silver bell.
1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 323 Virgill also describeth a swift and sluggish horsse most excellently in these verses; sending one of them to the Ring, and victory of running.
1704 London Gaz. No. 4000/4 Galloways..to be entred at the White-Horse Inn..14 days before the day of Running.
1731 J. Cheny Hist. List Horse-matches 89 The Conditions of running for the same [prize], are different from those of all other Prizes.
1837 ‘Nimrod’ Chace, Turf, & Road iii. 281 Many of them [sc. colts] die before the day of running.
1840 D. P. Blaine Encycl. Rural Sports §1237 Plate such horses as may have good sound feet..the evening prior to their running.
1863 Sat. Rev. 23 May 656 Lord Clifden, on the strength of his good two-year-old running,..had been made first favourite for more than twelve months.
1909 Southern Reporter 47 456/2 Suspended..in connection with the running of Capitano, the same horse that ran in New Orleans and the following winter.
1952 Life 3 Nov. 91/2 Flight put him [sc. a horse] a little off his feed but not enough to hurt his running.
2001 PSA Jrnl. (Nexis) Aug. 21 The highlight is the running of horses over very dusty terrain in the sloping light.
c. Originally Horse Racing. The leading group of competitors in a race. In later use usually figurative: the person or group of people who are in contention for an award, victory, etc. Chiefly in in (or out of) the running.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > failure or lack of success > defeat or overthrow > loss or defeat [phrase] > not among the leading contenders
out of the running1855
society > society and the community > dissent > competition or rivalry > in competition or rivalry [phrase] > (not) among the leading competitors
in the running1855
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > racing or race > [adjective] > not among leaders
out of the running1855
1855 Nelson (N.Z.) Examiner 14 Nov. 2/4 The backers of Symphony began to show long faces, thinking that both her and the Wellington horse were out of the running.
1857 H. R. Helper Impending Crisis of South ii. 167 When Cameron was clearly out of the running they did promise Cameron's supporters a place in Lincoln's Cabinet.
1869 J. S. Le Fanu Wyvern Myst. III. viii. 104 She's up in limbo, and if her story be true, why then that boy of Ally's ain't in the runnin'.
1875 A. Trollope Way we live Now I. xvii. 109 She had understood that the two horses now in the running were Lord Nidderdale and Sir Felix.
1920 N.Y. Times 24 Dec. 15/2 Harvey Smurr, after being allowed to drop out of the running in the first half, closed with a rush and took second honors.
1949 M. Mead Male & Female xvi. 341 His married daughter, who with each step that she takes towards maturity puts him more definitely out of the running.
1971 Black Belt Mar. 23/1 Cemovic was promptly handed his second penalty and eliminated from the running.
2001 Sci Fi June 14/2 Nicolas Cage may be in the running to play Bruce Wayne in..Batman: Year One.
3. With against. The action of dashing rapidly and forcibly against a person or thing; the action of driving one thing against another with force. Formerly also: †a sudden or casual encounter with a person or thing (obsolete). Cf. run v. 33a. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > impact > [noun] > forcible, heavy, or violent > collision
hurtlinga1250
rackc1300
rasha1450
collision?a1475
fraying1489
running1538
conflict1555
jostling1580
intershock1611
jostle1611
allision1615
complosion1644
intershocking1652
rencounter1662
interfering1677
shocking1702
bump1843
cannoning1864
confliction1868
boink1963
1538 T. Elyot Dict. Occursus, a runnynge agaynste one.
1740 Universal Hist. V. iii. xvi. 291 There was no boarding, or running of one ship against another.
1771 J. Smeaton Rep. (1812) III. 256 The great wear and tear occasioned by the frequent running of the keels against the piers.
1797 Encycl. Brit. VII. 376/2 The running of one ship against another. This happens sometimes by the violence of the wind.
1849 C. Lyell 2nd Visit U.S. I. xvi. 290 We reached Wilmington without much delay, in spite of the ice on the rails, and the running of our locomotive engine against a cow.
1895 Rep. Appellate Courts Illinois 55 612 The injuries..were directly caused by the ‘forcible’ running of defendant's cart against plaintiff's.
1920 Southern Reporter 84 628/1 A complaint alleging that the running of a street car against an automobile was willful and wanton.
1950 J. M. Cohen tr. M. de Cervantes Don Quixote i. xxv. 206 The tearing of my garments,..the running of my head against the rocks.
a1974 P. Blackett in P. Hore Patrick Blackett (2003) i. 10 The Harwich force urgently practised the running of torpedoes against towed targets.
4.
a. With reference to animals: the fact of being allowed to range or roam; the fact of pasturing or being pastured; pasturage.
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the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal keeping practices general > herding, pasturing, or confining > [noun] > action or occupation of pasturing
pasturea1398
grazingc1440
pasturagea1522
feed1575
running1577
graziery1762
pasturing1819
1577 in F. G. Emmison Essex Wills (1987) (modernized text) IV. 110 I will that James Cocke and Geo. Cocke shall have the running of the cattle they now have here until May day next.
1695 W. Kennett Parochial Antiq. Gloss. at Porcus To grant pannage or free running of hogs in such a wood.
1725 G. Berkeley Let. 30 Dec. in Wks. (1871) IV. 117 You will also inform yourself whether Coll. Maccasland demands any thing for the running of my horse.
1753 J. Bartlet Gentleman's Farriery i. 4 A summer's grass is often necessary; more particularly to horses..who use little exercise, but a month or two's running, is proper for most.
1887 3rd Ann. Rep. Bureau Animal Industry 1886 105 The enactment of laws prohibiting the running of cattle on the open plains.
1897 L. Lindley-Cowen West Austral. Settler's Guide vi. 116 The paddocks are depending upon..the running of sheep upon them to maintain their nutritive resources.
1935 Classical Weekly 28 81/1 Reference was made to the running of hogs in the woods in the Ozark mountain district.
1977 Agric. Hist. 51 55 Also feasible was running of sheep, either alone or in combination with cattle.
2000 T. Rios & M. Sands Telling Good One iv. 127 Blaine also discusses the running of cattle on the reservation, indicating that his uncle was both a farmer and rancher.
b. = burrowing n. Cf. run n.2 12a. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > [noun] > order Insectivora > family Talpidae > genus Talpa (mole) > forming a burrow
running1712
1712 J. James tr. A.-J. Dézallier d'Argenville Theory & Pract. Gardening 44 To hinder the running of Moles.
1812 Farmer's Mag. Nov. 449 The tenant's first conjecture was, that they might be loosened at the root, by the running of moles.
1859 A. Watson Amer. Home Garden x. 113 Much injury sometimes results from the running of moles in a garden, particularly in light soils.
5. With reference to fish or other aquatic animals: the action of swimming rapidly, esp. in a short rush (towards bait, after being hooked, etc.). Cf. run v. 22a. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > hunting > fishing > fish to be caught or as catch > [noun] > movement of fish
nibblea1525
running1634
rise1653
1634 T. Johnson tr. A. Paré Chirurg. Wks. xxv. xxi. 1012 Together with the ropes,..they draw the Whale (wearied with running and labouring, and fainting by reason of the magnitude and multitude of his wounds..) a land.
1800 Angler's Pocket-bk. xii. 92 You can guess by the running of the Pike, what progress he hath made in his repast.
1851 H. Melville Moby-Dick lxiii. 323 The instantaneous, violent, convulsive running of the whale upon receiving the first iron.
1877 J. J. Manley Notes on Fish & Fishing v. 134 There is no doubt about the ‘running’ of a Thames trout. It is a fierce rush he makes at your bait when he has made up his mind to rush at all.
1901 F. Mather My Angling Friends 173 Murphy kept the bass out of some weeds, but could not prevent its running under the boat.
6. The hunting or pursuit of animals, esp. buffalo, on horseback. Usually with of.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > hunting > hunting specific animals > [noun] > buffalo
buffalo-hunting1775
buffalo-hunt1810
running1823
1823 J. Franklin Narr. Journey Shores Polar Sea iv. 114 Mr. Herriot, to shew us the mode of hunting on horseback, or, as the traders term it, running of the buffalo, went in chase of a cow, and killed it after firing three shots.
1899 W. A. Fraser Eye of God 187 Next to the running of buffalo, the baiting of the pale-face priest would be glorious sport.
1905 Badminton Mag. Nov. 555 A good many of the influences which govern the running of foxes have now been dealt with.
1936 G. Stanley Birth of Western Canada 11 The Metis..had already been estranged by..an attempt to prohibit the running of the buffalo on horseback.
2009 S. Bechtel Dogtown i. 4 Some people may imagine dogfighting as a genteel, misunderstood form of blood sport once practiced by the landed gentry, like the running of stags, foxhunting, or cockfighting.
7. Originally U.S. Frequently with for. The action or fact of standing as a candidate for a position, seat, etc., often on a specific issue or policy. Also: the action of putting forward such a candidate. Cf. run v. 11.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > office > appointment to office > choosing or fact of being chosen for office > [noun] > offering oneself as candidate
standing1678
run1828
running1830
candidating1885
1830 Wiscasett (Maine) Citizen 20 Aug. 3/2 Such politicians..bet on a candidate's running for the Chief Magistracy of the Union or of a single State, precisely as they would bet on the running of a race horse.
1843 U.S. Mag. & Democratic Rev. Oct. 342/1 The consequence of the running of two candidates by the Democratic party.
1870 Nation 7 July 1/1 He has never failed in getting such offices as he wanted, the record of his ‘running’ being about as good as that of any man in the country.
1910 Sat. Evening Post 24 Dec. 16/2 There was less excuse for his running on the liquor ticket.
1930 Reading (Pa.) Eagle 8 Apr. 4/2 The running of a candidate from Lehigh will cause..inconvenience.
1961 T. H. White Making of President 1960 iv. 86 Kennedy..felt that running for the Presidency was his most important full-time business and Senate attendance took second place.
1978 Texas Monthly Jan. 52/2 He gave serious thought to running for chairman of the state Democratic party.
2008 K. F. Warren Encycl. U.S. Campaigns, Elections, & Electoral Behavior 68/2 Running on such a platform did not result in Roosevelt's election.
8. U.S. colloquial. Teasing or joking at another's expense; ribbing; an instance of this. Cf. run v. 13. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > suffering > state of annoyance or vexation > [noun] > teasing
teasing1678
tease1693
running1833
teasement1888
riding1922
1833 S. Smith Life & Writings Major Jack Downing xliii. 158 I feel a little put out with Dr Burnham for an unhansome running he gave me 'tother day.
1902 J. Corbin Amer. at Oxf. ii. 16 The freshman breakfast is nothing in the world but a variation of the ‘running’ that is given newcomers in those American colleges where fraternity life is strong.
1936 National Geographic Mag. 69 799/1 Much of this ‘running’, or badgering, is in the spirit of fun.
** Movement more generally.
9.
a. The action of sliding, slipping, or moving easily or freely; the ability of something to move in this way. Also: the rotation of a wheel on a fixed axis.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > rate of motion > swiftness > [noun] > moving swiftly > by propulsion or gravitation
running1530
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 264/2 Runnyng of a whele, peau.
1670 T. Blount Νομο-λεξικον: Law-dict. Misaventure... Death by some outward violence, as the fall of a Tree, the running of a Cart-wheel, [etc.].
1724 D. Defoe Tour Great Brit. I. ii. 23 The Lap of his Coat catching in a Block, was drawn so hard in by the running of the Rope in the Block.
1772 Brit. Mag. & Gen. Rev. Jan. 42/1 The motion and running of the wheels..may be seen through the transparency of the dial.
1832 Jrnl. Franklin Inst. 9 New Ser. 61 For an improvement in the Running of Stones for Flour Mills.
1866 Trans. N.Y. State Agric. Soc. 1865 25 84 Their warping..will have no injurious effect whatever upon the running of the endless chains.
1896 Trans. Federated Inst. Mining Engineers 10 17 At all such places stop-blocks..should be provided to stop this running amain.
1902 New Internat. Encycl. V. 106/2 Compressor, an instrument used on ship board for temporarily checking the running of the anchor-chain.
1948 G. Hackforth-Jones Come Sailing 33 If your boat has ‘roller furling’ taughten the halliards and see that the furling line is clear for running.
2010 T. Reilly Ergonomics Sport & Physical Activity vii. 152 Contemporary rods also contain line-runner rings with coated aluminum oxide on their inside to minimize resistance to the running of the line.
b. The unravelling of a fabric, stitch, etc.; laddering of a stocking, tights, etc. Cf. run v. 37a.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > textile fabric > textile fabric manufactured in specific way > [noun] > woven > slipping of thread
running1878
1878 A. Barlow Hist. & Princ. Weaving 360 On the breaking of a thread the ‘running’ would be stopped by the repeated twistings in a diagonal direction.
1922 Chicago Tribune 12 Sept. 7/6 (advt.) The non-ravel barrier prevents running below the gold stripe at the knee.
1983 S. Thulin Stitch in Time v. 29 Be sure to use tiny stitches to catch all threads well to prevent running.
2000 L. Wills Compl. Idiot's Guide Sewing iv. 47 The serger solves both of these problems, finishing the edges with looping to prevent running.
10. The rolling of a ball or other (typically round) object along a surface.
ΚΠ
1610 C. Lever Holy Pilgrime ii. iv. 203 In the casting of a stone or running of a Bowle..the strength of the arme giue the first motion to the bowle or stone.
1685 M. Prior in Poems on Affairs of State (1697) 197 So the first running of the lucky Dice, Does eager Bully to new Bets intice.
1714 T. Lucas Mem. Most Famous Gamesters & Sharpers 128 He us'd the false Dice.., which may be quickly perceived by the running of the Dice.
1749 Ladies Diary 43 Every Mathematician who has taken any Notice of the Running of Bowls.
1848 Cork Mag. Jan. 145/1 The effects of gas, either on the lighting of billiard-tables, or the running of billiard-balls were undiscovered mysteries.
1850 H. G. Bohn et al. Hand-bk. Games 564 If, after the striker has played, the adversary should obstruct or accelerate the running of the balls [etc.].
1912 P. A. Vaile Soul of Golf ix. 293 The defect..is sufficient to account for the very bad running of many golf balls.
1929 Sydney Mail 17 July 50/2 There are..many results likely in the running of the balls.
1989 R. Holt Sport & Brit. (1992) iii. 157 Here the running of bowls had largely become a club activity.
2003 Yorks. Post (Nexis) 1 May The two [snooker] tables..both being reclothed because of the slow running of the balls.
11. Growth of the stalk or stem of a plant, esp. when rapid or excessive; bolting. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > by growth or development > [noun] > growing unseasonably
running1834
bolting1933
1834 ‘M. Doyle’ Kitchen Garden (ed. 2) i. 41 The object in sowing Cauliflowers in this month as directed, is, to secure them against running.
1866 Jrnl. Hort., Cottage Gardener, & Country Gentleman 13 Sept. 224/2 The delay in earthing, and avoiding the bit-by-bit earthing-up, is one of the best securities against running or bolting.
1906 Gardeners' Chron. 21 Apr. 244/1 Newer varieties [of cabbage] possess many improved qualities, such as greater freedom from ‘running’ or ‘bolting’.
*** Travel, transportation, or conveyance.
12.
a. The action of sailing a boat or other waterborne craft, esp. swiftly or easily; (in later use) esp. the action of sailing before the wind. Also: the speed of sailing. Cf. river running n.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > action or motion of vessel > [noun] > running before wind
running1600
1600 F. Pretty in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations (new ed.) III. 823 It is not so much almost by an hundred and fiftie leagues, as we found by the running of our ship.
1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant i. 118 We reckoned our running to be ten miles an hour, though we carried only our Mainsail.
1693 N. Staphorst tr. L. Rauwolf Trav. Eastern Countries ii. ii, in J. Ray Coll. Curious Trav. I. 132 We were forced nigh, and our Ship was in her full running, so that we could turn no way.
1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson iii. i. 295 A few days after our running off the coast of Mexico.
1855 A. B. Warner My Brother's Keeper xxv. 259 By a system of dodging, running, and out-sailing,..he carried on his trade with Rhode Island as though no Squadron were in the way.
1875 F. G. D. Bedford Sailor's Pocket Bk. (ed. 2) vi. 215 Running dead before the wind in a gig is very dangerous.
1884 Sat. Rev. 14 June 784/1 In running a cutter has, so far as sails go, a very obvious advantage over the two-masted vessel.
1902 J. Gabe Yachting xii. 132 The America's average running was about 7½ knots per hour.
1955 Mariner's Mirror 41 183 The smallest storm-sails, used in running, may have had the ancient square shape.
1982 R. Olney & C. Bush Windsurfing iv. 51 Halfway..between running and a beam reach, is a ‘broad reach’.
2006 Independent 11 Dec. 30/5 Running before the wind looks easy at first, but it's the trickiest point of sailing.
b. The action of sailing or being driven on or upon the shore, rocks, etc.; the action of coming aground or ashore. Also: an instance of this.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > grounding of vessel > [noun] > deliberately
running1657
grounding1691
beaching1871
society > travel > travel by water > grounding of vessel > [noun] > accidentally
groundage1477
running1657
grounding1769
stranding1817
1657 H. Pinnell tr. Crollius Philos. Reformed Translators Apol. sig. a I shall be a land mark to prevent thy running aground or splitting against the Rock.
1681 Bp. G. Burnet Hist. Reformation: 2nd Pt. Pref. sig. e Learn to be so wise as to avoid the running on those Rocks.
1726 N. Uring Hist. Voy. & Trav. 322 (heading) A particular Account of the Ship's running on Shore upon the Island of St. Michael's.
1781 London Mag. 51 612/2 Two of the officers gave it as their opinion, that the running on shore, and the consequent surrender, were matters not of choice, but of necessity.
1832 J. Hall Legends of West 153 More than once he lost both boat and cargo by runnings on the snags and the sawyers of the Mississippi.
1863 Irish Jurist 15 275/1 The running ashore of the tug and her tow immediately before and after the collision.
1871 Internal Revenue Rec. 13 150/3 The sudden sheering of the tow..and consequent running upon a sunken rock.
1901 R. Campbell Ruling Cases XXIV. 393 They must go on to prove that..there was no negligence which conduced to the running on the rocks.
2005 J. Diamond Collapse (2006) xv. 446 He was referring to the huge oil spill from the running aground off Alaska of Exxon's oil tanker.
13.
a. Movement of a wheeled vehicle from one place to another. Also with along.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > transport > transport or conveyance in a vehicle > movement of vehicles > [noun] > movement of wheeled vehicle
running1646
1646 A. Ross New Planet No Planet viii. 75 Being in a ship I have discerned the running of horses and carts upon the shore.
1750 Philos. Trans. 1748 (Royal Soc.) 45 707 Many consider'd it [sc. an earthquake]..at first only as..the remote Running of a Coach or Chair.
1776 G. Semple Treat. Building in Water 41 Notwithstanding the almost constant running of Carriages,..there did not fall one Handful of it.
1832 Amer. Railroad Jrnl. 1 85/3 The snow has not prevented the running of carriages or freight waggons.
1885 Saddlers, Harness Makers, & Carriage Builders' Gaz. 1 Oct. 162/1 The greater steadiness in running of the whole vehicle which a stiff and stout axle-tree secures.
1899 E. Sanderson et al. Six Thousand Years of Hist. X. 40 The car [of the hot-air balloon] being little more than a wooden platform with wheels to allow its running along on descending.
1906 Westm. Gaz. 11 Dec. 6/3 One would almost imagine that the running of a passengerless train from station to station,..would ‘grow’ on the conductors.
1922 E. Scrymsour Perfect World iv. 36 The running of the trolleys up and down the roads.
1993 J. Cornell in B. H. North Mod. Railway Transportation xviii. 217 The running of railway vehicles over track produces dynamic forces on both the vehicles and the track.
b. The action or fact of making regular journeys from place to place or between two places for the transportation of passengers, goods, etc., esp. as part of a schedule; the action or fact of scheduling such journeys.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > [noun] > travelling to and fro
running?1764
peripatetics1769
travel1784
the trots1936
shuttling1937
trippage1941
?1764 J. Bush Hibernia Curiosa 3 The passage..is made much safer and more convenient, by..the running of a coach or two from Chester to the Head.
1839 Hampshire Advertiser & Salisbury Guardian 28 Dec. It is the intention of the Commercial Steam Packet Company to renew the running of steam boats between this port and London.
1883 Boston Evening Transcript 10 Nov. 9/6 The Standard Time for the running of Trains..will be changed to conform to the ‘Eastern Standard Time’.
1884 G.W.R. Time Tables July 90 The running of these Trains is dependent upon the arrival of the Boats.
1920 Los Angeles Times 11 Aug. 4/3 They [sc. plans] embrace all sorts of enterprises from the running of steamers to the raising of cotton.
1961 Age (Melbourne) 12 Jan. 1/1 Mr. Stout said the T.H.C. was not opposed in principle to the running of Sunday trains.
1994 T. Byrne Local Govt. in Brit. (ed. 6) iv. 89 The provision of public transport through grants (including subsidies for the running of mini-buses in rural areas).
14. The action of smuggling goods into or out of a place.Also with distinguishing word indicating the goods smuggled; for more established formations, as dope-, drug, gun-, rum-running, etc., see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > merchandise > [noun] > smuggled or contraband goods
contraband1588
running1699
run1832
magendo1977
1699 N. Luttrell Diary in Brief Hist. Relation State Affairs (1857) IV. 518 One Stapleton and Basse, sea captains, were tryed..for smugling and running of prize goods in time of war.
1718–19 Act 5 Geo. I c. 11 (title) An Act against clandestine running of uncustomed Goods.
1735 Gen. Evening Post 26 Apr. A Seizure was made of some Brandy... The next Morning several Persons concerned in the Running, endeavour'd to retake them.
1743 Gentleman's Mag. Feb. 75/2 By which Wool-running, should be effectively stopped.
1849 Eliza Cook's Jrnl. 22 Sept. 324/1 It would be incorrect to state that the rentallers of our village, though not directly participating in the ‘running’ of goods, were totally ignorant of what was going on.
1884 S. Dowell Hist. Taxation in Eng. IV. ii. iv. 216 Heavy penalties..were now imposed upon customhouse officers for neglect of duty in preventing the running of brandy.
1922 H. Kephart Our Southern Highlanders (new ed.) x. 227 The natural occupation for him is blockading or whiskey-running.
1948 A. J. Hanna & K. A. Hanna Lake Okeechobee xiii. 182 None of these ventures..paid as well or gave as much excitement as did the running of rum.
1972 N.Y. Times 18 July 12/2 Charges connected with the running of guns to Northern Ireland.
2001 R. B. Lipschutz Cold War Fantasies iv. 67 Various non-Communist warlords whose main trade was the running of drugs.
15. U.S. The conveyance of lumber downstream; esp. the conveyance of loose logs by floating them downstream. Cf. log-running n. at log n.1 Compounds 2. Now historical.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > transport > transport or conveyance in a vehicle > transport of goods in a vehicle > [noun]
loadc1000
freight1463
carriage?1523
running1825
haulage1826
long haul1839
freighting1856
freightage1872
transport-riding1900
1825 New-Hampsh. Statesman 4 July The House went into committee..on the subject of regulating the running of timber down Connecticut.
1857 Private & Local Laws Legislature of Wisconsin 538 For the running of lumber in rafts over the same.
1880 Michigan Rep. 38 603 [He] was to manage the logging in the woods and running of the logs to the mill.
1924 Jrnl. Mammalogy 5 64 Owing to the running of logs down the brook with consequent high water, the fishing had been very poor.
1950 C. Bancroft Silver Queen i. 2 The dangerous felling of pines, the perilous running of logs, the great lumber barges with their snarling bargemen.
2000 W. E. Ellis Kentucky River iii. 77 The log booms..were outlawed in 1910 along with the running of loose logs.
II. Course, succession; placement, arrangement.
16. The course or direction followed by something. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > [noun] > course or direction of movement
runeeOE
runningOE
pathOE
wayOE
tracea1300
coursec1380
coursec1380
racec1390
recourse?c1425
situation1517
journey?a1560
track1565
roadway1600
career?1614
direction1665
by-run1674
sensea1679
meith1726
heading1841
OE (Northumbrian) Liturgical Texts (Durham Ritual) in A. H. Thompson & U. Lindelöf Rituale Ecclesiae Dunelmensis (1927) 39 Da nobis domine quesumus, ut..mundi cursus pacificus nobis tuo ordine dirigatur : sel us driht' ue bid' þætte..middang'es erning sibsum' us ðinum endebrednisse sie girihtad.
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 263/2 Ronnyng or course of any thynge, decours.
1617 W. Raleigh Hist. World (new ed.) Pref. sig. D3 All the Riuers in the world, though they haue diuers risings, and diuers runnings,..doe at last finde, and fall into the great Ocean.
17.
a. A succession of actions or occurrences. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > order > order, sequence, or succession > continuity or uninterruptedness > [noun] > continuous succession
motionc1425
coursec1460
discourse1541
discurse?1549
current1587
running1662
1662 E. Stillingfleet Origines Sacræ iii. ii. §7 What ever is moved, must bee moved by something else, and consequently there must bee a running in Infinitum.
b. Apparently: the fact of placing a number of things in succession. Cf. run v. 70. Obsolete. rare.
ΚΠ
1672 J. Eachard Let. 3 in Mr. Hobbs's State Nature Considered A Friend..had promised me the running of two or three Letters, in his Dialogue concerning Mr. Hobbs.
18. U.S. With of. The procedure or fact of setting or marking a boundary, border, etc.
ΚΠ
1662 in D. G. Hill Dedham (Mass.) Rec. (1894) IV. 47 Ensigne Daniell Fisher and Edward Richards were mutually chosin..to setle and determine the runinge of the Devision line.
1797 Ann. 5th Congr. I. 305 The running and marking of the boundary line, between the colonies of East and West Florida, and the territory of the United States, have been delayed by the officers of His Catholic Majesty.
1870 Putnam's Mag. Sept. 302/2 Pending the running of the boundary, neither party should exclude the other by force, or exercise complete and exclusive sovereign rights within the disputed limits.
1915 Science 20 Aug. 231/2 We shall not dwell upon its [sc. astronomy's] so-called practical applications, such as the supplying of accurate time,..the making of accurate maps of the continents and islands, the running of boundary lines between nations,..and so on.
1998 Harvard Law Rev. 111 1425 These small projects included the commissioners' service in signing bills of credit..and the running of boundary lines by the colony's agent.
19. The action of passing a rope, line, or the like between two points, through an aperture, etc.
ΚΠ
1708 J. Kersey Dict. Anglo-Britannicum Seeling, (in Falconry) is the running of a Thread thro' the eye-lids of a Hawk.
1850 J. Greenwood Sailor's Sea-bk. 144 This term is..used to signify the running or drawing of a line on the ship.
1876 W. H. Preece & J. Sivewright Telegraphy 217 The poles having been properly fitted up, stayed or strutted,..and raised, the running of the wire is then proceeded with.
1911 St. Nicholas Sept. 1033/1 A happy idea suggested the running of a rope over a pulley so as to make the work of drawing the water less tiring.
1981 Safety & Offshore Oil (National Res. Council (U.S.)) iii. 94 The simple running of a wire in the early years of oil drilling..to measure feet drilled.
1994 Gleaner (Kingston, Jamaica) 10 June 1/3 They were liable..for the running of wires on utility poles owned by the Jamaica Public Service Company.
20. Lacemaking. In full lace running. The action or practice of embroidering a design on to a net, often by sewing over an outline or a machine-printed pattern. Now historical.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile manufacture > manufacture textile fabric or that which consists of > manufacture of textile fabric > [noun] > lacemaking > processes involved in
running1817
pricking1851
tressing1862
shadow-stitch1882
1817 M. Hall On Diagnosis ii. iii. 109 The sedentary occupations of seaming, lace-running, of the tambour, &c.
1844 G. Dodd Textile Manuf. Great Brit. vii. 225 This working round of the outline is called ‘running’, while the filling-up of the interior parts is termed either ‘fining’ or ‘open~working’.
1880 Local Preachers' Mag. Jan. 4 The ‘running’, or ornamentation, was done by women and children at their cottage homes.
1929 W. F. Neff Victorian Working Women iii. 94 Lace-running was done either in the homes of the ‘mistresses’..or in the workers' own homes.
2003 S. M. Levey in D. Jenkins Cambr. Hist. Western Textiles II. xxiii. 851 A continuing demand for slightly patterned nets..stimulated..the dependent industry of lace running.
21. A line of running stitches. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > sewn or ornamented textile fabric > [noun] > sewing or work sewn > stitch > running stitch > line of
running1831
1831 L. M. Child Little Girl's Own Bk. 188 Two thicknesses of silk are joined together by runnings, about an inch, or more, apart.
1845 M. J. Howell Hand-bk. Dress-making 46 As many runnings as you choose to introduce will each form a distinct puffing.
1882 S. F. A. Caulfeild & B. C. Saward Dict. Needlework 415/1 When Petticoats are to be Quilted, the Runnings should be well indented and the satin or silk set up puffily.
1900 Daily News 28 July 6/6 Then come the gathers which have to be done with three runnings and very neatly finished off.
1935 G. G. Killin in A. S. Paterson et al. Big Bk. Needlecraft 228 The edge of shape is run round and each thread of the bars caught in while making the running.
III. The flowing of liquids, and related senses.
22.
a. = rennet n.1 1b. Also in plural. Now English regional (midlands and south-western).Cf. renning n. and also ruening n. Cf. also cheese renning n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > substances for food preparation > [noun] > rennet
cheeselipeOE
runningOE
yearning1371
congealinga1398
renninga1398
rueninga1398
rundlesa1400
curd?1440
rendles1440
pressure1486
rennet?a1500
ruen1510
runnet1577
rennet bag1611
earning1615
coagulum1658
cheese rennet1671
steep1688
stomach-bag1704
vell1724
OE Antwerp Gloss. (1955) 160 Coagulum, rynning.
?a1450 tr. Macer Herbal (Stockh.) (1949) 128 (MED) Mynte iuus medled with rynnynges wole nat suffre chese for to roote þat is made with þat rynnynges.
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 263/2 Ronnyng of chese, maisgre.
1562 W. Turner 2nd Pt. Herball f. 2 As runnynge or chese lope maketh mylke runne together into cruddes.
1635 J. Swan Speculum Mundi vi. §4. 255 Mints put into milk will not suffer the milk to curd, although the runnet or running (as they call it) be put into it.
1770 B. Franklin Let. 11 Jan. in Wks. (1904) V. 175 I have since learned that some runnings of salt (I suppose runnet) is put into water, when the meal is in it, to turn it to curds.
1789 W. Marshall Rural Econ. Glocestershire I. 331 Running, rennet; the coagulum in chees-making.
1825 W. Hone Every-day Bk. (1826) I. 561 Rennet, or running, as it is..called [in Penzance].
1890 J. D. Robertson Gloss. Words County of Gloucester Running, rennet.
b. Coagulation, curdling, esp. of milk. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > constitution of matter > density or solidity > state of being thick enough to retain form > [noun] > state of being coagulated > coagulation
runninga1398
congealmentc1400
quailing1440
coagulationc1477
congelation1547
clodding1552
curdlea1591
clottering1611
concretion1617
clotter1658
concoagulationa1691
congealing1739
thrombosis1857
coagulating1872
clotting1880
OE tr. Pseudo-Apuleius Herbarium (Vitell.) (1984) clxiii. 206 Wið þa gerynnincge þæs worsmes ym ða breost genim þas ylcan wyrte.., syle þicgean anne cuculere fulne, þa breost beoð afeormude [L. pus crassius e pectore expellit].]
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xix. lxxii. 1331 Whey is þe wattry party of mylk, departed fro þe oþer party by rennyng and cruddynge, for rennynge ioyneþ togidres þe partyes of chese and of buttre, and departeþ þerfro þe whey.
a1682 Sir T. Browne Extracts from Common Place Bks. in Wks. (1835) IV. 427 So many coagulations there are in nature; and though we content ourselves with one in the running of milk, yet many will perform the same.
23.
a. The flowing or discharge of fluid from the body (in later use esp. from the eyes or nose); an instance of this, a discharge. Also: †a sore or wound that discharges pus (obsolete). Also in figurative context.running of the reins n. Obsolete gonorrhoea; leucorrhoea; (also) discharge of semen.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > discharge or flux > [noun]
runningOE
rheuma1398
flux1447
fluxion?1541
defluxion1578
profluvium1603
redeliverage1612
secession1657
flix1667
eluvies1710
rhinorrhoea1846
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > venereal disease > [noun] > gonorrhoea
gonorrhoeaa1475
gonorrhoea passion1547
running of the reins1569
shedding of nature1584
clap1587
venereal rose1799
Rhea sisters1935
OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: Matt. ix. 20 Et ecce mulier quae sanguinis fluxum patiebatur duodecim annis accessit retro : & heonu wif ðiu blodes flouing uel iorning geðolade uel gedrog tuelf uinter uel tuelf ger geneolecde beienda.
OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: Matt. (headings to readings) xxxiii Mulierem a profluuio sanguinis sanat : þæt wif of herning blodes hæleð.
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Matt. ix. 20 A womman that suffride the flix, or rennynge, of blood [a1425 L.V. the blodi flux; L. sanguinis fluxum] twelue ȝeer.
c1450 (a1400) Orologium Sapientiæ in Anglia (1888) 10 361 (MED) It is but a rennynge of the humeris vnkyndely.
a1500 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Wellcome) f. 32 (MED) Obtolmya is Apostume, swellyng or rennyng of humours of þe eyen.
1569 R. Androse tr. ‘Alessio’ 4th Bk. Secretes ii. 32 To remedie the running of the reynes occasioned by a sharpe cause.
1597 W. Langham Garden of Health 55 Barley..stoppeth the running of the belly.
1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 445 A very good and effectuall remedy against..the running of the raines.
1685 W. Clark Grand Tryal iii. xvi. 112 His Body all with grievous sores o're spread, With Blood, and Ulcerous runnings pargetted.
1704 J. Swift Tale of Tub x. 188 Since my Vein is once opened, I am content to exhaust it all at a Running.
1705 tr. W. Bosman New Descr. Coast of Guinea viii. 110 The Wound Gangrenes, and at best turns to a running, which continues the whole Life.
1754 tr. J. Astruc Treat. Venereal Dis. (new ed.) I. iii. i. 262 If a virulent running be stopped, then the Blood necessarily partakes of the Infection by the reflux of the morbid Matter, and by this Means a Pox is the Consequence.
1804 J. Abernethy Surg. Observ. 165 A running came on from the urethra.
1855 J. Carr Russia (ed. 2) 8 He always had some issue, running, rash, or other unhealthy appearance on his body, that caused him to be rejected as often as tried.
1877 Spirit of Times 24 Nov. 460/2 (advt.) I have cured the following diseases and habits of the horse by operating on their teeth, such as Coughing, Frothing, Drooling, Loss of Flesh, Hidebound, Discharging at the Nose, Scouring, Running at the Eyes.
1898 Arch. Surg. 9 121 Until lately I have always had a slight thin running from the nose.
1946 Tubercle 27 190/2 Toxic effects were described and included running of the eyes, headache, coma, optic atrophy and peripheral neuritis.
2003 Star-Ledger (Newark, New Jersey) (Nexis) 21 Mar. 65 The best way to determine if a chemical agent has been released is by noticing whether you or the people around you are experiencing any symptoms such as:..profuse running of the nose.
b. gen. The flowing of liquid or granular matter; an instance of this. Also: leakage of such material.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > [noun]
runninga1398
goutc1400
stream14..
flowingc1440
watercourse1552
current1555
fluxc1600
gliding1600
fluor1642
currency1657
lapse1667
shoot1799
flowage1830
come1862
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 153 A ryuer is euer lastyng rynnyng [L. perennis fluxus], ffor it renneþ continulich.
Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 429 Rennyng [?a1475 Winch. Rennyge], of water or oþer lycure, manacio.
a1475 Sidrak & Bokkus (Lansd.) in Centaurus (1968) 12 225 (MED) Water þat al hoot so springe Haue somwhere in here rennyng Over brimston her cours y-made.
1574 J. Baret Aluearie D 566 A diall measuring houres by running of the water..Clepsydra.
1656 J. Harrington Common-wealth of Oceana 179 An hour-glasse,..such an one as is to be of an houre and an halfe's running.
1685 H. Croft Some Animadversions Theory of Earth iii. 171 There can be no running of water, where the Earth, by reason of its spherical form, can have no Channels to receive the Rivers.
1723 J. Smith Curiosities of Common Water 36 A large Ulcer in the Foot, made by the running of melted Brass into the Shoe.
1750 tr. C. Leonardus Mirror of Stones 150 If carried in the left hand, it stops the running of tears of aged people.
1795 Ann. Reg. 1794 Princ. Occurr. 44/1 Mount Vesuvius is still covered with a thick cloud of ashes; all noise has ceased, and the running of the lava is stopped.
1823 J. Badcock Domest. Amusem. 151 Flour, being..exposed to the constant running of water, until it comes off colourless, the gluten will remain.
1890 W. C. Russell Ocean Trag. I. viii. 160 Each broad soft brow was alive with runnings of flaming oil.
1900 tr. J. Deniker Races of Man vi. 225 The running of water and sand has been utilised..in the construction of clepsydras and other primitive clocks.
1915 D. H. Lawrence Rainbow ix. 231 She heard the sharp rain, and the deep running of water.
1977 N. Shepherd Living Mountain iv. 24 I have sat among boulders on an outer face of the hill, with two low sounds in my ears, and failed to locate either. One was the churr of ptarmigan, the other the running of water.
2005 R. Rose & T. Philpot Child's Own Story iv. 71 He came to associate the spurting and flow of blood with the pouring and running of water.
c. The flow or course of the tide, the sea, etc.; (also) swell, swelling (of the sea, waves, etc.).
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > state of sea > [noun] > swell
surge1567
sea-gate1583
swella1616
running1622
groundswell1818
backwater1838
after-roll1858
wallow1868
1622 R. Hawkins Observ. Voiage South Sea lxviii. 167 That is thought the better course,..because of the swift running of the tydes.
1674 R. Southwell in T. Birch Hist. Royal Soc. (1757) III. 216 The eighth Miscellany is of the various course or running of tides.
1760 R. Heath Astronomia Accurata 232 Strong Winds blowing the same Way with the Running of the Tide.
1789 J. Williams Nat. Hist. Mineral Kingdom II. 214 Channels through chains of lofty mountains, were cut out by the running of these weighty tides.
1819 J. Macculloch Descr. Western Islands Scotl. II. 109 They were concealed by the state of the tide and the high running of the swell.
1838 Visitor Sept. 322/2 The sea would be so raging.., caused by out-winds, and the running of the ground seas coming from the main ocean.
1840 H. Raper Pract. Navigation & Naut. Astron. iii. 130 The running of the waves causes the horizon to be in continual motion.
1883 R. L. Stevenson Treasure Island v. xxiv. 192 The difficulty of the shore and the high running of the surf.
1908 Cent. Mag. Aug. 612/2 The face of the Dahna seemed continually moving, strangely like the running of the sea off Aden.
1958 N.Y. Times 13 Feb. 28/6 As natural as the running of the tides and as difficult to stop.
2008 R. Robinson Cost iv. 49 She turned her head, looking at the red sunset light, the running of the tide.
24. A channel in which water may flow; a stream, a rivulet. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > water > rivers and streams > stream > [noun] > rivulet or runnel
rindleeOE
runningc1350
stripec1440
ruissel1477
channel1478
veina1500
rivel1542
rivereta1552
rivulet1577
rundle1577
runnel1577
runner1578
runnet1601
rival1602
riverling1605
run1605
riveling1615
creek1622
drill1641
vein riveret1652
riverlet1654
rigolet1771
runlet1801
c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) i. 3 He schal be as þe tre þat hijs sett by þe ernynges [E.V. doun rennyngis; v.r. rennyng; L. decursus] of waters.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 11942 (MED) Wiþ erþe & wiþ euel witt þe watir rennyng [Vesp. wissing] gon he dit þat watir to þe lakes brouȝt.
1648 T. Gage Eng.-Amer. 172 We presently met with a deep Barranca, or bottome, where was a running.
1650 in Rec. Early Hist. Boston (1877) II. 101 The Bounds betwixt both is the naturall Passage of the Water in a small Running.
25. The melting and flowing of a solid material, as metal, wax, etc.; the action of flowing as a result of melting; a trickle of a melted material. Also: a product extracted by melting from a metal or other solid substance.In quot. 1782: distortion resulting from heating.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > [noun] > extraction from ore > smelting > result of
running1516
1516 Edinb. Hammermen f. 88v, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Rining Rynnyne of twa auld knoppis.
1541 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1908) VIII. 125 Upoune the wirking of the clay,..setting of the mulde and rynnyng of the mettall.
1667 Philos. Trans. 1665–6 (Royal Soc.) 1 376 The first running of the Stone is Sulphur.
1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 143 I had..two other Earthen Pots, as hard burnt as cou'd be desir'd; and one of them..glaz'd with the Running of the Sand.
a1744 Lucas in Trans. Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archæol. Soc. (1908) 8 38 The Hearth [of a blast furnace] grows wider by using, so that their Runnings are much larger at the latter End than at the Beginning.
1782 Philos. Trans. 1781 (Royal Soc.) 71 264 A very easy and effectual remedy for that defect so long complained of in all kinds of brass ordnance, the running of the vent.
1791 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse §291 Being so hot..as to give much trouble by the running of the candles.
1840 Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 38 385 It presents no obstacle to the free running of iron in a furnace.
1882 A. Tolhausen tr. W. H. Uhland Corliss-engines Suppl. 104 The slide-valve is of the same running of metal as the cylinder to ensure uniformity of wear.
1915 A. O. Backert ABC Iron & Steel x. 108/2 To soak up the runnings from the outsides of the pots and any steel that may be lost from the cracking of the crucibles.
1999 J. Brown Non-ferrous Foundryman's handbk. (ed. 11) xvi. 248 Provide an insulating coating which promotes the running of the casting.
26. The flow of language, esp. verse; an instance of this. Cf. run n.2 27a.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > literature > poetry > versification > rhythm > [noun]
cadencec1384
coloura1522
rhythmus1531
running1533
number1553
rhythm1560
cadency1628
chimea1649
run1693
1533 T. More 2nd Pt. Confut. Tyndals Answere viii. p. ccccxxxi The rude rymelesse runnyng of a scottyshe ieste.
1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie ii. iii. 57 Take this away from them, I meane the running of their feete, there is nothing of curiositie among them more then with vs.
1612 J. Brinsley Ludus Lit. iii. 18 Children wil learne that booke with most readinesse and delight through the running of the metre.
1658 E. Phillips New World Eng. Words Euphonie,..a gracefull sound, a smooth running of words.
1676 tr. B. Lamy Art of Speaking Pref. sig. A6v Pleasure caused by the running of a Verse.
1729 S. Dunster tr. Horace Satires (ed. 4) 41 It [sc. comedy] differs from meer Prose in nothing but its running in Metre.
1767 S. Fovargue New Catal. Vulgar Errors xxv. 139 The Latin Language is a great Help to the Running of a Verse.
1809 W. Nicholson Brit. Encycl. II. Cadence, in rhetoric and poetry, the running of verse or prose, otherwise called the numbers.
1905 Imperial & Asiatic Q. Rev. 19 179 Play of the poetical fancy..may even be necessary with a view to the smooth running of the verse.
1995 T. Cain in B. Jonson Poetaster 89 Propertius is not known for the smooth running of his verse.
27.
a. A quantity of liquid obtained as a product of a certain stage of a process of fermentation, distillation, etc. (frequently in plural, occasionally with singular agreement). Also in early use: †an act of drawing a quantity of liquid during such a process (obsolete). Frequently with preceding modifying adjective. Also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > drink > manufacture of alcoholic drink > [noun] > flow of liquor
running1601
run1711
1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. 411 The right keeping of grapes, is in a small thinne wine of the second running.
1616 G. Markham tr. C. Estienne et al. Maison Rustique (rev. ed.) v. xxiii. 589 The second running of this beere (for it will beare but one besides the best) it will..be good for hind seruants.
1676 J. Dryden Aureng-Zebe iv. 49 From the dregs of Life, think to receive What the first sprightly running could not give.
1707 J. Mortimer Whole Art Husbandry ii. 590 I should propose..to take only the first running of your Spirits to mix with your Cyder.
1753 W. Lewis New Dispensatory 378/1 The liquor..is by some kept by itself, under the title of spirit; and the other runnings, which prove milky, fined down by art.
1764 S. Foote Patron ii. 32 When..the sprightly first-runnings of life are rack'd off, you offer the vapid dregs to your deity.
1830 M. Donovan Domest. Econ. II. 363 The juice that exudes last will be of a lively acid sweet; the first portion, a heavy sweet without acidity; and the middle runnings will be intermediate.
1847 ‘M. Dods’ Cook & Housewife's Man. (ed. 8) App. 645 Let some of the wort run into a pail, which must be returned into the mash-tun till the running is perfectly clear.
1895 J. M. Thomson & A. G. Bloxam Bloxam's Chem. (ed. 8) 744 Furfurane, C4H4O, is found in the first runnings of the distillation of wood-tar.
1900 Jrnl. Soc. Dyers & Colourists 16 2 The ‘first runnings’ is washed firstly with conc. sulphuric acid.
1960 F. G. Mann & B. C. Saunders Pract. Org. Chem. (ed. 4) i. 56 Evaporate the combined runnings or ‘effluent’ in order to obtain pure citric acid.
1994 Ale St. News Apr.–May 22/3 When making barleywines..some brewers only use the first runnings from the mash.
b. The action or an act of drawing sap, resin, or a similar secretion from a tree; the material drawn in this way (frequently in plural).
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > part of plant > plant substances > [noun] > fluid, juice, or sap > production, rising, or running of
shoot1572
succification1733
running1744
1744 G. Berkeley Siris (ESTC T72826) §19 Theophrastus..observes that a good pine might be made to yield resin every year;..and that three runnings were as much as a tree cou'd bear.
1832 D. J. Browne Sylva Americana 232 The scraping is a coating of sap which becomes solid before it reaches the boxes, and which is taken off in the fall and added to the last runnings.
1872 Trans. Dept. Agric. State Illinois 1871 9 73 I have a plantation five or six years old, parts of which still grow fine fruit, with two runnings annually.
1921 C. Raymond Clifford & John's Almanack 23 It is a short time to the running of the maple sap and to the willow catkins.
1938 Times 5 May 19/5 The ideal ‘running’ weather is when there is a sharp frost at night followed by a warm day.
1999 Roanoke (Va.) Times (Nexis) 18 Mar. (Extra) 1 American Indians jabbed maples and collected the runnings in hollowed-out wooden logs.
28. The spreading of ink, dye, or a similar coloured liquid, esp. so as to obscure or spoil a design.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > colour > colouring > dyeing > [noun] > running of dye
running1758
bleeding1893
1758 R. Dossie Handmaid to Arts II. ii. vii. 215 To prevent the running of the ink..the following method may be practised.
1781 W. Cowper Let. 25 Feb. (1979) I. 451 My Paper is so intolerably bad, as you may perceive by the running of the Ink, that it has quite worn out my patience.
1819 A. Schlichtegroll tr. A. Senefelder Compl. Course Lithography ii. i. 221 It is nearly impossible to draw on a stone already prepared with gum and bitten in, on account of the running of the ink.
1887 U.S. Patent 370,050 1/1 The [photograph] coating has become cooled and sufficiently hardened to prevent running.
1896 Typographical Jrnl. 1 May 339/2 Any irregularity in the running of the color will become apparent.
1922 Hosp. Corps Q. July 65 If it [sc. the stain] is connected with the running of a dye, treatment for the dye must be applied.
1959 I. Mellan & E. Mellan Removing Spots & Stains ix. 56 Repeat this procedure until the running of the dye stops.
2005 J. K. Fink Reactive Polymers ix. 368 Even if the printed image is contacted by water, running or bleeding of ink of the image must not take place.
29. Horticulture. Of a flower (esp. a carnation): altering in colour over successive generations, typically becoming less finely marked. Cf. run adj. 5. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
1847 Ann. Hort. 180 There is no longer a mystery in the running of Carnations.
1859 A. Watson Amer. Home Garden xxi. 449 Tulips have a habit of change, technically called running, in which the striping and brightness of the flower disappear in one dull muddy color.
1889 Garden 16 Feb. 142/2 Running in Carnations is one of those things we cannot cure, and therefore, have to endure.
30. Music. In a pipe organ: the unwanted leakage of air into a pipe or the windchest; an instance of this. Cf. run n.2 29.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > gas > air > [noun] > leakage of air
running1855
1855 E. J. Hopkins Organ 34 Sometimes a little air will escape through a groove-hole, and make its way up to some pipe, and cause it to produce a low, disagreeable, and continuous humming. This is called a ‘running’.
1881 W. E. Dickson Pract. Organ-building iv. 50 The gluing on of these latter must..be very sound..in every part, or a running of wind might ensue.
1903 C. F. A. Williams Story of Organ App. E. 269 Running is one of the most troublesome difficulties with which the organ-builder has to contend.
1949 M. P. Conway Playing Church Organ ii. 37 Any deficiencies in the soundboards causing ‘runnings’ and ‘cipherings’.
2001 D. Gwynn Hist. Organ Conservation x. 76 If the running is on one stop and one note, the problem may be in the upperboard.
IV. Continuance; currency.
31. The fact of continuing or extending in time; the period of time for which something continues.
ΚΠ
1544 in Rec. Parl. Scotl. to 1707 (2007) 1544/11/11 Nochtwithstanding the perpetuale rynnyng and standing oer of the seit of parliament.
1780 Select Decisions Court of Session 247 In March 1742, during the running of the last year of the long prescription.
1847 Laws State of N.Y. II. 445 Expenses in or about manufacturing salt at said springs during the running of any such lease.
1921 Federal Reporter 267 31 A coke broker's agent..cannot, during the car shortage periods of the running of the contract, buy any spot coke.
1962 Plays & Players 9 22 The pivot trucks and the setting of the furniture were handled by the actors in full view of the audience, so that a large number of the cast were on the stage for almost the entire running of the play.
2004 A. H. Krieg Our Polit. Syst. 107 During the running of the campaign numerous polls are taken to ensure that the candidate is on track.
32. With reference to coinage: the fact of being in circulation with a certain value. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > money > circulation of money > [noun]
course1457
gang1488
walking1549
current1586
currence1651
currency1699
emission1729
running1788
mobilization1801
monetarization1967
1788 J. Priestley Lect. Hist. iii. xvi. 137 Which value (by the running of guineas as they now do for twenty one shillings each) is yet further advanced.
V. The operation of something
33. The action or working of a machine, vehicle, etc.
ΚΠ
1830 Jrnl. Franklin Inst. July 43 This contrivance must keep the surface of the water in the boiler always between the above prescribed limits, whatever may be the rate of the evaporation, or of the running of the engine.
1910 Northwestern Reporter 127 214/2 It is the duty of the oiler..to do slight repairs and correct minor irregularities in the running of the machinery in that building.
1930 Engineering 24 Oct. 534/3 A state of affairs which would cause the engine to be ‘rough’ in its running.
1972 S. H. Henshall Medium & High Speed Diesel Engines for Marine Use iv. 75 Pre-combustion chamber hot member engines are characterized by their smooth running.
2000 Building Design 18 Feb. 31/2 (advt.) The zoned heating system..benefits from the quiet running of Grundfos' single and three-phase variable-speed commercial circulators.
34. The functioning or management of a business or other organization; administration.
ΚΠ
1880 Pennsylvania State Rep. 88 378 While many of the other articles are absolutely essential to the running of the business of that foundry profitably and economically, many other not necessary.
1913 E. V. S. Fry Educ. Dramatics vi. 45 Stage director... In full charge of the running of the play, beginning with its production.
1923 N. Anderson Hobo ii. 21 Most ‘jungle buzzards’, men who linger in the jungles from season to season, take an interest in the running of things.
1951 E. Jacques Changing Culture of Factory (2001) iv. 94 A more general discussion of the principles of consultation and their application to the day-to-day running of the department.
1972 Rothman's Football Yearbk. 1972–3 808 Last season, the U.E.F.A. took over the running of this colourful competition, re-named it the U.E.F.A. Cup and clearly stated that only clubs which finished high in their respective domestic leagues will be accepted.
1986 Sydney Morning Herald 20 Dec. (Saturday Review section) 25 It is to the credit of..a promoter in England..that he took over the running of the concert.
2007 V. Jewiss tr. R. Saviano Gomorrah i. 61 The meeting is a setup, a trap, a way to kill Paolo and whoever comes with him and to ratify a new era in the running of the cartel.

Phrases

P1. to have shoes made of running leather and variants: to be given to wandering; to move restlessly from place to place; to be a roamer or rover. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
1575 T. Churchyard 1st Pt. Chippes f. 59v Well yet my minde, could neuer rest at hoem My shues wear maed, of running leather suer And boern I was, about the world to roem.
1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Coureur,..also, a roamer, or wanderer abroad; one whose shooes are made of running leather; one that neuer keepes at home, or where he should be.
c1690 Bogg-trotters March (single sheet) in H. E. Rollins Pepys Ballads (1931) V. 197 Our Brogues they were made of running Leather.
1714 Flying Post 7–10 Aug. A pair of Shoes made of Running Leather, very proper for famous Peace-Makers.
1764 T. Bridges Homer Travestie II. v. 17 Think'st thou, I'm shod with running leather?
1832 W. Hone Year Bk. Daily Recreation 1544 This child's shoes are made of running leather. He'll run from father and mother the deuce knows whither.
1864 A. S. Bushby tr. H. C. Andersen In Spain & Visit to Portugal vi. 74 During that part of the day..people should keep themselves quiet, and not be scampering about; but our ‘shoes were made of running leather’.
P2. Originally Horse Racing. to make good (also slow, strong, etc.) running: to run in a race in a way that demonstrates a particular quality; (in extended use) to proceed with a certain degree of success (as specified by the modifying adjective).
ΚΠ
1800 Morning Herald 12 July He made excellent running during the late London Meeting.
1863 Jrnl. Househ. Brigade 111 The favourite, making slow running, was followed by Medusa and Annie.
1891 Belgravia Mar. 231 Have you heard that your step-son is making great running over at Noone.
1937 Glasgow Herald 28 Oct. 19/1 He made strong running for about a mile and a quarter, and then began to lose his place.
2008 Belfast Tel. (Nexis) 18 Apr. After making such good running for so long, Everton are facing a fight for fifth place.
P3. to make (all) the running and variants (in early use also to make running).
a. Sport (originally Horse Racing). To set the pace at or from the start of a race; (hence) to take or hold the lead in (esp. the early part of) any contest; cf. also to force the running at force v.1 5a.In quot. 1864 as part of an extended metaphor.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > rate of motion > move at specific rate [verb (intransitive)] > set speed of movement or progress
to make (all) the running1824
to set the pace1891
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > racing or race > race [verb (intransitive)] > in specific manner
to make (all) the running1824
stay1834
sprint1841
to come with a wet sail1876
to stay the course1885
to sit in1952
1824 Bell's Life in London 18 July 231/3 Orion made all the running in the early part of the race.
1833 Q. Rev. July 397 He [sc. the jockey] is averse to making running, sometimes even to a fault.
1864 C. Dickens Our Mutual Friend (1865) I. i. xiii. 122 He may make the running and come in first.
1896 N. Gould Magpie Jacket xxii. 245 I do not think he would have been placed if he had not made the running.
1969 Times 10 May 6/5 Riding Pitz Palu,..he [sc. a showjumper]..made the running from start to finish.
1993 Racing Post 20 Feb. 9/4 Despite not being headed in his first three outings this time, it's a fallacy that he has to make the running.
2004 Herald Express (Torquay) 15 Sept. 71 Exeter and Coalporters made the running on the re-row with Exeter pulling out a lead of three quarters of a length by half way.
b. figurative.
(a) To put in the requisite effort or hard work; to exert oneself in the pursuit of some aim or reward.
ΚΠ
1852 C. A. Bristed Upper Ten Thousand iii. 75 Both mothers and daughters were always ready to keep up the conversation, never leaving him to make the running, as a sporting man might phrase it.
1876 Tinsley's Mag. Mar. 358/1 I'll make my running while..she is no longer under the immediate influence of that cad's society.
1902 ‘Mrs. Alexander’ Stronger than Love vi Hubert Denham was making no end of running. He was..everything to the forsaken lady.
1923 J. Galsworthy Captures 161 Dinner was certainly a disharmonic feast: little Mrs. Weymouth..and the Countess subdued, Radolin artificial, our scoundrel and myself had to make the running.
1971 Sunday Nation (Nairobi) 11 Apr. 18/1 When he begins courting, he is unsure of himself, half-frightened of the girl, so she has to make the running.
1997 J. Coe House of Sleep (1998) xi. 200 I'm not getting a lot of input from you here, if you don't mind me saying. Joe and I seem to be making all the running.
(b) To be the leading party in some sphere; to lead the way in doing something.
ΚΠ
1854 W. M. Thackeray Newcomes (1855) II. v. 50 We fancy we've been making running, and suddenly we find ourselves nowhere.
1890 19th Cent. June 971 They never can make the running in the fierce competition of our time, and the less ambition they have the better for themselves.
1915 Gateway June 13/2 At Boulogne I made all the running; but it's not quite such plain sailing here.
1958 B. Magee Go west, Young Man 251 The Great Powers who now make the running in the world.
1974 Listener 21 Feb. 244/2 ITV first made the running in the coverage of election news.
2008 M. Sawyer Making Women Count ii. 72 The Australian Democrats were making the running on paid maternity leave.
P4. Originally Horse Racing. to take up the running: to take the lead. Frequently figurative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > prosperity > advancement or progress > advance, progress, or develop [verb (intransitive)] > lead the way
to begin, lead the dancec1325
to lead (also rule) the ringa1450
to lead (bear, have) the vana1661
pioneer1780
to take up the running1825
blaze1841
to lead the way1874
the world > movement > rate of motion > move at specific rate [verb (intransitive)] > outstrip others or take the lead
to show the waya1382
to be well away1821
to take up the running1894
1825 Times 24 May 2/5 Rufus then took up the running.
1858 A. Trollope Dr. Thorne I. v. 123 But silence was not dear to the heart of the Honourable John, and so he took up the running.
1894 Times 25 May 11/1 Totley waited on his field until nearing the distance, when he took up the running and eventually won by two lengths.
1955 Economica 22 195 When the entries from Oxford fall off after 1620 it is Cambridge, and Eton, that take up the running.
1996 Daily Yomiuri (Tokyo) 29 Apr. 19/1 The 12–1 shot took up the running early on the final circuit.
P5. running of (the) bulls: the action or an occasion of causing bulls to run, esp. (in Spain) through the streets of a town to the bullring.
ΚΠ
1839 G. Dennis Summer in Andalucia II. xiii. 319 He had entirely forgotten that a ‘running of bulls’ was to be held on the following day, and that this was the encierro.
1930 Charleston (W. Va.) Gaz. 12 Jan. 7/7 One day not even a dog barks, and the next is furious with the running of the bulls.
1960 E. Hemingway in Life 5 Sept. 85/2 That year we stayed outside of town and drove to Pamplona twenty-five miles to arrive by six-thirty each morning for the running of the bulls through the streets at seven.
1987 Rocky Mountain Rev. Lang. & Lit. 41 206 The experienced correspondent meticulously documents the madcap running of the bulls and, as the crowd swells, he is slammed against a fence, and so is physically removed from the proceedings.
2000 Hobart (Tasmania) Mercury (Nexis) 7 July 15 A young man was gored to death during a running of bulls at a festival in a small northcentral Spanish town.
P6. to make good one's running (also to make one's running good): to gain the appropriate reward for one's efforts or exertions. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
1862 Cornhill Mag. Sept. 371 The world had esteemed him when he first made good his running with the Lady Fanny.
1871 A. Trollope Sir Harry Hotspur viii. 97 He lies as a matter of course,..thinking that it is by lies chiefly that he must make his running good.
1897 Munsey's Mag. May 206/1 They did not mean to stay much longer, and Tebaldo was doing his best to make good his running in the short time that remained.

Compounds

C1.
a. With following adverb, forming nouns of action corresponding to uses of run v. Cf. run v. Phrasal verbs 1.Some less widely used adverbial uses are treated at the relevant simple senses.
(a)
running abroad n.
ΚΠ
1622 H. Peacham Compl. Gentleman v. 39 Infection in Cities in a time of sicknesse, is taken by concourse, and negligent running abroad.
1675 R. Josselin Diary 18 Mar. (1991) 583 An illnes in his feet from his running abroad brought the madnes out of his head.
1708 J. Norris Philos. Disc. Nat. Immortality of Soul ii. 76 The diffluency or running abroad of Water in a shatter'd or broken Vessel.
1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 362 For almost seven Years she prevented my running Abroad.
1857 ‘G. Ferry’ Costal, Indian Zapotec Introd. p. xviii In all his runnings abroad, he had never been able to lay his hands upon his friend.
1916 F. D. Streightoff & F. H. Streightoff Indiana vii. 119 Restraining the running abroad of fowls and animals.
running about n.
ΚΠ
?1531 R. Whitford tr. Thomas à Kempis Folowynge of Cryste i. xx. f. xxiii If thou wylte withdrawe thy selfe from superfluous wordes & fro vnprofytable rennynges aboute.
1653 tr. L. van Aitzema Notable Revol. Netherlands 186 All superstitious customs, as the running about with Drums and Burgundian Banners.
1680 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. x. 187 The springing up of the Pole makes an intermission in the running about of the Work.
1708 Philos. Trans. 1706–07 (Royal Soc.) 25 2453 There was such a fermenting and running about of the Parts.
1796 N. Salmon Stemmata Latinitatis I. 194 Discursio, a running about.
1826 Peep at Pyrennees ix. 214 Running pell-mell with the rest, too late..to form, in spite of the terrible runnings about, bawlings and flusteration of their officers.
1851 J. Fulton tr. A. Wiesinger Biblical Comm. St. Paul's Epist. 491 More natural..that the running about be represented as the consequence of idleness, than vice versa.
1902 J. Conrad Youth 9 There was a moment of confusion, yelling, and running about.
1966 J. Derrick Teaching Eng. to Immigrants iv. 155 Traditional children's games..are mainly running-about games which are probably more suited to the playground..than to the classroom.
2001 Games Master Mar. 84/3 In practice, what this time-tripping really entails is plenty of running about, a lot of cutscene yakkage, [etc.].
running away n.
ΚΠ
1533 tr. Erasmus Enchiridion Militis Christiani x. sig. F.vi The departyng of the israelytes from Egypt is called flyght or ronnyng away.
1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. xxxvj Lest they shoulde call his iourney a runnynge awaye.
1619 E. M. Bolton tr. Florus Rom. Hist. 410 Runnings away of beasts ordaind for sacrifice.
1665 T. Manley tr. H. Grotius De Rebus Belgicis 197 What with Death, and running away,..they hardly arose to that Number.
1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones VI. xviii. iii. 183 He then mentioned the running away of the Uncle's Daughter. View more context for this quotation
1766 J. Entick New Spelling Dict. (ed. 2) Flight,..a running away, heat of imagination.
1856 ‘Stonehenge’ Man. Brit. Rural Sports 535/2 Running Away is only an extreme form of pulling in the gallop.
1866 ‘G. Eliot’ Felix Holt III. xlii. 129 Running away, especially when spoken of as absconding, seems..to offer a good modern substitute for the right of sanctuary.
1972 D. Ireland Flesheaters 9 You've done your dash. Any more running away and you'll be confined to pyjamas for a week.
2004 D. Edmonds & J. Eidinow Bobby Fischer goes to War xiii. 161 This running away had to do with his apprehension about females.
running back n.
ΚΠ
1538 T. Elyot Dict. Rècursus, a runnyng backe, a recourse.
1616 J. Bullokar Eng. Expositor Recursion, a running backe.
1707 Glossographia Anglicana Nova Eddy, is the running back of the Water at and Place.
1780 T. Francklin tr. Lucian Wks. I. 150 It is the running back of streams to their fountain head.
1805 G. Hunter Jrnl. 26 Jan. in T. Berry et al. Forgotten Exped. (2006) 197 Yesterday & to day there has been no current & indeed rather a running back of the water.
1879 Man. Siege & Garrison Artillery Exercises 254 The running-back gear consists of part of the traversing gear.
1954 D. Hudson & K. W. Luckhurst Royal Soc. Arts vi. 107 One prevalent cause of frightful injuries was the running back of walking-wheels attached to cranes.
2000 S. Raes Migrating Enterprise & Migrant Entrepreneurship iii. 101 A process that can be described as a running back of supply towards the Dutch consumer.
running down n.
ΚΠ
1609 P. Erondelle tr. M. Lescarbot Noua Francia xxiv. 275 Pits which they make in some discent of a hill, for the running downe of waters.
1707 J. Mortimer Whole Art Husbandry 324 A small piece of Tile to stop the running down of the Tap-root.
1796 N. Salmon Stemmata Latinitatis I. 194 Decursia, a running down, a landing.
1856 C. Dickens in Househ. Words 28 June 554/2 The landsman was relating his experience..of a fearful running-down case in the Channel.
1890 Longman's Mag. Oct. 620 The running down, if I may so call it, of the powers of the body.
a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) I. i. 12 The forming is like the winding-up of the clock, the latter is like the running-down.
1968 Times 29 Nov. 13/3 The running-down rate of the pulsar implies that it has a lifetime of the same order as the Crab nebula.
1987 G. Turner Sea & Summer 136 As always..there was a running-down period before sleep.
2005 Gleaner (Kingston, Jamaica) 27 Mar. a8/5 We have seen the running down of our system of justice and our educational institutions.
running in n.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > [noun] > operation at reduced speed
running in1548
run-in1944
1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VI f. cxxv To..stop thenglishmen to make sodain runnynges in, or rodes into the countrey of Beauuoys.
1683 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises II. 293 The too short or too far Running in of the Carriage.
a1738 R. Helsham Course Lect. Nat. Philos. (1739) xvi. 256 By the running in of the water the air contained in the lower fountain is crowded into a smaller space.
1770 P. Luckombe Conc. Hist. Printing 502 The Light and Easy, or Heavy and Hard Running in of the Carriage.
1806 W. M. Morison Decisions Court of Session XXXIII. 14524 The prejudice..did arise..from the running in of mud and gravel, by speats and land-floods.
1845 W. D. Arnold et al. Football Rules of Rugby School in J. Smith Orig. Rules Rugby (2007) 46 Running in is allowed to any player on his side, provided he does not take the ball off the ground, or take it through touch.
1905 Horseless Age 4 Oct. 397/3 Then came..the running in of the new piston for two days with a belt upon the flywheel.
1935 Jrnl. Royal Aeronaut. Soc. 39 159 Tapered piston rings reduce the running-in period considerably.
1971 Daily News (Red Bluff, Calif.) 6 Nov. 8/3 He added two more points with the running in of the conversion.
2005 RCM & E (Radio Control Models & Electronics) Apr. 51/2 The first hour of the test was used for some careful running-in until the engine freed up.
running on n.
ΚΠ
1615 T. Adams Mystical Bedlam ii. 81 Thus they couet the running on of time and age, and rest not till they haue concluded their sentence.
1674 N. Fairfax Treat. Bulk & Selvedge 42 God does as truly abide, after the way of his everlasting nowness, as other things do after the guise of their timesom running on and on, without being himself timesom, like them.
a1736 W. P. Williams Rep. High Court Chancery (1740) 1 295 The running on of Interest, and its carrying interest, was a Proof of its being a Debt.
1869 A. J. Ellis On Early Eng. Pronunc. I. ii. vii. 648 Arising from the running on of i to a following vowel.
1891 Mind 16 401 A simultaneous running on of different brain-processes is..a condition of all unifying or relationing consciousness.
1976 P. Broome & G. Chesters Appreciation Mod. French Poetry (1995) 116 Notice the unchecked running-on of sentences.
1992 P. Porter Chair of Babel 56 Words are worst, the devil's advocates..—they're the ratchets on the running-on of time.
running out n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > quantity > insufficiency > [noun] > state of being limited in amount > fact of running out
defaultinga1382
running outa1398
dryness1625
failancea1627
fail1654
failure1695
dry-up1940
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 57 Vnmesurable..rennyng out of blood..comeþ of openynge of veynes þat springiþ out of þe lyuour.
a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Lev. xv. 2 A man that suffrith the rennyng out [a1382 E.V. fluxe] of seed, schal be vncleene.
a1500 Twelve Profits of Tribulation (Rawl.) in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1896) II. 399 (MED) Tribulacions constreynen þe hert to turne into hym-selfe, & þe mo aduersitees þat ben aboute hym, þe fewer he hathe of rennyngis-oute fro hym-selfe.
1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus Procursus,..a course or runnyng oute of souldiours to skyrmyshe with their enemies.
1615 R. Rogers Comm. Bk. Judges lxxxiv. 747 Wee see in the running out of the houreglasse, that [etc.].
1666 S. Pepys Diary 5 Jan. (1972) VII. 4 The..running-out of Cawse ways into the River.
1681 H. More Plain Expos. Daniel 226 As it is usual with the Prophets, there is a running out from the Temporal deliverance of the Jews to the Spiritual deliverance.
1741 W. Ellis Mod. Husbandman May 3 He run himself out of several hundred Pounds... The Reason they assigned me for his Running out was, [etc.]
1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 699 The finery furnace, or running out fire.., is a smelting hearth, in which..gray cast iron..is converted into white cast iron.
1891 Proc. 26th Ann. Meeting Western N.Y. Hort. Soc. 86 By ‘running out’ is meant the disappearance of the characteristics of any variety... Running out, therefore, is not necessarily deterioration.
1904 U.S. Patent 771,829 1/1 The running out or recuperation of the gun will be accomplished without shock or jar.
1949 C. C. Lindegren Yeast Cell xxvii. 2 The degeneration or ‘running out’ of hybrids showing heterosis has been one of the principal problems of hybrid vigor.
2008 D. L. Carper et al. Understanding Law (ed. 5) viii. 373/2 Cannot be enforced..because of the running out of a statute of limitations.
running together n.
ΚΠ
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Deeds xix. 40 No man is gilty..of this rennyng to gidere.
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 224v Þe mylk of þe figge tree haþ vertu of rennynge togidre to make chese.
1527 L. Andrewe tr. H. Brunschwig Vertuose Boke Distyllacyon sig. Mj [It] causeth the ronned and congeled mylke to be well and dyssolved frome the ronnynge togyder.
1547 A. Borde Breuiary of Helthe f. 20 A postume is no other thynge but a collection or a ronnynge togyther of euyll humours.
1580 C. Hollyband Treasurie French Tong at Accourement A running togither, or assemblie of men.
a1616 J. Smith Expos. Creed (1632) lvi. 503 Secondly, there was a noyse and clattering of bones, a trembling and a running together of them.
1694 R. Blome tr. A. Le Grand Entire Body Philos. v. xviii. 165/1 The Planets were formed of the Particles of the Third Element, from the running together whereof they became great Bodies.
1732 N. Bailey tr. Justinus Ex Trogi Pompeii Historiis Externis ii. iv. 57 There is a running together of the Greeks, and the War is transferr'd to Sicily.
1757 tr. J. F. Henckel Pyritologia x. 177 The origination of this..seems to be owing to a caking or running together.
1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 321 To prevent this running together..the surfaces are renewed, by stirring up the ore.
1871 J. R. Lowell My Study Windows 268 Slurrings-over and runnings-together of syllables.
1897 Daily News 29 Nov. 6/3 Printers' errors..known as ‘mixes’—that is the accidental running together of sentences..which have no connexion.
1927 F. Balfour-Browne Insects iv. 103 The running together of a number of minute dark particles in the protoplasm.
2009 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 17 Dec. 99/1 One of the problems with Searle's characterization of his supposed opponents is a running together of different positions.
running up n.
ΚΠ
1707 E. Ward Wooden World Dissected 33 [He] lays far more Stress upon the running up of Yards and Top-masts well after a Storm.
1774 Ann. Reg., Projects 105/2 We are at a great remove from the Greeks and Romans, with respect to the running up of buildings with the degree of rapidity they used to do.
1783 Lett. & Papers Agric. (Bath & West of Eng. Soc.) II. 55 Frequent horse-hoeings..retard the immediate growth and hastily running up of the plant.
1809 W. Irving Hist. N.Y. II. vi. iv. 107 The Van Winkles..noted for running of horses and running up of scores at taverns.
1847 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 8 i. 15 The feeding qualities of the root are thereby preserved, the land is not drawn by running up, and the vegetables [etc.].
1879 Man. Siege & Garrison Artillery Exercises 326 He..gives ‘run up’, when the handspikes are applied under the running up bolts.
1911 Encycl. Brit. XX. 221/ They also use a valve in the buffer piston which relieves the springs of resistance in running-up.
1971 R. Brewer Approach to Print iii. 47 This ‘running up’ of a press to high speed may cause a paper-waste factor of 12 per cent and over.
1998 E. S. Steinfield Forging Reform in China (1999) iv. 108 Financial Reform Expansion and the running up of receivables have certainly been encouraged.
(b)
running off n. (a) the action of running (something) off; an instance of this; (b) Horticulture = run-off n. 5.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > cultivation of fruit > [noun] > dropping of fruit before ripe
running off1679
run-off1921
1679 C. Merrit in Philos. Trans. 1677 (Royal Soc.) 12 1049 A small Channel in that end..for the running off of the baser Metals.
1715 J. Delacoste tr. H. Boerhaave Aphorisms 383 After the running off of this second stage..follows the third State.
1780 Philos. Trans. 1779 (Royal Soc.) 69 586 Trees, banks of sand and mud, &c. must necessarily hinder proportionably the free running off of the water.
1843 Jrnl. Franklin Inst. May 308 One of these runnings off was at the time of the accident.
1881 Chem. News 13 May 221/2 Sometimes this running-off process has to be performed in the dark.
1918 Ann. Appl. Biol. 5 25 The connection between reverted wood and ‘running off’ of the fruit is not quite so clear.
1976 N.Y. Times 16 Nov. 55/6 A running off of excess inventories is invariably a key element in the decline of production associated with recession.
1996 R. M. Brennan in J. Janick & J. N. Moore Fruit Breeding II. 260 Running off can also be a problem in red currants.
b. With following adjective, forming nouns of action corresponding to uses of run v., as running amok, running astray, running low, running wild, etc.
ΚΠ
a1529 J. Skelton Magnyfycence (?1530) sig. Giiiiv Cyrcumspeccyon inhateth all rennynge a stray.
1591 R. Percyvall Bibliotheca Hispanica Dict. at Aventamiento The running headlong.
1650 in Arch. Maryland (1891) 10 49 The Court conceiving the first occasion of the running Wild of the Cattell.
1665 R. Head Eng. Rogue I. lxxv. 458 This Bannyan..caused a Running a Muck.
1797 J. Adams Let. 21 Feb. in E. Quincy Life J. Quincy (1867) ii. 54 We may smile a little sub rosa at these runnings astray after stolen waters of our good friends.
1832 J. Vose Compend. Astron. vi. 103 The running low seldom attracts particular notice.
1858 Sat. Rev. 6 Nov. 438/1 The furious unpatriotic running-a-muck on all our institutions.
1906 Salt Lake Tribune 2 Apr. 7/2 The running astray of the weather has caused the opening games to be postponed.
1929 Miami Daily News 18 June 4/1 To insure that we use none but our own oil, and so hasten still further the running dry of our own wells!
2001 N. Williams Fall of Light (2003) 240 It might have been nothing but the running amok of hot, bloody-minded thugs.
C2.
a. General attributive, as running contest, running partner, running race, running style, etc.
ΚΠ
?c1475 in Trans. Hist. Soc. Lancs. & Cheshire (1850) 2 207 (MED) A rynnyng patael [a1486 Morgan paytrell].
1603 J. Florio tr. M. de Montaigne Ess. i. xlviii. 155 In the middest of their running-race, [they] would cast and recast themselves from one to another horse.
1667 J. Evelyn Publick Employm. 95 Dieting and breathing his Jockies for the next Running-match.
1714 Court of Atalantis 120 I happened among your Ladiship's Footmen, who were making a Running Match between two of them.
1833 W. F. W. Owen et al. Narr. Voy. Afr., Arabia, Madagascar II. xvii. 124 A running contest commenced, the beast sometimes being pursued and at others pursuing.
1871 Aberdeen Jrnl. 26 July 5/3 The running competitions were undoubtedly the most exciting feature of the day's proceedings.
1887 Hour Glass 1 17 A complete set of dumb-bell, bar-bell, marching and running exercises.
1968 T. Ainslie Compl. Guide Thoroughbred Racing vii. 108 Information about the running styles, preferred distances, [etc.]..of most horses.
1988 Amer. Jrnl. Public Health 78 1563/1 Lack of cushioning in shoes has been hypothesized for some time as a cause of running injuries.
2006 Runner's World May 40/2 You can train well with a running partner of any speed.
b.
(a) attributive, with the sense ‘designating clothing and equipment used in or designed for running (esp. in sense 1b)’, as running bra, running costume, running outfit, running suit, etc. See also running shoe n.
ΚΠ
1843 Bell's Life in London 8 Jan. [They] appeared, in running costume, for their flight of 120 yards.
1861 Era 10 Nov. 13/3 His loins were girded with the usual kind of running drawers.
1908 Racine (Wisconsin) Daily Jrnl. 8 July 1/2 On the breast of his white running shirt shone the American emblem.
1926 Los Angeles Times 21 Jan. 9/5 Wearing brilliant red silk running skirts..the five crack Zuni Indians..worked out in the Coliseum yesterday.
1973 M. Graham Nat. Ecol. xv. 223 From a school..there suddenly debouched figures in running outfits.
2008 Runner's World May 74/2 You should spend the extra money for a running bra that doesn't ride up or chafe.
(b)
running clothes n.
ΚΠ
a1727 in Gentleman's Mag. (1791) 61 i. 199 No money allowed when I run any way under twenty miles. To find my own stockings and pumps, and to have my running clothes washed in the house.
1880 Hugh Russell at Harrow iv. 33 Everybody stared to see two fellows at such a time in running-clothes.
1991 Quarterly (U.S.) Summer 3 Getting our running clothes on and lacing up our high-tech..training shoes.
running pants n.
ΚΠ
1876 Crimson (Harvard Univ.) 28 Sept. p. iii/2, (advt.) Boating suits, running pants, etc., made to order.
1930 L. W. Olds Track Athletics i. 4 The running pants should have plenty of room in the hips.
2005 Runner's World Oct. 85/3 To go commando or not is a question many a runner has to confront... Personally, I'm a convert to special running pants.
running shorts n.
ΚΠ
1885 G. N. Bankes Written to Order xxxi. 363 The crew..rose up, attired in light zephyrs and running shorts, and placed themselves in line with their ringleaders,..their bodies craning forward ready for the start.
1912 E. W. Hjertberg Athletics in Theory & Pract. xii. 54 The running shorts should be wide and should not sit tightly anywhere, whatever movement one happens to make.
2002 Cycling Weekly 30 Nov. 40/1 When I started cycling, way back in the Eighties, I used to wear trainers, some criminally skimpy running shorts and a T-shirt.
running suit n.
ΚΠ
1874 Boston Daily Advertiser 3 Aug. The [racehorse] managers also give a silver cup for the best running suit.
1905 J. Graham & E. H. Clark Pract. Track & Field Athletics 9 Sufficient capital to purchase a running suit and a pair of spiked shoes.
2000 D. Chase Commendatori (HBO TV shooting script) 22 (stage direct.) in Sopranos 2nd Ser. (O.E.D. Archive) The men all respectfully greet Zi Vittorio. The old ‘Guappo’ wears a Nike running suit and a rolled terry towel around his neck.
c. attributive, with the sense ‘at or on which a person (or animal) runs’, as running path, running place, running track, running way, etc.
ΚΠ
OE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Corpus Cambr.) v. vi. 398 We becomon on anne smeðne feld & rumne; & wæs efne ærnignweg [eOE Tanner ærneweg]. Þa ongunnon þa geongan biddan þone bisscop..þæt he him alyfde þæt hi ærnan moston & cunnian hwylc hyra swiftust hors hæfde.
lOE Bounds (Sawyer 517) in M. Gelling Place-names Berks. (1976) III. 761 Of bricweg on ærnincgweg. Of ærningewege on meosdene.
1538 T. Elyot Dict. Curriculum, a shorte space of tyme. Also a runnynge place.
1699 A. Boyer Royal Dict. (at cited word) A fine running place.
1718 J. Ozell tr. J. Pitton de Tournefort Voy. Levant I. vii. 234 They put us in mind of the Hippodrom, or Running-place for Horses.
1832 Amer. Turf Reg. & Sporting Mag. Dec. 199 The experiment of a closed track, however, was successfully tried..—the most perfect order was kept, and not a man intruded on the running track.
1852 Bell's Life in London 21 Mar. 7/1 The grounds have been well attended during the week, and the running path has been in excellent order.
1912 Teachers College Rec. May 65 The smoothly packed snow affords an excellent running place.
1933 S. Griffiths Rolling Stone on Turf 2 The flatites after each race used to swarm on to the running-track in order to get a close view of the weighing out of jockeys.
1988 Age (Melbourne) 29 Dec. 18/4 There was a time when the Tan was Melbourne's best running venue.
2003 Sneak 2 Sept. 62/3 Sneak 's looking forward to seeing buff boy Harvey getting all sweaty on the running track.
d. attributive, with the sense ‘of or relating to the running of a machine, business, etc.’, as running costs, running expenses, running problem, etc.
ΚΠ
1819 Minutes Comm. on Beer 45/1 (table) in Rep. from Comm. (House of Commons) V. To half the first cost, as about 14,000l. would be returned for 50,000 barrels by August, at 55s. per barrel, allowing for running expenses.
1856 Mining Mag. 6 367 Adding 29 cents to the running costs, and we have one dollar, and eighteen cents, as a close approximation to the expenses of working up and washing a ton of vein matter.
1897 Sibley Jrnl. Engin. 11 314 The two running points of the present series-parallel controller.
1913 Autocar Handbk. (ed. 5) i. 14 Depreciation is a large item generally included amongst running costs.
1949 T. Roscoe U.S. Submarine Operations World War II xvi. 203 The sea was a lake of glass. Guardfish prowled in at silent running speeds.
1980 Pop. Sci. Dec. 130/2 Mixing some gasoline with diesel fuel in extremely cold weather to prevent starting and running problems.
2005 M. Lewin Soviet Cent. vii. 81 Each agency had a large workforce, and running expenses kept on increasing.
C3.
running brand n. U.S. = running iron n.; (also) a brand made using a running iron.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > general equipment > [noun] > branding-iron
burna1642
running iron1874
running brand1876
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal keeping practices general > [noun] > branding or marking > brand
pitch-mark?1523
pitch brand1545
print mark1656
brand1665
road brand1874
running brand1876
roadmark1881
1876 Compiled Laws Wyoming ii. cv. 542 That it shall be unlawful for any person in branding any [animal]..to use what is known among stock-growers as a ‘running brand’.
1884 A. E. Sweet & J. A. Knox On Mexican Mustang xii. 160 The other, called a running brand, is a long piece of iron curved at the end.
1934 Denver Post 4 Aug. 10/3 A running brand..[is] a brand made with a straight poker called a ‘running iron’, and used like a pencil.
2003 C. S. Chisholm Following Wrong God Home (2009) iii. 224 John Chisum of New Mexico used the ‘running brand’—a single seared line running from shoulder to tail.
running business n. now rare the business of smuggling illegal or contraband goods.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > illegal or immoral trading > [noun] > smuggling
contrabandc1540
smuggling1698
running business1741
fair trade1815
free trade1815
smugglery1895
1741 Groans Irel. 19 The English have lost the Woollen Trade, they are no Strangers to our Running Business, they lay all the Blame on us.
1809 E. A. Kendall Trav. Northern Parts U.S. III. 296 On the Province Point..I was taught to expect to find a store, inhabited, and in the bustle of the running business.
1867 W. McDowall Hist. Dumfries xxxix. 559 Such seizures as these being matters of weekly occurrence, and strikingly illustrative of the extent to which the ‘running’ business was carried on.
2009 S. Kenyon Born of Ice ii. 45 Everyone in the shipping or running business knew of the infamous family of smugglers.
running game n. (a) a game that involves running; (b) Sport the part of a player or team's play that involves running; the part of a sporting contest that involves running, esp. with the ball in hand.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > other specific games > [noun] > others
sitisota1400
papsea1450
half-bowl1477
pluck at the crow1523
white and black1555
running game1581
blow-pointa1586
hot cocklesa1586
one penny1585
cockelty bread1595
pouch1600
venter-point1600
hinch-pinch1603
hardhead1606
poor and rich1621
rowland-hoe1622
hubbub1634
handicap?a1653
owl1653
ostomachy1656
prelledsa1660
quarter-spellsa1660
yert-point1659
bob-her1702
score1710
parson has lost his cloak1712
drop (also throw) (the) handkerchief1754
French Fox1759
goal1765
warpling o' the green1768
start1788
kiss-in-the-ring1801
steal-clothes1809
steal-coat1816
petits paquets1821
bocce1828
graces1831
Jack-in-the-box1836
hot hand1849
sparrow-mumbling1852
Aunt Sally1858
gossip1880
Tambaroora1882
spoof1884
fishpond1892
nim1901
diabolo1906
Kim's game1908
beaver1910
treasure-hunt1913
roll-down1915
rock scissors paper1927
scissors cut paper1927
scissors game1927
the dozens1928
toad in the hole1930
game1932
scissors paper stone1932
Roshambo1936
Marco Polo1938
scavenger hunt1940
skish1940
rock paper scissors1947
to play chicken1949
sounding1962
joning1970
arcade game1978
1581 J. Bell tr. W. Haddon & J. Foxe Against Jerome Osorius ii. f. 85v In lyke manner we all, euery one of vs, doe marche onwarde paynefully, in this warrefarre of Gods law, as it were in a runnyng game.
1602 R. Parsons Warn-word ii. ix. f. 68 As if the knight would inferre also that because he vseth the word Curramus let vs runne, he would defend therby running games in England.
a1817 J. L. Burckhardt Trav. Syria & Holy Land (1822) 642 (Appendix I) The young men play..at a running game much resembling the ‘jeu de barre’, known on the continent of Europe.
1881 Lancing Coll. Mag. Nov. 9/1 He willingly lets us the farther field at the back of the farm, and we settle down to work on the running game.
1910 W. Camp Bk. of Foot-ball viii. 306 Probably there is greater fascination in the running game than in any other department of foot-ball.
1962 Modesto (Calif.) Bee & News-Herald 5 Dec. c1/3 With their running game at its fastest, the Vikings built up a 22-4 first quarter lead.
2003 Independent on Sunday 24 Aug. (Review Suppl.) 24/3 Both these running games are basically kiss chase without the kissing.
running ground n. (a) Cricket the ground which the batters cross in making runs (obsolete); (b) gen. a portion of land on which a person (or animal) runs, often containing a course or running track; also figurative and in plural.
ΚΠ
1752 Game at Cricket in New Universal Mag. Nov. 582/1 When the ball is hit up, either of the strikers may hinder the catch in his running ground.
1787 New Universal Mag. July 39/2 When the ball is struck up in the running ground between the wickets, it is lawful for the strikers to hinder its being catched.
1852 Bell's Life in London 12 Dec. 6/3 The second race of five miles..takes place tomorrow..on the above running grounds.
1863 Sat. Rev. 23 May 656 A few hours' dry weather would have brought the running-ground into first-rate order.
1927 E. V. Gordon Introd. Old Norse 196 Let the adventurous steed of the sand's heaven explore the broad running~ground of ships.
2001 E. S. Sears Running through Ages v. 80/1 Each of the large cities had its own running grounds.
running iron n. U.S. a straight or slightly curved branding iron used for the free-hand branding of an animal, often used to alter existing brands (illegally); also figurative.
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the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > general equipment > [noun] > branding-iron
burna1642
running iron1874
running brand1876
1874 Galveston (Texas) Daily News 9 Sept. A recent law..prohibits the use of running irons in branding.
1894 McClure's Mag. July 101/2 The running-irons, or guachos,..are now considered bad form by progressive cattlemen.
1913 L. V. Kelly Range Men 16 But the running or round iron was most favored, as it was easily and secretly made by cutting a wagon-iron in two and using the rounded end.
1945 Everybody's Digest Aug. 89 Of a dying man, the puncher might say: ‘Death's got the runnin' iron on him brandin' him for the Eternal Range.’
1981 L. L'Amour in Colorado Heritage 1 2/2 In the old open-range days he carried a running-iron and branded whatever he found on the range.
running light n. (a) Nautical and Aeronautics = navigation light n. at navigation n. Compounds 2; (b) each of a set of small lights located on the front, rear, or sides of a vehicle that remain illuminated while the vehicle is running.
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society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > other equipment of vessel > [noun] > external lanterns lights
poop lantern1651
pharol1660
poop-light1708
top-lantern1748
pharos1759
truck-light18..
riding lamp1825
battle-lantern1830
pilot light1846
sidelight1848
riding light1861
running light1863
position light1889
smoking-lamp1889
navigation light1909
steaming light1909
spreader light1939
fanal-
society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > powered vehicle > parts and equipment of motor vehicles > [noun] > other exterior lights
side lamp1780
brake light1853
running light1863
spotlight1875
rear lamp1884
spotlamp1900
sidelight1906
parking lamp1926
parking light1927
reversing lamp1927
stop light1930
pass light1938
pass lamp1948
stop lamp1959
parker1967
1863 Rep. Secretary of Navy in Executive Documents U.S. House of Representatives (38th U.S. Congress, 1st Sess.) IV. No. 1. 801 (list of materials) 50 sets running lights, red, green, and white, regulation.
1881 Naval Encycl. 439/2 Light,..the term for all lamps or lanterns used on ship-board; as, running lights, signal-lights, mast-head lights, etc.
1919 E. J. David Aircraft xv. 266 We lost sight of the NC-3, her running lights being too dim to be discerned.
1949 Billboard 9 Apr. 49/4 Check the wheel lug bolts frequently, check running lights before taking to the road.
1975 Times 21 Aug. 3/2 Volvo cars..are to be fitted with ‘running lights’, special side lights switched on automatically with the ignition.
2002 H. Kunzru Impressionist (2003) 251 For a while they stand and smoke, watching the running lights of the dhows on Back Bay.
running madness n. now historical and rare a form or stage of rabies in dogs; furious rabies; cf. earlier running woodness n.
ΚΠ
1575 G. Gascoigne Noble Arte Venerie lxxix. 220 The second kinde of madnesse, is called running madnesse, and is likewise vncureable. But the byting thereof is not so venemous, nor so dangerous for other beastes, as the first is.
1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory ii. vii. 136/1 Madness, of which there are several sorts: as Burning Madness, Running Madness, Dum Madness, Falling Madness, Sleeping Madness, Rewmatick, or the Slavering Madness.
1784 Hist. Westm. Election 281 He contended that relaxation and the hot weather might produce upon the unfortunate patient that kind of madness peculiar to the canine species, known to the French by the name of La Rage Courante, or the Running Madness, which rarely or never terminates but with death.
1812 W. B. Daniel Rural Sports I. 186 Canine Madness was formerly divided into seven classes. Hot burning Madness and Running Madness were deemed incurable.
1918 Jrnl. Compar. Pathol. & Therapeutics 31 38 All we are told of these diseases [of dogs] is that there are seven varieties of madness, of which only two, the Hot and Running madness, are true madness.
running play n. American Football a play in which an offensive player attempts to advance the ball by running with it after a handoff or a lateral; cf. pass play n. at pass n.4 Compounds 2.
ΚΠ
1894 W. Camp Amer. Football (new ed.) 255 Something of a kicking game should be practised daily, to the exclusion for a time of the running play.
1954 Sun (Baltimore) 4 Dec. (B ed.) 11/3 The Rams pulled the old corner lot ‘sleeper’ pass on the first running play of the new season for a touchdown.
2007 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 21 Nov. c16/2 His speed and quickness helped him lead the Packers' trademark running play, the power sweep.
running powers n. permission granted to a railway company to run trains over certain otherwise restricted lines, esp. those of another company.
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society > travel > rail travel > [noun] > operation of railways > permission to use other company's tracks
running powers1847
1847 Morning Post 12 May 3/3 A clause..giving the Ayr Company running powers over the Linwood branch down to Port Glasgow.
1865 Railway News Dec. The agreement with the Erie and Niagara Railway Company for running powers over that company's line.
1940 Railroad Mag. Apr. 129/1 To get to it, engines had to cross through the Great Northern yard, but running powers were allowed.
1994 S. R. Sharma Munic. Admin. & Educ. II. ii. 74 The company is required to connect up with other lines, and within limits to allow to the latter running powers.
running rail n. (a) Railways one of the two outside rails of a track with which the wheels of a train make contact (cf. middle rail n. (b) at middle adj. and n. Compounds 1a); (b) Horse Racing a fence which marks the inside edge of a racecourse.
ΚΠ
1847 Rep. Chester & Holyhead Railway Accident 13 in Parl. Papers LXIII. 257 This inner rail thus forms an excellent check, its use being to prevent a train or carriage from being thrown off the running rail by any moderate oscillation, deflection, inequality in the rails, or other cause.
1923 P. Dawson in A. R. Bell et al. Railway Mech. Engin. II. 197 The third rail is nominally situated in the six-foot way between the tracks, but at all curves..the third rail is installed alongside the running rail of greater radius.
1953 Times 12 Sept. 6/4 To reduce the width of the course,..new running rails are placed about 20ft. from the stands side.
1992 Mod. Railways Mar. 147/3 The other side of the loop is attached to one running rail, except when used with bullhead rail or through switches and crossings, where it is moved to the sleeper end.
1998 Racing Post (Electronic ed.) 23 June While there were soft patches on the course, these could have been avoided by repositioning the running rail inwards about 20 feet.
running road n. rare a slightly inclined railway track used for the easy transportation of vehicles in a mine, quarry, etc.
ΚΠ
1865 J. T. F. Turner Familiar Descr. Old Delabole Slate Quarries 9 When the distance is great, by an admirable system of ‘running roads’, which fall one foot per 100 feet, the wagons are impelled by their own weight.
1945 Mining & Quarry Engin. 10 116/2 It is by no means essential for their efficient operation that the running roads should be in first-class condition.
running saddle n. a small light saddle with round skirts.Now only in historical contexts.
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the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > horse-gear > [noun] > saddle > types of saddle
mail-saddle1360
trotter-saddle1381
panel1393
loadsaddle1397
packsaddle1398
limber-saddle1480
pillion1480
side-saddle1493
steel saddle1503
pilgate1511
mail pillowc1532
stock-saddle1537
pad1556
sunk1568
trunk-saddle1569
soda1586
mail pillion1586
running saddle1596
Scotch saddle1596
postilion saddle1621
pad-saddle1622
portmanteau-saddle1681
watering saddle1681
cart-saddle1692
demi-pique1695
crook-saddle1700
saddle pad1750
recado1825
aparejo1844
mountain saddle1849
somerset1851
pilch1863
cowboy saddle1880
sawbuck (pack)saddle1881
western saddle1883
cross-saddle1897
centre-fire1921
McClellan1940
poley1957
1596–7 Compt Manis Auldcambus f. 22, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Rining The ryning sadill.
1606 G. Markham (title) New instructions for hunting or running saddles, snaffles, shooes, and other implements.
1796 J. Hunter Compl. Dict. Farriery & Horsemanship at Saddle There are several saddles in use, as the running saddle, which is very small and light, with round skirts.
1835 H. Harewood Dict. Sports 283/2 The running saddle is a very small one with round skirts.
2008 S. Gulland Mistress of Sun (2009) xxi. 210 It was a workmanlike running saddle, well used.
running season n. North American (a) = rutting season at rutting n.1 Compounds 1; (b) the season during which certain animals move from one region to another.
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the world > animals > by habits or actions > habits and actions > [noun] > migration > season of
running time1658
running season1807
1807 D. R. Preston Wonders of Creation I. 185 As it was the running season of the elk, the whistling of that animal was heard in all the variety which the echoes could afford it.
1841 G. Catlin Lett. N. Amer. Indians I. 249 The ‘running season’..is the time when they [sc. buffalo] congregate into such masses in some places, as to blacken the prairies for miles together.
1855 E. J. Lewis Amer. Sportsman vi. 77 The habit of partial emigration that it [sc. the partridge] exhibits every autumn at the running season.
1882 A. Daunt Three Trappers x. 166 The running season seems to be about November.
1901 Recreation Jan. 27 It was yet early in the running season, and we thought the game would be there in the morning.
1972 Mem. Soc. Amer. Archaeology No. 26 86 The rutting season, or running season..began in July and reached its height in August.
1990 A. Sidney & J. Cruickshank in J. Cruickshank Life lived like Story i. ii. 46 Leave your horns once in a while. Don't use them all the time, just in running season.
running vest n. British a vest (vest n. 3c) worn for running (sense 1b).
ΚΠ
1879 Cycling Ann. 211 (advt.) Running Vests & Drawers trimd, any Colors.
1949 R. C. Hutchinson Elephant & Castle, Reconstruction i. v. 52 He wore a running vest and a pair of loose serge trousers.
2009 C. Gifford Running 11 When you are starting out you need a running vest or t-shirt, shorts and good trainers.
running woodness n. Obsolete rare = running madness n.
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the world > health and disease > ill health > animal disease or disorder > disorders of dogs > [noun]
formicac1400
running woodnessa1425
founder1547
distemper1746
blotch1824
kennel lameness1841
foul1854
dog ill1874
salmon disease1880
piblokto1894
strongyloidiasis1907
strongyloidosis1907
salmon poisoning1925
hard-pad1948
Rubarth's disease1951
canine parvovirus1972
parvovirus1979
a1425 Edward, Duke of York Master of Game (Digby) 53 Þis wodenesse is ycleped rennynge wodenesse.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

runningadj.

Brit. /ˈrʌnɪŋ/, U.S. /ˈrənɪŋ/
Forms: see run v. and -ing suffix2; also Middle English reuand (transmission error), late Middle English vrmynde (transmission error); Scottish pre-1700 reinning.
Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: run v., -ing suffix2.
Etymology: < run v. + -ing suffix2.See discussion of metathesized forms at run v.
I. That moves using the legs, and related senses.
* With reference to persons, animals, or boats.
1. Of a person or animal: that runs or is running.
ΚΠ
OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: Mark ix. 25 Cum uideret iesus concurrentem turbam : mið ðy gesæh se hælend þone iornende ðreat.
OE Wærferð tr. Gregory Dialogues (Corpus Cambr.) (1900) iv. i. 261 Seo his moder..næmnað sunnan & monan,..& fleogende fugelas & yrnende hors [L. currentes equos].
a1425 (?c1350) Ywain & Gawain (1964) l. 1067 (MED) I have a wele rinand page, Wil stirt þider right in a stage And bring him by to-morn at nyght.
1612 King James VI & I in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1824) 1st Ser. III. 104 To bidde a running man goe faster, quhiche is both unnecessarie and injuriouse.
1805 J. Carr Northern Summer ix. 179 These important personages of the night perambulate the town with a curious weapon like a pitch-fork, each side of the fork having a spring barb, used in securing a running thief by the leg.
1881 E. E. Frewer tr. E. Holub Seven Years S. Afr. I. ii. 33 I have known an expert marksman bring down two running antelopes.
1921 Illustr. World Dec. 551/1 A jumping lion may be trusted to show the exuberance of his feelings by an occasional leap, but a running lion never.
1959 M. Lott Dance back Buffalo III. lix. 369 Soldiers, trying to head off the running women, rode back and forth in front of them, waving their arms, shouting like cowboys.
1976 Western Mail (Cardiff) 22 Nov. 17/2 Swift passing to the strong running wings..who each scored three tries.
1998 A. Garland Tesseract 203 Looking beyond them, down thirty or forty metres of sodium-lamp light-pools, the running man had stopped running.
2003 C. Lewis Dict. Playground Slang 299 The ball person would have to close their eyes and throw the ball at the running children.
2.
a. Of an animal, esp. a dog: that is raised or kept for pursuing animals in the course of a hunt. Frequently in running hound.In later use often interpreted as an attributive use of running n.In quot. 1628 perhaps: not restrained or confined, free to roam.
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the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > dogs used for specific purposes > [noun] > sporting or hunting dog > miscellaneous kinds of
titlerc1400
running houndc1425
overrunner1742
c1425 Edward, Duke of York Master of Game (Vesp. B.xii) (1904) 58 Rennyng houndis hunten in diuers maners, for sum folowyng þe hert fast at þe frist..Oþer..rennyng houndis..hunten..moor slowly.
a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll.) 102 Thirty couple of blacke rennynge houndis com afftir with a grete cry.
1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid iv. iv. 46 The ryning hundis of cuplis sone thai kest.
c1598 King James VI & I Basilicon Doron (1944) I. 189 The hunting..uith rinning houndis quhilke is the..noblest sorte thairof.
1619 Helpe to Discourse 172 Miso, because I hunted in his grounds Let lose his running dogges, and baukt my hounds.
1628 Orkney & Shetland Acts in A. Macdonald & J. Dennistoun Misc. Maitland Club (1840) II. 203 That no man sall keip running doggis that runnes fra hous to hous or throw the cuntrie slaeing thair nychtbouris sheip.
1687 R. Wolley tr. N. Besongne Present State France (new ed.) xxiv. 200 A Pack of Running-Hounds, to the number of 70.
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Rechacing The keeping of running Dogs, to rechace the Deer into the Forests.
1837 W. Irving Adventures Capt. Bonneville III. xi. 164 Some of the men, throwing themselves upon the ‘running horses’ kept for hunting, galloped off to reconnoitre.
1866 Bell's Life in London 8 Sept. 2/2 (advt.) Beagle harriers.—For sale, five or six couple of running hounds and one and a half couple of puppies.
1892 Horse & Hound 21 May 325/1 Hound sale at Rugby... The running hounds, with the exception of Mr. Fernie's, were not to be compared with those offered last year.
1931 Publ. Mod. Lang. Assoc. 46 171 The hounds loosed are raches or running hounds. The method of procedure was to use raches who hunt by scent to rouse and rout out the game.
2002 S. Smith Encycl. N. Amer. Sporting Dogs 227/2 This breed is often used with running hounds to bolt game from dens when they go to ground.
b. Of an animal, esp. a horse: bred and kept for racing.
ΚΠ
1579 T. North tr. Plutarch Liues 137 Hieron..sent certain running horses to the feast of games Olympicall.
1608 T. Dekker Lanthorne & Candle-light sig. I3 A Race of fiue myles by a Couple of Running-Horses.
1664 S. Butler Hudibras: Second Pt. ii. iii. 198 Some calculate the hidden fates Of..Running-Nags, and Fighting-Cocks.
1705 F. Fuller Medicina Gymnastica 34 When they [sc. jockeys] design to take the Bearings of a Running Horse.
1781 R. B. Sheridan Trip to Scarborough iii. i A running horse does require more attendance than a coach-horse.
1837 ‘Nimrod’ Chace, Turf, & Road iii. 67 In the United States, breeding and running horses are advancing with rapid strides.
1878 Spirit of Times 19 Jan. 677 (advt.) All classes of horses, from the heavy draft horse to the tender-footed running horse.
1894 Otago Witness (Dunedin, N.Z.) 29 Mar. 27/1 There are six running dogs and three pups, the property of Mr. Robinson.
1927 A. C. Smith Greyhound Racing & Breeding ix. 72 Sir Woodman Burbidge has as many as eighty running dogs of all ages in his kennels.
1948 Sun (Baltimore) 20 Aug. 18/1 The standardbreds..make running horses look like sissies.
1995 B. L. Hendricks Internat. Encycl. Horse Breeds 173/1 Development of this great running horse actually began..with the importation..of great numbers of Iberian, Barb, and Turkmen..horses.
c. Zoology. Adapted for running; (of an animal) habitually progressing by running, cursorial. Also in the names of kinds of animal.
ΚΠ
1766 tr. F. Hasselquist Voy. & Trav. Levant 238 Cancer cursor, the Running Crab. This lives in the sea, and on the coasts about Egypt and Syria.
1792 New Syst. Nat. Hist. II. 19 The ostrich, the swiftest of all running birds.
1868 Mus. Nat. Hist. II. 172/3 A New-Zealand species, seen by Cook, obtained from that navigator's companions the appellation of the ‘running-fish’.
1882 Cassell's Nat. Hist. VI. 104 Tribe Geocores, or Land Bugs. The term ‘Running Bugs’ would, perhaps, better express the habits of the insects of this tribe, as some of them frequent the water and even run briskly over its surface.
1895 P. H. Emerson Birds, Beasts, & Fishes Norfolk Broadland 392 The Running Toad..has a yellow stripe down his back.
1927 F. Balfour-Browne Insects i. 12 Running legs usually being long and thin, jumping legs usually possessing very large thighs or femora, slow, walking legs being usually short and thick.
a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) I. xx. 544 If the clavicles..are broken, the bird cannot fly. They are rudimentary or absent in running birds.
1989 Jrnl. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 62 286 Philodromidae—Running crab spiders.
2002 S. J. Gould Struct. Evolutionary Theory ix. 905 The rhinoceros clade once included agile running forms.
3.
a. Of a person: employed to run for some specific purpose, as to deliver messages, be in attendance upon a coach or carriage, etc. Frequently in running footman. Now chiefly historical.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > subjection > service > servant > types of servant > [adjective] > running errands
running1540
1540 Acts Parl. Scotl. (1814) 362/2 And gif ony man cumis on horsbak..that he incontinent send his hors hame agane with ane rynand [c1600 in Balfour Practicks (1754) 595 rinnand] boy.
1604 in E. Peacock List Rom. Catholics County of York (1872) 23 Running Recusant or Messanger among [them]... A common messenger from one Recusant to an other.
1689 London Gaz. No. 2446/4 One George Tough, a Scotch Running Footman, of short Stature.
1721 A. Ramsay Content 276 No broken China-bowls disturb the joy Of waiting handmaid, or the running-boy.
1791 Bee 13 July 11 Coaches..were generally accompanied by running footmen..whose assistance was often wanted to support the coach on each side, to prevent it from being overturned.
1851 H. B. Edwardes Year on Punjab Frontier I. I. 63 A kossid (running messenger)..entered and presented a letter-bag.
1856 Notes & Queries 2nd Ser. 1 80/1 The sheriff and judges were preceded by two running footmen.
1881 W. Besant & J. Rice Chaplain of Fleet (1882) i. v. 41 Common hackney coachmen, messengers, running lackeys, and such varlets.
1903 St. Martin's-le-Grand Jan. 38 Beggars and idlers..were kept from being too troublesome by the waving stick and fierce shouts of my running attendant.
1968 Bull. School Oriental & Afr. Stud. 31 530 We see a running footman or a messenger of the Sultan.
2009 J. Neill Origins & Role Same-sex Relations in Human Societies xv. 401 Robert Carr..started in the royal service..as a running-page, a boy who would run alongside the royal carriage.
b. Military. = flying adj. 4d. Now historical.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > armed forces > the Army > group with special function or duty > [adjective] > organized for rapid movement
volant1548
running1592
velitary1600
expedite1609
flying1665
mobile1879
quick-reaction1961
rapid deployment1967
rapid-reaction1968
1592 H. Unton Let. 6 Jan. in Corr. (1847) 255 I respecte not the dangers soe much as I doe the discomodities of a runninge campe, wherin we have neither lodginge nor good victualls.
1624 J. Smith Gen. Hist. Virginia 152 That they should be as a running Army till this were effected.
?1630 R. Gordon Geneal. Hist. Earldom Sutherland (1813) 198 Earle Alexander..did alwayes manteyn a cursarie and runing guard.
1652–66 in J. T. Gilbert Contemp. Hist. Ireland (1879) I. 41 A runinge armie consisting of 4,000 foote and 400 horse.
1726 New-Eng. Courant 30 Apr. A guilty Gloom hangs hovering o'er the Ships, And in the Minds of running Squadrons leaps.
1777 I. Backus Hist. New-Eng. I. ii. 148 The Indians annoyed them so by sudden assaults..that he was forced to keep a running army to oppose them all occasions.
1846 H. J. Leeke Let. 17 Oct. in J. A. Sharp Mem. Life & Services Rear-Admiral Sir W. Symonds (1858) 676 [Should] both ships run up with an enemy's running fleet,..St. Vincent could not show a port up.
1998 J. Ohlmeyer in J. Kenyon & J. Ohlmeyer Civil Wars iii. 80 On the confederate side the four provincial armies were supposed to consist of 6,000 foot and 400 horse, and the ‘running army’ of 2,000 foot and 200 horse.
c. That is in the act of running away; that flees or takes to flight; absconding; deserting. Cf. run v. 7a(a).
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going away > [adjective] > running away
flying1594
running1647
fugient1650
1647 Cromwells Panegyrick (single sheet) Will the Conquerour in a Scottish dance Must lead his running Army into France.
1654 J. Thurloe Let. 16 Mar. in R. Vaughan Protectorate O. Cromwell (1838) I. 150 The last news we had of these running people was, that they were got as far as Chard.
1779 J. Hawthorn Poems 13 Ginger ran, at half a dozen blows;..And what they lost upon on this running cock, Would buy a naked child a shirt or smock.
1862 W. G. Stevenson Thirteen Months in Rebel Army ii. 74 The retreat soon became a rout... The Confederates pressed them hard, and..did sad execution on the running men.
1897 Sir G. T. Goldie in Times 23 Jan. 13/1 It is more humane to shoot down promptly a few running carriers than to sacrifice the lives of some 2,000 men of a column.
1906 J. R. C. Ward Hist. One Hundred & Sixth Regiment Pa. Volunteers v. 30 The guards having gone after the running men, he went after them.
1992 R. Young & J. D. Young Outlaw Tales 122 With a single shot, he downed the running prisoner.
d. That moves from place to place in the course of his or her profession, duties, etc.; itinerant. Frequently in running patterer, running stationer. Now chiefly historical.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > rate of motion > swiftness > swift movement in specific manner > [adjective] > moving swiftly and briskly
lightOE
quiverOE
wight1390
yerna1400
sharpc1440
fisking?1523
skeetc1540
nimblea1547
flit1590
brisk1599
brisky1600
smart1602
whipping1602
running1662
nimble-movinga1676
snack1710
brushing1792
adance1828
slippy1847
nippy1849
smartish1921
hoppy1934
1662 R. Codrington tr. G. Ruggle Ignoramus ii. ii. sig. F3 (stage direct.) A Hawker, or running seller of Pamphlets.
1699 B. E. New Dict. Canting Crew Running-stationers, Hawkers, or those that cry News and Books about the Streets.
1728 J. Gill Expos. Bk. Solomon's Song 246 The keepers of the walls..; the one was a running watch, the other a standing one.
1771 S. Neville Diary 28 Sept. (1950) vi. 123 I will by no means be exhibited as an unfeed lawyer or..a running Physician.
1845 T. Carlyle in O. Cromwell Lett. & Speeches I. 78 Persons..supplemental to the regular Priest..as ‘running Lecturers’, now here, now there, over a certain district.
1851 H. Mayhew London Labour I. 214/2 That order or species of the pattering genus known as ‘running patterers’, or ‘flying stationers’.
1881 Brit. Vet. Jrnl. 13 387 Those men who have been employed for many years as dispensers and nurses, or to use a recognised term, ‘running doctors’.
1906 Trans. Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archæol. Soc. 6 50 A donation to a ‘Running Preacher’ (not in church) is 6d. only.
1968 Observer 5 May 3/1 (in figure) Sister Lay Tin Lim (Scrub Sister)... Sister Ilsa Wolfe (Running Sister).
1998 D. Vlock Dickens, Novel Reading, & Victorian Pop. Theatre iv. 122 The running patterer also speaks a professional cant influenced..by popular entertainments.
4. That reads in a cursory or superficial manner (usually in running reader). Also: (esp. of the action of reading) †done in a cursory or superficial way (obsolete). Cf. run v. Phrases 1a.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > reading > reader > [noun] > other types of reader
running reader1588
stall-reader1673
wall-observer1673
reading machine1809
readeress1830
lay reader1883
the world > action or operation > manner of action > carelessness > [adjective] > careless, not thorough > specifically of persons
running1588
schediastica1640
rough and ready1797
hashy1825
unscrutinizing1827
slapdash1832
the world > action or operation > manner of action > rapidity or speed of action or operation > [adjective] > acting with haste > carelessly > specifically of persons
running1588
hashy1825
1588 W. Lambarde Eirenarcha (new ed.) iv. xiv. 553 Howsoeuer the booke..or the Statute..may seeme (to a running Reader).
1650 F. Cheynell Divine Trinunity To Rdr. sig. B8v I was seldome here to overlook the Presse, and can only glance over the Book now with a running eye.
1662 S. Fisher Bishop busied beside Businesse i. 12 The Bishops book viewed only by some running Reader, that eyes it not very warily.
1673 J. Glanvill Earnest Invitation Lords Supper ii. 19 I beseech you therefore not to content your selves with a single, and running reading.
?1734 ‘Pilgrim Plowden’ Farrago 167 One gape of complacency from the running reader of but a first-thoughted understanding.
1795 S. J. Pratt Gleanings through Wales I. ii. 8 He who rides..through a country, cannot write any thing worth the attention even of a running reader.
1837 United Service Jrnl. June 152 His work is intended for higher uses than running-reading.
1864 G. H. Calvert Cabiro iii. 45 I want no running readers. I like those With pith to think while reading.
1920 Mixer & Server 15 July 46/2 One of the things the average running reader overlooks or does not absorb.
1977 Amer. Jrnl. Internat. Law 71 793 Despite the readability of the author's style, the book is for the student rather than the running reader.
5. Of a vessel: that sails without the protection of a convoy; suitable (because of speed, manoeuvrability, etc.) for sailing in this way. Also: (of a voyage) undertaken without a convoy. Cf. run v. 19g, runner n.1 6. Now historical.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > [adjective] > farthest in rear of company > not sailing in company
running1652
1652 Faithful Scout No. 63. 494 Their Running Gallies lye at Anchor about a league from the Navy.
1707 Daily Courant 11 Apr. They had in their Company 4 other running Ships from Leghorne.
1751 London Mag. May 239/1 Some gentlemen sent out three fishing vessels and two running vessels to fish for herrings.
1777 S. Cooper Let. 25 Oct. in B. Franklin Papers (1986) XXV. 104 A running Vessell is immediately to sail for France.
1834 F. Marryat Peter Simple III. xxii. 290 I was sent home..in a running vessel.
1862 T. S. Paton Compend. Law of Insurance 220/2 Concealment that the ship was a prize, and was to make a running voyage, will void the policy.
1876 O. B. Sansum Digest Law of Insurance 248 The consignees..said nothing about a prize going home for condemnation, or that she was a running ship.
1956 K. L. Roberts Boon Island iv. 138 She was faster than a running vessel, which is fast enough to sail without convoy.
** With reference to devices that move easily or freely, and plants.
6.
a. That revolves or turns on or as on an axis. In later use frequently with modifying word.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in specific manner > revolution or rotation > [adjective] > forming or of the nature of an axis > round or about an axis
runningOE
axial1862
OE Ælfric Hexameron (Hatton 115) 44 He [sc. se firmamentum] æfre gæð abutan swa swa yrnende hweowol.
a1350 in R. H. Robbins Hist. Poems 14th & 15th Cent. (1959) 99 Þe whel ȝe torneþ to wo..in þe ronynge rynge of þe roe þat renneþ so rounde.
a1450 Castle Perseverance (1969) l. 1073 Whyl I reste on my rennynge whel I schal not suffre, if þat I may.
1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Truckle, a little running Wheel.
1741 D. Watson tr. Horace Odes Epodes & Carmen Seculare iii. x. 252 Lest the Rope go backward with the running Wheel of Fortune.
1832 Jrnl. Franklin Inst. 9 New Ser. 61 The upper end of this iron bolt is hollowed out, and forms a step for the running spindle.
1875 Van Nostrand's Eclectic Engin. Mag. 12 361/1 If W be the weight of the disk, and k its ‘radius of gyration about its running axis’.
1917 E. J. O'Brien White Fountains 9 The Light of the running spheres, doth glisten under our Nails.
1960 Southeast Missourian (Cape Girardeau) 3 June 8/4 A 10-pounder being taken..on a single shallow-running spinner.
2002 D. Hrinkiw & M. W. Tilden Junkbots, Bugbots & Bots on Wheels viii. 130 Use nice, smooth-running wheels for your Solaroller. Flick a wheel with your finger—if it spins for quite a while, it has nice, energy-conserving bearings.
b. That may be moved easily by virtue of being fitted with wheels, castors, or the like.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > transference > [adjective] > transferred > able to be
movablea1325
moblec1390
running1459
remevablec1460
removablec1470
cursory1606
transferable1646
transplantable1656
transferrable1660
itinerant1690
1459 Inventory Fastolf's Wardrobe in Paston Lett. (1904) III. 181 Item, j. rynnyng bedde with a materas.
a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. (Rawl.) (1898) 215 (MED) Thou shalte haue many rynnynge engyns to make horribill Sownes to gasten thyn enemys.
c1535 in Yorks. Archæol. Jrnl. (1886) 4 323 Wt ij ronnyng dores and a shittynge dore.
1558 in J. Raine Wills & Inventories N. Counties Eng. (1835) I. 163 ij fether bedds, a trussinge bed, a ronnyng bedd.
1603 G. Owen Descr. Penbrokshire (1892) 62 But use for the most part a runinge fold of hurdels of cloven oake about foure foote heighe.
1765 S. Johnson Plays of Shakespeare II. 537/1 A standing-bed, under which was a trochle, truckle, or running bed.
1858 Mech. Mag. 28 Aug. 208/2 When it is to be conveyed from field to field, the two ploughing frames are folded back, so as to form..one long running frame, easily portable.
1895 Practitioner Mar. 212 Holes were bored through the edges of the running board for pegs.
1916 A. Bennett Lion's Share xxx. 261 Two berths at right angles to one another, each a lovely little bed with a running screen of cashmere.
1955 H. C. King Hist. Telescope vii. 131 Herschel also considered introducing a running chair which could carry him from the ground to the gallery.
2004 B. Campbell tr. De Rebus Bellicis in Greek & Rom. Mil. Writers 209 Its smoothly running frame set on four wheels..drags it to its military tasks.
7.
a. That slips, slides, or moves easily or freely; that admits of being moved in this way.Generally with reference to movement which is restricted in some way, as by being confined to a particular track or groove, threaded along a rope, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > progressive motion > specific manner of progressive motion > [adjective] > easily or freely > as a piece of mechanism
running1336
society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > masts, rigging, or sails > rigging > [adjective] > moving or working (of rigging)
running1336
1336 Naval Acct. in B. Sandahl Middle Eng. Sea Terms (1982) III. 138 (MED) Pro duobus rennendeteyes inde faciendis precium cuiuslibet petre cum factura inde xij d., lx s.
c1450 Treat. Fishing in J. McDonald et al. Origins of Angling (1963) 155 (MED) For a grond lyne rennyng and for the floyt set vppon the grounde lyne lying a x plumys.
1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) vii. l. 207 A rynnand cord thai slewyt our his hed Hard to the bauk and hangyt him to ded.
1580 A. Fleming Memoriall W. Lambe sig. 2.v Not the rashe rimes of a running penne, not the bolde babling of an imagined lie..but the determinations of a deuout minde.
1581 Agreement conc. Galleon in E. G. R. Taylor Troublesome Voy. Capt. E. Fenton (1959) i. xiii. 21 Standing tackle & runnyng roapes, pulleys, shyvers,..bootes, toppes.
1600 Dundee Shipping Papers in Misc. Sc. Hist. Soc. 10 68 With gowd saillis, caibellis and ankers and gowd reinning taikell.
1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. iv. 153 They drawe in his middle together..with running cords.
1685 E. Browne Brief Acct. Trav. Europe (ed. 2) 218 Upon a line fixed to them, they put a running Pully, to which they fix another long rope.
1740 G. Smith tr. Laboratory (rev. ed.) App. p. xliv The decorations..that are usually fixed to these running rockets.
1764 J. Ferguson Lect. Select Subj. 48 When the furrows become blunt and shallow by wearing, the running stone must be taken up.
1797 Encycl. Brit. VIII. 669/1 For horses..who poke out their noses, a running snaffle is of excellent use.
1798 Sporting Mag. June 127/2 A running plummet must be placed on your line, which is a bullet with a hole through it.
1841 R. H. Dana Seaman's Man. 45 The parts between sheaves [of tackles] are called running parts.
1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. 557 Rack-block, a range of sheaves cut in one piece of wood, for running ropes to lead through.
1883 T. Box Pract. Treat. Strength of Materials ix. 310 It would be expedient to reduce the strain on the chain by the use of several running pulleys.
1912 Trans. Amer. Inst. Chem. Engineers 4 392 Renewable running rings which are very convenient with enclosed impeller pumps.
1947 Pop. Mech. June 181/1 Rough, badly worn guides..slow down a running line and may snag it.
1994 S. Coonts Intruders v. 65 The running cable whipped the dampner like a scythe.
b. Of a knot: formed in such a way that it can slide along a rope, esp. in order to change the size of a noose. Of a noose or other loop: formed with such knot. Cf. also running bowline n. at Compounds 3b.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > progressive motion > specific manner of progressive motion > [adjective] > easily or freely > as a fastening
runninga1500
a1500 (?c1300) Bevis of Hampton (Chetham) l. 3219 + 2 There Iosyan made with her hond On her gurdill a knott rennand.
a1585 A. Montgomerie Flyting with Polwart (Tullibardine) in Poems (2000) I. 149 They deimit quhat deid it suld die..The nixt said, ‘in a rynnand knot’.
1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Laqs courant, a noose, grinne, snitle, running knot.
1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant iii. 41 They use a certain Slip with a running-noose, which they can cast..about a Mans Neck, when they are within reach of him.
1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson i. vi. 65 A thong of several fathoms in length,..with a running noose at one end of it.
1821 W. Scott Pirate III. iv. 82 In your..profession [sc. piracy]..every man speaks under correction of the yard-arm, and a running noose.
1855 W. S. Dallas in Orr's Circle Sci.: Org. Nature III. 306 In the middle of the chamber a small upright stick is placed supporting two running loops of horse-hair.
1871 Routledge's Every Boy's Ann. 606 The simple running fastening..is not so secure, but chafes less than the crossed running knot.
1907 E. H. Mitchell Seamanship ix. 225 A running eye is formed which is placed over one arm of the anchor.
1945 Pop. Mech. May 111/1 When used as the running knot on a lariat, the lariat loop..is made just large enough so that it will run freely on the standing part.
2002 Ecology 83 2528/1 Adults were caught from below the cliff, using an 8 m long carbon fiber fishing pole with a nylon running noose.
8. Of a plant: creeping, climbing, or spreading rapidly; sending out many runners. Also in the names of plants which have this characteristic. See also Compounds 3a.In quot. 1634 in a figurative context.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > by growth or development > defined by habit > [adjective] > climbing, spreading, or creeping
running1548
spreading1560
flat1578
ramping1578
wandering1590
upcreeping1611
gadding1638
rambling1653
obsequious1657
reptant1657
scansive1657
scansory1657
procumbent1668
repent1669
scandenta1682
supine1686
scrambling1688
creeping1697
sarmentous1721
reptile1727
sarmentose1760
prostrate1773
trailing1785
decumbent1789
travelling1822
vagrant1827
sarmentaceous1830
humifuse1854
sarmentiferous1858
amphibryous1866
humistratous1880
climbing1882
clambering1883
OE Aldhelm Glosses (Brussels 1650) in L. Goossens Old Eng. Glosses of MS Brussels, Royal Libr. 1650 (1974) 250 Luxiriante [foliorum] uiriditate : up yrnendre grenesse, crescente.]
1548 W. Turner Names of Herbes sig. C.viij Elatine..groweth amonge the corne & in hedges, it maye be named in englishe running Buckwheate or bynde corne.
1574 J. Baret Aluearie B 1321 Renning Bucke, or binde corne, a weed so called like vnto withwinde.
1618 W. Lawson New Orchard & Garden i. vii. 18 There is another way..to get not onely Plants for graffing: but Sets to remaine for Trees, which I call a Running Plant.
1634 J. Ford Chron. Hist. Perkin Warbeck i. sig. B3 Hee's but a running weede, At pleasure to be pluck'd vp by the rootes.
1762 P. Collinson Let. 5 Oct. in J. Bartram Corr. (1992) 572 Gout-wort or what is called Podagraria is a notorious running Weed in a garden.
1786 J. Abercrombie Gardeners Daily Assistant 72 Beds of close running plants, as mint, &c.
1855 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 16 i. 111 Running weeds..being spudded up.
1881 Jrnl. Hort., Cottage Gardener & Home Farmer 26 May 420/2 It [sc. Ranunculus repens] is easily kept within bounds on a border like other running plants by doubling back the runners to their parent.
1929 H. A. A. Nicholls & J. H. Holland Text-bk. Trop. Agric. (ed. 2) ii. xix. 569 The ground-nut... Under cultivation there are several varieties and numerous forms, divided primarily into ‘bunched’—stems erect and compact—and ‘running’—stems more or less procumbent.
2004 E. Whitney et al. Priceless Florida iii. 42 One often sees hundreds of running oak stems in a dense green patch. These are all the same plant..connected by their root system.
*** With reference to phenomena, immaterial things, and abstractions.
9.
a. Esp. of an astronomical or meteorological phenomenon: that moves rapidly from point to point; that spreads in this way.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > rate of motion > swiftness > [adjective] > passing rapidly from place to place
runninga1382
lightfoot1591
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1959) Exod. ix. 23 Þe lord ȝaue þonders & haul & dyuersly rennyng [L.V. rennynge aboute; L. discurrentia] leytes vpon þe erþ.
1562 W. Ward tr. G. Ruscelli 3rd Pt. Secretes Alexis of Piemont i. f. 26 The disease that is called Erysipilas or Lychen,..the Frenche men call it feu volage, as it were a runnynge fyer.
a1679 M. Poole Annot. Holy Bible (1685) II. sig. 5O4/1 Either Planets properly called, or rather Meteors called running Stars, inconstant in their motion, uncertain in their shining, making a little shew, but presently vanishing.
1697 T. Burnet Theory of Earth (ed. 3) iii. xi. 63 The Conflagration will be only a superficial scorching of the Earth, with a running fire.
1715 tr. D. Gregory Elements Astron. II. v. §1. 695 Democritus..said that he suspected that there were several Running Stars (that is, Comets).
1833 A. Sutton Narr. Mission to Orissa iii. 33 Frequent flashes of vivid running lightning, which seemed to search every corner of the earth.
1878 F. B. Hough Rep. Forestry 160 The forests were of the most valuable kinds..and suffered severely in these running fires.
1902 J. Conrad Heart of Darkness i, in Youth (1903) 55 It is like a running blaze on a plain, like a flash of lightning in the clouds.
1921 Menorah Jrnl. 7 228 Clouds etched with running lightning smote my eyes.
2002 S. Danius Senses of Modernism iv. 156 The running rays are warm to the touch as they spread across Dublin.
b. Medicine. Of a disease, symptom, etc.: moving from one part of the body to another; spreading, esp. over the skin. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > characteristics > [adjective] > spreading or invasive
runninga1382
walkinga1398
erratic1547
accessive1575
errant1621
vagrant1656
metastatic1822
ambulant1828
aggressive1851
proliferous1874
proliferative1888
metastasizing1906
invasive1926
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1961) Lev. xiii. 12 Ȝif..out flowe þe rennynge [L. discurrens] lepre in þe skyn & couere al þe flesch fro þe hed vnot þe feet, [etc.].
c1475 Mankind (1969) 630 (MED) I haue a lytyll dyshes..Wyth a runnynge ryngeworme.
1562 W. Turner Bk. Natures Bathes Eng. List of Authors, in 2nd Pt. Herball The rinnyng gout which rynneth from one joynte to an other.
1585 J. Higgins tr. Junius Nomenclator 441 Herpes, Some call it the shingles, some ye running worme, some wild fire.
1671 W. Salmon Synopsis Medicinæ i. xiv. 33 Running pains in all the Extream parts of the Body.
1697 J. Headrich Arcana Philosophia 40 In Wounds, in the Wolfe, in the Cruent, and running Herpes.
1727 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Oeconomique (Dublin ed.) at Age If you are troubled with farinous or running Tetters.
1753 J. Bartlet Gentleman's Farriery xli. 297 (heading) Of the Running Thrush.
1784 tr. D. S. von Madai Short Acct. Approved Medicines i. 6 Hence it proves a very efficacious Remedy for all Contractions of Nerves or in every Species of Palsy, in the running Gout [etc.].
1818–20 E. Thompson Cullen's Nosologia (ed. 3) 329 Impetigo, Running Tetter.
1894 Amer. Agriculturalist 29 Dec. 524 One [hot water bottle] under each arm, one at the feet and the others where running chills may best indicate.
1952 J. Steinbeck East of Eden xi. 95 His step-mother was standing over him with a damp cloth in her hand, and he could feel the little running pains as the water cut through.
c. Of a rumour, report, etc.: spreading rapidly; that is passed quickly from mouth to mouth; widely current.
ΚΠ
1570 J. Foxe Actes & Monumentes (rev. ed.) II. 1050/1 To stoppe the running brutes of their holy assemblies, they should write Apologies.
1598 J. Florio Worlde of Wordes Gazzette, the daily newes or intelligence.., tales, running newes.
1612 J. Digbye Let. 2 July in 10th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1885) 585 Of ye certainty hereof I cannot assure your Lordsp, receiving yt as yet but as a running rumour, &c.
1692 Tryal Duke of Norfolk & J. Jermaine 4 It was not kept secret, but it was known so, as all the Kingdom did ring of it... They would make this a sort of a running Account.
1701 tr. Refl. Present Interests Several Courts Christendom 30 There is a Running Report, that the French Cardinals offer'd him to consent to his Election.
1764 ‘C. Careless’ Amours & Adventures 88 What I have mentioned to you is only a running report, but perhaps it is not true.
1825 Oriental Herald Oct. 100 The running rumours, whispers, cabals, stratagems, by which the indolent and interested endeavoured to delay their departure.
1858 H. C. Watson Let. 3 Jan. in C. Darwin Corr. (1991) VII. 1 A running notion seems to pervade botanical works to this effect.
1911 Senator from Illinois (Proc. before Comm. U.S. Senate) IV. 1123 I know only the general running rumor. I do not know that it is based on facts at all.
1999 A. Firman Zoo 9 Her fame lasted a week, the running tale of the neighbourhood.
10. Liable to change; esp. (of a person's mind) rapidly changing from one thought or interest to another; easily distracted; flighty, changeable; active, lively. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > inconstancy > [adjective] > capricious or whimsical
startfulmood?a1300
wildc1350
volage?a1366
gerfulc1374
geryc1386
wild-headeda1400
skittishc1412
gerish1430
shittle1440
shittle-witted1448
runningc1449
volageous1487
glaikit1488
fantasious1490
giggish1523
tickle or light of the sear?1530
fantastical1531
wayward1531
wantona1538
peevish1539
light-headed1549
humoral1573
unstaid1579
shittle-headed1580
toy-headed1581
fangled1587
humorous1589
choiceful1591
toyish1598
tricksy1598
skip-brain1603
capricious1605
humoursome1607
planetary1607
vertiginous1609
whimsieda1625
ingiddied1628
whimsy1637
toysome1638
cocklec1640
mercurial1647
garish1650
maggoty1650
kicksey-winseya1652
freakish1653
humourish1653
planetic1653
whimsical1653
shittle-braineda1655
freaking1663
maggoty-headed1667
maggot-pated1681
hoity-toity1690
maggotish1693
maggot-headeda1695
whimsy-headed1699
fantasque1701
crotchetly1702
quixotic1718
volatile1719
holloweda1734
conundrumical1743
flighty1768
fly-away1775
dizzy1780
whimmy1785
shy1787
whimming1787
quirky1789
notional1791
tricksome1815
vagarish1819
freakful1820
faddy1824
moodish1827
mawky1837
erratic1841
rockety1843
quirkish1848
maggoty-pated1850
crotchetya1854
freaksome1854
faddish1855
vagrom1882
fantasied1883
vagarisome1883
on-and-offish1888
tricksical1889
freaky1891
hobby-horsical1893
quirksome1896
temperamental1907
up and down1960
untogether1969
fanciful-
fantastic-
c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 346 Bi his natural condicion and bi the rennyng condicioun of the world.
c1450 (?a1405) J. Lydgate Complaint Black Knight (Fairf.) l. 458 in Minor Poems (1934) ii. 401 Now vp, now down, so rennyng is thy chaunce.
a1516 H. Medwall Godely Interlude Fulgens ii. sig. g.iii Not he, but his wit runnynge is..to blame.
1561 T. Hoby Breef Rehersall in tr. B. Castiglione Courtyer sig. Zz.iii To be wittie and foreseing, not heady and of a renning witt.
1579 S. Gosson Apol. Schoole of Abuse in Ephemerides Phialo f. 87 Newe cuttes are the paternes of running heads.
1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 920 Of Maximillian the emperour, or of the duke of Moscovie, both men of running wits.
1653 R. Saunders Physiognomie i. 104 A Vagabond, one of an unsetled Running head.
1691 J. Dunton Voy. round World I. 9 What his industrious Toes do tread, his ready Fingers do write, his running Head dictating.
11. Medicine. Of the pulse: very rapid and weak. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > disordered pulse or circulation > [adjective] > rapid pulse
sublated1647
frequent1707
running1821
fluttering1834
sharp1843
1821 R. D. Hamilton Princ. Med. 43 The pulse now rises to an hundred and forty, or an hundred and sixty in the minute, and sometimes, though rarely, it cannot be counted; as the pulsations are hardly distinct, for it seems to be gliding under the finger, like the swift motion of a smooth stream; this is what I would call the running pulse.
1898 P. Manson Trop. Dis. xviii. 291 The pulse becomes small and running.
1901 W. Osler Princ. & Pract. Med. (ed. 4) i. 19 In the extreme prostration of severe cases it may reach 150 or more and is a mere undulation—the so-called running pulse.
1958 Nursing (St. John Ambulance Assoc.) xii. 153 If the pulse is over 160 beats per minute it is termed a running pulse and it cannot be counted accurately.
**** With reference to actions accomplished while running or moving quickly.
12.
a. Carried out with speed or in haste; rapid, done rapidly; hurried, hasty; quick. Also: characterized by this.In this sense rapid motion of the legs or feet is not specifically implied; cf. sense 13.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > manner of action > rapidity or speed of action or operation > [adjective] > acting with haste > hasty or hurried
hastivea1325
raplyc1390
runninga1400
rapec1410
precipitate1545
hasty1560
abrupt1576
festinate1598
breathless1606
hasteful1610
precipitatedc1625
arreptitious1653
hurried1667
prerupt1727
hurry-scurry1732
rush1879
rushed1888
scampered1894
rush-round1903
rushy1976
drive-by1992
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Fairf. 14) l. 26732 (MED) Qua-sim wille ȝilde a-countis riȝt, he agh hit be-fore diȝt, & telle noȝt ouer wiþ rynnande [Vesp. reuand read renand] ras.
a1627 W. Fowler tr. Petrarch Triumphs in Wks. (1914) I. 119 By his [sc. the Sun's] swift and rinning course which nothing might restrane.
1670 J. Milton Hist. Brit. ii. 72 The fourth Summer..he spent in settling and confirming what the year before he had travail'd over with a running Conquest.
1734 I. Watts Reliquiæ Juveniles 49 When persons, each for themselves, took a slight repast, in a running manner.
a1753 S. Bownas Acct. Life (1756) 210/1 I made a kind of a running Visit; and when I was at Bristol, my Friends there were exceeding kind.
1831 Friend 23 July 322/3 A running glance may be sufficient to incite some readers to a further acquaintance with the original.
1837 J. Wood Etymol. Guide Eng. Lang. (ed. 3) 39/2 Cursory, in a running way.
1881 Ld. Wolseley Let. 29 Aug. in G. Arthur Lett. Lord & Lady Wolseley (1922) vi. 66 I took a running look over it [sc. the town] for half an hour, but was driven in by the rain.
1912 Kindergarten Primary Mag. Sept. 6/1 Even a running perusal of Dr. Montessori's book will convince readers..of what has been and what is.
1962 Changing Times Mar. 43/2 Most students leave school without ever being given more than a running glance at the subject of economics.
1995 S. B. Sahai Polit. of Corruption viii. 162 A running glance at the steady erosion of some of the vital institutions.
b. Of a meal: light enough to be consumed quickly; basic. Now historical and rare.In quot. 1623 in figurative context.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > meal > [adjective] > qualities of meals
substantial1340
simplea1387
dry1483
of substance?c1500
large1528
hearty?1550
abstemious1604
scrambling1607
running1618
lusty1672
sit-down1789
well-served1796
à la carte1816
slap-up1823
quaresimal1828
scratch1851
square1868
scrambly1900
set1914
handout1915
all-you-can-eat1940
spready1960
carbo-load1986
1618 J. Selden Hist. Tithes (new ed.) iv. 38 Sportulae, which at first in Rome denoted a kind of running banquets distributed at great mens houses to such as visited for salutation.
1623 W. Shakespeare & J. Fletcher Henry VIII v. iii. 63 Besides the running Banquet of two Beadles, that is to come. View more context for this quotation
a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Surrey 96 A Running Collation to stay his Stomack, no set meal to satisfie his hunger.
1755 E. F. Haywood Invisible Spy II. vi. ii. 203 At his earnest request I staid with him, and partook what might be more properly call'd a running banquet than a dinner.
1784 J. Woodforde Diary 13 Apr. (1926) II. 128 Made a running dinner upon a Mutton-Stake about 1. o'clock.
1825 W. Scott Betrothed vii, in Tales Crusaders I. 103 I will take a running breakfast on the western battlements.
1991 J. Stead in C. A. Wilson Banquetting Stuffe v. 142 This between-meals banquet was sometimes called a ‘running banquet’, and often consisted of fresh fruit only.
13.
a. Carried out by moving with quick steps; accomplished while running; done with a rapid movement.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > rate of motion > swiftness > going swiftly on foot > [adjective] > performed with or accompanied by running
currentc1300
runninga1500
a1500 in T. Wright & J. O. Halliwell Reliquiæ Antiquæ (1845) I. 308 (MED) Smyte a rennyng quarter sory owte of thy honde.
1508 Golagros & Gawane (Chepman & Myllar) sig. ciiii Twa rynnyng renkis raith the riolyse has tane Ilk freik to his feir.
1639 T. Fuller Hist. Holy Warre iii. viii. 122 Though the French King thought with a running pull to bear the citie away.
1812 Cobbett's Weekly Polit. Reg. 25 July 340 They rushed upon the enemy on all sides, the cavalry and artillery in a trot, and the infantry making a running charge.
1838 Milwaukie (Wisconsin Territory) Sentinel 10 Apr. So small that he can jump over his own head with greatest ease, if allowed a running start.
1897 Earl of Suffolk et al. Encycl. Sport I. 157/2 The matador raises his sword shoulder high, takes a steady aim and makes his running lunge.
1942 M. J. Rawlings Cross Creek (1996) xv. 185 He made a running attack at me. Quite naturally, I jumped out of his way.
1987 H. Norman Northern Lights (1989) iii. 83 She..returned to the shore, taking a few running steps to the blanket.
2000 News (Karachi) 25 Apr. 18/7 Rashid took a fine running catch at deep, wide mid-on.
b. Of a movement, esp. a jump: preceded and augmented by taking a run-up. Frequently in running jump (cf. to take a running jump at oneself at Phrases). Also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > upward movement > leaping, springing, or jumping > [noun] > one who or that which > leap augmented by run
running jumpa1672
flying leap1871
a1672 F. Willughby Bk. of Games (2003) 172 Running Jumpe is when they run before they leape, which putting the bodie into motion makes them leape further.
1702 T. Yalden Æsop at Court vi. 16 Strein'd at a running Jump, but mist the prize.
1720 D. Defoe Life Capt. Singleton 131 He had taken a running Leap..and with all his Might had thrown himself clear over our Palisadoes.
1792 tr. Comtesse de Genlis Lessons of Governess to Pupils III. 243 He could clear at a running jump a space of twenty-one lengths of his own foot.
1853 C. Brontë Let. May in J. Barker Brontës (1994) xi. 298 However I shall take a running leap and clear them all.
1879 Brentano's Aquatic Monthly & Sporting Gazetteer Aug. 446 Mr. Schmultz cleared the most ground in the running broad jump.
1914 E. A. Powell Fighting in Flanders i. 18 Thompson took a running jump.
1949 Billboard 2 July 47/2 The last trick, a running flip ending in a hand-to-hand catch.
1998 Press & Jrnl. (Aberdeen) (Nexis) 8 Aug. 10 First equal in running high jump.
c. Sport (chiefly American Football). Denoting a phase of play which involves running. Also: designating the team members participating in such a phase.
ΚΠ
1896 W. Camp Football xi. 322 Study the possibilities of an unexpected kick from an ordinary running line-up.
1921 Princeton Alumni Weekly 14 Dec. 250/3 In marked contrast to this smooth passing and running attack was the Princeton offense, which lacked team-work in getting the ball..[near] the basket.
1955 Los Angeles Times 16 Aug. d1/1 The most important thing in pro football is pass defense... Running offense and running defense follow in that order.
1977 New Yorker 10 Oct. 177/1 Princeton, which has another useful quota of real heavyweights..has as well a sturdy running attack, now that Isom is paced by Larson.
1996 USA Today 15 Nov. c7/1 The Chiefs have..an improved running offense thanks to Greg Hill.
14. Originally Nautical. Of a fight, battle, etc.: continued while one party is in retreat; (hence) continued while moving from one place to another, often at speed; constantly changing location. Cf. sense 26g.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > armed encounter > [adjective] > types of armed encounter
openeOE
set battle1487
unbloody1544
pight1562
pitched1569
round1601
steadfast1623
strucka1625
running1651
stationary1737
stricken field1820
close quarters1871
1651 Mercurius Politicus No. 35 568 The William was taken by one of their Ships, after a running fight of two dayes continuance.
1659 S. Carrington Hist. Life & Death Oliver 132 At length the Enemies having their bellies full, began to fire out of their Sterns, and like unto the Parthians to make a running fight of it.
1707 London Gaz. No. 4386/2 3 French Privateers..attack'd a Dutch Ship.., who maintain'd a running Fight.
1768 H. Brooke Fool of Quality III. xvi. 164 They crouded away.., maintaining a running fight with their stern chace.
1789 Gentleman's Mag. Aug. 749/1 The Russian fleet have, by the running skirmish of the 26th ult. completely accomplished their object.
1823 Ld. Byron Island ii. xxi. 44 We'll make no running fight, for that were base.
1862 Harper's Mag. Jan. 169/1 A running engagement ensued, and both vessels were injured. The President finally gave up the pursuit.
1916 ‘Taffrail’ Pincher Martin xvii. 317 Present..throughout the first shock of the engagement and the running fight which ensued.
1953 L. W. Schwarz Redeemers xxx. 279 After a running battle between Jewish forces and the Arabs and British, 96000 Arabs fled from the city of Jaffa.
1996 D. Brimson & E. Brimson Everywhere we Go xii. 169 There was no way that the police would allow them to roam the streets and possibly stage a running battle around the stadium.
15. Accomplished or carried out while in motion.
ΚΠ
1738 J. Lacy Second Part Peter's Visitation 49 With an affected humility..passes thro' with a running Bow.
1845 Encycl. Metrop. XXV. 301/1 Nautical surveys are sometimes conducted under canvass when a landing cannot be effected, which is termed a running survey.
1870 N.Z. Parl. Deb. 9 86/1 The ships, as they ran along the coast, made a running sketch and nothing more.
1902 J. F. Moser Salmon & Salmon Fisheries of Alaska 198 Lieutenant Rodman, with the steam launch, made a running sketch of the river and lake.
1921 S. E. Morison Maritime Hist. Mass. vii. 82 Within ten minutes she has made a running moor.
1964 Pop. Mech. Jan. 89/1 The 5/ 8th of a mile straightaway which we took with a running start after circling the course.
1973 Times 30 Oct. 4/6 As he walked the Dalai Lama gave a running audience.
1998 Yachts & Yachting 12 June 39/1 A beat at the start may be a dubious benefit, but it will avoid the possible carnage that surrounds a running start in a fresh breeze.
II. That flows, and related senses.
16.
a. Of liquid, or a body of liquid: flowing. Cf. running water n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > [adjective]
livingeOE
flowinga1000
runningOE
quicka1300
livish?1536
lively1548
streaming1579
streamyc1595
crystal-flowing1605
preterlabent1670
manant1727
affluent1863
the world > matter > liquid > liquid flow > action or process of flowing > [adjective]
flowinga1000
runningOE
laving13..
yerning1340
current?1523
coursing1600
fluent1607
coulant1632
aflow1863
OE Antwerp Gloss. (1955) 221 Flumen, flod uel yrnende ea.
OE tr. Medicina de Quadrupedibus (Vitell.) i. 238 Seoðe þonne his [sc. a badger's] sceallan on yrnendum wyllewætere [?a1200 Harl. 6258B on hyrnende willewætera] & on hunige.
c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 1796 Þe king..ladde him to londone..To an vrninde water.
c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) 182 Þe ernand water stode.
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 233 To seþe such codware wel nedeþ rennyng water of a welle oþer a streme.
a1400 Siege Jerusalem (Laud) (1932) 226 (MED) Þey..Receyued hit myd reuerence & rennande teris.
c1475 tr. Secreta Secret. (Tripolitanus abbrev.) (1977) 358 Fissh that is norisshed in dede watyr nat reenynge.
a1500 J. Mirk's Festial 108/129 Than anon þe rennyng redolent river..of our saluacion plentvously efflowed.
1576 A. Fleming tr. Seneca in Panoplie Epist. 310 A running streame is stayed by weedes and shallownesse.
1606 Acts Parl. Scotl. (1816) IV. 287/2 That na persone nor persones..lay in lochis and rynnand burnis ony grene lynt.
1678 E. R. Experienced Farrier i. 77 Those are Veins which are Vessels of quick or running Blood, and is that..his Blood is in continual agitation, and never ceaseth.
1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 115 It was no more than a little Brook of running Water.
1799 W. Wordsworth Poet's Epit. 39 He murmurs near the running brooks A music sweeter than their own.
1826 Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 11 5 I was alone, standing within a few rods of the running lava.
1878 T. H. Huxley Physiography (ed. 2) 135 To understand how running water usually effects denudation.
1949 ‘R. Lafayette’ in Startling Stories Nov. 141/2 A fair and open place near a running stream.
1992 D. Lessing Afr. Laughter 87 There was a beautiful running stream of water in the valley just below us.
b. North American. Esp. of ice: moving rapidly in water. Cf. run v. 42f.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > progressive motion > moving with current of air or water > movement in or on water > [adjective] > material driven by current
driftal18..
running1804
1804 M. Lewis Jrnl. 19 Nov. in Jrnls. Lewis & Clark Exped. (1987) III. 249 The runing ice had declined.
1853 Putnam's Monthly Mag. Aug. 190/1 I now heard the noise of a steamer ascending the river far below me, but of course she would steer wide of the running driftwood.
1862 Leisure Hour 27 Feb. 138/1 On account of the shallowness of the stream..and the running blocks of ice..[the expedition] was one of great difficulty.
1922 H. A. Cody King's Arrow xii. 101 The bark canoe seemed like a thing of life as it cut through the water... It had battled with running ice.
1959 M. Shand Summit & Beyond iv. 65 No more small boats could be used on lakes and rivers on account of the running ice.
2006 Maritime Manitowoc 1847–1947 (Wisconsin Maritime Mus.) i. 26 Iowa was caught by running block ice in the Chicago harbor and sank.
17.
a. Through or over which liquid flows or is flowing; characterized by flowing water; (of a tap, etc.) discharging or emitting a flow of liquid.
ΚΠ
a1170 ( Bounds (Sawyer 639) in M. Gelling Place-names Berks. (1976) III. 715 Of þam steorte on þone yrnendan mor, of þam yrnandan more on ælfsiges mor.
1619 T. Gainsford Glory Eng. (rev. ed.) ii. xxx. 354 You may drinke from a running pipe luke warme water.
1685 R. Boyle Ess. Effects of Motion vi. 70 The noise of a running Tap is wont to have almost the like operation upon Him.
1724 D. Defoe Tour Great Brit. I. ii. 150 A running pipe of Water up to the uppermost Story.
1794 R. J. Sulivan View of Nature I. 327 Water may rise..either by running channels or by sap or percolation.
1825 T. C. Hansard Typographia ii. xvi. 866 The brushing should be effected with the plate either under water or held under a running cock.
1831 W. Howitt Bk. Seasons 181 It is..abundant in several of the Midland counties, in running ditches and small rivulets.
1890 D. Salmon Longman's School Composition 244 I actually discovered the spring of water and traced its course, quite opposite to the direction of the water pipe named and which was not a running pipe.
1930 W. Faulkner As I lay Dying 48 Jewel's hat droops limp about his neck, channelling water onto the soaked towsack tied about his shoulders as, ankle-deep in the running ditch, he pries with a slipping two-by-four, with a piece of rotting log for fulcrum, at the axle.
1946 N.Y. Times 19 Jan. 10/3 To clean the mats, the manufacturer suggests just holding them under a running faucet.
1972 D. Brewster Heart's gone Brutal 62 Even from some eighty yards' distance, Randall and Blundell rapidly felt the effects of the gas and ran back with smarting eyes and running cheeks to their car.
2001 L. Greenlaw Mary George of Allnorthover iii. 219 June turned off the running basin tap.
b. Of a container: allowing liquid to escape; overflowing; leaking. Also with out. Cf. run v. 45. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going or coming out > letting or sending out > [adjective] > let out > leaking
leakingc1420
running?c1475
leakya1616
?c1475 Catholicon Anglicum (BL Add. 15562) f. 104v Rynnynge, as a vessell, futilis.
1602 A. Willet Catholicon iv. 26 People should conferre togither of those things they heare, that they be not as leaking and running vessels.
1637 S. Rutherford Let. 15 June in Joshua Redivivus (1664) i. 237 That [drink] which we get in our borrowed, old, running-out vessels & our wooden dishes here.
1659 tr. F. Galindus Disc. Why Jesuits Generally Hated 16 in Further Discov. Myst. of Jesuitism Women are a sort of running vessels, indefatigably talkative, and not much retentive of the secrets they are trusted with.
18.
a. Capable of flowing, typically as a consequence of melting, heating, or the addition of water; (esp. of metal) molten. Also of a state or condition: characterized by fluidity.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > liquid > [adjective]
wateringOE
liquid1382
moista1393
runninga1398
liquidyc1400
diffluent1592
flowsome1674
liquorous1678
diffluous1727
runny1770
liquiform1805
aquiform1835
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 238 The wose and jus þer of is rennyng and som tyme clensynge and dryyinge.
?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 167 (MED) Vnguent is a þing vnctuous, not fluide, i. rynnyng, bot abidyng.
a1450 in T. Austin Two 15th-cent. Cookery-bks. (1888) 44 So þat it be renneng & not to styf.
a1500 tr. Secreta Secret. (Rawl.) (1977) 5 (MED) Ete first þi rinning potage..and last þi stonding potage.
1666 R. Boyle Origine Formes & Qualities 210 I obtain'd a considerable quantity of good running Mercury.
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Revivification Gold, and other Metals,..may be recovered or revivified into running Mercury.
1784 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 74 341 The orange-coloured sublimate was washed out..and what running mercury was in it was separated.
1849 Farmer's Mag. May 408/1 Clay when wet becomes a running substance.
1894 Jrnl. Hort., Cottage Gardener & Home Farmer 8 Mar. 193/1 Fill the holes with Portland cement formed into a running consistency with water.
1910 C. F. Swingle Pract. Hand Bk. for Millwrights 297 Pushing or carrying the running cement into all of the remote corners and cavities.
1997 Lettering & Calligraphy (Diagram Group) ii. iii. 149 The writing can be in white using white poster paint kept at a running consistency.
b. Of sand, soil, etc.: lacking coherence or cohesion, so that objects resting on the surface tend to sink or subside; loose, yielding, unstable.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > constitution of matter > lack of density > [adjective] > loose texture > lacking cohesion
slackc1440
running1598
incoherent1695
incohering1713
shaken1747
incohesive1881
1598 R. Barret Theorike & Pract. Mod. Warres v. 127 A fortification made at Carthagena in Spaine [fell down], for being made of running sand.
1613 W. Browne Britannia's Pastorals I. i. 19 Hee'd shew his anger, by some floud at hand, And turne the same [hillock] into a running sand.
1740 T. Short Ess. Hist. Princ. Mineral Waters iii. 305 Superficial Springs, and such as rise out of a hot running Sand, are much affected by the Heat of the Season.
1762 J. Smeaton Reports (1812) I. 45 Should a running sand be met with in this passage, it might prove an insurmountable difficulty.
1877 24th Ann. Rep. Railroad Commissioners State of Connecticut 22 This [railroad] company has continued its struggle with the running clay of its deep cuts.
1882 F. W. P. Jago Anc. Lang. & Dial. Cornwall Running ground, loose, sandy, or soft ground which falls in just as fast as it is excavated.
1926 R. H. Davis Over my Left Shoulder xvi. 124 The cowboy rose lightly from the running earth and instantly melted like a wet rag into the saddle.
1983 Geogr. Jrnl. 149 50 The sequence passes down into blue running sand at approximately 6 m.
2009 J. Norman Fire Dept. Special Operations xiii. 166/1 Sand is the most commonly encountered running soil, but other materials also behave like running soil.
19. Originally: flowing as a discharge from the body. Subsequently: (of a part of the body) discharging a body fluid; (of a wound or sore) suppurating, oozing. Cf. running n. 23a.running sore: see Compounds 3b.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > discharge or flux > [adjective] > discharge of putrid matter
gleeting1527
running1535
mattering1547
sordid1597
sordidous1608
ichorous1651
ichorose1710
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 80v Suche a rennynge reume hatte catarrus.
?a1425 MS Hunterian 95 f. 102v (MED) Coler also medled wiþ fleume makeþ a rennynge enpostume, and for þe moste partie he makeþ þat he renneþ to þe iointes.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) 2 Sam. iii. 29 In the house of Ioab there ceasse not one to haue a renninge yssue and a leprosy.
1611 Bible (King James) Lev. xv. 2 When any man hath a running issue out of his flesh. View more context for this quotation
1652 A. Ross Hist. World vi. 411 He was much troubled with a running Canker in the Foot, called by Physitians, Phagedena.
1706 J. Marten tr. J. Groeneveld Treat. Cantharides 284 Her Sore and Running Eyes, which she had from her Infancy, were also perfectly Cured.
1779 Med. & Philos. Comm. 6 i. 430 The parts about the cicatrix swelled and grew painful, but did not break out into a running wound.
1807 E. Weeton Let. 18 Nov. (1969) I. 50 As to the running eyes and noses of which you request me to give you the exact number.
1882 F. W. P. Jago Anc. Lang. & Dial. Cornwall Running-wound, a wound discharging matter.
1964 J. P. Clark Three Plays 82 Do forgive my running nose.
1996 D. Benton Food for Thought v. 80 In this tradition conditions such as asthma, eczema, non-seasonal rhinitis (running nose), hay fever and urticaria (nettle-rash) are known as classic allergic reactions.
20.
a. Of music, language, etc.: that flows, esp. smoothly or easily; having a rhythmic character; (in quot. 1921) having a running rhythm (see running rhythm n. at Compounds 3b).
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > duration of notes > tempo > [adjective] > specific tempo
runningc1440
pronto1724
adagio1729
andante1742
amoroso1764
tittuping1772
allegretto1783
allegro1794
largo1795
andantino1819
furioso1823
adagietto1841
accelerando1842
rubato1846
bright1872
mosso1876
ritenuto1876
vivace1922
motoric1937
mouvementé1938
tranquillo1939
up tempo1948
downtempo1957
society > leisure > the arts > literature > poetry > versification > rhythm > [adjective] > smoothly flowing or melodious
runningc1440
harmonical1589
c1440 (?c1350) in G. G. Perry Relig. Pieces in Prose & Verse (1914) 36 Ihesu..takes þam till wordis rynnand and curius, and leues þe prayere þat He vs kennede.
1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie i. v. 7 It appeareth, that our vulgar running Poesie was common to all the nations of the world besides.
1593 T. Nashe Christs Teares f. 34 The young-men in their merry-running Madrigals..for thee, should haue honoured mee.
1608 A. Willet Hexapla in Exodum 231 So should church musike..be..not with diuisions and running catches.
1673 True Notion Worship of God 56 Without this all other Sermons are but empty sounds..; they are running divisions upon Religion to them that have not yet perceived the grounds.
1744 M. Delany Autobiogr. & Corr. (1861) II. 262 Her notes are more distinct, and there is something in her running-divisions that is quite surprizing.
1789 T. Twining tr. Aristotle Treat. Poetry 72 (note) The Trochaic or running metre here spoken of.
1848 Metropolitan 53 7 The Italians..like easy running music which strikes the ear at once.
1882 Cheshire Sheaf Dec. 401/2 The author of this smoothly running poem was the Rev. S. F. Macdonald.
1908 Musical Times Sept. 581/2 Schumann's music is especially noted for the rippling vivace style, rippling running music for the treble, and slow, firm bass work.
1921 Poetry Sept. 332 In his most distinctive pieces he abandons the ‘running’ verse of traditional English poetry.
1996 A. Wanner Baudelaire in Russia ii. 81 The tercets display..[his] virtuoso mellifluousness with their smoothly running succession of composite adjectives.
b. Of a person: that writes fluently. Obsolete. rare.
ΚΠ
1628 O. Felltham Resolves: 2nd Cent. lix. 170 The running Montaigne speakes of such an other.
21. Of milk: coagulating. Cf. run v. 41. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > dairy produce > [adjective] > relating to milk > curd > coagulating
running1495
caseous1654
curdling1669
1495 Trevisa's Bartholomeus De Proprietatibus Rerum (de Worde) xix. lxxvi. sig. llij v/1 Rennynge mylke is made thycke in the mawes of certen beests.
22. Chiefly Scottish. Designating a standard measure of dry goods, esp. grain. Also: designating a quantity of grain that has been measured according to this. Obsolete.Perhaps in allusion to the loose packing of the grain within the vessel.
ΚΠ
1530–1 in J. Raine Durham Househ. Bk. (1844) 5 2 qu. frumenti, rynnynge measour ad 9d. bus.
1541 in G. P. McNeill Exchequer Rolls Scotl. (1897) XVII. 712 iij ferlotis beir, rynnand met.
1563 Linlithgow Sheriff Court 12 June in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Rinand v firlottis ij pectis rynnand beir to be payit of the first of his beir schorne.
1601 in M. Wood & R. K. Hannay Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1927) V. 284 The collectour of the multure..to..allow to the maltmen..twelf bollis rynnand met for ilk six laid.
1627 Rep. Parishes Scotl. (1835) 4 Twa bollis beir and four bollis otis rining measour.
1627 Rep. Parishes Scotl. (1835) 3 We walow it to be worth sex bollis..off rining wictuall.
23. Of handwriting: = cursive adj. Also of a person's hand: moving in a flowing and continuous manner in the writing of cursive script. Frequently in running hand (cf. running-hand adj. at Compounds 3b).
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > writing > handwriting or style of > [adjective] > cursive
running1575
tachygraphic1728
voluble1745
tachygraphical1764
cursive1784
Spencerian1883
current1891
joined-up1983
1575 Exam. Whytgiftes Censures 35 This is lyke to be the mysreadinge of the prynter, yf the copye were hastelye wrytten in a ronninge hande.
1576 A. Fleming tr. Hippocrates in Panoplie Epist. 276 He wrote a running hand.
1648 H. Hexham Groot Woorden-boeck (at cited word) Loopen, To write with a Running hand.
1685 J. Matlock Fax Nova Artis Scribendi 22 The Running-Hand begets a great freeness and readiness in those Letters, in which it is composed.
1763 W. Massey Origin & Progress Lett. ii. 26 A neat and expeditious running-hand, so necessary in every business.
1788 G. Colman Ways & Means i. 8 [He] cou'd dress wigs, write a running-hand, and preferr'd a sober, steady family.
1801 Gentleman's Mag. Oct. 930/1 Besides the hieroglyphic figures we find..inscriptions in a running writing.
1815 W. Scott Guy Mannering I. xx. 322 He entered them in the catalogue in his best running hand.
1898 H. Frederic Deserter iv. 211 The legend inside the gold case was delicately engraved in small running script.
1900 A. H. Sayce Babylonians & Assyrians x. 209 In Egypt the..running-hand of the scribe developed out of the primitive pictographs.
1942 Hispanic Amer. Hist. Rev. 22 396 Special attention to the question whether a running hand had as yet developed.
2007 V. Bates Legs Up & Laughing iii. 241 She goes to the blackboard and writes my name properly in running writing.
III. That continues or extends in space.
24.
a. Extending continuously in a line; forming a continuous line or boundary.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > extension in space > [adjective] > without a break
running1390
continuate1555
continual1570
perpetual1578
dead1597
continued1607
continuated1632
indistant1644
continuating1650
continuous1673
contiguousc1720
run1740
jointless1909
1390–1 in J. T. Fowler Extracts Acct. Rolls Abbey of Durham (1899) II. 391 Freyns, tays, et rynnygorfrays.
?a1549 Inventory Henry VIII (1998) I. 328/1 Item one small Carpette with A runnynge border of white and grene.
a1684 R. Pratt Note-bk. in R. T. Gunther Archit. Sir Roger Pratt (1928) 67 The frieze will be most graceful and pleasant if..filled with a running work of some noble leaf and flower.
1717 S. Croxall in J. Dryden et al. tr. Ovid Metamorphoses vi. 181 Fresh Flow'rs, which Twists of Ivy intertwine, Mingling a running Foliage, close the neat Design.
1776 G. Semple Treat. Building in Water 139 The first Course of the Grating is to be let in by a running Mortice.
?1788 J. Abercrombie Gen. Syst. Trees & Shrubs 39 Any running boundary plantations extending along the borders or verges of parks.
1843 Architect, Engineer, & Surveyor Jan. 2/1 The railing is simply a running fence, with cast-iron standards.
1849 G. C. Greenwell Gloss. Terms Coal Trade Northumberland & Durham 45 Running Balk, a balk set in the direction of a drift, at its side, instead of across it, to form a support for the cross balks.
1882 R. Munro Anc. Sc. Lake-dwellings v. 277 A series of concentric circles connected by a running scroll design.
1941 Times 9 July 2/1 The fire had crept along a running beam..almost into the interior of the chapel.
1995 K. McCloud Techniques of Decorating (1998) 114/1 The simplest use of stencils is to repeat them to form a running border.
b. Of a measurement: linear. Of a unit of length: measured in a straight line.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement of length > [adjective]
running1663
lineal1705
linear1706
the world > space > extension in space > measurable spatial extent > longitudinal extent > [adjective] > having (more or less) length > and no breadth or thickness
lineary1551
breadthless1642
running1663
lineal1705
linear1706
1663 B. Gerbier Counsel to Builders 48 Work rated on running measure.
1686 in 14th Vol. Wren Soc. (1937) 10 Ffor Carving 168 foot Running measure of Arketts [in the circular windows].
1703 R. Neve City & Countrey Purchaser 121 Some Cornishes..are measur'd, and rated by the Foot Running-measure, i.e. by the number of Feet in length only.
1783 Votes House of Commons of Irel. 15 Oct. 16 Whether such as pay Duty by the running Yard or by the square Yard.
1794 J. Billingsley Gen. View Agric. Somerset 62 The expence of a list wall may be thus calculated per rope of twenty feet running length.
1812 J. Smyth Pract. of Customs i. 14 Linens particularly..are generally measured by running measure.
1889 J. J. Welch Text Bk. Naval Archit. iv. 73 It is usual to state the weight per square foot of material in the former case, and per running foot in the latter.
1921 Jrnl. Amer. Leather Chemists Assoc. 16 582 It is estimated that a plantation in hedgerows will yield 5 kgs. of fruit per running meter.
1984 S. Terkel Good War (1985) iii. ii. 109 Today, those same lots are worth $6,000 a running foot.
2005 Forestry & Brit. Timber (Nexis) 5 May 17 The system..required 0.29 litres of water per running metre of fire line.
25. Designating any short piece of text placed at the top of each page or opening (opening n. 9f) throughout a chapter, volume, work, etc.; esp. in running head, running title. Also: designating a similar piece of text placed at the foot of the page.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > book > matter of book > [noun] > title > running title
running title1626
supertitle1818
heading line1825
running head1839
1626 W. Pinke tr. J. Cameron Exam. Plausible Appearances To Rdr. In many passages of this book beside the running title.
1688 G. Miége Eng. Gram. 130 Besides this general Title, there is commonly at the head of every Page a Title expressed in few Words, called the Running Title.
1708 R. Bentley Let. 10 June in I. Newton Corr. (1967) IV. 519 The old one was without a running Title upon each page.
1794 Crit. Rev. 9 App. 512 The consulting all works of this kind is made incomparably more easy by indexes, and a running title to each chapter.
1816 2nd Rep. Comm. Public Rec. App. ⁋11 The Collection now technically called The Fœdera, from the First Word of its Running-title.
1839 T. C. Hansard Treat. Printing & Type-founding (1841) 85 He..places at the top..the running head, or line which indicates the title of the work or the subject of the page or chapter.
1888 Electr. Engineer July 322/2 Its convenience would have been enhanced by running chapter-headings in place of the general title, on every alternate page.
1902 G. B. Merrick Geneal. Merrick–Mirick–Myrick Family Corrections From page 144 to 264 the running headline should read ‘Merrick Genealogy—James’.
1948 A. C. Kinsey et al. Sexual Behavior Human Male 781 The function of the orgasm. Sex-economic problems of biological energy. (Running title: The discovery of the orgone).
1988 I. Backus Martini Buceri Opera Latina II. p. li Catchwords, running heads, text in rom., marginalia in ital., orn. initials.
2002 P. Baines & A. Haslam Type & Typogr. vi. 170/1 Like folios, running heads or feet are necessary in longer documents and the usual book style is to have the book title on the left-hand page and the chapter title on the right.
IV. That continues in time or for a period.
26.
a. Continuing over time; sustained or going on over a period of time; repeated periodically; maintained or recurring throughout a work, performance, series, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > continuing > [adjective] > continuous or without stop or pause (of action)
ithanda1300
continualc1340
unstintingc1380
perpetuala1382
unfailinga1382
unceasing1382
everlastinga1398
restless?a1439
continuedc1440
running1492
incessant1532
uncessant1548
incessable1552
universal1561
never-ceasing1567
still1570
unpausing1585
ceaseless1590
uncessable1596
indesinent1601
uninterrupted1602
unceasable1604
Sabbathless1605
unceased1605
unintermissive1610
unstaying1616
constant1653
jugial1654
uninterrupted1657
stopless1660
uncheque1671
chronical1672
unarrested1733
well-sustained1743
uninterrupt1776
unsuspended1792
sustained1796
pauseless1820
unhalting1832
persistent1842
unresting1856
unbreaking1870
non-stop1915
1492 in F. W. Weaver Somerset Medieval Wills (1901) 300 That..there be in the churche of the seid priory euery day whiles the wordle standeth a rennyng masse ther seyd.
1602 J. Manningham Diary 15 Apr. (1976) 86 A rich broker..whose..wife had..a running strong conceit in hir head that the sherifes sought..to apprehend hir.
1622 G. de Malynes Consuetudo 207 There are two manner of Lotaries, namely Standing Lotaries, and Running Lotaries:..the latter to bee drawne daily and at all conuenient houres.
1793 E. Burke Corr. (1844) IV. 159 There is a perpetual running allusion to events and actions, as well as new laws and customs.
1829 D. Hosack Mem. De Witt Clinton App. 451 The residue of the time occupied upon the bill..was in a running debate upon its minor details.
1865 E. B. Tylor Res. Early Hist. Mankind iii. 36 With a running accompaniment of grunts.
1888 J. Bryce Amer. Commonw. III. cxi. 603 The apparent coldness of the audience, which..refuses him the running encouragement of cheers.
1910 C. H. Jones Life & Public Service J. G. Jones I. xvi. 268 During this running debate of four days, Mr. Jones sustained with..success the difficult and distinguished position.
1966 Listener 17 Nov. 732/1 A series of comic set-pieces linked into a wildly slapstick context by carefully contrived running gags.
1975 Sat. Citizen (Ottawa) 4 Jan. 22/1 It [sc. the search for the Ark] is, of course, one of the great running stories of the world's press.
2000 B. Took Best of ‘Round The Horne’ Introd. 161 Some of the writers' favourite running jokes prove they've still got legs.
b. Of interest, income, etc.: accruing or calculated over a continuous period of time.
ΚΠ
1694 T. Neale Proposal for Raising Million on Fund of Interest 2 Let Officers on purpose..be appointed to give out Bills with a running Interest on them of 6 per Cent.
a1721 W. Moyle tr. in Wks. (1727) 13 In a Year's time, [the interest] amounts to nearly 20 per Cent. this is a running Income as high as the Produce of Nautick Interest.
1726 G. Berkeley Wks. (1871) IV. 134 They might have been paid the subsequent years out of the running income.
1799 Gentleman's Mag. Mar. 215/2 100l stock in the 3 per cent reduced,..the value of which, with the running dividend, was 46l. 12s. 1½.
1855 Rep. Supreme Court Georgia 18 12 Charge running interest only on the money which come into the hands of Dr. Fall in 1828.
1867 Royal Cornwall Gaz. 27 June 8/2 They had met all their expenses..out of their running income, and their capital still remained in the bank.
1924 Economist 29 Nov. 874/1 Ability to pay 10s a year..for 14 years [would provide] a running yield of 9 per cent.
1973 Daily Tel. 7 Mar 21 At the issue price of £99½ the 1980 stock will give a running yield of 9·05 p.c.
1991 Euromoney Jan. 42/1 Insiders reckon the company looks for a running annual yield of 18% on its investment, and does not rely on possible upside gains.
c. Of an account, contract, etc.: that remains operative or effective for a certain (specified or indefinite) length of time. Also: (esp. of a lease) that extends automatically in response to certain conditions, often up to a specified limit.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > management of money > keeping accounts > account or statement of > [adjective] > types of account
uncrosseda1616
running1696
liquidated1727
overdrawn1845
discretionary1885
zero balance1974
society > trade and finance > buying > hiring or renting > [noun] > taking on rent or lease > lease > types of land lease
year-tack1532
rental1541
running1696
improving leasea1723
improvement lease1825
pastoral lease1850
lend-lease1941
lease-back1947
1696 Considerations About Raising of Coin 31 Wealthy Gentlemen, who have their Estates out either in Money upon Bonds and Mortgages, or in Lands upon running Leases.
1741 S. Richardson Pamela III. xxxii. 250 Makes up his running Accounts to Mr. Longman.
1757 G. G. Beekman Let. 28 Apr. in Beekman Mercantile Papers (1956) I. 301 The note..Looked..to have no Connection with their Runing Company Account.
1789 C. Durnford & E. H. East Rep. Cases King's Bench 2 438 A running contract,..where the party must determine the lease at a particular certain period, otherwise it continues the rest of the term.
1853 E. Bulwer-Lytton My Novel I. i. ix. 38 The Squire..gave him a running lease of seven, fourteen, or twenty-one years, at a rent nearly nominal.
1891 C. Roberts Adrift in Amer. 40 I had a running order on the store.
1910 ‘O. Henry’ Whirligigs xxiv. 291 Twenty-two sections, or 14,080 acres, partly under yearly running lease and partly bought under State's twenty-year-purchase act.
1952 C. Collins Public Admin. in Hong Kong viii. 109 A system which had prevailed of cash payments and running accounts.
2006 Governance Issues Local Enterprise Devel. Unit Oral Evid. 6 in Parl. Papers 2005–6 (H.C. 918) I do not think I can recall encountering an external company tendering for work and then being given a three year running contract.
d. That presents the thoughts or opinions of the speaker or writer on a work as it progresses, or on a series of events, actions, etc., as they occur; that describes something that is in progress; (later) that reports action as it unfolds. Frequently in running commentary.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > [noun] > commenting or mentioning > commentary
running commentary1707
commentary1927
society > leisure > sport > broadcasting > [noun] > running commentary
running commentary1707
play-by-play1909
1707 T. Hearne Remarks & Coll. (1886) II. 68 He has put out short running Notes upon Ovid's Epistles.
1794 Trial of W. Winterbotham for Seditious Words 103 He went through the whole of the Chapter, and the Sermon was a running commentary upon it.
1821 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Apr. 13/2 I subjoin most of the poem, allowing myself the benefit of making a running gloss upon it.
1822 W. Hazlitt Table-talk II. xii. 274 His face is the running comment on his acting.
1868 G. V. Cox Recoll. Oxf. iv. 45 His subtle and ingenious narration of Aesop's Fable of the Dog and the Wolf, and his running comments on it.
1888 J. M. Barrie Auld Licht Idylls xii. 239 He loved to recite long screeds from Spenser, with a running commentary on the versification and the luxuriance of the diction.
1929 B.B.C. Year-bk. 1930 146 Tennis..provides excellent material for a running commentary.
1969 M. Pugh Last Place Left xvii. 124 I drank tea with my back to the floor but Katriona gave me a running commentary until Nell rejoined me.
1980 W. Dray Perspectives on Hist. ii. 35 One legitimately expects from an historian..a running explanation of the series of events and conditions he narrates.
2005 Maximum PC Dec. (Wireless Game Guide) 28/1 The game also includes a running commentary, just like TV broadcasters provide every weekend.
e. Agriculture. Designating a flock of sheep raised and sold in rotation by any of various methods. Scottish in later use. Sc. National Dict. (at cited word) records this sense as still in use in Ayrshire in 1930.
ΚΠ
1780 A. Young Tour Ireland (Dublin ed.) II. 224 The fleeces, on an average of a running stock, are three to a stone of 16lb.
1794 J. Sinclair Statist. Acct. Scotl. XI. iv. 65 Many farmers keep what are called running stocks, i.e. buy in and sell out several times in the year.
1803 Farmer's Mag. Aug. 305 Nothing but a running stock was..kept; that is to say, ewes are bought in at Michaelmas, and they and their offspring all sold off by the Michaelmas following.
1845 New Statist. Acct. Scotl. IV. 319 It is the practice here to keep what is called a running stock, which is sold in regular rotation.
1886 C. Scott Pract. Sheep-farming 28 By a running ewe stock is understood the practice of buying-in ewe lambs to maintain the flock, and selling all the produce.
f. Of an amount: continually adjusted so as to take account of further items. Chiefly in running total.See also running average n., running mean n. at Compounds 3b.
ΚΠ
1821 R. H. Coote Treat. Law Mortgage ii. vi. 164 It was for some time considered doubtful whether the Court would raise the maintenance by way of mortgage, for..there is some difficulty in accomplishing it, inasmuch as the maintenance is a running sum becoming due quarterly or half-yearly.
1883 Jrnl. Statist. Soc. 46 538 The running totals are—Great Northern... 6,780 [miles]... Midland... 8,860... North Western... 10,400.
1914 Amer. Rev. of Reviews July 92/2 When the building is completed, the running amount is closed, the sum total of the indebtedness incurred for advances and interest constituting a single loan.
1963 Billboard 11 May 56/2 (advt.) New automatic cashier..gives an instantaneous running grand total of all mixed coins in dollars and cents.
1992 B. Geist Little League Confidential xiv. 131 I kept statistics for our backyard baseball league: a running total of singles, doubles, triples and homers.
2000 Independent 6 June i. 5/8 A running total of 204 [missing laptops] is extraordinary.
g. Of a dispute, feud, etc.: consisting of recurring episodes of confrontation. Frequently with between, with. Esp. in running battle.Arising as an extended use of sense 14.
ΚΠ
1909 R. R. Marett Threshold Relig. iii. 109 In our running fight with the upholders of the sympathetic theory.
1945 Billboard 2 June 3/2 Long-awaited semi-climax in running battle..between..[the] American Federation of Musicians, and the..Unity Party.
1953 J. Wain Hurry on Down (1960) 250 The running fight between himself and society had ended in a draw.
1967 in G. Marx et al. Groucho Lett. 13 (heading) Running battle with Warner Brothers.
2005 T. Hall Salaam Brick Lane vi. 121 Anu..entered into a running battle with him to make improvements to the property.
27. Fleeting, transitory. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > duration > shortness or brevity in time > swift movement of time > [adjective]
slidinga900
scrithingOE
henwardOE
swifta1225
short livya1325
passing1340
flittingc1374
shadowy1374
temporalc1384
speedfula1400
transitory?c1400
brittlea1425
unabidingc1430
frail?c1450
indurablec1450
scrithel?c1475
caduke1483
transitorious1492
passanta1500
perishinga1500
caducea1513
fugitive?1518
caducal?1548
quick1548
delible1549
flittering1549
undurable?1555
shadowish1561
fleeting1563
vading1566
flightful1571
wanzing1571
transitive1575
slipping1581
diary1583
unlasting1585
never-lasting1588
flit1590
post-like1594
running1598
short-lived1598
short-winded1598
transient1599
unpermanent1607
flashy1609
of a day1612
passable1613
dureless1614
urgenta1616
waxena1616
decayable1617
horary1620
evanid1626
fugitable1628
short-dated1632
fugacious1635
ephemerala1639
impermanent1653
fungous1655
volatile1655
ephemerousa1660
unimmortal1667
timesome1674
while-being1674
of passage1680
journal1685
ephemeron1714
admovent1727
evanescent1728
meteorous1750
deciduous1763
preterient1786
ephemeridal1795
meteorica1802
meteor1803
ephemerean1804
ephemerid1804
evanescing1805
fleeted1810
fleet1812
unenduring1814
unremaining1817
unimmortalized1839
impersistent1849
flighty1850
uneternal1862
caducous1863
diurnal1866
horarious1866
brisk1879
evasive1881
picaresque1959
1598 T. James tr. G. Du Vair Moral Philos. Stoicks 173 [If] this affection is founded on such a slipperie and running thing [sc. beauty; Fr. fondée sur vne chose si coulante & perissable], it is to bee feared least the heate thereof bee soone quenched.
1632 J. Hayward tr. G. F. Biondi Eromena 49 To prefix and give himselfe a law for his life, founded upon a running griefe [It. fondata sopra un corrente dolore], imagining it to be everlasting.
28.
a. Of a period of time: that is in progress; current.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > relative time > the present (time) > [adjective]
present1340
nowa1393
presentary?a1425
unrun1474
modernc1485
hodiern?a1513
actual1525
modernal1542
instantc1550
this1582
immediate1605
current1608
nowadays1609
nowaday1632
hodiernal1656
living1659
running1659
daily1663
existent1676
existing1827
present-day1833
presential1878
today1908
1659 in N.Y. Hist. Soc. Coll. (1821) III. 376 Upon the eighth day of September this running year 1659 Col. Nathaniel Utie came to our aforesaid South River.
1688 J. Dryden Britannia Rediviva 3 That James this running Century may view, And give his Son an Auspice to the New.
1706 Inq. Reasonableness & Consequences Union with Scotl. 105 This may be encreased to near if not quite twenty two Millions by the end of the running year.
1729 Warkworth Vestry Minutes 14 Apr. in S. Webb & B. Webb Eng. Local Govt. (1906) I. vi. 216 Twice and a half the book of rates for or upon account of the poor for this running year.
1861 Mrs. H. Wood East Lynne I. i. xv. 222 To make me forfeit my running quarter's salary.
1883 Freeman's Jrnl. (Dublin) 2 Apr. 4/8 It was generally hoped that, sterile in legislation as the running Session has been, [etc.].
1900 R. Warburton Eighteen Years in Khyber vii. 113 If the repair of this road was not taken in hand during the running year, the grant would lapse.
1975 S. P. Ladas Patents, Trademarks, & Related Rights II. xii. 2004 Prior to six months after the expiration of the initial term of the international registration or the then running term of renewal.
2010 D. Otto-Riecke in R. Conrady & M. Buck Trends & Issues Global Tourism 11 Over 90% of travel managers asked predicted a decline of business travel spending for the running year.
b. Used postpositively. Of periods of time, a series of events, etc.: following each other; in succession.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > order > order, sequence, or succession > [adjective] > successive or following one after another
successive?a1475
progressional1570
consecutive1611
sequenta1616
progressive1620
back-to-back1626
running1682
seriatim1813
straight1899
tandem1926
1642 in D. Littlejohn Rec. Sheriff Court Aberdeenshire (1907) III. 37 Quhairin giff he failȝies tua termes rinning togidder the said tack to expyre.]
1682 W. Gough Londinum Triumphans 240 Those Acts of Edward the third were exactly kept for eighteen years running.
1696 tr. G. de Courtilz de Sandras Mem. Count de Rochefort 232 He desir'd me to play him three hundred Pistoles a set, for three times running.
1719 A. Ramsay Epist. to J. Arbuckle 76 To be a dummie ten years' running.
1758 J. Armstrong Sketches 34 It does not require a very exquisite Ear to write two smooth or even harmonious Lines running.
1795 Tomahawk! 10 Nov. 47/1 The French..attacked the Imperial troops, day after day, for twenty-two days running.
1815 J. H. Payne Trial Without Jury ii. in America's Lost Plays (1940) V. 29 My opinion is that the same accident could not happen twice running.
1848 J. H. Newman Loss & Gain iii. viii. 367 He can speak seven hours running without fatigue.
1881 G. M. Craik Sydney I. viii. 201 This is the third Sunday running that I have [etc.].
1907 E. von Arnim Fräulein Schmidt xxxi. 104 I do not pretend to think quite the same even two days running; if I did I would be stagnant.
1954 Baseball Digest Jan. 94/2 The only other manager to finish second three times running was Eddie Dyer.
2007 J. McCourt Now Voyagers vii. 318 Miranda/Maev..won a pot of money in the ship's mileage pool two days running.
29.
a. Of money: immediately available for use; ready, esp. in the form of coins. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > money > [adjective] > ready money or cash
readya1400
dry1574
running1662
ready money1671
ready-moneyed1757
tractile1892
1662 Duchess of Newcastle Publick Wooing iv. xxxiv, in Playes Written 402 Why if I had this current running money,..how I would bestow it for the good of the Common-wealth.
1680 J. Dryden Kind Keeper iv. ii. 50 I have at present no running Cash to throw away.
1728 J. Swift Short View State Ireland 14 The running Cash of the Nation, which was about Five hundred thousand Pounds, is now less than two, and must daily diminish.
1769 in Maryland Hist. Mag. (1915) 10 134 Ordered, That Mr Jacques pay to Elizabeth Davis the sum of Forty Shillings running Curr[enc]y.
1799 A. Plumptre tr. A. von Kotzebue Widow, & Riding Horse iv. 7 His pocket book is full of notes and bills of exchange, but unfortunately he is short of running cash.
1809 Let. 16 Apr. in J. Constable Corr. (1962) I. 31 It [sc. the repair project] will take away all the running cash,..leaving no superfluity.
1862 Ann. Rep. Commissioner Patents 1861: Agric. 112 in U.S. Congress. Serial Set (37th Congr., 2nd Sess.: House of Representatives Executive Doc. 39) V A much less amount of running capital is required than for cotton factories, where it is frequently important to make heavy purchases of raw material.
b. gen. That is in common or general use at a particular time; current, prevailing.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > kind or sort > generality > [adjective] > general or prevalent
commona1325
generala1393
usual1396
popular?a1425
riveda1513
vulgarc1550
current1563
afloat1571
widespread1582
penny-rife1606
catholic1607
spacious1610
epidemical1614
epidemial1616
epidemic1617
prevailent1623
regnant1623
fashionablea1627
wide-spreading1655
endemical1658
prevalent1658
endemiala1682
obtaining1682
prevailing1682
endemious1684
sterling1696
running1697
(as) common as dirt (also muck)1737
prevailant1794
exoteric1814
endemic1852
widish1864
prolate1882
going1909
1697 E. Hatton Merchant's Mag. (ed. 2) ix. 129 The Coarse of Exchange is the currant or running Price of Exchange to all places where there is any.
1705 Boston News-let. 12 Mar. 1/2 The present running Coins within this Province are so debased..by Rounding and Clipping.
1767 Short Animadversions Pract. Inoculation Justified 13 Mr. S–tt–n's seems to be pretty much a running practice.
1839 J. B. Felt Hist. Acct. Mass. Currency 198 They propose that the delinquent States pay..their quota of this surplus at the running price.
1861 H. Mayhew London Labour (new ed.) III. 145/1 I generally get my 25s., that's my running price, though I try for my 30s.
1865 J. B. Mozley Miracles (1883) 166 Hence the confession of inferiority when this running supernaturalism was confronted by real miracles.
1916 Pacific Reporter 159 190/1 [He agreed to] supply them with sand at $1 a load; teams at the running rate that was in existence at that time.
1937 Times 26 Nov. 24/7 There were 190 boats with an average of 30 crans of..herrings. The running price was 30s. a cran.
1975 M. Bradbury Hist. Man (1977) iii. 50 The running motto was ‘Don't trust anyone over thirty.’
2002 J. Margolis Reinventing Pragmatism ii. 54 I refer here to..‘mainstream’ American philosophy, meaning by that the running practice of debating, extending,..and confining discussion to [etc.].
c. Of trade: successful, brisk; sustainable, tolerable.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > [adjective] > giving a certain turnover
running1707
1707 G. Farquhar Beaux Stratagem i. 3 I have a good running Trade.
1736 Gentleman's Mag. Aug. 458/2 There are Multitudes of People in this Kingdom, who..just make a Shift to rub on, from Year to Year, upon Credit and a running Trade.
1835 A. Bell Cabinet II. xcii. 337 Mistress Susannah Suet,..an opulent butcher's widow, with a running trade.
1841 Glenullyn I. xii. 203 You'll have seen better days, notwithstanding such a running trade, that will leave nought behind.
1994 Daily Tel. 14 Nov. 10/7 But he notes there are number of specialist groceries in Britain which appear to be doing a running trade in biltong from South Africa.
30. Of a crop: cultivated for a short period; temporary. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > duration > shortness or brevity in time > [adjective] > temporary or provisional
whilwendlicc1000
whilenda1050
specialc1400
seasonable1549
temporary1567
provisional1597
provisionary1617
temporaneal1625
provisory1630
interimistical1643
pro tempore1649
temporaneous1656
non-permanent1782
jury-rigged1788
ad interim1806
interim1808
meantime1840
running1851
flying1857
pro tem1858
interimistic1859
temp1909
caretaker1945
1851 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 12 ii. 365 Occasionally..there is sown a ‘running’ crop of beans or seeds.
V. That is in operation.
31. Of a machine or mechanism: in operation; working.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > [adjective] > in operation
workfulOE
operant?a1425
operative?a1425
inworking1587
energetical1595
afloat1604
working1609
energetic1629
active1641
energizing1751
energic1786
operating1825
functioning1835
running1842
functionating1884
functional1892
1842 Rep. Senate State of N.Y. 9 Apr. No. 101. 92 A dynanometer [sic] for measuring the power of running machinery.
1896 Law Times 100 360/1 Sect. 9 does not prevent the cleaning of a fixed part of a running machine.
1916 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 6 May 645/2 All works as smoothly as a silent running motor car.
1936 Sydney Morning Herald 29 Dec. 5/2 The turning movement of gears..should commence..the same moment when the clutch is engaged with the running engine.
1979 E. L. Doctorow Loon Lake xxviii. 164 And all around me the noise of running machines, conveyor belts, the creaking of pulleys, screeching of worked metal.
2000 Wired July 234/2 If two of the running generators simultaneously fail, five minutes should be enough time to get the third operational.

Phrases

colloquial. to take a running jump at oneself (later to take a running jump): used (esp. in imperative or optative) to express hostility, contempt, or defiant indifference.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > malediction > oaths > [verb (intransitive)] > oaths implying rejection
to take a running jump at oneself1871
1871 West Coast Times (Hokitika, N.Z.) 24 Oct. 3/1 [Citing an Australian newspaper] The Courier ‘had better take a running jump at itself’, to use a colloquial idiom.
1901 W. Irwin Love Sonnets of Hoodlum vii Avaunt, false Life, with all your pride and pelf: Go take a running jump and chase yourself!
1933 M. Lowry Ultramarine ii. 76 You go and take a running jump at yourself.
1972 M. Gilbert Body of Girl xx. 180 I told her to take a running jump at herself. The only person who could make trouble for me would be old Henry Prior.
1984 Truckin' Life Mag. Apr. 25/1 Smart girl told the middlemen bloodsuckers to take a running jump.
2003 P. Lovesey House Sitter (2004) ix. 121 He'd root out the truth in his own way and the Big White Chief, to put it politely, could take a running jump.

Compounds

C1. Forming parasynthetic adjectives (in sense 10), as running-headed, running-witted, etc. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum Ffittle or runninge witted, futilis.
1580 2nd & 3rd Blast of Retrait from Plaies iii. 99 These running headed louers are growen so perfect scholers by long continuance at this schoole.
1599 Master Broughtons Lett. Answered v. 17 A paradoxicall expositor,..a forlorne Pharisee, a running-headed fugitiue.
C2. With adverbs, as running-around, running-down, running-in, running-out, etc., adjs.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > ceasing > [adjective] > ceasing gradually
running-down1637
the world > relative properties > quantity > decrease or reduction in quantity, amount, or degree > [adjective] > decreasing gradually
ebbing1607
running-down1637
dwindling1664
build-down1983
1637 S. Rutherford Let. 13 Mar. (1848) cxxxi. 248 Alas! my riven dish, and the running-out vessel, can hold little of Christ Jesus.
1756 G. Smith tr. Laboratory II. (new ed.) xv. 299 Try how long the running-out liquid will bear it up from sinking.
1785 Gentleman's Mag. Sept. 674/1 Small decked vessels, with a single mast, and a running-in bowsprit.
1843 Veterinarian Nov. 607 The dilated eye, pale membranes, the running down pulse, [etc.].
1869 C. B. Garside Disc. Some Parables New Test. iii. i. 245 The dying, who are counting the running down sands of their lives by minutes.
1901 Westm. Gaz. 11 July 3/2 A running-around insertion of either guipure or Valenciennes.
1973 L. Cooper Tea on Sunday xxiv. 177 For what was supposed to be a running-down business it all looked remarkably active.
2008 D. Stapleton MG Midget A-H Sprite High-performance Man. (ed. 3) 29/3 Note that generally, Mobil One is not suitable for running-in engines.
C3.
a. In the names of plants which creep or send out runners; see also sense 8.
running moss n. any of several creeping mosses; esp. the clubmoss Lycopodium clavatum.
ΚΠ
1818 W. P. C. Barton Compendium Floræ Philadelphicæ II. 203 Running Club-moss.]
1845 S. Judd Margaret i. ii. 8 She got running mosses..and mountain laurel blossoms.
1872 Horticulturalist Jan. 25 Fill the shell with a rich loam, and plant in it Lycopodium, which is a species of running moss.
1952 Amer. Fern Jrnl. 42 145 Clavatum L... Running Moss, Running Pine.
1998 E. Bassett Nature Walks North. Vermont xi. 64 Creeping underfoot..are tiny evergreen plants, with names like running pine, ground cedar, and running moss. These members of the fern family are club mosses.
running pine n. North American. = ground-pine n. 2; cf. running moss n.
ΚΠ
1829 A. H. Lincoln Familiar Lect. Bot. xxxvii. 193 At Christmas, the Pine, Spruce, and the beautiful Running or Ground Pine (Lycopodium,) belonging to the family of Ferns, are found in perfection.
1922 Profitable Outdoor Pursuits 30 Two other varieties of flowerless evergreens, commonly known as the Running, or Ground pine and the Bouquet or Princess pine, belonging to the botanical order of club mosses, are extensively used.
2007 S. Olsen Encycl. Garden Ferns iv. 206/1 The evergreen running pine, synonym Lycopodium complanatum, sends up multitiered fountains of green shoots to 16 in. (40 cm) from spreading horizontal stems.
running postman n. an Australian perennial plant, Kennedia prostrata (family Fabaceae ( Leguminosae)), with a prostrate, creeping growth habit and bright red flowers; also called coral pea.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > climbing or creeping plants > non-British climbing or creeping plants > [noun] > Australasian
kareao1845
Kennedya1845
piripiri1853
balloon vine1889
wonga(-wonga) vine1895
Australian bluebell creeper1896
coral-pea1896
running postman1898
1898 E. E. Morris Austral Eng. 247/1 K[ennedya] prostrata is called the Coral Pea..or Running Postman.
1917 H. H. Richardson Fortunes Richard Mahony I. i. ix. 87 The short-lived grass was picked out into patterns by the scarlet of the Running Postman.
1998 R. Olver & S. Olver Dawn till Dusk 171 (caption) Tiny running postman (Kennedia prostrata) spotted in the eastern Stirlings, dwarfed by twigs and leaves.
running thyme n. now historical and rare creeping thyme, Thymus serpyllum, a low-growing, strongly aromatic plant native to Europe and North Africa.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > according to family > labiate plant or plants > [noun] > thyme or wild thyme
brotherwortOE
puliol mountainc1300
thyme1398
pelletera1400
petergrassa1425
serpola1425
running thyme1548
serpille1558
pellamountain1575
creeping thyme1597
mother of thyme1597
serpolet1693
shepherd's thyme1857
mountain puliol1908
1548 W. Turner Names of Herbes sig. G.ij Serpyllum..is of .ij. sortes. The one is called..in englishe runnyng tyme.
1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. 79 Take of wild running Thyme the weight of two deniers..Ervil floure twelue deniers or drams.
1836 T. Bridgeman Kitchen Gardener's Instructor 81 The beds of close-growing running plants, such as Mint, Running Thyme, and all other creeping herbs, will not admit well of digging.
2005 S. Campbell Hist. Kitchen Gardening (ed. 2) 104/2 Balm, running thyme, costmary, savory and camomile were planted in individual beds.
running twitch n. rare any of several creeping bent grasses (genus Agrostis); (in later use) esp. the rhizomatous species, A. gigantea.
ΚΠ
1790 W. Marshall Rural Econ. Midland Counties I. 211 Running twitch,—agrostis alba,—creeping bentgrass.
1811 T. Martyn in Lit. Life & Sel. Wks. Benjamin Stillingfleet II. i. 315 It [sc. wood bent] is the sylvatica of Linnæus, polymorpha η of Hudson, and is known by the name of Running Twitch in some counties.
1923 Agric. Gaz. & Mod. Farmer 23 Mar. 367/1 Another point in connection with lucerne growing is that the land must..be free from all forms of twitch. The running twitch or water grass is its worst enemy.
b.
running average n. = moving average n. at moving adj. Compounds.In quot. 1883: an average taken over the period when a train is actually running.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > relationship > equality or equivalence > condition of being mean or average > [noun] > average > types of
weighted averagea1832
moving average1909
running average1929
running mean1929
1883 Jrnl. Royal Statist. Soc. 46 519 The term ‘running-average’ must here be explained. By this is meant the average speed per hour while actually in motion from platform to platform, i.e. the average speed obtained by deducting stoppages.]
1929 Biol. Bull. 56 302 If a corresponding ten day average, or, better, a running average of the sunlight for ten-day periods, were..used in place of the monthly averages of sunlight, more of this remaining variation might have been removed.
1962 M. K. Hubbert Energy Resources iv. 78 In Figure 44 is shown a five-year running average of the ratio of the gas discovered per year to the oil discovered per year for each year from 1941 to 1961.
2003 G. W. Harrington et al. Ammonia from Chloramine Decay vi. 92 (caption) Seven day running average nitrate production in the conventional treatment train at pH 9.
running back n. American Football an offensive player whose primary role is to advance the ball by running with it, esp. after a handoff.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > football > American football > [noun] > types of player
side tackle1809
nose guard1852
rusher1877
goalkicker1879
quarterback1879
runner1880
quarter1883
full back1884
left guard1884
snap-back1887
snapper-back1887
running back1891
tackle1891
defensive end1897
guard1897
interferer1897
receiver1897
defensive back1898
defensive tackle1900
safety man1901
ball carrier1902
defensive lineman1902
homebrew1903
offensive lineman1905
lineman1907
returner1911
signal caller1915
rover1916
interference1920
punt returner1926
pass rusher1928
tailback1930
safety1931
blocker1935
faker1938
scatback1946
linesman1947
flanker1953
platoon player1953
corner-back1955
pulling guard1955
split end1955
return man1957
slot-back1959
strong safety1959
wide receiver1960
line-backer1961
pocket passer1963
tight end1963
run blocker1967
wideout1967
blitzer1968
1891 Sunday Sentinel (Milwaukee, Wisconsin) 6 Dec. 17/6 The extra work done..in running with the ball and interfering with the running backs.
1924 Collier's 20 Dec. 38/4 There has been no running back in football history who had these baffling, bewildering qualities to such an extent.
1962 R. Walker Compl. Bk. Backfield Play ii. 28 Many ends would make outstanding running backs.
2007 Chicago Sun Times (Nexis) 27 Apr. a76 The Bears are unlikely to keep four running backs on the 53-man roster.
running belay n. chiefly Mountaineering and Rock Climbing a belaying system employing a series of anchors, each containing a karabiner through which a climbing rope may run freely, acting as a safeguard in the event of a fall; each of the anchors in this system.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > mountaineering or climbing > [noun] > artificial aid > types of
runner1688
runner ring1791
ice axec1800
alpenstock1829
rope1838
climbing-iron1857
piolet1868
snap-link1875
prickera1890
middleman('s) knot (also loop, noose, etc.)1892
chock1894
glacier-rope1897
piton1898
run-out1901
belaying-pin1903
snap-ring1903
ironmongery1904
line1907
Tricouni1914
ice claw1920
peg1920
sling1920
ice piton1926
ice hammer1932
karabiner1932
rock piton1934
thread belay1935
mugger1941
running belay1941
piton hammer1943
sky-hook1951
etrier1955
pied d'éléphant1956
rope sling1957
piton runner1959
bong1960
krab1963
rurp1963
ice screw1965
nut1965
traverse line1965
jumar1966
knife-blade1968
tie-off1968
rock peg1971
whammer1971
Whillans whammer1971
Whillans harness1974
1941 T. A. H. Peacocke Mountaineering ii. 26 Without the use of slings, running belays are unsatisfactory.
1956 R. C. Evans On Climbing iii. 52 When negotiating a difficult pitch, the leader will, if possible, arrange running belays at intervals... He..drives a piton into a crack, and runs his rope through a snap-link clipped to the..piton.
1973 C. Bonington Next Horizon xx. 274 Don went up..quickly and smoothly without bothering to protect himself with running belays.
2007 Trail Feb. 55/3 Precision teeth and threads allow modern ice screws [to] be placed quickly, providing strong running belays and belays.
running bowline n. a running noose formed by tying a bowline knot at one end of a rope and passing the other end through the resulting loop; a similar noose used when one end of the rope is already fast, formed by tying a bowline knot around the standing part of the rope.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > ropes or chains other than rigging or cable > [noun] > knot used by sailors > specific
bowline-knot1627
clinch1627
sheepshank1627
wall-knot1627
running bowline1710
running bowline knot1726
bend1769
clove-hitch1769
half-hitch1769
hitch1769
walnut1769
cat's paw1794
midshipman's hitch1794
reef knot1794
clench1804
French shroud knot1808
carrick bend1819
bowline1823
slippery hitch1832
wall1834
Matthew Walker1841
shroud-knot1860
stopper-knotc1860
marling hitch1867
wind-knot1870
Portuguese knot1871
rosette1875
chain knota1877
stopper-hitch1876
swab-hitch1883
monkey fist1917
Spanish bowline1968
the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fastening > binding or tying > a bond, tie, or fastening > [noun] > knot > any knot used by sailors > other specific sailors' knots
bowline-knot1627
clinch1627
sheepshank1627
wall-knot1627
running bowline1710
running bowline knot1726
bend1769
clove-hitch1769
half-hitch1769
hitch1769
walnut1769
Magnus hitch1794
midshipman's hitch1794
clench1804
French shroud knot1808
carrick bend1819
bowline1823
slippery hitch1832
wall1834
cat's paw1840
Matthew Walker1841
shroud-knot1860
stopper-knotc1860
Portuguese knot1871
chain knota1877
stopper-hitch1876
swab-hitch1883
Spanish bowline1968
1710 C. Shadwell Fair Quaker of Deal ii. 24 May I be hoisted over a Ship's side, with a Takle hook'd to a running bowling, with the knot under my left Ear.
1823 J. F. Cooper Pioneers II. v. 81 It would have been more ship-shape to lower the bight of a rope, or running bow line, below me.
1839 C. F. Briggs Adventures Harry Franco I. xviii. 187 Added to my nautical acomplishments..the art of making running bowlines and turk's heads.
1883 Man. Seamanship for Boys' Training Ships Royal Navy 89 Q. What is a running bowline used for..? A. It is used for throwing over anything out of reach, or anything under water.
1932 E. M. Brent-Dyer Chalet Girls in Camp vii. 111 The rope was swung down, and as it stopped swinging, Miss Wilson knew that Jo had it safely. ‘Running bowline!’ she called down.
1968 E. Franklin Dict. Knots 24 Running bowline, the knot which was universally used at sea whenever a noose was needed. Useful for commencing to tie a parcel.
2000 R. Mayne Lang. Sailing 243 A running bowline is one that has its standing part running through it as a noose.
running bowline knot n. = running bowline n.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > ropes or chains other than rigging or cable > [noun] > knot used by sailors > specific
bowline-knot1627
clinch1627
sheepshank1627
wall-knot1627
running bowline1710
running bowline knot1726
bend1769
clove-hitch1769
half-hitch1769
hitch1769
walnut1769
cat's paw1794
midshipman's hitch1794
reef knot1794
clench1804
French shroud knot1808
carrick bend1819
bowline1823
slippery hitch1832
wall1834
Matthew Walker1841
shroud-knot1860
stopper-knotc1860
marling hitch1867
wind-knot1870
Portuguese knot1871
rosette1875
chain knota1877
stopper-hitch1876
swab-hitch1883
monkey fist1917
Spanish bowline1968
the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fastening > binding or tying > a bond, tie, or fastening > [noun] > knot > any knot used by sailors > other specific sailors' knots
bowline-knot1627
clinch1627
sheepshank1627
wall-knot1627
running bowline1710
running bowline knot1726
bend1769
clove-hitch1769
half-hitch1769
hitch1769
walnut1769
Magnus hitch1794
midshipman's hitch1794
clench1804
French shroud knot1808
carrick bend1819
bowline1823
slippery hitch1832
wall1834
cat's paw1840
Matthew Walker1841
shroud-knot1860
stopper-knotc1860
Portuguese knot1871
chain knota1877
stopper-hitch1876
swab-hitch1883
Spanish bowline1968
1726 Four Years Voy. Capt. G. Roberts 110 I got ready another Rope, at the End of which I made a running bowling Knot, and the Noose so as to keep it open with one Hand.
1796 W. Spavens Seaman's Narr. 128 A sling made near the end of it by a running bowline knott.
1832 Q. Rev. Mar. 155 To prevent the line breaking or the hook snapping,..the device of a running bow-line knot, is always adopted.
1898 J. Bickerdyke Pract. Lett. Young Sea Fishers v. 59 The running bowline knot is simply a bowline with the end of the rope brought through the loop.
2009 T. Shoemaker & J. E. Mack Lineman & Cableman's Field Man. (ed. 2) xi. 192 A running bowline knot is used when a hand line or bull rope is to be tied around an object at a point that cannot be safely reached.
running buddle n. Mining (now historical) a slightly inclined plane on which ore may be sorted and cleaned by a light stream of flowing water.Opposed to standing buddle: see standing buddle n. at standing adj. and n.2 Compounds 2.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > liquid > liquid flow > action or process of flowing > [adjective] > through > allowing to pass through
running buddle1801
1801 Trans. Dublin Soc. 1800 2 132 The gravel and clay..is wheeled on to a running Buddle (or inclined plane) where it is subjected to the action of a stream of water.
1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 749 The running buddle serves at once to sort and cleanse the ore.
1861 J. H. Pepper Playbk. of Metals vi. 242 The standing buddle system..is not so perfect as the running buddle which is used at the Tamar works.
1939 Mine & Quarry Engin. 4 164/1 The ‘smitham’ passed through the brake sieve into the tub, and from there was sent to the running buddle.
1990 Antiquity 64 279 (caption) Rough stone running buddle at Bonsall Leys, Derbyshire, probably constructed for lead dressing in the mid 19th century.
running coal n. a variety of bituminous coal; = ring coal n. at ring n.1 Compounds 2a.
ΚΠ
a1613 G. Owen Descr. Penbrokshire (1892) 88 Called the runinge Coale; for that when it first kindleth it melteth and runeth as wax, and groweth into one Clod.
1815 W. Davies Gen. View Agric. & Domest. Econ. S. Wales II. xiv. 334 Binding or caking coal is called by the Welsh..glo rhing, probably an abbreviation of the English running coal.
1964 A. Nelson Dict. Mining 382 Running coal, a term applied to bituminous coal on account of its tendency to soften and cohere when burning.
1993 J. Hatcher Hist. Brit. Coal. Ind. I. iv. xii. 422 Smiths' coal was frequently recognized as a distinct variety. In Scotland it was known as ‘smiddy coal’, in Wales as ring coal or running coal.
running days n. Nautical consecutive days, typically used in determining the amount of time spent in port; cf. lay-day n.Opposed to working days.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > [noun] > day when ship delayed in port > days including Sundays and holidays
running days1735
1735 Particulars Enq. into Mr. Benjamin Wooley's Conduct 26 They arrived at their intended Port,..and waited Sixty Running Days, according to Charter Party.
1786 Victoria, P. Hackman, Master 9 The Captain grants forty running Days for loading and unloading.
1816 G. J. Bell Comm. Laws Scotl. (1826) I. 577 In settling the lay-days,..the contract generally specifies ‘working days’, or ‘running days’... Under the latter, the days are reckoned like the days in a bill of exchange.
1886 T. E. Scrutton Contract of Affreightment 212 A ship was chartered to load at London, with thirty running days.
1920 R. E. Annin Ocean Shipping 53 Running days. Consecutive days counted without a break. Working days. Running days with Sundays and holidays excluded from the count.
1976 C. J. Bysarovich Memorandum 10 Mar. in D. W. Nixon Marine & Coastal Law (1994) x. 345 So that we can keep the ship's off-hire time down to eight calendar running days.
2007 A. E. Branch Elem. Shipping (ed. 8) xv. 323/1 Ten running days on demurrage at the rate stated.
running dog n. [after Chinese zǒugǒu hunting dog, (hence) servile follower, lackey (18th cent. or earlier in political contexts) < zǒu to go, to run + gǒu dog] (chiefly in the phraseology of Communism and Socialism) a person who is subservient to a foreign power, esp. to one that threatens revolutionary interests; (later, in generalized use) a servile follower, a lackey.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > rule or government > politics > political philosophy > communism > [noun] > faults according to communist theory > one who commits
running dog1925
diversionist1937
objectivist1960
capitulationist1963
society > authority > subjection > service > servant > types of servant > [noun] > other types of servant
minstrel?c1225
mill-knavec1380
subdeacona1382
rehetoura1425
daily waiter1519
apparitor1533
Nethinim1535
fealc1650
washpot1678
Sunday outer1837
comprador1840
liveryman1841
running dog1969
1925 tr. in Los Angeles Times 8 June 2/8 The Communists cry ‘overthrow imperialism’, but they themselves are the running dogs of red Russian imperialists.
1928 P. Monroe China xi. 304 The intelligent Chinese..may believe that missionaries in general are but the ‘running dogs’..of the imperialistic business and political interests.
1961 tr. Mao Zedong Sel. Wks. IV. 284 Without a revolutionary party,..it is impossible to lead the working class and the broad masses of the people in defeating imperialism and its running dogs.
1969 R. Quest Cerberus Murders xxi. 119 This is how we worked—we were not a team and I was certainly not his running-dog.
1977 ‘J. le Carré’ Honourable Schoolboy i. iii. 56 Czarist imperialist running dogs drank tasteless coffee with divisive, deviationist, chauvinist Stalinists.
1999 S. Rushdie Ground beneath her Feet (2000) xvi. 512 The Chairman's favorite lickspittle lackey and running dog.
running fire n. an act of firing a number of shots in rapid succession by a body of troops, typically from one end of a rank or ranks to the other; a rapid and continuous firing; (in extended use) a rapid succession of comments, witticisms, etc., expressed esp. in teasing or criticizing a person.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > military equipment > operation and use of weapons > action of propelling missile > discharge of firearms > [noun] > type of firing
point and blank1590
false fire1602
potting1613
point-blank1614
running fire1629
pounding1633
bulleting1635
platooning1706
sharp-shot1725
street firing1727
ricochet1740
fire curtain1744
plunging fire1747
reverse fire1758
sniping1773
enfilade1796
rapid fire1800
line-firing1802
concentric1804
sharpshooting1806
rake1810
sniping fire1821
cross-firing1837
file-firing1837
curved fire1854
night firing1856
file-fire1857
volley-firing1859
cross-fire1860
joy-firing1864
snap-shooting1872
stringing1873
pot-shooting1874
indirect fire1879
sweeping1907
rapid1913
curtain of fire1916
ripple1939
ripple-firing1940
ripple fire1961
1629 tr. S. Pelegromius Descr. S'hertogenbosh 27 They followed Eastward the one after the other, round about the Leager, as a running Fire.
1695 Exact Acc. Siege Namur 38 A treble Discharge was made of all our Artillery, and three Salvo's in a running Fire along the Lines.
1702 London Gaz. No. 3838/1 Her Majesty's Companies of Foot, with the Militia.., in two Lines, made as many running Fires.
1788 W. Gordon Hist. Independence U.S.A. III. ii. 82 A second general discharge of all the musketry in a running fire.
1822 T. Creevey Let. 16 Mar. (1903) II. 36 I kept up a kind of running fire upon Coke.
1861 W. G. Clark in F. Galton Vacation Tourists & Trav. 1860 22 The crowd kept up a running fire of vivas to pass the time.
a1918 R. S. Bourne Hist. Literary Radical (1956) 82 A running fire of ideational badinage..took its place.
1938 Gazette (Montreal) 9 July 1/5 Government tanks..trained a running fire on the advancing troops.
2004 J. Powers-Beck Amer. Indian Integration Baseball iv. 75 Bender looked at his foes in stolid silence but smiled widely as the running fire of comments continued.
running fit n. a fit which allows one part to rotate freely inside another.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > extension in space > measurable spatial extent > [noun] > correspondence of size and shape > specific types of fit
running fit1876
interference fit1919
1876 U.S. Patent 172,498 1/2 When the post c is fitted to the interval bore of the tube b it is made with what is known as a running fit—that is, so as to be readily slipped in and out of the tube without having any lateral play.
1908 S. H. Moore Mech. Engin. & Machine Shop Pract. vii. 184 Two formulas are given for running fits; one for close running fits, to be used in ordinary work.., and the other for free running fits, to be used for high-speeds, heavy pressures, rocker shafts, etc.
1953 W. H. Armstrong Mech. Inspection iv. 51 A running fit is one in which an allowance is made so that a shaft will be free to rotate in a bearing.
1990 W. A. Livesey GCSE Motor Vehicle Stud. iii. 36/1 As it is not possible to make the piston a running fit in the cylinder bore and a perfect gas-tight seal, piston rings are fitted.
running fix n. (in navigation) an act of determining one's position by taking bearings at different times and allowing for the distance covered in the interval; cf. fix n. 3a.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > directing or managing a ship > [noun] > position > bearing > position obtained from
fix1902
running fix1916
1916 S. F. Card Navigation Notes & Examples vii. 32 A running fix is the position obtained from two position lines by observations at different times, allowing for the run in the interval.
1942 Tee Emm (Air Ministry) 2 82 Here's a good tip to save yourself a running fix.
2003 J. Toghill Navigator's Handbk. iv. 66/1 Where two objects are too far apart for use as cross bearings, the transferred bearing procedure can be used to obtain a running fix.
running glass n. now chiefly historical an hourglass, a sandglass.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > instruments for measuring time > [noun] > hourglass
running glass1480
night-glass1504
hourglass?1518
sand-glass1553
glass1557
minute glass1626
watch-glass1637
time-glass1712
sand-clock1865
hand glass1875
pulpit glass1907
1480 Petty Customs Acct. in H. S. Cobb Overseas Trade of London (1990) 185 Rynnyng glasses.
1589 Voy. W. Towrson in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations i. 121 Their men..tooke out their Compasses, and running glasses.
a1691 R. Boyle Gen. Hist. Air (1692) 192 I practised some Observations..by very true running Glasses.
a1786 J. B. Ladd Literary Remains (1832) 140 Oh, come not with thy bloodless face, Thy crooked scythe, thy running glass, Thy skeleton all bare!
1836 Christian's Penny Mag. 17 Sept. 305/1 Time shall no longer show his running glass.
1882 J. E. T. Rogers Hist. Agric. & Prices IV. xxi. 633 Ships were furnished with running-glasses, i.e. sand-glasses.
1985 D. B. Quinn Set Fair for Roanoke ii. 25 Each vessel would have at least..six half-hour running glasses to help estimate speed and reckon time.
running-hand adj. of, relating to, or characterized by the use of cursive script; (of writings) written in cursive script; cf. sense 23.
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society > communication > writing > handwriting or style of > [noun] > cursive
written hand1580
joining-hand1583
join-handa1652
running-hand1741
demotic1782
cursive1861
joined-up writing1983
1741 W. Warburton Divine Legation Moses II. iv. 115 One natural Effect that this Running-Hand Character would, in Time, produce, we must not here omit to speak of.
1784 T. Astle Origin & Progress Writing 106 The running hand Saxon letters are more like the pure or elegant Saxon which succeeded them.
1851 W. Flagg Let. 5 Jan. in Flagg Corr. (1986) 134 The varied Sinuosities of the writing of this running hand age.
1887 Jrnl. Royal Hist. & Archæol. Assoc. Ireland 1885–6 7 265 The letters were extremely small, closely packed, and slanting in running-hand style.
1996 R. Mistry Fine Balance (1997) i. 40 ‘See the shape of the two openings in the [violin] soundboard?’ ‘Oh, it looks just like a running-hand f.’
running martingale n. Horse Riding a strap fastened at one end to a horse's girth and divided at the other end into two branches fitted with rings through which the reins are passed.
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the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > horse-gear > [noun] > straps
lorainc1290
lingel1460
breeching1515
breastplate1578
martingale1584
rudstay1688
running martingale1747
breastband1783
breast collar1789
rump band1844
check-strap1857
kicking-strap1861
point1875
strapping1882
1747 Daily Advertiser 13 Jan. The brown Gelding is thirteen Hands high, with a Saddle, and a Bridle with a running Martingale to it.
1839 G. Greenwood Hints Horsemanship 57 An easy snaffle, with a running martingale, will at least counteract the height of the hand, and the friction will..steady and counteract the unequal bearing on the horse's mouth.
1952 Times 17 Apr. 7/4 The theory, apparently, is that the running martingale lessens the strong effect of the standing martingale and helps to keep the horse's head well placed.
2002 Western Horseman Jan. 80 (caption) Using a running martingale, a snaffle bit, and light rein cues can help teach your horse to respond willingly to handling maneuvers.
running mean n. = moving average n. at moving adj. Compounds.
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the world > relative properties > relationship > equality or equivalence > condition of being mean or average > [noun] > average > types of
weighted averagea1832
moving average1909
running average1929
running mean1929
1929 Science 4 Jan. 17/2 The resultant values of latitude were then tabulated against the mean value of the moon's hour angle for each group of stars, and the running mean taking three at a time gave the results..in Fig. 1.
1976 Nature 29 Apr. 772/1 In Fig. 2 the pecked curve represents the 3-block running mean of February maximum temperatures for six stations surrounding the tree location.
2007 W. J. Burroughs Climate Change (ed. 2) v. 140 Every data point within its span is given equal weight. So an extreme winter will enter the running mean with a sudden jump and exit in the same way.
running mould n. Plastering a pattern moving on fixed guides, used to shape cornices and other mouldings.
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society > occupation and work > equipment > building and constructing equipment > [noun] > mould or pattern
mouldc1400
moul1565
running mould1813
model1825
1813 ‘T. Martin’ Circle Mech. Arts 488/2 The plasterers,..in performing cornices in which ornaments are to be used take care to have projections in the running moulds.
1847 A. C. Smeaton Builder's Pocket Man. (new ed.) 184 All cornices and mouldings, and all works where the running mould is used.
1911 Encycl. Brit. XXI. 786/1 Plain, or unenriched, mouldings are formed with a running mould of zinc cut to the required profile.
1955 N. W. Kay Mod. Building Encycl. 483/2 Solid cornices are..formed in the position they are to occupy, by a running mould, called a horse, which runs along guides fixed to the walls.
2007 J. Mortimore Plastering 294 Timber is used to construct the stock or horse..of the running mould.
Running Parliament n. historical after 17th cent. (a name for) the former parliament of Scotland, the next meeting of which could be called for any day within a specified period without having to be officially reopened; an assembly of the members of this.
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1546 in Rec. Parl. Scotl. to 1707 (2007) 1546/7/7 This rynnand parliament aucht nocht to be fensit at this tyme of new becaus the said parliament was fensit in the beginnyng and thereftir continualy rynnand.
c1556 MS P.R.O.: SP 51/1 (Publ. Rec. Office) f. 19v This was called the Running Parliamt.
c1600 D. Moysie Mem. Affairs Scotl. (1830) 50 Sundrie noblemen wer wreyttin for to be at the parliament then appoynted, quhilk wes called a rynning parliament.
1663 in L. B. Taylor Aberdeen Council Lett. (1954) IV. 254 With the advyce of this present runnant parliament.
1824 I. D'Israeli Curiosities of Lit. 2nd Ser. (ed. 2) II. 45 A Scottish Parliament, from its perpetual shiftings from place to place, was ludicrously nicknamed the running parliament.
1911 P. H. Brown Hist. Scotl. II. v. ii. 32 It [sc. the Parliament of 1556] was known as the ‘Running Parliament’, a name given because it met at intervals. There were several other ‘Running Parliaments’ in Scottish history.
running repairs n. minor or temporary repairs carried out on machinery, equipment, etc., while in use; also in extended use.
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society > occupation and work > industry > manufacturing processes > mending or repairing > [noun] > a mend or repair > temporary
running repairs1848
1848 Dover (New Hampsh.) Gaz. 2 Dec. Cost of the raw material,..expenses of running repairs, taxes, and insurance.
1859 Times 1 Mar. 9/6 The engine damaged, No. 8, has not been for general repairs at Wolverton for nine months, but she has had running repairs.
1913 Autocar Handbk. (ed. 5) i. 16 He [sc. the chauffeur] should do most of the running repairs, such as tyre repairs.
1957 Encycl. Brit. XVIII. 935/2 Facilities for servicing of, and running repairs to, cars and locomotives.
1973 K. Benton Craig & Jaguar vii. 89 Your nose is shiny..Make some running repairs while we leave you for a moment.
1998 Cycling Today May 64/4 Outside help isn't allowed in XC racing.., so prepare to undertake running repairs yourself.
running rhythm n. Prosody the conventional English poetic metre, characterized by the use of feet of two or three syllables, the principal stress falling on the same syllable each foot; opposed to sprung rhythm n. 1.
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society > leisure > the arts > literature > poetry > versification > metre > [noun] > variety of > common metre
common metre1664
service metre1841
running rhythma1887
a1887 G. M. Hopkins Poems (1918) Pref. 1 The poems in this book are written some in Running Rhythm, the common rhythm in English use, some in Sprung Rhythm, and some in a mixture of the two.
1957 N. Frye Anat. Crit. 263 The sixteenth century was a period of experiment, mainly in verse epos or running rhythm, to use Hopkins's term.
2001 Mod. Philol. 98 433 For the war song itself Byron resorts to a ballad stanza, four lines of four stresses each in running rhythm.
running rigging n. Nautical the adjustable ropes, chains, wires, and associated fittings used to operate a vessel's sails, derricks, booms, etc.; also in extended use.Opposed to standing rigging n. at standing adj. and n.2 Compounds 2.
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society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > masts, rigging, or sails > rigging > [noun] > running rigging
running rigging1653
running gear1824
1653 N. Buckeridge Let. 30 Nov. in Jrnl. & Let. Bk. (1973) 80 Alsoe A main stay, new runing riging for all ye other sales, Sale Cloth.
1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson ii. ii. 135 To unlay a cable to work into running rigging.
1840 R. H. Dana Two Years before Mast iii. 20 When first leaving port, studding-sail gear is to be rove, all the running rigging to be examined.
1890 All Year Round 29 Mar. 304 The guide-ropes, the halliards, the running-rigging of the scenic show beneath [sc. in a theatre].
1947 Commerc. Salmon-fisheries Brit. Columbia (Dept. Fisheries, Brit. Columbia) (rev. ed.) 28 The essential equipment used for seining consists of a stout mast and heavy swinging boom, with the necessary standing and running rigging.
2002 D. Lundy Way of Ship (2003) i. 16 The precise, universal order of a wind ship's running rigging.
running set n. a country dance originating in the Appalachian Mountains, in which the dancers perform a number of figures in quick succession, often with a rapid gliding walk; cf. set n.2 14.
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society > leisure > dancing > types of dance or dancing > country-dance or dancing > [noun] > specific country-dances > American
Virginia reel1859
running set1918
1918 C. Sharp Country Dance Bk. v. 9 The Running Set..differs materially from any other known form of the Country-dance.
1937 Jrnl. Eng. Folk Dance & Song Soc. 3 139 Linking in couples [the dancers] promenade round the room in exactly the same way as the Kentucky Running Set.
1964 W. G. Raffé Dict. Dance 431/2 Danced by four couples (sometimes more), the Running Set consists of an Introduction and some fourteen figures, which follow each other without pause.
1998 S. Banes Dancing Women vi. 189 Four couples enter to dance a ‘running set’—a classic square dance with a caller.
running sore n. (a) a suppurating, oozing, or non-healing sore (now rare); (b) (figurative) a persistent problem; a constant nuisance or irritation.
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the mind > emotion > suffering > state of being harassed > [noun] > one who or that which harasses
pursuera1382
running sore1453
pesta1522
gall1537
grater1549
plaguer1598
afflicter1600
inflicter1605
a thorn in the flesh or side1611
incubus1648
cumber1669
harasser1707
scunner1796
tin kettle1796
pester1810
pesterer1824
baitera1845
pestilence1886
nudnik1916
1453 A. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 40 Hese hors hath j farseyn and grete rennyng sorys in hese leggis.
1526 Grete Herball cccclxxiiii. sig. Bb.i/2 The leues layde on ronnynge sores or vlceracions healeth them.
?1590 W. Perkins Treat. Damnation or Grace xxiv. 57 In sinne, there are three things which are hurtfull to man: the first is Condemnation, which commeth of sinne: the seconde is, the disobedience of the law in sinne: the third is, the root and fountaine of sinne, originall corruption. These are three deadly woundes, and three running sores in the hearts and consciences of all sinners.
1697 R. Pierce Bath Mem. i. ix. 186 His Illness first came after a Sqat upon his Hand; to which fell a Humour, and made it a Running Sore.
1781 J. Wesley Let. 19 Nov. (1931) VII. 90 A gentleman whose leg had been ill for several years and had several running sores in it was advised by an old clergyman to discard his physicians and surgeons.
1839 Ld. Brougham Hist. Sketches Statesmen George III 2nd Ser. I. 199 How can you cope to keep it [sc. Canada]?..Rely on it you only retain a running sore, the source of endless disquiet and expense.
1926 J. Devanny Butcher Shop vii. 73 ‘What are grease boils?’ asked Margaret. ‘They are running sores, or ulcers which the shearers get on their legs and arms, usually through shearing wet sheep.’
1956 H. Macmillan Diary 21 July (2003) 576 Cyprus is a running sore. The situation regarding Russia is better, but the defence burden goes on.
2002 Prospect Dec. 14/3 Chechnya is a running sore for Putin.
running start n. an advantage gained at the beginning of something; a head start; (more generally) a good beginning.
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the world > action or operation > prosperity > success > mastery or superiority > [noun] > advantage over another > an advantage
advantagec1330
betterc1405
fordeal1470
vantage1490
fardredeal1521
forthdeal1542
kinch?1635
running start1842
leg up1930
1842 Daily Atlas (Boston) 26 Dec. ‘I can't dwell.’—(neither could the crowd, for they had nearly all taken a running start of him).
1887 17th Ann. Rep. Michigan State Hort. Soc. 442 The superphosphates were well calculated to give plants a running start in life.
1929 D. Runyon in Cosmopolitan July 125/1 Dave the Dude is more corned than anybody else, because he has two or three days running start on everybody.
1978 N.Y. Mag. 5 June 39/3 His inability to keep down food will get him off to a running start on a new diet.
2007 D. Porter & D. Prince Frommer's Italy 2008 iv. 80 Arrive in Rome as early as you can to get a running start on the attractions.
running stitch n. Needlework a simple and easily removable stitch frequently used for temporary sewing or tacking, formed by drawing the thread through the fabric in an undulating course, giving a line of straight stitches on both sides of the fabric; (as a mass noun) stitching of this type.
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the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > sewn or ornamented textile fabric > [noun] > sewing or work sewn > stitch > running stitch
running stitch1802
run stitch1880
1802 H. Neuman New Dict. Spanish & Eng. Langs. I Pasos, running stitches with which clothes are basted.
1848 E. C. P. in C. H. Hartshorne Eng. Medieval Embroidery 128 An inner line of yellow floss silk in a running stitch.
1899 E. T. Masters Bk. Stitches 5 A successful outlining, and one that is not so often used as it might be, is obtained by running stitch.
1925 Woman's World (Chicago) Apr. 37/1 The bands of gingham..are edged with purple and gold running stitches side by side.
1967 E. Short Embroidery & Fabric Collage iii. 86 Although traditionally carried out by hand in running or back stitch, the quilting can be done on the sewing machine.
2004 Pract. Crafts July 11/2 Quilt along the edges of the stripy borders by hand sewing a small running stitch through all three layers.
running string n. = drawstring n. at draw- comb. form 1.
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society > occupation and work > equipment > building and constructing equipment > fastenings > [noun] > rope, cord, or line > cord or string > draw-string
drawing string1575
drawing cord1645
running string1742
drawcord1820
drawstring1838
1742 P. Delany Hist. Acct. Life & Reign David II. xi. 152 They were obliged to wear linen breeches..which..were tied round the loins, with a running string.
1821 Atheneum: Spirit of Eng. Mags. 1 Oct. 23/2 The men's boots are drawn tight about their knees by the means of a running-string.
1971 World Archaeol. 3 136 Female dress consists of very short skirts..made by doubling lengths of sedge over a waist-cord and securing them with a running string.
1999 K. O'Sullivan Under Eyes of Galtees i. 3 A little black..bag with a running string through the top edge was carried on the lady's arm.
running text n. the body of text in a newspaper, book, etc., as distinguished from headlines, illustrations, tables, etc.; (also) an instance of this.
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1822 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Dec. 640/2 Of the drawings..,about fifty may be published..; taking the original Journal of Mr Bruce in Barbary, as the running text of letterpress.
1903 School Rev. 11 235 The arrangement of the chronological tables is not very happy, with so many dates incorporated in a running text.
1974 Afr. Stud. Rev. 17 335 This is a ‘photo-novelette’—a story told through photographs with ‘balloons’ of dialogue, accompanied by a running text.
2002 P. Baines & A. Haslam Type & Typogr. vi. 163/2 In running text they [sc. the names of websites] are sometimes shown bracketed by ‘less than’ and ‘greater than’ symbols..but italics would be just as clear and make more typographic sense.
running trap n. Plumbing a U-bend fitted in a horizontal pipe, often in order to allow gases to escape from a piping system through an attached vent.
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1880 Daily Evening Bull. (San Francisco) 8 May 1/3 The drain pipes must..have all necessary tends and junction pieces, and a running trap where directed.
1912 Public Health Rep. (U.S. Public Health Service) 27 1784 A running trap of extra heavy pipe..with a double vent shall be placed on every house sewer at an accessible point.
1985 D. Holloway Which? Bk. Plumbing & Central Heating v. 61/3 The running trap, a P-trap with horizontal inlet and outlet.
2002 R. D. Treloar Plumbing: Heating & Gas Installations (ed. 2) vii. 276 Those [traps] fitted in a pipe run, called running traps.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
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