reifn.

Brit.

/riːf/, U.S.

/rif/, Scottish English

/rif/

Forms: early Old English reab, Old English reof (Northumbrian), Old English–early Middle English reaf, early Middle English ræf, Middle English raf, Middle English reeue, Middle English ref, Middle English reue, Middle English 1900s– reif; Scottish pre-1700 raiff, pre-1700 reaf, pre-1700 reafe, pre-1700 reaff, pre-1700 reaffe, pre-1700 reeff, pre-1700 ref, pre-1700 refe, pre-1700 reff, pre-1700 reffe, pre-1700 reiff, pre-1700 reyf, pre-1700 reyff, pre-1700 riefe, pre-1700 rieff, pre-1700 riff, pre-1700 1700s–1800s reif, pre-1700 1800s reife, pre-1700 1900s– raif, 1700s– rief, 1800s rieft, 1900s– reaves (plural), 1900s– reef.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Cognate with or formed similarly to Old Frisian rāf , Old Dutch rouf (Middle Dutch rōf , roof , Dutch roof ), Old Saxon -rōf (only in nōd-rōf violent robbery; Middle Low German rōf ), Old High German roub (Middle High German roub , German Raub ), Old Icelandic -rauf (in valrauf : see wal-reif n. at wal n. Additions) < the Germanic base of reave v.¹ Compare (ultimately < Middle Low German rōf ) Old Swedish rof (Swedish rov ), Old Danish rof (Danish rov ). Compare also early Scandinavian and Old Swedish (runic) -rauf (9th cent. in ualrauƀu (dative singular), ualrauƀaR (nominative plural) war booty: see wal-reif n. at wal n. Additions).The precise relationship (if any) of the Old English word with reaf n. is uncertain (see discussion at that entry). With the form rieft perhaps compare theft n. or earlier reft n.²

Chiefly Scottish in later use. Now archaic and rare.

†1. That which is taken by force or robbery; spoil, plunder, booty. In early use also in plural. Obsolete.In quot. c1330: (apparently) winnings.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > stolen goods > [noun] > spoil or plunder

reifOE

fang1016

fengc1175

purchasec1325

predec1330

robberyc1330

robbingsc1330

spoila1340

spoila1382

chevisance1393

waitha1400

fee14..

pilferc1400

pelfa1425

spreathc1425

butinc1450

emprisec1450

gain1473

despoil1474

pelfry?a1475

pilfery1489

spulyie1507

cheat1566

bootinga1572

booty1574

escheat1587

boot1598

exuvial1632

bootyn1635

polling1675

expilation1715

prog1727

swag1794

filch1798

spreaghery1814

stake1819

OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: Luke xi. 22 Uniuersa arma eius auferet..et spolia eius distribuit: alla woepeno his genimeð..& reafo his todælde.

OE Guthlac A 132 Wræcmæcgas þa þe ne bimurnað monnes feore þæs þe him to honda huþe gelædeð, butan hy þy reafe rædan motan.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 4295 Ȝemen þes fehtes..& læten þa ræf liggen.

c1330 (?a1300) Sir Tristrem (1886) l. 328 Tristrem deleþ atvinne..He ȝaf has he gan winne, In raf; Of playe ar he wald blinne, Sex haukes he ȝat ans ȝaf.

1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) v. 118 The king gert be departit then All haill the reif amang his men.

a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1959) xi. Prol. 24 Wrangis to redress suld wer be vndertane, For na conquest, reif, skat, nor pensioun.

c1600 Hist. & Life James VI (1825) 297 Attoure the great reaf and spulye that thay tuik away.

a1758 A. Ramsay Wks. (1961) III. ii. 205 Hab, as pawky as a Theif, Staw sleelie to his loving Reif.

1832 A. Beattie Poems 117 Determin'd to chastise a thief, And ablins might brief back the rief.

a. Robbery, depredation, spoliation.Recorded earliest in compounds.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > robbery > [noun]

reiflockOE

reiflOE

robberya1200

rapea1325

reaveryc1325

robbing1340

ravinc1384

stouthreif1493

ravenya1500

bribery1523

reft1552

pillardise1598

involationa1680

mail robbery1797

hustling1823

push1874

blag1885

rolling1895

strong-arming1948

lOE Laws of Æðelberht (Rochester) xix. 4 Gif wegreaf sy gedon, VI scillingum gebete.

lOE Laws: Walreaf (Rochester) i. 392 Walreaf is niðinges dæde.

c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) 458 Ich fare hom & nime leue, Ne recche ich noȝt of winteres reue [a1300 Jesus Oxf. teone].

c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 12 (MED) For þe sacrilege þat þei do in reif of goodis.

c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Law of Armys (2005) 125 Jniure or violence..as ar thift ref or sik thingis.

1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) xii. l. 840 Throuch cowatice gud Alexander was lost, And Iulius als for all his reiff and bost.

a1513 W. Dunbar Tabill of Confessioun in Poems (1998) I. 271 I haue synnit also in reif and opprecioun, In wrangus gudis taking and posceding.

1530 in J. Stuart Extracts Council Reg. Aberdeen (1844) I. 136 That it be haldin as reif and blak mail.

c1600 A. Montgomerie Poems (2000) I. 107 Let richt, not reif my Pensioun bring agane.

1678 G. Mackenzie Laws & Customes Scotl. ii. xxviii. 549 Remissions granted to any persons, passing to the horn, for Theft, Rief, Slaughter, Burning, or Heirship, are declared null; if the party læsed, be not first satisfied.

1767 Memorial Colin Campbell of Kilberry 6 It is true indeed, both these acts relate to remissions for theft and reif, and make no mention of murder.

1786 R. Burns Poems 69 The sleest, pawkie thief, That e'er attempted stealth or rief.

1815 W. Scott Guy Mannering I. iii. 38 Saint Michael and his spear, Keep the house frae reif and weir.

1872 J. G. Michie Deeside Tales 117 A time o' spulzie an' rieft, burnan' houses an' castles.

1912 Rymour Club Miscellanea II. 50 Wi' herry and spulzie, wi' raif and wi' stouth.

1978 T. Harrison Sel. Poems (1987) 176 Those bad old days of ‘rapine and of reif!’

†b. Chiefly Scottish. The preying of one animal on others, predation. Chiefly in of reif: (as a postmodifier) designating a predatory animal, esp. in fowl of reif. Cf. of prey at prey n. 4a. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > by eating habits > [noun] > carnivore > predator

beast of preya1398

beast of ravina1425

fowl of reif1457

ravina1626

hunter1667

predacean1835

predator1908

the world > animals > by eating habits > [adjective] > carnivorous > predatory

ravishingc1350

of reif1457

rapacious1647

predatory1668

predacious1713

raptorial1827

raptatory1836

raptatorial1857

1457 Acts Parl. Scotl. (1814) II. 51/2 Anentis rukis, crawys and vþer foulys of reif.

c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 104 (MED) Þei are maad desseyuable ypocritis and lurkyng woluis of ref under a schepis flees.

1494 Loutfut MS in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Ref(e n.¹ The wolf is a rauisant best..and for the wodnes of reiff & rapacite he deuouris & voris ony best that he findis.

a1525 (c1448) R. Holland Bk. Howlat l. 239 in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1925) II. 102 Thir ar na fowlis of reif..Bot mansweit..manerit & meike.

1597 J. Skene De Verborum Significatione s.v.Schireff Quha schuttis with culvering..at..cunning, dowe, herron, or fowle of riefe.

a1600 (?c1535) tr. H. Boece Hist. Scotl. (Mar Lodge) (1946) f. 90^v With hundis and rachis chais the dere and beistis of reif.

†3. Chiefly Scottish. An act or instance of depredation or spoliation; a robbery. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > robbery > spoliation or depredation > [noun] > instance of

spoilingc1380

reifc1405

depredation1495

riflea1500

spoliation1800

spoilurea1918

the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > robbery > [noun] > act or instance of

robbinga1300

ravina1325

robberya1325

burgh-brechea1387

reif1533

hoist1714

jump1777

speak1811

trick1865

clean-up1928

heist1930

knock-off1969

c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Friar's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 7 Ther was..An Erchedekne..That boldely did execucion In punysshynge of Fornicacion..Of chirche Reues [v.r. reeues], [etc.].

1442 in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Ref(e n.¹ At gret..reffys wasting of owr liegis & commone & vther mony evyll ar lyk til folow thair vpon.

1533 J. Bellenden tr. Livy Hist. Rome (1903) II. 24 Gevand his mynde fra his abhominabil reiffis and slauchteris to..vnbridillit lust.

1546 in J. H. Burton Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1877) 1st Ser. I. 34 All maner of reiffis, spulȝeis, oppressionis, slauchteris, allegit to haue bene committit.

1611 in D. Masson Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1889) 1st Ser. IX. 205 They not only commit reifs and other villanies.

1644 Articles Sc. Commiss. in J. Rushworth Hist. Coll.: Third Pt. (1692) II. 366 Whatsoever Thefts, Reifs, Hardships, Oppressions,..or Murther done or committed by them.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	reif
释义	reifn. Brit. /riːf/, U.S. /rif/, Scottish English /rif/ Forms: early Old English reab, Old English reof (Northumbrian), Old English–early Middle English reaf, early Middle English ræf, Middle English raf, Middle English reeue, Middle English ref, Middle English reue, Middle English 1900s– reif; Scottish pre-1700 raiff, pre-1700 reaf, pre-1700 reafe, pre-1700 reaff, pre-1700 reaffe, pre-1700 reeff, pre-1700 ref, pre-1700 refe, pre-1700 reff, pre-1700 reffe, pre-1700 reiff, pre-1700 reyf, pre-1700 reyff, pre-1700 riefe, pre-1700 rieff, pre-1700 riff, pre-1700 1700s–1800s reif, pre-1700 1800s reife, pre-1700 1900s– raif, 1700s– rief, 1800s rieft, 1900s– reaves (plural), 1900s– reef. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with or formed similarly to Old Frisian rāf , Old Dutch rouf (Middle Dutch rōf , roof , Dutch roof ), Old Saxon -rōf (only in nōd-rōf violent robbery; Middle Low German rōf ), Old High German roub (Middle High German roub , German Raub ), Old Icelandic -rauf (in valrauf : see wal-reif n. at wal n. Additions) < the Germanic base of reave v.¹ Compare (ultimately < Middle Low German rōf ) Old Swedish rof (Swedish rov ), Old Danish rof (Danish rov ). Compare also early Scandinavian and Old Swedish (runic) -rauf (9th cent. in ualrauƀu (dative singular), ualrauƀaR (nominative plural) war booty: see wal-reif n. at wal n. Additions).The precise relationship (if any) of the Old English word with reaf n. is uncertain (see discussion at that entry). With the form rieft perhaps compare theft n. or earlier reft n.² Chiefly Scottish in later use. Now archaic and rare. †1. That which is taken by force or robbery; spoil, plunder, booty. In early use also in plural. Obsolete.In quot. c1330: (apparently) winnings. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > stolen goods > [noun] > spoil or plunder reifOE fang1016 fengc1175 purchasec1325 predec1330 robberyc1330 robbingsc1330 spoila1340 spoila1382 chevisance1393 waitha1400 fee14.. pilferc1400 pelfa1425 spreathc1425 butinc1450 emprisec1450 gain1473 despoil1474 pelfry?a1475 pilfery1489 spulyie1507 cheat1566 bootinga1572 booty1574 escheat1587 boot1598 exuvial1632 bootyn1635 polling1675 expilation1715 prog1727 swag1794 filch1798 spreaghery1814 stake1819 OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: Luke xi. 22 Uniuersa arma eius auferet..et spolia eius distribuit: alla woepeno his genimeð..& reafo his todælde. OE Guthlac A 132 Wræcmæcgas þa þe ne bimurnað monnes feore þæs þe him to honda huþe gelædeð, butan hy þy reafe rædan motan. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 4295 Ȝemen þes fehtes..& læten þa ræf liggen. c1330 (?a1300) Sir Tristrem (1886) l. 328 Tristrem deleþ atvinne..He ȝaf has he gan winne, In raf; Of playe ar he wald blinne, Sex haukes he ȝat ans ȝaf. 1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) v. 118 The king gert be departit then All haill the reif amang his men. a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1959) xi. Prol. 24 Wrangis to redress suld wer be vndertane, For na conquest, reif, skat, nor pensioun. c1600 Hist. & Life James VI (1825) 297 Attoure the great reaf and spulye that thay tuik away. a1758 A. Ramsay Wks. (1961) III. ii. 205 Hab, as pawky as a Theif, Staw sleelie to his loving Reif. 1832 A. Beattie Poems 117 Determin'd to chastise a thief, And ablins might brief back the rief. 2. a. Robbery, depredation, spoliation.Recorded earliest in compounds. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > robbery > [noun] reiflockOE reiflOE robberya1200 rapea1325 reaveryc1325 robbing1340 ravinc1384 stouthreif1493 ravenya1500 bribery1523 reft1552 pillardise1598 involationa1680 mail robbery1797 hustling1823 push1874 blag1885 rolling1895 strong-arming1948 lOE Laws of Æðelberht (Rochester) xix. 4 Gif wegreaf sy gedon, VI scillingum gebete. lOE Laws: Walreaf (Rochester) i. 392 Walreaf is niðinges dæde. c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) 458 Ich fare hom & nime leue, Ne recche ich noȝt of winteres reue [a1300 Jesus Oxf. teone]. c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 12 (MED) For þe sacrilege þat þei do in reif of goodis. c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Law of Armys (2005) 125 Jniure or violence..as ar thift ref or sik thingis. 1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) xii. l. 840 Throuch cowatice gud Alexander was lost, And Iulius als for all his reiff and bost. a1513 W. Dunbar Tabill of Confessioun in Poems (1998) I. 271 I haue synnit also in reif and opprecioun, In wrangus gudis taking and posceding. 1530 in J. Stuart Extracts Council Reg. Aberdeen (1844) I. 136 That it be haldin as reif and blak mail. c1600 A. Montgomerie Poems (2000) I. 107 Let richt, not reif my Pensioun bring agane. 1678 G. Mackenzie Laws & Customes Scotl. ii. xxviii. 549 Remissions granted to any persons, passing to the horn, for Theft, Rief, Slaughter, Burning, or Heirship, are declared null; if the party læsed, be not first satisfied. 1767 Memorial Colin Campbell of Kilberry 6 It is true indeed, both these acts relate to remissions for theft and reif, and make no mention of murder. 1786 R. Burns Poems 69 The sleest, pawkie thief, That e'er attempted stealth or rief. 1815 W. Scott Guy Mannering I. iii. 38 Saint Michael and his spear, Keep the house frae reif and weir. 1872 J. G. Michie Deeside Tales 117 A time o' spulzie an' rieft, burnan' houses an' castles. 1912 Rymour Club Miscellanea II. 50 Wi' herry and spulzie, wi' raif and wi' stouth. 1978 T. Harrison Sel. Poems (1987) 176 Those bad old days of ‘rapine and of reif!’ †b. Chiefly Scottish. The preying of one animal on others, predation. Chiefly in of reif: (as a postmodifier) designating a predatory animal, esp. in fowl of reif. Cf. of prey at prey n. 4a. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > by eating habits > [noun] > carnivore > predator beast of preya1398 beast of ravina1425 fowl of reif1457 ravina1626 hunter1667 predacean1835 predator1908 the world > animals > by eating habits > [adjective] > carnivorous > predatory ravishingc1350 of reif1457 rapacious1647 predatory1668 predacious1713 raptorial1827 raptatory1836 raptatorial1857 1457 Acts Parl. Scotl. (1814) II. 51/2 Anentis rukis, crawys and vþer foulys of reif. c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 104 (MED) Þei are maad desseyuable ypocritis and lurkyng woluis of ref under a schepis flees. 1494 Loutfut MS in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Ref(e n.¹ The wolf is a rauisant best..and for the wodnes of reiff & rapacite he deuouris & voris ony best that he findis. a1525 (c1448) R. Holland Bk. Howlat l. 239 in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1925) II. 102 Thir ar na fowlis of reif..Bot mansweit..manerit & meike. 1597 J. Skene De Verborum Significatione s.v.Schireff Quha schuttis with culvering..at..cunning, dowe, herron, or fowle of riefe. a1600 (?c1535) tr. H. Boece Hist. Scotl. (Mar Lodge) (1946) f. 90^v With hundis and rachis chais the dere and beistis of reif. †3. Chiefly Scottish. An act or instance of depredation or spoliation; a robbery. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > robbery > spoliation or depredation > [noun] > instance of spoilingc1380 reifc1405 depredation1495 riflea1500 spoliation1800 spoilurea1918 the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > robbery > [noun] > act or instance of robbinga1300 ravina1325 robberya1325 burgh-brechea1387 reif1533 hoist1714 jump1777 speak1811 trick1865 clean-up1928 heist1930 knock-off1969 hit1970 c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Friar's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 7 Ther was..An Erchedekne..That boldely did execucion In punysshynge of Fornicacion..Of chirche Reues [v.r. reeues], [etc.]. 1442 in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Ref(e n.¹ At gret..reffys wasting of owr liegis & commone & vther mony evyll ar lyk til folow thair vpon. 1533 J. Bellenden tr. Livy Hist. Rome (1903) II. 24 Gevand his mynde fra his abhominabil reiffis and slauchteris to..vnbridillit lust. 1546 in J. H. Burton Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1877) 1st Ser. I. 34 All maner of reiffis, spulȝeis, oppressionis, slauchteris, allegit to haue bene committit. 1611 in D. Masson Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1889) 1st Ser. IX. 205 They not only commit reifs and other villanies. 1644 Articles Sc. Commiss. in J. Rushworth Hist. Coll.: Third Pt. (1692) II. 366 Whatsoever Thefts, Reifs, Hardships, Oppressions,..or Murther done or committed by them. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.OE
随便看	non-corrosive non-count non-countable non-country non-county non-covalent non-covalently non-covenanter non-craft non-crease non-creation non-creativity non-credent non-credibility non-critical non-crossover non-cruciform non-crush non-crystalline non-crystallizable non-crystallized non-culture non-cumulative non-currency non-custodial