pro-prefix1
1. Chiefly as an etymological element. The following are the principal uses in Latin and English. (All words of this class appear as headwords.)
a.
(a) Forward, to or towards the front, from a position in the rear, forth, out, into a public position; as proclaim v., produce v., profuse v., project v., prominent adj., pronounce v., propone v., propose v., protrude v.
(b) To the front of, down before (the face of), forward and down; as procidence n., proclive adj., proculcate v., procumbent adj., profligate adj., prolapsus n., prostrate adj.
(c) Forth from its place, away; as prodition n., profugate v.
(d) Forward, onward, in a course or in time; as proceed v., process n., procrastinate v., progress n., promove v., promote v., propel v.
(e) Out, with outward extension; as productile adj., prolix adj., propagate v., protract v.
(f) Before in place, in front of; as prohibit v., proscribe v., protect v.
(g) Before in time, in anticipation of, in provision for; as prodigy n., prolocution n., provide v.
(h) For, in preparation for, on behalf of; as procinct adj., procure v., prosperous adj., profit n.
(i) With weakened or obscure force; as procerous adj., profane adj., profound adj., proletaire n., promerit v., promiscuous adj., proverb n., province n.
b. In a few terms of relationship; as pronephew n., pronepot n., proniece n., pronept n.
2. As a current English prefix.
a. Prefixed to nouns to form nouns and occasionally derived adjectives with sense ‘deputizing for, standing in place of’.
(a) Prefixed to the title of an office to denote that the office-holder is acting as deputy to another. See proconsul n.1, pro-legate n., pro-proctor n., pro-rector n., pro-vice-chancellor n.† pro-guardian n. Obsolete† pro-seneschal n. Obsolete† protetrarch n. Obsolete
Pro-Grand Master n. 
/ˌprəʊɡran(d) ˈmastə/,
Brit. /ˌprəʊɡran(d) ˈmɑːstə/
, /ˌprəʊɡran(d) ˈmɑːstə//ˌprəʊɡran(d) ˈmastə/U.S. /ˌproʊˌɡræn(d) ˈmæstər/
/ˌproʊˌɡræn(d) ˈmæstər/ΚΠ
1837 Times 26 July 5/6 We, your Majesty's most faithful, devoted, and loyal subjects, the Grand Master, the Pro-Grand Master, Deputy, Grand Master, and other officers and brethren of the United Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of England, venture in all humility to approach you.
1898 Daily Chron. 21 Nov. 5/1 Having served with pre-eminent distinction the office of Deputy Grand Master, he was in 1891 elected Pro-Grand Master, a distinction which can only be understood when it is recalled that the Prince of Wales himself is Grand Master.
1998 Mail on Sunday (Nexis) 1 Feb. 26 He..had disagreements with Irish peer Lord Farnham, who as Pro-Grand Master carries through decisions on behalf of the Grand Master.
ΚΠ
1868 J. Bruce in K. Digby Jrnl. Voy. Mediterranean Pref. p. xvii Digby's pro-guardian was a man of considerable celebrity.
Pro-Provincial n.
Brit. /ˌprəʊprəˈvɪnʃl/
, /ˌprəʊprəˈvɪnʃl/U.S. /ˌproʊprəˈvɪn(t)ʃəl/
/ˌproʊprəˈvɪn(t)ʃəl/ΚΠ
1902 Westm. Gaz. 25 Jan. 4/2 In the name of the Trinity, Thomas, Pro-Provincial of Canterbury, Joseph, Provincial of York, Laurence, Provincial of Caerled, deplore the evil state of the Established Church.
1995 Times (Nexis) 8 Mar. He,..as an increasingly influential figure, became a proctor in convocation for the diocese..and Pro-Provincial of the English province of SSM.
pro-provost n. /(ˌ)prəʊˈprɒvɒst/, /ˌproʊˈproʊvəst/
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈprɒvəst/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈprɒvəst//(ˌ)prəʊˈprɒvɒst/U.S. /ˌproʊˈproʊˌvoʊst/
, /ˌproʊˈproʊˌvoʊst//ˌproʊˈproʊvəst/ΚΠ
1858 in Statutes Univ. Oxf. (1863) 158 Pro-Provost.
1963 J. I. M. Stewart Last Tresilians xiv. 106 That's Leech, the Pro-Provost. He's my moral tutor.
1981 Times 23 Mar. 2/3 Mr Cob Stenham, chairman and pro-provost, and his deputy saw Dr Boyson at the department without the rector.
pro-regent n.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈriːdʒ(ə)nt/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈriːdʒ(ə)nt/U.S. /ˌproʊˈridʒənt/
/ˌproʊˈridʒənt/ΚΠ
1798 H. M. Williams Tour Switzerland I. 238 Don Amatori Solani proregent, professor extraordinary, and enjoying numerous other titles.
1859 Times 17 Dec. 8/3 Any lustre, dignity, and influence conferred on the Pro-regent reflects upon the King.
1922 Daily Northwestern (Oshkosh, Wisconsin) 19 May 4/5 Each king will secretly nominate three persons as pro-regent but parliament is allowed the right of approval or change.
1998 Art Bull. 80 487/1 He twice acted as Neapolitan ambassador to Madrid and eventually rose to the position of pro-regent of the Supremo Collaterale Consiglio, the highest judiciary and administrative body in the kingdom.
ΚΠ
1657 W. Rand tr. P. Gassendi Mirrour of Nobility v. 84 Cadafalcius Pro-senescal [L. prosenescallus] of Digne.
ΚΠ
1647 J. Trapp Comm. Evangelists & Acts (Luke viii. 3) His vicar-general, or protetrarch.
pro-treasurer n.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈtrɛʒ(ə)rə/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈtrɛʒ(ə)rə/U.S. /ˌproʊˈtrɛʒ(ə)rər/
/ˌproʊˈtrɛʒ(ə)rər/ΚΠ
1879 Times 26 June 10/6 Among the Masters of the Bench present were the pro-treasurer (Master Wilde), Mr. Justice Lush, [etc.].
1990 H. Gross Rome in Age of Enlightenm. i. v. 146 Alessandro Verri..told him that the cedole in circulation had reached the value of 11 million scudi, probably an exaggerated figure, since the pro-treasurer put it at 6,900,000 scudi in 1783.
pro-tribune n. /(ˌ)prəʊˈtrʌɪbjuːn/,
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈtrɪbjuːn/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈtrɪbjuːn//(ˌ)prəʊˈtrʌɪbjuːn/U.S. /ˌproʊˈtrɪbjun/
/ˌproʊˈtrɪbjun/ΚΠ
1645 A. Wood Life & Times (1891) I. 115 For the space of three yeares he was a protribune [printed protobune] of horse under Charles Lewis elector Palatine. In 1641 he was sent into Ireland..where he served in the quality of a tribune for two yeares.
1935 Daily Courier (Connellsville, Pa.) 8 Apr. 2/2 The new officers for the year were inducted. They include:..Charles Shank, quaestor, and Wade Stillwagon, pro-tribune.
pro-warden n.
Brit. /ˈprəʊwɔːdn/
, /ˈprəʊwɔːdn/U.S. /ˈproʊˌwɔrd(ə)n/
/ˈproʊˌwɔrd(ə)n/ΚΠ
a1695 A. Wood Hist. & Antiq. Colleges & Halls Univ. Oxf. (1786) vii. 189 The College having been destitute of a governor by the ceasing of Mr. Ralph Skinner, Pro-Warden, (as he is stiled) and resignation of Dr. Cole the last Warden.
1701 J. Badger Dr. Badger's Vindic. of Himself 1 Then was I again requested by the Master, Mr. William Phillips, Mr. Thomas Elson Pro-Warden..and Mr. Thomas Angler renter-Warden, to answer that Pamphlet.
1844 Times 27 Mar. 5/1 The Mayor of Hull, attended by the Town Clerk, Mr. Callemore, pro-Warden of the Trinity-house,..had an interview on Monday with the Earl of Dalhousie at the Board of Trade.
1990 Daily Tel. 19 June 8/2 Mrs Myra Box, pro-warden at St Mary's, said: ‘The flat roof leaks.’
(b) Prefixed generally to nouns and adjectives: see also pro-cathedral n. and adj., pro-ethical adj., proleg n., pro-reality n.
pro-skin n.
Brit. /ˈprəʊskɪn/
, /ˈprəʊskɪn/U.S. /ˈproʊˌskɪn/
/ˈproʊˌskɪn/ΚΠ
1886 H. Spencer in 19th Cent. May 763 Where a wide ulcer has eaten away the deep-seated layer out of which the epidermis grows..the process of healing is very significant. From the subjacent tissues, which in the normal order have no concern with outward growth, there is produced a new skin, or rather a pro-skin; for this substituted outward-growing layer contains no hair follicles or other specialties of the original one.
(c) Linguistics. [After pronoun n.] Prefixed to grammatical terms to denote that an element is used in place of another for the sake of conciseness, esp. to avoid repetition. See also pro-form n.† pro-name n. Obsolete
pro-element n.
Brit. /ˈprəʊɛlᵻm(ə)nt/
, /ˈprəʊɛlᵻm(ə)nt/U.S. /ˈproʊˌɛləmənt/
/ˈproʊˌɛləmənt/ΚΠ
1972 Language 48 902 At issue here is the content of the second clause in underlying structure, and in particular that portion of it presumed to be replaced by the pro-element do so.
1975 N. Chomsky Logical Struct. Ling. Theory x. 560 ‘So’ is introduced as a pro-element standing for the verb phrase in such sentences as ‘John saw him and so did I’.
1987 Italica 64 411 In general, such pro-elements..exhibit straightforward semantic, functional, and referential behavior.
pro-infinitive n.
Brit. /ˈprəʊɪnˌfɪnᵻtɪv/
, /ˈprəʊɪnˌfɪnᵻtɪv/U.S. /ˈproʊᵻnˌfɪnədɪv/
/ˈproʊᵻnˌfɪnədɪv/ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > verb > [noun] > infinitive > word 'to' replacing
pro-infinitive1905
1905 O. Jespersen Growth & Struct. Eng. Lang. viii. 208 Another recent innovation is the use of to as what might be called a pro-infinitive instead of the clumsy to do so: ‘Will you play?’ ‘Yes, I intend to.’ ‘I am going to.’
1964 Eng. Stud. 45 88 To here stands..for to tell me, or to do so, for which reason Jespersen calls it a ‘pro-infinitive’.
pro-infinitival adj.
Brit. /ˌprəʊɪnfɪnᵻˈtʌɪvl/
, /ˌprəʊɪnfɪnᵻˈtʌɪvl/U.S. /ˌproʊˌɪnˌfɪnəˈtaɪvəl/
/ˌproʊˌɪnˌfɪnəˈtaɪvəl/ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > mood > [adjective] > infinitive > replacing
pro-infinitival1934
1934 J. J. Hogan Outl. Eng. Philol. iii. xiv. 136 The modern ‘pro-infinitival’ to, as in I want to.
pro-morpheme n.
Brit. /ˈprəʊmɔːfiːm/
, /ˈprəʊmɔːfiːm/U.S. /ˈproʊˌmɔrˌfim/
rare/ˈproʊˌmɔrˌfim/ΚΠ
1957 Z. S. Harris in Language 33 302 There exist morphemes whose X-co-occurrents (for each class X in constructional relation to them), in each sentence, equal the X-co-occurrents of a morpheme (of class Y) occupying a stated position (or one of several stated positions), relative to them, in the same sentence (or sequence of sentences), and whose total X-co-occurrents in all the appearances of these morphemes equal the sum of X-co-occurrents of all members of the class Y (which occupies the stated position relative to them). Such morphemes will be called pro-morphemes of the class Y, or pro-Y.
1965 Language 41 246 NkS = N: NkS ← S where S contains N as a constituent and in the derived kS an appropriate k-pro-morpheme is substituted for N of the source sentence.
ΚΠ
1711 Gram. Eng. Tongue v. 76 The frequent Repetition of the same Words, being as disagreeable, as it is necessary for us to speak often of the same Thing; to avoid this..There are certain Words establish'd to supply this Defect, and remove this Indecorum, which are call'd Pronames, or Personal Names, or vulgarly Pronouns.
1773 J. Carter Pract. Eng. Gram. iii. i. 57 Relative Names are also called Pronouns, or Pronames, that is, put for Names, as is exemplified above.
1859 R. Moffat Matabele Jrnl. 12 Nov. (1945) II. 219 A sentence something like the one you give, only with a transposition of pronames..dropped from his lips soon after he came.
pro-sentence n.
Brit. /ˈprəʊsɛntns/
, /ˈprəʊsɛntns/U.S. /ˈproʊˌsɛn(t)əns/
/ˈproʊˌsɛn(t)əns/ΚΠ
1862 F. J. Furnivall Let. to Sub-editors Conc. Dict. (pamphlet in O.E.D. files) 4 Words which, like yes, no, amen, stand for sentences, may be called prosents.]
1953 W. J. Entwistle Aspects of Lang. v. 148 An interjection stands for everything that the situation inspires in the way of fear, surprise, astonishment, urgency, or any other emotion. It is not properly part of the sentence but parallel thereto; it is a pro-sentence.
1997 Philos. Rev. 106 437 The expression ‘is true’ is taken to be not a predicate at all, but a prosentence-forming operator that yields an anaphoric device whose antecedents are tokens of declarative sentences.
pro-syllable n.
Brit. /ˈprəʊsɪləbl/
, /ˈprəʊsɪləbl/U.S. /ˈproʊˌsɪləb(ə)l/
/ˈproʊˌsɪləb(ə)l/ΚΠ
1949 J. R. Firth in Trans. Philol. Soc. 1948 143 In certain of its prosodic functions the neutral vowel might be described temporarily as a pro-syllable. However obscure or neutral or unstressed, it is essential in a bitter for me to distinguish it from a bit for me. In contemporary Southern English many ‘sounds’ may be pro-syllabic.
1953 Bull. School Oriental & Afr. Stud. 15 379 A pro-syllable with different syllabic function from that of a/i/u.
prosyllabic adj.
Brit. /ˌprəʊsᵻˈlabɪk/
, /ˌprəʊsᵻˈlabɪk/U.S. /ˌproʊsəˈlæbɪk/
/ˌproʊsəˈlæbɪk/ΚΠ
1950 Classical Q. 44 148 Ariphron in his fourth-century hymn to Hygieia uses ¯ ˘ ¯ ˘ ¯ both pendant and prosyllabic.
1956 Archivum Linguisticum 8 123 Structurally the difference [between ii and er] is that of a vocalic phoneme followed by a junctional prosody and a consonantal phoneme preceded by a prosyllabic prosody.
pro-verb n.
Brit. /ˈprəʊvəːb/
, /ˈprəʊvəːb/U.S. /ˈproʊˌvərb/
/ˈproʊˌvərb/ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > verb > [noun] > other specific types of verb
vocative verbc1414
activec1450
passivec1450
substantive verba1475
neuter1530
gesture1612
nominal1666
quiescent1720
reduplicative1756
dative verb1844
factitive1845
preterite-present1859
compound verb1863
pro-verb1868
preterito-presentia1870
preteritive present1872
action verb1877
verbid1914
inversive1931
eventive1946
hypothetical1957
non-factive1970
commonization1973
contrafactive1985
1868 S. Kerl Common School Gram. Eng. Lang. 150 Do is sometimes thus used as a sort of pro-verb to represent an active verb or a phrase.
1907 J. M. Grainger Stud. King James Bible 19 Do is sometimes used as a pro-verb, to avoid repetition of an antecedent verb.
1992 Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics 37 52 All other verbs presuppose be and almost all other verbs are hyponyms of do, as can be seen by the use of do as a pro-verb.
pro-word n.
Brit. /ˈprəʊwəːd/
, /ˈprəʊwəːd/U.S. /ˈproʊˌwərd/
/ˈproʊˌwərd/ΚΠ
1965 Language 41 393 We can define a set of proword substitutions which are similar to various types of zeroing.
1994 Internat. Jrnl. Lexicogr. 7 169 The syntagm as a whole is not proportional to a set of pro-words.
b. With sense ‘for, in favour of, on the side of’.
(a) Prefixed to a noun, noun phrase, or adjective, forming adjectives with the sense ‘favouring, siding with, or promoting’ what is denoted by the second element; where the sense of this element permits these may also be used as nouns, with the sense ‘a person who favours or supports, an adherent or partisan of’ what is denoted by the second element.
(i) † pro-secretist n. Obsolete
pro-abortion adj.
Brit. /ˌprəʊəˈbɔːʃn/
, /ˌprəʊəˈbɔːʃn/U.S. /ˌproʊəˈbɔrʃən/
/ˌproʊəˈbɔrʃən/ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > surgery > operations on specific parts or conditions > [adjective] > operations on sex organs > in favour of abortion
pro-abortion1967
1967 Lethbridge (Alberta) Herald 27 Dec. 12/7 Mr. Trudeau's action shows that he had made up his mind beforehand to move rapidly in favor of the pro-abortion lobby in Parliament.
2004 U.S. News & World Rep. 14 June 8/2 One of his most bitter opponents in Pennsylvania, a pro-abortion Republican, was given a speaking role.
pro-abortionist n. /ˌprəʊəˈbɔːʃənɪst/,
Brit. /ˌprəʊəˈbɔːʃn̩ɪst/
, /ˌprəʊəˈbɔːʃn̩ɪst//ˌprəʊəˈbɔːʃənɪst/U.S. /ˌproʊəˈbɔrʃənəst/
/ˌproʊəˈbɔrʃənəst/ΚΠ
1969 Lima (Ohio) News 27 Apr. b2/6 Probably the average American is not yet aware of this sudden legislative campaign by the pro-abortionists.
1990 R. H. Bork Tempting of Amer. 3 I watched massive marches come down that wide street, one by anti-abortionists and one by pro-abortionists.
pro-alien adj.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈeɪlɪən/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈeɪlɪən/U.S. /ˌproʊˈeɪliən/
/ˌproʊˈeɪliən/ΚΠ
1908 N.E.D. at Pro- prefix1 Pro-alien.
1927 J. G. Thompson Urbanization x. 215 These two large cities were also important centers of pro-alien influence.
2002 Atlanta Jrnl.-Constit. (Nexis) 10 Jan. a11 It's a great pro-alien, pro-immigrant decision, because there's been a lot of setbacks for criminal aliens.
pro-Allied adj. /ˌproʊəˈlaɪd/
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈalʌɪd/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈalʌɪd/U.S. /ˌproʊˈæˌlaɪd/
, /ˌproʊˈæˌlaɪd//ˌproʊəˈlaɪd/ΚΠ
1915 Washington Post 5 Sept. It has been assumed that the Swedes were so pro-German and the Norwegians so pro-allied in their sentiments that they would not, for that reason, be able to pull together.
1939 Times 28 Dec. 7/7 The nation divided three ways into pro-Allied, pro-German, and neutral groups, and to be actively sympathetic to the Allied cause was a privilege political candidates were careful not to flaunt.
1993 A. Shennan De Gaulle (BNC) 22 Once they had landed in North Africa, the Americans hoped to establish an anti-Gaullist, pro-Allied French movement there.
pro-Ally adj. /ˌproʊəˈlaɪ/
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈalʌɪ/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈalʌɪ/U.S. /ˌproʊˈæˌlaɪ/
, /ˌproʊˈæˌlaɪ//ˌproʊəˈlaɪ/ΘΚΠ
society > authority > rule or government > politics > international politics or relations > international agreements > [noun] > alliance or confederacy > ally > group of allied states > one who favours ally
pro-Ally1914
1914 Bismarck (N. Dakota) Daily Tribune 17 Nov. Out of twenty-four towns nine confess to be pro-German, seven to be pro-Ally, and eight to be ‘divided’.
1939 Fortune Nov. (Suppl.) 2/2 The pro-Ally optimists are about 10 per cent more favorable to cash-and-carry than those who think Germany will win.
1997 Hispanic Amer. Hist. Rev. 77 466 This new position, while alienating many of the organization's overtly pro-Ally sympathizers, would nevertheless open new possibilities.
pro-American adj.
Brit. /ˌprəʊəˈmɛrᵻk(ə)n/
, /ˌprəʊəˈmɛrᵻk(ə)n/U.S. /ˌproʊəˈmɛr(ə)k(ə)n/
/ˌproʊəˈmɛr(ə)k(ə)n/ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > social attitudes > patriotism > liking for or sympathy with other nations > [adjective] > America
pro-American1871
Americanophile1919
1871 N.Y. Herald 23 Jan. 2/4 Such a one is always, if not pro-American in his sympathies, ready to acknowledge that union drifts nearer us daily.
1971 D. E. Westlake I gave at Office (1972) 159 They were revolutionaries who were pro-American, which is very rare in the world today.
2003 New Republic 18 Aug. 18/1 Conservatives ally themselves with the wrong foreign proxies. Often those proxies represent the lesser of two evils, or at least the more pro-American of two evils.
pro-annexation adj. /ˌprəʊanᵻkˈseɪʃn/, /ˌproʊˌænəkˈseɪʃən/
Brit. /ˌprəʊanɛkˈseɪʃn/
, /ˌprəʊanɛkˈseɪʃn//ˌprəʊanᵻkˈseɪʃn/U.S. /ˌproʊˌæˌnɛkˈseɪʃən/
, /ˌproʊˌæˌnɛkˈseɪʃən//ˌproʊˌænəkˈseɪʃən/ΚΠ
1845 U.S. Mag. & Democratic Rev. May 420/2 So far as regards the argument sometimes advanced in the pro-Annexation discussions, that any unexhausted or unforfeited rights remained to us by virtue of the original Louisiana treaty.
1929 Amer. Mercury Jan. 98/1 Senator Albert B. Fall's pro-annexation philippics.
1998 Jrnl. Japanese Stud. 24 474 It was..Hirobumi, the least pro-annexation of the oligarchs, who would be assassinated by a Korean for his role in the Japanese takeover.
pro-Arab adj.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈarəb/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈarəb/U.S. /ˌproʊˈɛrəb/
/ˌproʊˈɛrəb/ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > social attitudes > patriotism > liking for or sympathy with other nations > [adjective] > specific other nations
Romanizing1711
Russophile1848
pro-British1865
Turcophil1876
pro-Western1890
Sinophile1894
pro-Boer1896
pro-Arab1911
pro-West1921
pro-Israeli1948
Sovietophile1957
Asiacentrist1964
1911 Times 21 Nov. 5/2 He was neither anti-Italian nor pro-Arab.
1973 ‘D. Rutherford’ Kick Start ix. 186 The Russians..are openly pro-Arab.
2004 Independent (Compact ed.) 28 Apr. 5/1 Many of the 52 signatories..have become known as the ‘camel corps’ because of their pro-Arab view.
pro-Asiatic adj. /ˌprəʊeɪsɪˈatɪk/, /ˌprəʊeɪʃɪˈatɪk/, /ˌprəʊeɪʒɪˈatɪk/, /ˌproʊˌeɪziˈædɪk/
Brit. /ˌprəʊeɪzɪˈatɪk/
, /ˌprəʊeɪzɪˈatɪk//ˌprəʊeɪsɪˈatɪk//ˌprəʊeɪʃɪˈatɪk//ˌprəʊeɪʒɪˈatɪk/U.S. /ˌproʊˌeɪʒiˈædɪk/
, /ˌproʊˌeɪʒiˈædɪk//ˌproʊˌeɪziˈædɪk/ΚΠ
1908 N.E.D. at Pro- prefix1 Pro-Asiatic.
1926 A. Moret & G. Davy From Tribe to Empire iii. ii. 291 The close union between Egypt and Mitanni and the pro-Asiatic policy of Amenophis III.
2003 TASS (Nexis) 28 May Pro-Asiatic moods are more dominate in the Far-Eastern territories.
pro-Axis adj.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈaksɪs/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈaksɪs/U.S. /ˌproʊˈæksəs/
/ˌproʊˈæksəs/ΘΚΠ
society > authority > rule or government > politics > international politics or relations > international agreements > [adjective] > relating to alliance > favouring specific alliance
Triplicist1923
pro-Axis1938
Nato-ish1965
NATOist1974
1938 New Statesman 25 June 1054/1 After he [sc. M. Imrédy] had made a speech to this effect, M. de Kánya hastened to deliver his pro-Axis speech of June 1st.
2001 Irish Times (Nexis) 30 June 73 He fatefully tried to create an anti-Russian unit of British soldiers to fight in the Waffen SS. He also made pro-Axis broadcasts and speeches.
pro-Boche adj. /ˌproʊˈbɑʃ/
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈbɒʃ/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈbɒʃ/U.S. /ˌproʊˈbɔʃ/
, /ˌproʊˈbɔʃ//ˌproʊˈbɑʃ/ΚΠ
1915 National Rev. Apr. 169 A pro-Boche Government would have been bundled out ‘neck and crop’ last August.
1923 R. Kipling Irish Guards in Great War II. 160 Some pro-Boche agent in the far-off lands where it was purchased.
1997 Rev. Contemp. Fiction 17 54–63 In French the expression ‘pro-boche’ is akin to ‘pro-Hun’.
pro-Boer adj. and n. /(ˌ)prəʊˈbʊə/, /(ˌ)prəʊˈbəʊə/, /ˌproʊˈbʊ(ə)r/
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈbɔː/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈbɔː//(ˌ)prəʊˈbʊə//(ˌ)prəʊˈbəʊə/U.S. /ˌproʊˈboʊər/
, /ˌproʊˈboʊər//ˌproʊˈbʊ(ə)r/ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > social attitudes > patriotism > liking for or sympathy with other nations > [adjective] > specific other nations
Romanizing1711
Russophile1848
pro-British1865
Turcophil1876
pro-Western1890
Sinophile1894
pro-Boer1896
pro-Arab1911
pro-West1921
pro-Israeli1948
Sovietophile1957
Asiacentrist1964
society > society and the community > social attitudes > patriotism > liking for or sympathy with other nations > [noun] > specific other nations > persons
Normanist1611
Russophile1853
Turcophil1876
pro-Boer1896
Sinophile1900
Japanophile1905
Hispanophil1910
Bulgarophil1931
Asiacentrist1967
1896 Daily News 22 Apr. 5/1 If it were indeed a necessity of the situation to be pro-Boer or pro-British..then as Britons we should be for the British, we admit.
1901 J. Chamberlain in Hansard Commons 18 Feb. 425 We have had six pro-Boers speaking in this debate, and have not had a single Liberal Imperialist.
1995 S. Barry Only True Hist. Lizzie Finn ii, in Plays: One (1997) 221 These ruffians going about with guns, shooting landlords, and burning haycocks, they're all pro-Boer.
pro-British adj.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈbrɪtɪʃ/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈbrɪtɪʃ/U.S. /ˌproʊˈbrɪdɪʃ/
/ˌproʊˈbrɪdɪʃ/ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > social attitudes > patriotism > liking for or sympathy with other nations > [adjective] > specific other nations
Romanizing1711
Russophile1848
pro-British1865
Turcophil1876
pro-Western1890
Sinophile1894
pro-Boer1896
pro-Arab1911
pro-West1921
pro-Israeli1948
Sovietophile1957
Asiacentrist1964
1865 Times 23 May 6/3 Having..refuted the pro-British slanders levelled against their organization, it is high time..that we commence telling what they are.
1896 Daily News 22 Apr. 5/1 If it were indeed a necessity of the situation to be pro-Boer or pro-British..then as Britons we should be for the British, we admit.
1991 A. Van Wyk Birth of New Afrikaner 56 At school we had gangs of pro-German and pro-British, corresponding closely to parental party-political affiliations.
pro-business adj. /ˌproʊˈbɪznᵻz/
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈbɪznᵻs/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈbɪznᵻs/U.S. /ˌproʊˈbɪznᵻs/
, /ˌproʊˈbɪznᵻs//ˌproʊˈbɪznᵻz/ΚΠ
1927 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 15 Aug. 32/1 The pro-business faction won their point, though the anti-business faction asserted at the time that the encroachment of business here was an ‘opening wedge’ for the building of business houses.
1994 Sci. Amer. Apr. (Malaysia Suppl.) p. 24/1 It has a stable, pro-business government and a strong tradition of democracy.
pro-Catholic adj. and n.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈkaθ(ə)lɪk/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈkaθ(ə)lɪk/U.S. /ˌproʊˈkæθ(ə)lɪk/
/ˌproʊˈkæθ(ə)lɪk/ΚΠ
1828 Times 30 May 2/1 The joy of the old Lord Chancellor, expressed (at the dinner of the pro-Catholic Pitt) on the death of the late Ministry.
1831 R. Southey in Q. Rev. 44 284 The Roman Catholics and the pro-Catholics, and their infidel allies, had incessantly employed the periodical press in aid of their cause.
1961 U. Henriques Relig. Toleration in Eng. v. 159 Irish Whigs and pro-Catholics, like Grattan and Plunket, tried both to be Catholic champions and to insist on 'securities'.
2005 Cineaste Spring 74/3 The conservative, pro-Catholic, authoritarian rule of Generalisimo Francisco Franco.
pro-Chinese adj.
Brit. /ˌprəʊtʃʌɪˈniːz/
, /ˌprəʊtʃʌɪˈniːz/U.S. /ˌproʊˌtʃaɪˈniz/
/ˌproʊˌtʃaɪˈniz/ΚΠ
1876 Scribner's Monthly Oct. 870/1 It has been urged as a pro-Chinese argument that John does not drink.
1964 Ann. Reg. 1963 216 Those Parties in economically more advanced countries adopted a pro-Soviet stance, although several had dissident pro-Chinese minorities.
1992 Keesings Contemp. Arch. (BNC) May Pro-Chinese elements had traditionally convened in the Federation of Trade Unions.
pro-clerical adj. and n.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈklɛrᵻkl/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈklɛrᵻkl/U.S. /ˌproʊˈklɛrək(ə)l/
/ˌproʊˈklɛrək(ə)l/ΚΠ
1902 Times 23 Oct. 9/4 Bright's objection to the pro-clerical clauses of the Bill of 1870.
1938 Times 19 July 35/3 An unqualified hostility towards Socialism which has driven them to the side of ardent pro-Clericals and none too enthusiastic Republicans.
1999 Hispanic Amer. Hist. Rev. 79 639 The merchant capitalist elite of Antioquia increasingly embraced the proclerical Conservative party.
pro-Communist adj. and n.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈkɒmjᵿnɪst/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈkɒmjᵿnɪst/U.S. /ˌproʊˈkɑmjənəst/
/ˌproʊˈkɑmjənəst/ΘΚΠ
society > authority > rule or government > politics > political philosophy > communism > [adjective] > sympathizing with communism
pro-Communist1919
fellow-travelling1931
1919 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 11 Apr. 1/3 Italy has ordered the German–Austrian republic to disband and disarm any troops regarded as pro-communist.
1955 H. Matusow False Witness 96 He didn't want Communists or pro-Communists on his campus and was looking to me for help.
1991 J. Chang Wild Swans (1993) vi. 169 They wanted to get the pro-Communist teachers and students..out in case the city was reoccupied.
pro-competitive adj.
Brit. /ˌprəʊkəmˈpɛtᵻtɪv/
, /ˌprəʊkəmˈpɛtᵻtɪv/U.S. /ˌproʊkəmˈpɛdədɪv/
/ˌproʊkəmˈpɛdədɪv/ΚΠ
1949 Amer. Econ. Rev. 39 710 This procompetitive government agency would not have the responsibility for enforcing the antitrust laws.
2004 Los Angeles Times (Electronic ed.) 21 Aug. c3 The current commission is on track to butcher the pro-competitive vision of the 1996 (Telecommunications) Act.
pro-democracy adj.
Brit. /ˌprəʊdᵻˈmɒkrəsi/
, /ˌprəʊdᵻˈmɒkrəsi/U.S. /ˌproʊdᵻˈmɑkrəsi/
/ˌproʊdᵻˈmɑkrəsi/ΚΠ
1918 Chicago Tribune 15 June 6/1 When democracy is hit by foes abroad and nibbled at by foes within, organized labor is pro-war, anti-German, pro-democracy, anti-Bolshevik.
1999 M. Fandy Saudi Arabia & Politics of Dissent vii. 211 The principle of separation between religion and state is championed by Western governments and pro-democracy activists.
pro-educational adj. /ˌprəʊɛdjᵿˈkeɪʃən(ə)l/, /ˌprəʊɛdʒᵿˈkeɪʃn̩(ə)l/, /ˌprəʊɛdʒᵿˈkeɪʃən(ə)l/,
Brit. /ˌprəʊɛdjᵿˈkeɪʃn̩(ə)l/
, /ˌprəʊɛdjᵿˈkeɪʃn̩(ə)l//ˌprəʊɛdjᵿˈkeɪʃən(ə)l//ˌprəʊɛdʒᵿˈkeɪʃn̩(ə)l//ˌprəʊɛdʒᵿˈkeɪʃən(ə)l/U.S. /ˌproʊˌɛdʒəˈkeɪʃ(ə)nəl/
/ˌproʊˌɛdʒəˈkeɪʃ(ə)nəl/ΚΠ
1839 Morning Herald 22 Oct. 2/1 The opinions of the pro-educational, and anti-slavery parties throughout the country.
1937 Mansfield (Ohio) News Jrnl. 20 Apr. 6/3 He cited states with vehemently pro-educational complexes..which have the best imaginable of public schools.
1997 Jewish Telegr. Agency (Nexis) 26 Aug. 3 Except for a couple of people, has anyone put their money where their pro-educational mouth is?
pro-English adj.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈɪŋ(ɡ)lɪʃ/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈɪŋ(ɡ)lɪʃ/U.S. /ˌproʊˈɪŋ(ɡ)lɪʃ/
/ˌproʊˈɪŋ(ɡ)lɪʃ/ΚΠ
1852 U.S. Democratic Rev. June 491/2 Entangling alliance and pro-English administration at Washington.
1942 Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune 5 Aug. 10/1 While the Indian population is not pro-English, there is strong sentiment against Japanese invasion.
1990 J. Burke Traveller's Hist. Scotl. (BNC) 59 In Argyll and the Inner Hebrides some pro-English Scots were equally ruthless against their own countrymen.
pro-Fascist adj. and n.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈfaʃɪst/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈfaʃɪst/U.S. /ˌproʊˈfæʃəst/
/ˌproʊˈfæʃəst/ΘΚΠ
society > authority > rule or government > politics > political philosophy > fascism > [adjective] > favouring
pro-Fascist1923
1923 Times 14 Apr. 9/3 The Fascist Party is equally mistaken in thinking that the pro-Fascist element in the Popular Party is strong enough to force a surrender on the point.
1937 S. de Madariaga Anarchy or Hierarchy 7 Foreign opinion..is split into pro-fascists and pro-communists, so that the conflict in Spain threatens to develop into an international war.
1940 ‘G. Orwell’ in World Rev. (1950) June 28 The government..are subjectively pro-Fascist.
1989 Gamut Summer 4/2 My family—while not pro-Fascist—kept their grumbling against the regime private.
pro-foreign adj. /(ˌ)prəʊˈfɒrn̩/,
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈfɒrᵻn/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈfɒrᵻn//(ˌ)prəʊˈfɒrn̩/U.S. /ˌproʊˈfɔrən/
/ˌproʊˈfɔrən/ΚΠ
1870 Times 29 Sept. 6/1 This so-called pro-foreign party—that is, the more intelligent and enlightened of the Emperor's councillors—no doubt wish to avoid collision.
1948 Daily Gleaner (Kingston, Jamaica) 29 Aug. 6/3 General Anastasio Somosa holds his country which, for the moment, is both pro-foreign and anti-Communist.
1996 Monumenta Nipponica 51 426 There was certainly none in the circle of Nakayama Tadayasu, whose bitter opposition to the leadership's pro-foreign thrust we have already seen.
pro-French adj.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈfrɛn(t)ʃ/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈfrɛn(t)ʃ/U.S. /ˌproʊˈfrɛn(t)ʃ/
/ˌproʊˈfrɛn(t)ʃ/ΚΠ
1867 Economist 14 Dec. 1406/1 Now, the pro-French and the pro-Papal sentiment run together.
1961 Amer. Heritage Bk. Indians 151/1 Some of the chiefs of these seditious villages..appear to have maintained a sturdy pro-French loyalty as long as possible.
1991 C. Allmand Hundred Years War (BNC) 12 Louis, count of Flanders, was pro-French.
pro-German adj. and n.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈdʒəːmən/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈdʒəːmən/U.S. /ˌproʊˈdʒərmən/
/ˌproʊˈdʒərmən/ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > social attitudes > patriotism > liking for or sympathy with other nations > [adjective] > Germany
pro-German1864
Germanophile1882
Germanophilist1900
Teutophile1904
society > society and the community > social attitudes > patriotism > liking for or sympathy with other nations > [noun] > Germany > person
Germanophilist1864
pro-German1864
Germanophile1876
1864 Times 10 June 12/3 The telegraph says nothing of any pro-German demonstration or declaration.
1914 R. Brooke Let. 3 Sept. (1968) 613 The intellectuals..are mostly pacifists and pro-Germans.
1938 E. Phipps Let. 9 Jan. in M. Gilbert Winston S. Churchill (1976) V. xliv. 894 Van's displacement..would be represented as a victory for the pro-Germans in England.
2005 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 10 Mar. 22/1 An unconditionally pro-German government which attempted, vainly, to mobilize the nation for a last-ditch effort to stop the Soviet Red Army.
pro-Greek adj. and n.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈɡriːk/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈɡriːk/U.S. /ˌproʊˈɡrik/
/ˌproʊˈɡrik/ΚΠ
1897 Westm. Gaz. 8 Apr. 2/2 If Russia can arrange a pro-Greek settlement, do not let us denounce her.
1904 Daily Chron. 2 Dec. 4/3 Some of the pro-Greeks [those in favour of retaining Greek in the Previous Examination] at Cambridge would be ready to vote for an anti-Greek motion on the Oxford lines.
1951 Dixon (Illinois) Evening Tel. 20 June 6/5 Lord Byron..became violently pro-Greek and began the nationalist movement there.
2000 Herald Sun (Melbourne) (Nexis) 28 Mar. 18 Jeff Kennett, whose pro-Greek stance saw him feted in Athens, began a High Court challenge to a Federal Court ruling in favor of the Macedonian Teachers Association.
pro-Hellenic adj. /ˌprəʊhɛˈlɛnɪk/,
Brit. /ˌprəʊhᵻˈlɛnɪk/
, /ˌprəʊhᵻˈlɛnɪk//ˌprəʊhɛˈlɛnɪk/U.S. /ˌproʊˌhɛˈlɛnɪk/
/ˌproʊˌhɛˈlɛnɪk/ΚΠ
1897 Davenport (Iowa) Daily Leader 21 Feb. 1/6 This proposition it is understood also finds favor in Paris where the popular feeling is pro-hellenic.
1987 Greece & Rome 2nd Ser. 34 67 Athens and Sparta are very important for Trogus, who adopts a pro-Hellenic attitude.
pro-Iranian adj. /ˌproʊɪˈrɑniən/, /ˌproʊˌaɪˈreɪniən/
Brit. /ˌprəʊɪˈreɪnɪən/
, /ˌprəʊɪˈreɪnɪən/U.S. /ˌproʊɪˈreɪniən/
, /ˌproʊɪˈreɪniən//ˌproʊɪˈrɑniən//ˌproʊˌaɪˈreɪniən/ΚΠ
1947 Moslem World 37 29 This does not mean that Abū Muslim..was a pro-Iranian protagonist; rather..he was always a good Muslim.
1952 N. S. Fatemi Diplomatic Hist. of Persia xiv. 230 They were deceived by propaganda into taking at their face value Bolshevist protestations of pro-Islamic or pro-Iranian sympathy.
1992 Keesings Contemp. Arch. (BNC) Sept. Arad..was thought to have been held by pro-Iranian guerrillas in eastern Lebanon.
pro-Irish adj.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈʌɪrɪʃ/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈʌɪrɪʃ/U.S. /ˌproʊˈaɪrɪʃ/
/ˌproʊˈaɪrɪʃ/ΚΠ
1876 Times 13 Sept. 7/4 They have actually called upon Mr. Kelly..to give Mr. Adams a certificate of having done his duty with proper anti-English and pro-Irish zeal.
1901 Daily Chron. 28 Oct. 4/3 Mr. Chamberlain..described Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman as the leader of the pro-Boer and Little Englander and pro-Irish party.
1948 Times Recorder (Zanesville, Ohio) 14 Feb. He was not pro-British or pro-Irish or pro-Jewish or pro-Arab. Nor was he anti any other country. He was simply an American concerned with the country of his birth.
1987 E. Anthony No Enemy But Time (BNC) 73 I gather she's pretty pro-Irish.
pro-Israeli adj. and n.
Brit. /ˌprəʊɪzˈreɪli/
, /ˌprəʊɪzˈreɪli/U.S. /ˌproʊˌɪzˈreɪli/
/ˌproʊˌɪzˈreɪli/ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > social attitudes > patriotism > liking for or sympathy with other nations > [adjective] > specific other nations
Romanizing1711
Russophile1848
pro-British1865
Turcophil1876
pro-Western1890
Sinophile1894
pro-Boer1896
pro-Arab1911
pro-West1921
pro-Israeli1948
Sovietophile1957
Asiacentrist1964
1948 Post Standard (Syracuse, N.Y.) 11 July 7/2 Parisian newsapers..feature battle dispatches written by correspondents with the Jewish forces, and editorial comment is consistently pro-Israeli.
1960 A. M. Lilienthal There goes Middle East 213 The former [sc. those interested in the Arab states] refused to emulate the realistic pro-Israelis.
1992 M. Almond Rise & Fall N. & E. Ceaucescu (BNC) 103 Ceaucescu undoubtedly believed the pro-Israeli gestures would win Romania influence in Washington.
pro-Japanese adj.
Brit. /ˌprəʊdʒapəˈniːz/
, /ˌprəʊdʒapəˈniːz/U.S. /ˌproʊˌdʒæpəˈniz/
/ˌproʊˌdʒæpəˈniz/ΚΠ
1882 Cent. Mag. Dec. 224/1 A second ground of division being in the pro-Chinese and pro-Japanese sympathies, according to the one or the other of which China or Japan serves as a model of national policy.
1940 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 3 Sept. 3/2 Liu Han-Ha, a nationalized Japanese who recently was named president of a pro-Japanese Chinese language newspaper, was shot and killed by two Chinese gunmen today.
1992 J. Hunter Emergence Mod. Japan (BNC) 44 A further crisis after a failed pro-Japanese coup in 1884 highlighted the rivalry for domination of the peninsula.
pro-Jewish adj.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈdʒuːɪʃ/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈdʒuːɪʃ/U.S. /ˌproʊˈdʒuɪʃ/
/ˌproʊˈdʒuɪʃ/ΚΠ
1852 Times 19 May 8/3 My pro-Jewish and pro-Papist votes, as they were termed.
1917 W. Rauschenbusch Theol. for Social Gospel xviii. 217 Even Paul, the chief exponent of international religion, could not get away from his proJewish feelings.
2004 Jerusalem Post (Nexis) 19 Nov. 38 As the kippa-wearing Bertossi spoke of his plans to develop the kosher food industry, it struck me that expressing pro-Jewish sentiments via food was a quintessentially Italian concoction.
pro-landlord adj.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈlan(d)lɔːd/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈlan(d)lɔːd/U.S. /ˌproʊˈlæn(d)ˌlɔrd/
/ˌproʊˈlæn(d)ˌlɔrd/ΚΠ
1868 Times 31 July 10/4 He demands an explanation of Colonel Herbert's ‘pro-landlord and anti-tenant right proceedings’.
1896 M. Davitt in Westm. Gaz. 15 Dec. 4/2 If the Irish Land Commission were not a practically packed pro-landlord tribunal.
1995 Jrnl. Lat. Amer. Stud. 27 428 In the light of its anti-agrarian and pro-landlord attitudes, Tobler questions the ‘popular’ character of the Mexican armed forces.
pro-moral adj. /(ˌ)prəʊˈmɒrl̩/,
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈmɒrəl/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈmɒrəl//(ˌ)prəʊˈmɒrl̩/U.S. /ˌproʊˈmɔrəl/
/ˌproʊˈmɔrəl/ΚΠ
1895 Pop. Sci. Monthly Sept. 649 It may be well to call the..tendencies favorable to virtue, pro-moral.
1937 Helena (Montana) Independent 29 Dec. 4/5 After these words, Dr. Dewey can certainly not be accused of being pro-Trotsky! He is pro-human; pro-freedom; pro-moral; anti-dictator.
1988 Jrnl. for Sci. Study Relig. 27 193 The Reagan reelection campaign exerted considerable effort to present him to voters as the ‘pro-moral’ choice for President.
pro-Nazi adj. and n. /(ˌ)prəʊˈnatsi/, /ˌproʊˈnætsi/
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈnɑːtsi/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈnɑːtsi//(ˌ)prəʊˈnatsi/U.S. /ˌproʊˈnɑtsi/
, /ˌproʊˈnɑtsi//ˌproʊˈnætsi/ΘΚΠ
society > authority > rule or government > politics > political philosophy > Nazism > [adjective] > favouring
pro-Nazi1933
Naziphile1938
1933 Times 16 June 13/3 One Berlin newspaper plainly described the interruption of the congress in a strongly pro-Nazi editorial note as a check to the first attempt of the Centre to hold a big demonstration since the revolution.
1939 D. Thompson Let Record Speak 156 In this interview Hitler gave his ultimatum: either put the five most important cabinet positions..into the hands of pro-Nazis or be invaded.
1974 G. Jenkins Bridge of Magpies vii. 113 Her husband was the boss of the pro-Nazi underground movement.
2004 Times Lit. Suppl. 21 May 28/1 An attempted pro-Nazi putsch in March 1939 was only beaten off by the decisive actions of the Mayor of Schaan.
pro-Negro adj.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈniːɡrəʊ/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈniːɡrəʊ/U.S. /ˌproʊˈniɡroʊ/
/ˌproʊˈniɡroʊ/ΚΠ
1858 Harper's Mag. Oct. 710/1 While speaking in the southern part of the State, where the pro-negro feeling is none of the strongest, he was charged with having favored negro suffrage in his speeches on the Reserve.
1950 Statesville (N. Carolina) Daily Record 8 Apr. Ed Rivers, son of Georgia's ex-governor, once considered pro-Ku Klux Klan, is now operating a pro-negro radio station in Decatur, Ga.
1991 Financial Times (Nexis) 24 June i. 13 He's pro-Negro, he's pro-American-Indian, he's pro-feminist.
pro-opium adj.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈəʊpɪəm/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈəʊpɪəm/U.S. /ˌproʊˈoʊpiəm/
/ˌproʊˈoʊpiəm/ΚΠ
1892 Times 26 Aug. 9/5 The very peculiar manner several of your pro-opium correspondents adopt in substituting for argument a unique vocabulary of what is generally styled ‘calling names’.
1996 South China Morning Post (Hong Kong) (Nexis) 21 Mar. 2 The Canton Register moved to Hong Kong in 1843, and took a pro-opium stance.
pro-papist adj. and n.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈpeɪpɪst/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈpeɪpɪst/U.S. /ˌproʊˈpeɪpᵻst/
/ˌproʊˈpeɪpᵻst/ΚΠ
1829 Times 30 Sept. 4/2 (advt.) The pro-papist Duke, afterwards King.
1959 G. Mattingly Armada x. 114 He knew that there was a vast, shadowy conspiracy in England, pro-Spanish, pro-papist, bent on the defeat and destruction of all honest Protestants.
1994 Renaissance Q. 47 681 Their persecutors are pro-papist, threatening another reign of Bloody Mary.
2001 D. Philpott Revol. in Sovereignty 133 The pro-papists..generally favored at least a peace settlement that favored the Habsburgs.
pro-patronage adj. /ˌproʊˈpætrənədʒ/
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈpatrənɪdʒ/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈpatrənɪdʒ/U.S. /ˌproʊˈpeɪtrənədʒ/
, /ˌproʊˈpeɪtrənədʒ//ˌproʊˈpætrənədʒ/ΚΠ
1841 J. Robertson Let. 26 May in A. H. Charteris Life (1863) v. 125 The anti-patronage men and the pro-patronage Non-intrusionists split among themselves.
1961 F. J. Sorauf in R. T. Frost Cases in State & Local Govt. iii. ix. 114 The spokesman in question was very likely a member of the pro-patronage wing of the executive committee.
1994 Lat. Amer. Weekly Rep. (Nexis) 28 Apr. 176 A ‘neo-liberal’ agenda which the pro-patronage Balaguer has avoided like the plague.
pro-popery adj.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈpəʊp(ə)ri/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈpəʊp(ə)ri/U.S. /ˌproʊˈpoʊp(ə)ri/
/ˌproʊˈpoʊp(ə)ri/ΚΠ
1828 S. Smith in Lady Holland Mem. (1855) I. 217 A deputation of pro-Popery papers waited on me today to print, but I declined.
1886 Manitoba Daily Free Press 16 Dec. The Globe has compiled a series of selections from a celebrated but almost forgotten pro-popery pamphlet issued by the Conservatives in the local elections four years ago.
2005 Re: do they worship Relics?? in alt.religion.christian.roman-catholic (Usenet newsgroup) 6 Dec. Some other pro-popery publications.
pro-rebel adj. and n.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈrɛbl/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈrɛbl/U.S. /ˌproʊˈrɛb(ə)l/
/ˌproʊˈrɛb(ə)l/ΚΠ
1867 New Englander (New Haven, Connecticut) Oct. 727 By the divisions it has caused it has given new strength to the pro-rebel party north and south.
1958 Life 14 Apr. 38/1 I know it is popular to be pro-rebel but the rebels have nothing to offer the people either.
1988 W. C. Spragens Pop. Images Amer. Presidents 165 The letter was stolen by pro-rebels and published in the New York Journal.
2002 Book Sept.–Oct. 77/3 Young Jesse and his brother Frank were part of the pro-Rebel gangs of ‘bushwhackers’ who fought a vicious guerrilla war across western Missouri.
pro-Rhodes adj.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈrəʊdz/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈrəʊdz/U.S. /ˌproʊˈroʊdz/
/ˌproʊˈroʊdz/ΚΠ
1897 Daily News 25 Jan. 5/7 The pro-Rhodes feeling in Capetown..is strong to unreason.
1934 Times 30 Oct. 15/6 The pro-Rhodes Press, both at home and in South Africa, rather hinted that the Colonial Secretary must comply or fail.
2000 F. R. Van Hartesveldt Boer War 139 This biography is long, detailed, and accurate, and the authors drew heavily from the Rhodes papers. Their interpretation tends to be pro-Rhodes.
pro-Russian adj. and n.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈrʌʃn/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈrʌʃn/U.S. /ˌproʊˈrəʃən/
/ˌproʊˈrəʃən/ΚΠ
1854 Times 17 Nov. 10/2 A passage in Mr. Bright's pro-Russian manifesto..has startled many of its readers.
1938 H. Nicolson Diary 13 May (1966) 341 The Sudetens could not approve of a pro-Russian and anti-German policy.
1963 H. Passin China's Cultural Diplomacy 33 The pro-Chinese elements favoured the creation of an independent territorial base..while the pro-Russians favoured a more orthodox line.
1991 C. Forbes Whirlpool (BNC) 78 ‘You mean he's pro-Russian?’ Tweed interjected.
ΚΠ
1890 Columbus (Ohio) Disp. 29 Aug. The so-called United Brethren known as liberals or pro-secretists.
pro-sex adj.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈsɛks/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈsɛks/U.S. /ˌproʊˈsɛks/
/ˌproʊˈsɛks/ΚΠ
1955 C. Kirkpatrick Family as Process & Inst. 583 Contrasting antisex and prosex attitudes.
1996 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 28 Nov. 22/1 Sexual factions (lesbians, straights, anti-sex and pro-sex ‘do-me’ feminists, pro and anti-porn feminists, S&M ditto, ‘born’ women vs. transsexuals).
pro-slave adj.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈsleɪv/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈsleɪv/U.S. /ˌproʊˈsleɪv/
/ˌproʊˈsleɪv/ΚΠ
1856 in L. W. Spring Kansas (1885) 48 I tell you I'm pro-slave.
1924 Iowa City Press Citizen 28 Jan. 4/6 Davies was anxious to have the peninsula [sc. Lower California] come into the Union as a slave state which would increase the pro-slave votes in congress.
1996 Guardian (Nexis) 21 Sept. 18 Gladstone condemned factory and mine regulation in this country and supported the pro-slave South in the US.
pro-slavery adj.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈsleɪv(ə)ri/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈsleɪv(ə)ri/U.S. /ˌproʊˈsleɪv(ə)ri/
/ˌproʊˈsleɪv(ə)ri/ΚΠ
1832 Times 4 Oct. 2/3 A professing reformer, but more a pro-slavery than anti-slavery politician.
1884 Boston (Mass.) Jrnl. 18 Sept. The spirit of pro-slavery Bourbonism.
1992 A. Desmond & J. Moore Darwin 521 That month Darwin pored over Wallace's first paper, delivered to the unpleasantly ultra-racist, pro-slavery Anthropological Society.
pro-Soviet adj. /(ˌ)prəʊˈsɒvɪət/, /(ˌ)prəʊˈsəʊvɪɛt/, /(ˌ)prəʊˈsɒvɪɛt/, /ˌproʊˈsoʊviˌɛt/
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈsəʊvɪət/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈsəʊvɪət//(ˌ)prəʊˈsɒvɪət//(ˌ)prəʊˈsəʊvɪɛt//(ˌ)prəʊˈsɒvɪɛt/U.S. /ˌproʊˈsoʊviət/
, /ˌproʊˈsoʊviət//ˌproʊˈsoʊviˌɛt/ΘΚΠ
society > authority > rule or government > politics > political philosophy > communism > [adjective] > relating to other types of communism > favouring
pro-Soviet1919
Titoite1946
1919 Fort Wayne (Indiana) Jrnl.-Gaz. 5 June 4/3 A resolution calling for the dismissal of Frederick C. Howe, commissioner of immigration in New York city, on the ground that he had presided at a pro-soviet meeting.
1948 Life 6 Sept. 86 Some of his closest advisers began themselves to be swept away by the waves of pro-Soviet propaganda which they had launched to win support of the American people for the appeasement line.
1991 K. Maguire Politics in S. Afr. Introd. 2 What might the implications be in terms of geopolitics should a pro-Soviet party come to power?
pro-tariff adj.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈtarɪf/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈtarɪf/U.S. /ˌproʊˈtɛrəf/
/ˌproʊˈtɛrəf/ΚΠ
1884 Freeborn County Standard (Albert Lea, Minnesota) 16 Apr. While we have personally heard Mr. White express strong pro-tariff sympathies, we are glad to note that he is disposed to sacrifice them.
1997 Jrnl. Econ. Hist. 57 817 Manufacturing interests tend to be protariff.
pro-transubstantiation adj. /(ˌ)prəʊˌtrɑːnsəbstanʃɪˈeɪʃn/, /(ˌ)prəʊˌtransəbstansɪˈeɪʃn/, /(ˌ)prəʊˌtrɑːnsəbstansɪˈeɪʃn/,
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˌtransəbstanʃɪˈeɪʃn/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˌtransəbstanʃɪˈeɪʃn//(ˌ)prəʊˌtrɑːnsəbstanʃɪˈeɪʃn//(ˌ)prəʊˌtransəbstansɪˈeɪʃn//(ˌ)prəʊˌtrɑːnsəbstansɪˈeɪʃn/U.S. /ˌproʊˌtræn(t)səbˌstæn(t)ʃiˈeɪʃən/
/ˌproʊˌtræn(t)səbˌstæn(t)ʃiˈeɪʃən/ΚΠ
1839 J. Rogers Antipopopriestian vi. ii. 222 One sense tells that a pro-transubstantiation passage is in the Bible.
2003 Arlington (Virginia) Catholic Herald (Electronic text) 23 Oct. A pro-life response to their questions disqualifies a Catholic nominee from the federal judiciary today—just as a pro-transubstantiation response disqualified a ‘papist’ from service in the Irish judiciary 300 years ago.
pro-Turk adj. and n.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈtəːk/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈtəːk/U.S. /ˌproʊˈtərk/
/ˌproʊˈtərk/ΚΠ
1876 Times 18 Dec. 12/1 It is not either anti-Russian or pro-Turk—it is humane.
1896 Daily News 3 Apr. 4/7 The curious anomaly that some of our strongest anti-Turk politicians on the Armenian question should at the same time be in favour of a pro-Turk policy in Egypt.
1995 Internat. Jrnl. Middle East Stud. 518 There is no suggestion of the wider factional dispute within the British Foreign Office, for example, between the Philhellenes and the pro-Turks.
pro-Turkish adj.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈtəːkɪʃ/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈtəːkɪʃ/U.S. /ˌproʊˈtərkɪʃ/
/ˌproʊˈtərkɪʃ/ΚΠ
1867 London Rev. 5 Jan. 372/2 France has become positively enamoured of that Pro-Turkish policy which it formerly adopted with distaste.
1925 Syracuse (N.Y.) Herald 2 Nov. 5/5 The fanatical population can be easily influenced by pro-Turkish propaganda.
1999 Jrnl. Peace Res. 36 608/1 Some contain flagrantly pro-Turkish analyses but, even so, these prove valuable in revealing Turkish perspectives on the country's international role.
pro-vaccinist adj.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈvaksᵻnɪst/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈvaksᵻnɪst/U.S. /ˌproʊˈvæksənəst/
/ˌproʊˈvæksənəst/ΚΠ
1897 Jrnl. Royal Statist. Soc. 60 558 That Interim report, which Mr. Noel Humphreys and other pro-vaccinist writers so studiously ignore.
1899 Daily News 6 Mar. 8/5 The pro-vaccinist statisticians.
1930 Jrnl. Royal Statist. Soc. 93 234 So much pro-vaccinist literature consists of glorification and so much anti-vaccinist literature of vilification of an individual.
pro-war adj.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈwɔː/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈwɔː/U.S. /ˌproʊˈwɔr/
/ˌproʊˈwɔr/ΚΠ
1861 Janesville (Wisconsin) Daily Gaz. 19 Aug. A letter was also found..asking for a list of the democratic papers in the state, and information as to which of these papers ‘are pro-war, which anti-war, and which on the fence’.
1900 Times 20 Sept. 8/6 There is, of course, a case against the Ministry, but there is not a case for the pro-war Opposition.
1991 U.S. News & World Rep. 11 Mar. 57/1 Only a handful of newspaper columnists were pro-war.
pro-West adj.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈwɛst/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈwɛst/U.S. /ˌproʊˈwɛst/
/ˌproʊˈwɛst/ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > social attitudes > patriotism > liking for or sympathy with other nations > [adjective] > specific other nations
Romanizing1711
Russophile1848
pro-British1865
Turcophil1876
pro-Western1890
Sinophile1894
pro-Boer1896
pro-Arab1911
pro-West1921
pro-Israeli1948
Sovietophile1957
Asiacentrist1964
1921 Mansfield (Ohio) News 28 Aug. b2/3 Some of the pro-west experts are predicting he will cap off the west's triumphs this year by dethroning William T. Tilden II., the national champion.
1992 Washington Post 26 Oct. 16/2 Somalia, a country once considered a pivotal pro-West ally in the ‘arc of instability’ that stretches from the Red Sea to the Persian Gulf.
pro-Western adj.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈwɛst(ə)n/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈwɛst(ə)n/U.S. /ˌproʊˈwɛstərn/
/ˌproʊˈwɛstərn/ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > social attitudes > patriotism > liking for or sympathy with other nations > [adjective] > specific other nations
Romanizing1711
Russophile1848
pro-British1865
Turcophil1876
pro-Western1890
Sinophile1894
pro-Boer1896
pro-Arab1911
pro-West1921
pro-Israeli1948
Sovietophile1957
Asiacentrist1964
1890 New Rev. July 73 In 1887, when the pro-Western tendency was at its height, this nationalistic movement first began to manifest itself.
1965 H. Kahn On Escalation i. 24 It [sc. the United States] could have invaded Iraq in 1958 to restore a pro-Western government.
1996 M. F. Holland Amer. & Egypt Pref. p. x America sought to promote pro-Western regimes in the region.
pro-Zionist adj. and n.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈzʌɪənɪst/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈzʌɪənɪst/U.S. /ˌproʊˈzaɪənəst/
/ˌproʊˈzaɪənəst/ΚΠ
1920 Times 31 Jan. 11/7 A memorandum addressed to the Pope by..Catholic Arabs inhabiting Palestine protests against what it calls the British pro-Zionist policy.
1961 S. Halperin Polit. World Amer. Zionism 165 Pro-Zionists in the Jewish Labor Committee were equally insistent on a policy of greater cooperation with the mass of American Jewry.
1995 Jewish Bull. (Nexis) 31 Mar. 10 Daria, the eldest, has worked as a filmmaker, creating a proZionist thriller, The Jerusalem File.
(ii)
pro-gun adj.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈɡʌn/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈɡʌn/U.S. /ˌproʊˈɡən/
originally U.S. that advocates the citizen's right to purchase, own, or carry firearms./ˌproʊˈɡən/ΚΠ
1937 Middletown (N.Y.) Times Herald 12 Oct. 5/2 Pro-gun lobbyists entertain more elaborately than [those]..who represent railroads..and power companies.
1973 R. A. Lee Hist. of Regulatory Taxation xi. 176 With the NRA campaign, firearms controls became an either-or proposition in the minds of many gun advocates; one was either pro-gun or anti-gun.
2006 Sunday Times (Nexis) 5 Mar. 5 A book funded by pro-gun campaigners that challenges the firearms ban introduced in the wake of the tragedy.
pro-inflammatory adj.
Brit. /ˌprəʊɪnˈflamət(ə)ri/
, /ˌprəʊɪnˈflamət(ə)ri/U.S. /ˌproʊᵻnˈflæməˌtɔri/
Medicine that promotes inflammation./ˌproʊᵻnˈflæməˌtɔri/ΚΠ
1962 L. Herber Our Synthetic Environment iii. 73 Administering the pro-inflammatory hormone DOC to white Leghorn chicks.
2000 Treehouse Canad. Family Oct.–Nov. 38/3 Some of these new drugs..block pro-inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor, a protein involved in joint inflammation.
pro-knock adj. and n.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈnɒk/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈnɒk/U.S. /ˌproʊˈnɑk/
(a) adj.tending to cause knocking when present in the fuel used in an internal combustion engine; (b) n.a substance having this property./ˌproʊˈnɑk/ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > chemical fuel > [adjective] > properties or characteristics
premium1856
three-star1879
naphthous1885
paraffiny1902
propellant1919
pro-knock1927
high-octane1931
hi-octane1934
unleaded1934
monopropellant1949
nonleaded1955
super unleaded1978
the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > hydrocarbons > [noun] > petroleum varieties > qualities of
pro-knock1927
smoke point1933
1927 Jrnl. Inst. Petroleum Technologists 13 301 Amyl nitrate and nitrite..according to Midgley are pro-knock.
1928 Jrnl. Inst. Petroleum Technologists 14 188 They might have some indications..as to how the pro-knock worked as against the anti-knock in that particular type of flame propagation.
1953 E. M. Goodyer Petroleum & Performance in Internal Combustion Engines viii. 189 Ignition accelerating materials are those which act as pro-knocks in spark-ignition engine fuels.
1991 Hydrocarbon Technol. (Nexis) Dec. 443 Other structural types have displayed a highly pro-knock behaviour, which makes them potential candidates as ignition improvers in automotive diesel oil.
pro-labour adj.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈleɪbə/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈleɪbə/U.S. /ˌproʊˈleɪbər/
(a) (frequently with capital initial in the second element) that supports or favours the Labour Party; (b) originally U.S. that supports or favours labour unions or the interests of labourers./ˌproʊˈleɪbər/ΚΠ
1898 M. Davitt Life & Progress in Australasia lxvii. 373 The working classes of Maoriland have obtained..more pro-Labour laws and larger slices of a wise and beneficial state socialism.
1900 Nebraska State Jrnl. (Lincoln, Nebraska) 5 Feb. 4/5 Those [laws] of the eastern states affecting the rights and interests of capital and corporations and the so-called pro-labor enactments.
1965 Jrnl. Royal Statist. Soc. 128 28 Combined with this general discontent, there was the strong pro-Labour mood of..Scotland, the North-West and Greater London.
2005 Nation 14 Mar. 21/1 The unions had gone all-out for..a former..assemblyman with a 100 percent pro-labor rating.
(b) In combination with a noun (or occasionally a verb-stem) + -er suffix1 or -ite suffix1, forming nouns with sense ‘a person who favours or supports’.
(i)
pro-Britisher n.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈbrɪtᵻʃə/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈbrɪtᵻʃə/U.S. /ˌproʊˈbrɪdɪʃər/
/ˌproʊˈbrɪdɪʃər/ΚΠ
1913 Times 5 May 7/7 Time for all who are not inoculated with Anglomania to array themselves against the latest scheme of pro-Britishers to aid the land of their love.
1997 W. J. Feeney in B. Schrank & W. W. Demastes Irish Playwrights, 1880–1995 208 An English town, Anglebury, deprives an unnamed Irish town of its share of a business arrangement. Jasper Dean campaigns for redress but is defeated by pro-Britishers in social and political control of the Irish town.
pro-flogger n.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈflɒɡə/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈflɒɡə/U.S. /ˌproʊˈflɑɡər/
/ˌproʊˈflɑɡər/ΚΠ
1903 Daily Chron. 30 June 3/7 The pro-floggers in the United States are constantly appealing to the condition of Delaware in proof of the efficacy of flogging.
1994 Orlando (Florida) Sentinel (Nexis) 7 Apr. a10 If kids are caught doing something wrong, any time of the day or night, let's flog the little wretches. I do assume, of course, that the pro-floggers would grant the potential floggers constitutional due process.
pro-slaver n.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈsleɪvə/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈsleɪvə/U.S. /ˌproʊˈsleɪvər/
/ˌproʊˈsleɪvər/ΚΠ
1847 National Era 7 Jan. 2 In Vermont, though the dominant party was anti-slavery in its State policy, still, in consequence of its political connection with a national party controlled to a great extent by pro-slaver sentiment, it rose from 6,080 in 1845, to 6,671, in 1846.
1920 Nashua (Iowa) Reporter 12 Feb. 9/1 The pro-slavers met the demand with an attempt to substitute a constitution making Illinois uncompromisingly a slave state.
1994 Gettysburg (Pa.) Times 12 July 4 a/2 The rebels were almost to the point of forcing the President and the Congress to negotiate with the pro-slavers.
(ii) † pro-liquorite n. Obsolete rare a person in favour of the unrestricted sale of alcoholic drinks.
pro-Boarder n.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈbɔːdə/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈbɔːdə/U.S. /ˌproʊˈbɔrdər/
rare a person in favour of a School Board./ˌproʊˈbɔrdər/ΚΠ
1902 Daily Chron. 7 May 4/7 At Berkhamsted we polled for a school board... At Northchurch..the yokels..were sent by some of the farmers with a message, ‘I agen a Boord,’ and the pro-Boarders were out-voted.
pro-breecher n.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈbriːtʃə/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈbriːtʃə/U.S. /ˌproʊˈbritʃər/
rare a person who advocates or favours the wearing of breeches./ˌproʊˈbritʃər/ΚΠ
1908 N.E.D. at Pro- prefix1 Pro-breecher, a partisan of breeches.
ΚΠ
1895 Voice (N.Y.) 19 Sept. 3/4 It has even been admitted by pro-liquorites that the voters of New Jersey would under the Initiative and Referendum adopt county, municipal, and township local option.
(c) In combination with a noun, adjective, or compound specified in sense 2b, + -ism suffix, forming (frequently derogatory) abstract nouns with sense ‘the attitude, principle, or character of being in favour of’.In some cases combined with an abstract noun ending in -ism, e.g. pro-capitalism.
pro-alcoholism adj. /(ˌ)prəʊˈalkəhəlɪz(ə)m/, /ˌproʊˈælkəˌhɑˌlɪzəm/
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈalkəhɒlɪz(ə)m/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈalkəhɒlɪz(ə)m//(ˌ)prəʊˈalkəhəlɪz(ə)m/U.S. /ˌproʊˈælkəˌhɔˌlɪzəm/
, /ˌproʊˈælkəˌhɔˌlɪzəm//ˌproʊˈælkəˌhɑˌlɪzəm/ΚΠ
1908 N.E.D. at Pro- prefix1 Pro-alcoholism.
1996 Newsgroup Censorship?! in uk.net (Usenet newsgroup) 3 Aug. I imagine it was rather the same during alcohol prohibition in the states. To be anti prohibition was to be pro alcoholism.
pro-Arabism n.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈarəbɪz(ə)m/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈarəbɪz(ə)m/U.S. /ˌproʊˈɛrəˌbɪzəm/
/ˌproʊˈɛrəˌbɪzəm/ΚΠ
1936 N.Y. Times 12 July iv. 9/2 As a liberal I concede Professor Hocking's right to dislike the Jews, which is the elemental factor in all Western pro-Arabism.
2003 New Republic (Nexis) 23 June 29 Anyone who pays close attention to how the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is handled in the European press..will see this frustration expressed on a regular basis. I do not think this can be ascribed solely to European pro-Arabism.
pro-Boerism n. /(ˌ)prəʊˈbʊərɪz(ə)m/, /(ˌ)prəʊˈbəʊərɪz(ə)m/, /ˌproʊˈbʊˌrɪzəm/, /ˌproʊˈboʊ(ə)ˌrɪzəm/
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈbɔːrɪz(ə)m/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈbɔːrɪz(ə)m//(ˌ)prəʊˈbʊərɪz(ə)m//(ˌ)prəʊˈbəʊərɪz(ə)m/U.S. /ˌproʊˈbɔˌrɪzəm/
, /ˌproʊˈbɔˌrɪzəm//ˌproʊˈbʊˌrɪzəm//ˌproʊˈboʊ(ə)ˌrɪzəm/ΚΠ
1899 Los Angeles Times 22 Nov. 8/1 (headline) Pro-Boerism and imperialism.
1978 Jrnl. Mod. Hist. 50 145 The pro-Boerism..emerged after the Khaki elections as he became aware of the concentration-camp scandals.
1999 P. M. Krebs Gender, Race, & Writing of Empire ii. 37 Initially both War Secretary St. John Brodrick and Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain had attributed all anxiety in Britain about the camps to ‘pro-Boerism’.
pro-capitalism n. /(ˌ)prəʊˈkapᵻtəlɪz(ə)m/,
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈkapᵻtl̩ɪz(ə)m/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈkapᵻtl̩ɪz(ə)m//(ˌ)prəʊˈkapᵻtəlɪz(ə)m/U.S. /ˌproʊˈkæpədlˌɪzəm/
/ˌproʊˈkæpədlˌɪzəm/ΚΠ
1901 Daily News 28 June 3/4 This trumpet blare of Triumphant Democracy..almost unnerves us into pro-capitalism.
2000 Europe-Asia Stud. 52 867 The intelligentsia was still far from radical pro-capitalism even at the time of communism's final collapse.
pro-clericalism n. /(ˌ)prəʊˈklɛrᵻkl̩ɪz(ə)m/,
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈklɛrᵻkəlɪz(ə)m/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈklɛrᵻkəlɪz(ə)m//(ˌ)prəʊˈklɛrᵻkl̩ɪz(ə)m/U.S. /ˌproʊˈklɛrək(ə)lˌɪzəm/
/ˌproʊˈklɛrək(ə)lˌɪzəm/ΚΠ
1908 N.E.D. at Pro- prefix1 Pro-clericalism.
1990 Eng. Hist. Rev. 105 868 Much of the complaint about the behaviour and qualities of the late medieval English clergy was not, strictly, anti- but pro-clericalism.
pro-Germanism n.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈdʒəːmənɪz(ə)m/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈdʒəːmənɪz(ə)m/U.S. /ˌproʊˈdʒərməˌnɪzəm/
/ˌproʊˈdʒərməˌnɪzəm/ΚΠ
1882 Chicago Tribune 26 Mar. 7/4 The pro-Germanism at Court..had the effect of oil thrown on a smoldering fire.
1914 W. B. Yeats Tribute to Thomas Davis (1947) 12 I am not more vehemently opposed to the Unionism of Professor Mahaffy than I am to the pro-Germanism of Mr. Pearse.
1994 Hist. Jrnl. 37 961 The foreign office became worried in 1915 about the pro-Germanism of Jews in the then neutral United States.
pro-Russianism n. /(ˌ)prəʊˈrʌʃənɪz(ə)m/,
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈrʌʃn̩ɪz(ə)m/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈrʌʃn̩ɪz(ə)m//(ˌ)prəʊˈrʌʃənɪz(ə)m/U.S. /ˌproʊˈrəʃəˌnɪzəm/
/ˌproʊˈrəʃəˌnɪzəm/ΚΠ
1855 Illustr. London News 27 Oct. 494/2 We refuse to believe that a great deal of the pro-Russianism manifested in the States is not simulated.
1944 Syracuse (N.Y.) Herald Jrnl. 15 Feb. 8/5 The traditional pro-Russianism of the Bulgarians had been dormant until a few months ago.
1992 Washington Post (Nexis) 13 Nov. a27 The United States has got to assert its interest in these and other related matters. There's no place in our policy for ‘infantile pro-Russianism’.
pro-Semitism n.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈsɛmᵻtɪz(ə)m/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈsɛmᵻtɪz(ə)m/U.S. /ˌproʊˈsɛməˌtɪzəm/
/ˌproʊˈsɛməˌtɪzəm/ΚΠ
1900 Chicago Tribune 7 Jan. 34/4 We Zionists labor to turn their eyes to the east, to the land of their national birth..where anti-Semitism can be changed into pro-Semitism.
1991 R. Ferguson Henry Miller xv. 333 The intrusively intense pro-semitism of the trilogy..really only makes sense in the light of the knowledge that Miller felt guilty about certain passages he had written about Jews earlier in his career.
pro-slaveryism n.
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈsleɪv(ə)rɪɪz(ə)m/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈsleɪv(ə)rɪɪz(ə)m/U.S. /ˌproʊˈsleɪv(ə)riˌɪzəm/
/ˌproʊˈsleɪv(ə)riˌɪzəm/ΚΠ
1851 T. J. Taylor Ess. on Slavery 3 We volunteered the defence of our Church against the charge of pro-slaveryism.
1905 J. F. Hume Abolitionists 159 The issue between Pro-Slaveryism and Anti-Slaveryism came up.
1999 R. Lora & W. H. Longton Conservative Press in Eighteenth- & Nineteenth-cent. Amer. iii. 185 The fifth element in the SQR's conservatism was proslaveryism. The magazine justified slavery by endlessly reiterating its conviction of the innate inferiority of the ‘Negro race’ to the ‘Caucasian race’.
pro-Sovietism n. /(ˌ)prəʊˈsɒvɪətɪz(ə)m/,
Brit. /(ˌ)prəʊˈsəʊvɪətɪz(ə)m/
, /(ˌ)prəʊˈsəʊvɪətɪz(ə)m//(ˌ)prəʊˈsɒvɪətɪz(ə)m/U.S. /ˌproʊˈsoʊviəˌtɪzəm/
/ˌproʊˈsoʊviəˌtɪzəm/ΚΠ
1923 N.Y. Times 1 Nov. 2 (headline) Attacks attitude of Lloyd George... Pro-Sovietism charged.
1950 L. Fischer in R. Crossman God that Failed 224 My years of pro-Sovietism have taught me that no one who loves people and peace should favour a dictatorship.
1997 Guardian (Nexis) 19 July 19 Moving to Southampton after the war, she and Leonard tried to change the CP's undemocratic nature and unquestioning pro-Sovietism.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
pro-prefix2
1. Prefixed to nouns and adjectives with the sense ‘earlier, prior, before (in time)’; spec. (a) chiefly Biology, forming nouns and derived adjectives denoting something that is an earlier or (supposedly) more primitive type or form of an organism or structure, a precursor of an active substance, etc.; (b) forming adjectives designating something occurring prior to the thing denoted by the second element.† pro-agonic adj. Medicine Obsolete = pre-agonal adj. at pre- prefix 2a(a)(vi).† probaptismal adj. Obsolete rare that precedes or is preparatory to baptism.† pro-dialogue n. Obsolete an introductory dialogue.Apparently an isolated use.† progametange n. Mycology Obsolete rare = progametangium n.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.† prokosmial adj. [ < pro- prefix2 + ancient Greek κόσμος world (see cosmos n.1) + -ial suffix] Obsolete that existed before the universe.Apparently an isolated use.† prorenal adj. Embryology Obsolete rare of or relating to the embryonic kidney.† prozoosporange n. Mycology Obsolete rare = prosporangium n.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.
proaccelerin n. /ˌprəʊakˈsɛlərɪn/,
Brit. /ˌprəʊəkˈsɛlərɪn/
, /ˌprəʊəkˈsɛlərɪn//ˌprəʊakˈsɛlərɪn/U.S. /ˌproʊəkˈsɛlərən/
Physiology a clotting factor (factor V) that is a glycoprotein whose activated form participates in the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin./ˌproʊəkˈsɛlərən/ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > vascular system > blood > components of blood > [noun] > procoagulant > specific
coagulation factor1887
clotting factor1916
proaccelerin1950
proconvertin1950
1950 T. Astrup in Adv. in Enzymol. 10 28 This term [sc. accelerin] permits an easy formulation of proaccelerin for the precursor.
1951 P. A. Owren in Proc. 3rd Internat. Congr. Internat. Soc. Hematol. 379 I wish to propose the terms proaccelerin and accelerin instead of Factor V and Factor VI, because..these factors constitute the system which is responsible for the acceleration of thrombin formation.
1990 Gastroenterol. 99 1832 Continuation of lisinopril administration for 3 weeks after the onset of jaundice was associated with..a marked decrease in prothrombin and proaccelerin levels.
proactivator n.
Brit. /prəʊˈaktᵻveɪtə/
, /prəʊˈaktᵻveɪtə/U.S. /proʊˈæktəˌveɪdər/
Physiology a substance which is a precursor of an activator (esp. of plasminogen activator)./proʊˈæktəˌveɪdər/ΚΠ
1956 T. Astrup in Blood 11 783 In blood, human milk, tears, and in other body fluids enzymatically acting activators of plasminogen are also found, or can be produced. The production of activating agents in these cases is caused by the transformation of a precursor (a proactivator).
1993 European Heart Jrnl. 14 785 We studied prospectively the factor XII-dependent plasminogen proactivator system in 49 survivors of an acute myocardial infarction.
ΚΠ
1871 Lancet 12 Aug. 213/1 Wunderlich regards this terminal rise as ‘proagonic’, or as one of the phenomena of death.
1876 J. Van Duyn & E. C. Seguin tr. E. L. Wagner Man. Gen. Pathol. 621 The termination is doubtful, and transition into the pro-agonic stage not rare.
Proamphibia n.
Brit. /ˌprəʊamˈfɪbɪə/
, /ˌprəʊamˈfɪbɪə/U.S. /ˌproʊˌæm(p)ˈfɪbiə/
Zoology rare (with plural agreement) a (hypothetical) group of extinct animals including the earliest amphibians or their immediate ancestors./ˌproʊˌæm(p)ˈfɪbiə/ΚΠ
1901 Nature 14 Mar. 462/2 Connected through a series of hypothetical Proamphibia or Protetrapoda with equally hypothetical Selachian-like animals.
1919 Amer. Jrnl. Physical Anthropol. 2 436 The knee is probably part of a primordial intermedium cruris... It probably disappeared in the hypothetical Proamphibia.
proamphibian n.
Brit. /ˌprəʊamˈfɪbɪən/
, /ˌprəʊamˈfɪbɪən/U.S. /ˌproʊˌæm(p)ˈfɪbiən/
Zoology rare a member of the Proamphibia; an early amphibian./ˌproʊˌæm(p)ˈfɪbiən/ΚΠ
1916 E. S. Russell Form & Function xx. 357 Amphibia do not demonstrably evolve from an archetypal Proamphibian.
1954 Science 17 Dec. 1043/1 The evolution of the fin into a strong footlike structure..would seem to confer greatest immediate..advantage as a more efficient digging mechanism that would enable the proamphibian to remain in contact with the retreating moisture.
proanthocyanidin n.
Brit. /prəʊˌanθə(ʊ)sʌɪˈanᵻdɪn/
, /prəʊˌanθə(ʊ)sʌɪˈanᵻdɪn/U.S. /ˌproʊˌænθəˌsaɪˈænəd(ə)n/
Biochemistry any of a group of flavonoids which are natural precursors of anthocyanidins./ˌproʊˌænθəˌsaɪˈænəd(ə)n/ΚΠ
1962 K. Freundenberg & K. Weinges in T. A. Geissman Chem. Flavonoid Compounds vii. 201 Recently, we have proposed that the name ‘pro-anthocyanidin’ should be used for all colourless anthocyanidin-forming substances, such as the 2:3-diols, 3:4-diols, 2:3:4-triols and their glycosides, etc.
2003 Nat. Health May–June 43/1 You can easily treat this condition by taking 150 to 300 mg of proanthocyanidins (antioxidants from grape seed or pine bark) each day.
proanthropos n. /prəʊˈanθrəpəs/,
Brit. /prəʊˈanθrəpɒs/
, /prəʊˈanθrəpɒs//prəʊˈanθrəpəs/U.S. /proʊˈænθrəpəs/
[ < pro- prefix2 + ancient Greek ἄνθρωπος (see anthropo- comb. form)] now rare a (hypothetical) prehistoric ancestor of humans./proʊˈænθrəpəs/ΚΠ
1870 F. M. Müller in Littell's Living Age 5 Feb. 366/1 The pro-anthropos is more unintelligible to us than even the prot-anthropos would be.
1892 Amer. Naturalist 26 464 In most of the anthropoid apes, and therefore presumably in the pro-anthropos, there are thirteen complete ribs and four lumbar vertebræ.
1902 A. H. Buck Ref. Handbk. Med. Sci. (rev. ed.) IV. 40/2 We may postulate a Tertiary ‘precursor’, a ‘proanthropos’, but exhibit one of his bones in the broad light of day we cannot.
ΚΠ
1840 G. S. Faber Christ's Disc. Capernaum viii. 230 (note) Cyril has devoted to his painful probaptismal instruction no fewer than eighteen Lectures.
prochorion n. /prə(ʊ)ˈkɔːrɪɒn/,
Brit. /prə(ʊ)ˈkɔːrɪən/
, /prə(ʊ)ˈkɔːrɪən//prə(ʊ)ˈkɔːrɪɒn/U.S. /proʊˈkɔriˌɑn/
Embryology rare (now disused) the membrane surrounding an ovum, which develops into the chorion; the zona pellucida, vitelline membrane, or yolk sac of an ovum./proʊˈkɔriˌɑn/ΚΠ
1879 tr. E. Haeckel Evol. Man II. xix. 157 This prochorion [Ger. Prochorion] very soon disappears, and is replaced by the permanent outer egg-membrane, the chorion.
1901 Lancet 12 Jan. 106/1 The reader [of J. C. Heisler's Textbk. Embryol. (1899)] will find definitions of many terms that have been recently introduced, such as prochorion, ameloblasts..and the like.
procollagen n.
Brit. /prə(ʊ)ˈkɒlədʒ(ə)n/
, /prə(ʊ)ˈkɒlədʒ(ə)n/U.S. /proʊˈkɑlədʒən/
[after Russian prokollagen (V. N. Orexovič et al. 1948, in Bioximija 13 55).] Biochemistry a soluble precursor of collagen which contains additional amino-acid sequences at the amino-terminal ends of its three constituent polypeptide chains./proʊˈkɑlədʒən/ΚΠ
1950 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 72 3322/1 The protein, to which they gave the somewhat dubious name ‘procollagen’, separates out from the extract after dialysis, neutralization or salting out.
2002 New Scientist 23 Feb. 59/1 One of the vital post-translational modifications essential for the formation of collagen cross-links is the hydroxylation of lysine residues in..the procollagen polypeptide.
proconvertin n.
Brit. /ˌprəʊkənˈvəːtɪn/
, /ˌprəʊkənˈvəːtɪn/U.S. /ˌproʊkənˈvərtn/
Physiology a blood coagulation factor (factor VII) that is an enzyme which helps to activate factor X, which converts prothrombin to thrombin (cf. factor n. 8a)./ˌproʊkənˈvərtn/ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > vascular system > blood > components of blood > [noun] > procoagulant > specific
coagulation factor1887
clotting factor1916
proaccelerin1950
proconvertin1950
1950 Lancet 23 Sept. 409/1 More new, or renamed, ‘factors’ are on the way, like ‘pro-accelerin’ and ‘pro-convertin’.
1951 P. A. Owren in Proc. 3rd Internat. Congr. Internat. Soc. Hematol. 383 This substance acts as the limiting factor for prothrombin conversion and I have thus chosen to give it the name proconvertin.
1989 Blood 74 229 This is a report of a 62-year-old male patient who had a bleeding disorder due to the presence of a factor VII (proconvertin) inhibitor.
ΚΠ
1884 Athenæum 12 July 41/1 In the pro-dialogue to the ‘Isle of Gulls’ one of the characters says, ‘I cannot see it out.’
prodissoconch n.
Brit. /prə(ʊ)ˈdɪsəkɒŋk/
, /prə(ʊ)ˈdɪsəkɒŋk/U.S. /proʊˈdɪsəˌkɑŋk/
Zoology the embryonic shell of a bivalve mollusc./proʊˈdɪsəˌkɑŋk/ΚΠ
1888 R. T. Jackson in Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 23 543 In the oyster..this shell is not single, but double-valved, and, therefore, deserves a distinct name. As it precedes the dissoconch or true shell, I suggest the name prodissoconch or early double shell.
1952 Q. Rev. Biol. 27 268/1 The shape of the prodissoconch may serve to identify the species in each genus, which is..hardly possible when using the features of the adult oyster only.
1995 P. J. Hayward et al. in P. J. Hayward & J. S. Ryland Handbk. Marine Fauna N.W. Europe x. 598/2 Norway cockle... Prodissoconch and first growth stages typically smooth and glossy.
proenkephalin n. /ˌprəʊɛnˈkɛfl̩ɪn/, /ˌprəʊɛŋˈkɛfəlɪn/, /ˌprəʊɛŋˈkɛfl̩ɪn/, /ˌproʊˌɛnˈkɛfəˌlin/ Physiology a natural precursor of enkephalin.
Brit. /ˌprəʊɛnˈkɛfəlɪn/
, /ˌprəʊɛnˈkɛfəlɪn//ˌprəʊɛnˈkɛfl̩ɪn//ˌprəʊɛŋˈkɛfəlɪn//ˌprəʊɛŋˈkɛfl̩ɪn/U.S. /ˌproʊˌɛnˈkɛfələn/
, /ˌproʊˌɛnˈkɛfələn//ˌproʊˌɛnˈkɛfəˌlin/ΚΠ
1981 Federation Proc. (Federation Amer. Soc. Exper. Biol.) 40 272/2 This multivalent proenkephalin apparently leads to the many ECPs [= enkephalin-containing polypeptides] and ultimately to free enkephalins.
2000 Amer. Jrnl. Physiol.: Heart & Circulatory Physiol. (Electronic ed.) 279 H1989 The concept of local enkephalin synthesis is supported by the finding that rat heart cells contain enkephalins and the mRNA for their precursor, proenkephalin.
proerythroblast n. /ˌprəʊᵻˈrɪθrə(ʊ)blast/,
Brit. /ˌprəʊᵻˈrɪθrə(ʊ)blɑːst/
, /ˌprəʊᵻˈrɪθrə(ʊ)blɑːst//ˌprəʊᵻˈrɪθrə(ʊ)blast/U.S. /ˌproʊəˈrɪθrəˌblæst/
[after Italian proeritroblasti ( A. Ferrata Morfologia del sangue (1912) v. 232)] Physiology the earliest of the immature forms recognizable as precursors of an erythrocyte, characterized by a large nucleus with nucleoli and by basophilic cytoplasm./ˌproʊəˈrɪθrəˌblæst/ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > vascular system > blood > components of blood > blood corpuscle or plate > [noun] > red cells or corpuscles
globule1674
red corpuscle1747
red blood disc1835
red cell1843
red blood corpuscle1844
pneumocyte1872
poikilocyte1886
haematid1888
normoblast1889
polychromatic normoblast1899
normocyte1900
spherocyte1908
polychrome1909
siderocyte1915
reticulocyte1922
proerythroblast1927
target cell1938
acanthocyte1952
sideroblast1954
1927 A. Piney Recent Adv. in Hæmatol. ii. 29 They contend that all sorts of transitions can be found between large non-hæmoglobiniferous cells (pro-erythroblasts) and the mature, fully hæmoglobiniferous corpuscle.
1969 F. G. J. Hayhoe & R. J. Flemans Atlas Haematol. Cytol. (1970) i. 7 The proerythroblast is not itself the functional stem cell serving as a self-maintaining progenitor of the normoblast series.
1994 Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1201 85 ALA synthase activity..diminished as the cells matured with an overall five fold loss of activity from proerythroblast to late erythroblast development.
profibrinolysin n.
Brit. /prə(ʊ)ˌfʌɪbrᵻnə(ʊ)ˈlʌɪsɪn/
, /prə(ʊ)ˌfʌɪbrᵻnə(ʊ)ˈlʌɪsɪn/U.S. /ˌproʊˌfaɪbrənoʊˈlaɪsᵻn/
Physiology = plasminogen n./ˌproʊˌfaɪbrənoʊˈlaɪsᵻn/ΚΠ
1947 E. C. Loomis et al. in Arch. Biochem. 12 1 We suggest the following names for the compounds: 1). Fibrinolysin... 2). Profibrinolysin—the inactive form or precursor of fibrinolysin. This compound is the proenzyme form from serum or plasma activated by streptokinase, organic solvents and other enzyme activators.
1958 Observer 14 Dec. 4/3 A precursor, profibrinolysin, is present in the blood and is changed to fibrinolysin by natural agents released when needed.
1984 J. F. Lamb et al. Essent. Physiol. (ed. 2) iv. 85 The active component of this system is fibrinolysin (plasmin) which is formed from profibrinolysin (plasminogen) by the action of thrombin and other substances.
ΚΠ
1890 Cent. Dict. Progametange, same as progametangium.
progametangium n.
Brit. /ˌprəʊɡamᵻˈtan(d)ʒɪəm/
, /ˌprəʊɡamᵻˈtan(d)ʒɪəm/U.S. /ˌproʊˌɡæməˈtændʒiəm/
(plural progametangia) Mycology a swollen, lateral branch of a hypha in a fungus of the order Mucorales, lying in contact with a similar structure of the opposite mating strain, which develops into a gametangium and its supporting structure./ˌproʊˌɡæməˈtændʒiəm/ΚΠ
1890 Cent. Dict. Progametangium, an immature or resting gametangium.
1955 G. M. Smith Cryptogamic Bot. (ed. 2) xi. 413 Hyphae of both sexes produce short side branches (progametangia) whose distal ends are inflated and densely filled with protoplasm.
1984 J. W. Deacon Introd. Mod. Mycol. (ed. 2) 16 As two fertile branches (zygophores) approach one another they delimit progametangia at their ends. On meeting these differentiate into gametangia and subterminal suspensors.
progamete n. /ˌprəʊɡəˈmiːt/, /ˌproʊɡəˈmit/ Biology a cell or structure able to give rise to one or more gametes; spec. = progametangium n.
Brit. /prə(ʊ)ˈɡamiːt/
, /prə(ʊ)ˈɡamiːt//ˌprəʊɡəˈmiːt/U.S. /proʊˈɡæˌmit/
, /proʊˈɡæˌmit//ˌproʊɡəˈmit/ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > reproductive substances or cells > [noun] > gametes
gamete1878
zoogamete1879
planogamete1880
macrogamete1888
microgamete1888
isogamete1891
megagamete1891
oogamete1891
progamete1892
heterogamete1897
ovum1900
non-crossover1914
merogamete1925
hologamete1926
anisogamete-
1892 M. M. Hartog in Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. 33 6 In my terminology I have used the word[s]..gametogonium and progamete to express, from slightly different points of view, a cell which divides to form gametes, or (rarely) passes into the state of a gamete.
1962 D. C. Braungart Introd. Plant Biol. vii. 123/2 When the mycelia of two plants of opposite strain come near each other, lateral lobes are formed. These are the progametes.
1985 Jrnl. Invertebr. Pathol. 46 139 A few bacteriocytes also occur around each embryonic testis, near the cells with female progamete morphology.
proganoid adj. and n.
Brit. /prə(ʊ)ˈɡanɔɪd/
, /prə(ʊ)ˈɡanɔɪd/U.S. /proʊˈɡæˌnɔɪd/
Palaeontology (now rare) (a) adj. of or relating to a group of primitive (fossil) ganoid fishes; (b) n. a primitive ganoid fish of this group./proʊˈɡæˌnɔɪd/ΚΠ
1889 H. A. Nicholson & R. Lydekker Man. Palæontol. (ed. 3) II. 959 Proganoid Series.
1889 H. A. Nicholson & R. Lydekker Man. Palæontol. (ed. 3) II. 965 The last group of the Proganoids.
1917 Amer. Naturalist 51 314 Minor readjustments..taking place after the more profound transformation of a generalized pro-ganoid skull into the amphibian type.
proheterocyst n.
Brit. /prə(ʊ)ˈhɛt(ə)rə(ʊ)sɪst/
, /prə(ʊ)ˈhɛt(ə)rə(ʊ)sɪst/U.S. /proʊˈhɛdərəˌsɪst/
Biology (in certain organisms, esp. cyanobacteria) an immature or incipient heterocyst./proʊˈhɛdərəˌsɪst/ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > substance > cell > types of cells > [noun] > other types of cells
reticular cell1832
torula1833
reserve cell1842
subcell1844
parenchyma cell1857
pedicel cell1858
nettle cell1870
heterocyst1872
prickle cell1872
angioblast1875
palisade cell1875
sextant1875
spindle cell1876
neuroblast1878
body cell1879
plasma cell1882
reticulum cell1882
stem cell1885
Langhans1886
basal cell1889
pole cell1890
myelocyte1891
statocyst1892
mast cell1893
thrombocyte1893
iridocyte1894
precursor1895
nurse cell1896
amacrine1900
statocyte1900
mononuclear1903
oat cell1903
myeloblast1904
trochoblast1904
adipocyte1906
polynuclear1906
fibrocyte1911
akaryote1920
Rouget cell1922
Sternberg–Reed1922
amphicyte1925
monoblast1925
pericyte1925
promyelocyte1925
pituicyte1930
agamete1932
sympathogonia1934
athrocyte1938
progenitor1938
Reed–Sternberg cell1939
submarginal1941
delta cell1942
mastocyte1947
squame1949
podocyte1954
transformed cell1956
transformant1957
spheroplast1958
pinealocyte1961
immunocyte1963
lactotroph1966
mammotroph1966
minicell1967
proheterocyst1970
myofibroblast1971
cybrid1974
1970 Nature 14 Nov. 686/1 A close pattern of heterocysts and presumptive heterocysts (‘proheterocysts’) is apparent.
1994 Jrnl. Bacteriol. 176 7543 A periplasmic permease that is required for the transition from a proheterocyst to a mature, nitrogen-fixing heterocyst.
prohormone n.
Brit. /prə(ʊ)ˈhɔːməʊn/
, /prə(ʊ)ˈhɔːməʊn/U.S. /proʊˈhɔrˌmoʊn/
Physiology a precursor of a hormone./proʊˈhɔrˌmoʊn/ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > substance > process stimulators or inhibitors > hormone > [noun] > parahormone or prohormone
parahormone1918
prohormone1935
1935 Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. 112 511 Many of the published opinions concerning the prohormone have been made from incidental observations, rather than from directed experiments planned to give information concerning its existence or properties.
1970 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 47 1637 Unlike the islet cell, which stores hormone primarily in the form of insulin, the parathyroid may store its hormone as the prohormone, with conversion taking place when the gland is stimulated.
1989 Psychiatric Devel. 7 249 Testosterone is a prohormone that, once inside a cell, can be converted into an estrogen (estradiol) through an aromatization pathway.
proinsulin n.
Brit. /prəʊˈɪnsjᵿlɪn/
, /prəʊˈɪnsjᵿlɪn/U.S. /proʊˈɪnsəlᵻn/
(also proinsuline) Physiology the inactive form in which insulin is naturally synthesized, consisting of a single polypeptide chain which undergoes cleavage to produce the active hormone./proʊˈɪnsəlᵻn/ΚΠ
1916 E. A. Schäfer Endocrine Organs xvii. 128 Provisionally, it will be convenient to refer to this hypothetical autacoid as insuline. It must, however, be stated that it has yet to be determined whether the active substance is present as such in the pancreas or whether it exists there as pro-insuline, which becomes elsewhere converted into the active autacoid.
1967 D. F. Steiner et al. in Science 26 Apr. 700/2 The labeling data reported here support our earlier interpretation that component b is a precursor in the biosynthesis of insulin. It might be less cumbersome, therefore, to designate this material ‘proinsulin’.
1990 Sci. Amer. July 49 (caption) As the beta cells become ever more damaged, substances normally sequestered within them such as proinsulin, begin to appear at the surface of the cell.
ΚΠ
1855 P. J. Bailey Mystic 36 Where the pro-kosmial forms of thought abide.
promeristem n.
Brit. /prə(ʊ)ˈmɛrᵻstɛm/
, /prə(ʊ)ˈmɛrᵻstɛm/U.S. /proʊˈmɛrəˌstɛm/
[after German Urmeristem (1895 in the passage translated in quot. 1898)] Botany an apical meristem; spec. the region of a meristem comprising cells that have not yet undergone any of the changes associated with tissue differentiation./proʊˈmɛrəˌstɛm/ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > part of plant > cell or aggregate tissue > [noun] > tissue > meristem
meristem1872
plerome1875
protomeristem1880
calyptrogen1881
perimeristem1884
pleroma1890
promeristem1898
1898 H. C. Porter tr. E. Strasburger et al. Text-bk. Bot. i. 90 The tissues..are distinguished as primary and secondary, according as they are derived from the promeristem [Ger. Urmeristem] or secondary meristem.
1925 A. J. Eames & L. H. MacDaniels Introd. Plant Anat. iii. 41 Promeristems gradually become differentiated.
1953 K. Esau Plant Anat. iv. 78 The initiating cells and their most recent derivatives are often distinguished, under the name of promeristem.
1998 Current Biol. 1 37/2 The term promeristem is the direct equivalent to animal stem cells but avoids some of the confusion inherent in using this term in plant biology.
promitochondrion n.
Brit. /ˌprəʊmʌɪtə(ʊ)ˈkɒndrɪən/
, /ˌprəʊmʌɪtə(ʊ)ˈkɒndrɪən/U.S. /ˌproʊˌmaɪdəˈkɑndriən/
Cell Biology a structure that can develop into a functional mitochondrion; spec. a structure, present in certain yeast cells growing under anaerobic conditions, which can develop into a functioning mitochondrion on exposure to aerobic conditions./ˌproʊˌmaɪdəˈkɑndriən/ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > substance > cell > cell organelle or contents > [noun] > mitochondria
sarcosome1899
mitochondrion1901
chondriosome1910
chondriocont1911
promitochondrion1960
1960 Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 47 406/1 Proplastids in our maize root apex studies almost certainly include structures classed as promitochondria or ‘immature’ mitochondria by some other investigators.
1970 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 66 1252 We now describe a label-transfer experiment which demonstrates physical continuity between promitochondria and respiring yeast mitochondria.
1989 Nature 11 May 149/1 The promitochondria of fermenting cells lack respiratory chain complexes, but still perform protein import and processing.
propeptide n.
Brit. /prə(ʊ)ˈpɛptʌɪd/
, /prə(ʊ)ˈpɛptʌɪd/U.S. /proʊˈpɛpˌtaɪd/
Biochemistry a length of peptide chain which is present in the precursor of a protein or active polypeptide, but is removed during final synthesis or activation./proʊˈpɛpˌtaɪd/ΚΠ
1975 Crit. Rev. Biochem. 2 434 Church et al..first suggested that the..molecule..would be an earlier precursor of the pro-α-chains and have a noncollagenous or propeptide mass about two times greater than that of the propeptide of the more usually observed pro-α-chains.
2004 Biochem. & Biophysical Res. Communications 315 525 Although the propeptide contains N-linked glycosylation when synthesized in mammalian cells, this glycosylation is not necessary for the inhibition of GDF-8.
propeptone n.
Brit. /prə(ʊ)ˈpɛptəʊn/
, /prə(ʊ)ˈpɛptəʊn/U.S. /proʊˈpɛpˌtoʊn/
Biochemistry (now rare) an intermediate product in the formation of (a) peptone by partial digestion of protein./proʊˈpɛpˌtoʊn/ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > secretory organs > secretion > gastric juice > [noun] > substance in
pepsin1844
pepsinogen1877
rennin1889
propeptone1890
thrombogen1890
intrinsic factor1930
1890 Cent. Dict. Propeptone, one of the first products of peptic and tryptic digestion.
1897 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. III. 292 The action of the gastric juice upon the albuminous constituents of the food is indicated by the presence of syntonin, propeptone and peptone.
1917 H. S. Carter et al. Nutrition & Clin. Dietetics xxxii. 564 The attempt has been made to introduce protein in almost every conceivable form, as egg albumen, chopped meat and pancreas, beef juice, milk, peptone, propeptone, and amino-acids.
proplastid n.
Brit. /prə(ʊ)ˈplastɪd/
, /prə(ʊ)ˈplastɪd/U.S. /proʊˈplæstəd/
Botany a small organelle, present in the meristematic regions of a plant, that acts as a precursor in the development of plastids./proʊˈplæstəd/ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > substance > cell > cell organelle or contents > [noun] > plastids or aggregate of
homo-organ1883
homoplast1883
trophoplast1883
plastid1885
chloroplast1887
chromatophore1895
proplastid1922
plastidome1926
1922 L. F. Randolph in Bot. Gaz. 73 345 Since these bodies have been found to occur as a constant feature of the cytoplasm of meristematic cells in maize, and inasmuch as they have been found to be definitely concerned with the formation of chloroplasts, the term ‘proplastid’ will be used for such bodies.
2002 Plant Jrnl. 31 713/1 In undifferentiated and meristematic cells, plastids are present in a proplastid form. These small organelles..contain their own genome.
propupa n.
Brit. /prə(ʊ)ˈpjuːpə/
, /prə(ʊ)ˈpjuːpə/U.S. /proʊˈpjupə/
Entomology (in certain insects, e.g. scale insects and thrips) = prepupa n./proʊˈpjupə/ΚΠ
1890 Cent. Dict. Propupa, a stage of development of certain insects, intermediate between the larva and the pupa.
1898 A. S. Packard Text-bk. Entomol. iii. 627 It passes into what Riley terms the pro-pupa, in which the wing-pads are present.
1931 K. M. Smith Textbk. Agric. Entomol. iv. 25 The [thrips] larva passes through two short stages occupying only about two days, firstly the propupa in which the wing rudiments appears.
1997 Jrnl. Econ. Entomol. 90 435 (title) Factors influencing survival of citrus thrips..propupae and pupae on the ground.
ΚΠ
1888 T. H. Huxley & H. N. Martin Course Elem. Biol. 169 The pro-renal (segmental) duct; a conspicuous thick-walled tube seen, on either side, lying within the somatic mesoblast.
prosecretin n.
Brit. /ˌprəʊsᵻˈkriːtɪn/
, /ˌprəʊsᵻˈkriːtɪn/U.S. /ˌproʊsəˈkritn/
Biochemistry the polypeptide precursor of secretin./ˌproʊsəˈkritn/ΚΠ
1902 W. M. Bayliss & E. H. Starling in Jrnl. Physiol. 28 331 The distribution of ‘prosecretin’, as we have proposed to call the mother-substance, corresponds..precisely with the region from which acid introduced into the lumen excites secretion from the pancreas.
1935 Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. 112 511 In this study we have..attempted to obtain concrete evidence concerning the existence of prosecretin.
1990 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87 6781/1 Using the polymerase chain reaction technique, Kopin et al...were able to isolate cDNA encoding pig and rat prosecretin.
prosporangium n.
Brit. /ˌprəʊspəˈran(d)ʒɪəm/
, /ˌprəʊspəˈran(d)ʒɪəm/U.S. /ˌproʊspəˈrændʒiəm/
(plural prosporangia) [after German Prosporangium (1884 in the passage translated in quot 1887)] Mycology a sporangium-like body that gives rise to the vesicle in which the zoospores develop./ˌproʊspəˈrændʒiəm/ΚΠ
1887 H. E. F. Garnsey & I. B. Balfour tr. H. A. de Bary Compar. Morphol. & Biol. Fungi 163 When it [sc. Polyphagus Euglenæ] has reached a certain size,..it shows itself in many specimens to be a sporangium, or, if the term is preferred, a prosporangium [Ger. Prosporangium].
1930 Science 21 Mar. 324/1 The prosporangium serves as reservoir of the protoplasm intended for the development of the zoospores.
1987 Mycologia 79 587 A prosporangium develops inside the germ tube and the incipient sporangium develops from the outflow of protoplasm through the zoospore cyst.
protrichocyst n. /prə(ʊ)ˈtrʌɪkə(ʊ)sɪst/,
Brit. /prə(ʊ)ˈtrɪkə(ʊ)sɪst/
, /prə(ʊ)ˈtrɪkə(ʊ)sɪst//prə(ʊ)ˈtrʌɪkə(ʊ)sɪst/U.S. /proʊˈtrɪkəˌsɪst/
[after German Protrichocyste (B. M. Klein 1928, in Archiv f. Protistenkunde 62 210), so called as they were thought to be undeveloped trichocysts] Zoology (in various ciliate protozoans) each of the minute sac-like organelles arranged in rows near the surface of the cell which discharge mucoid material; a mucocyst./proʊˈtrɪkəˌsɪst/ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > invertebrates > protozoa > class Infusoria > [noun] > member of > parts of > rod-like body in cuticle > undeveloped
protrichocyst1933
1933 G. N. Calkins Biol. Protozoa (ed. 2) iv. 135 The trichocysts at rest are capsules filled with a densely staining..substance... They appear to be connected with the silver line system and..are here represented by granules when the trichocysts are undeveloped. In such granular form they are sometimes called ‘protrichocysts’.
1972 M. S. Gardiner Biol. Invertebr. xix. 850/2 Electron micrographs reveal that the stripes contain refringent granules, considered protrichocysts, which are..blue in S[tentor] coeruleus, giving this species its beautiful color.
1985 Trans. Amer. Microsc. Soc. 104 350 Species of the ciliated protozoon genus Pseudourostyla..possess high densities of an elaborate extrusive organelle... These extrusomes were first called protrichocysts.
protrypsin n.
Brit. /prə(ʊ)ˈtrɪpsɪn/
, /prə(ʊ)ˈtrɪpsɪn/U.S. /proʊˈtrɪpsᵻn/
Physiology rare = trypsinogen n. at trypsin n. Derivatives./proʊˈtrɪpsᵻn/ΚΠ
1900 Lancet 27 Oct. 1187/1 The pancreatic zymogen, trypsinogen or protrypsin.
2000 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 12933/3 In the gut, protrypsin is cleaved to form active trypsin.
ΚΠ
1890 Cent. Dict. Prozoosporange, a stage in the reproduction of certain fungi which is to develop zoöspores. From the prozoösporange there grows out a..process, into which all the protoplasm passes and within which it breaks up into zoöspores.
2. Chiefly Anatomy and Zoology.
a. Prefixed adjectivally to nouns and derived adjectives to denote the anterior region of a part, organ, etc., or the foremost of a pair or group of similar or related structures. Often correlated with words in meso- comb. form and meta- prefix 3. Cf. pre- prefix 1b(b).† pro-osteon n. Zoology Obsolete (W. K. Parker's term for) each of the ossifications forming the anterior lateral processes of the sternum in certain birds.† proplex n. Anatomy Obsolete rare = proplexus n.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.† proplexus n. Anatomy Obsolete (a) (B. G. Wilder's term for) the choroid plexus of either of the lateral ventricles of the brain (rare); (b) the part of the nervous system of other vertebrates analogous to the brachial plexus in humans (rare).Sense (b) is apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.† propostscutellar adj. Entomology Obsolete rare of or relating to a propostscutellum.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.† propostscutellum n. Entomology Obsolete rare the postnotum of the prothorax of an insect.† proprescutal adj. Entomology Obsolete rare of or relating to a proprescutum.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.† proprescutum n. Entomology Obsolete rare the prescutum (first dorsal sclerite) of the prothorax of an insect.† prozygapophysis n. Anatomy and Zoology Obsolete = prezygapophysis n.
proatlas n.
Brit. /prəʊˈatləs/
, /prəʊˈatləs/U.S. /proʊˈætləs/
Zoology and Anatomy a vertebral element located between the base of the skull and the atlas vertebra which fuses with the skull during embryonic development in most vertebrates, but persists as a distinct element in some, esp. as a pair of small, V-shaped bones anterior to the neural arch of the atlas in certain reptiles (e.g. chameleons and tuataras)./proʊˈætləs/ΚΠ
1884 Amer. Naturalist 18 434 The skeleton examined (an adult [tuatara]) had, besides the pro-atlas, 8 cervical, 17 dorso-lumbar, 2 sacral, and 15 caudal vertebræ.
1968 Brain 91 661 This extra vertebra is termed the pro-atlas, but should, more correctly, be termed the occipital vertebra.
1986 A. S. Romer & T. S. Parsons Vertebr. Body (ed. 6) vii. 187 In many reptiles there may be, incidentally, a small, extra neural arch in advance of that of the atlas—a proatlas.
2002 Clin. Anat. 15 150/1 In man, the neural arch of the proatlas divides into anterior and posterior segments.
procoracoid adj. and n. /prə(ʊ)ˈkɔːrəkɔɪd/,
Brit. /prə(ʊ)ˈkɒrəkɔɪd/
, /prə(ʊ)ˈkɒrəkɔɪd//prə(ʊ)ˈkɔːrəkɔɪd/U.S. /proʊˈkɔrəˌkɔɪd/
Zoology (a) adj. (in amphibians, reptiles, and birds) relating to or designating a bone or cartilage of the pectoral girdle connecting the scapula with the sternum, adjacent to the interclavicle; (b) n. the procoracoid bone or cartilage.The procoracoid is sometimes called the coracoid, but it is not homologous with the coracoid of mammals./proʊˈkɔrəˌkɔɪd/ΚΠ
1868 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 253 The Raniformia present..a pair of parallel or over-lapping curved cartilages, connecting the..procoracoid and coracoid bones, which subsequently unite.
1870 Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 14 27 Testudinata... Dorsal vertebræ without mobility: no clavicle, a procoracoid continuous with scapula.
1974 D. Webster & M. Webster Compar. Vertebr. Morphol. v. 99 The pectoral girdle is firmly articulated with the bird's very large sternum by way of the endochondral procoracoid.
1988 Paleobiology 14 177/1 In many frogs a procoracoid cartilage is juxtaposed between the lateral aspect of the clavicle and the medial border of the scapula.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > birds > bones > [noun] > sternum > part of
keel1767
metosteon1868
pleurosteon1868
pro-osteon1868
manubrium1890
1868 W. K. Parker Monogr. Struct. & Devel. Shoulder-girdle & Sternum Vertebrata 144 In the genus Rhea..there is, on each side, an osseous centre in front of the first rib: it ossifies the costal process, and, projecting forwards as a wing in front of the sternal ribs, may be called the ‘pro-osteon’.
1896 A. Newton et al. Dict. Birds: Pt. IV 910 Thus in Rhea, Gallinæ, Turnix, Lestris and the Passeres, each anterior lateral process has its pro-osteon..,but in many other forms..these processes possess no special centre of ossification.
ΚΠ
1890 Cent. Dict. Proplex, same as proplexus.
ΚΠ
1881 B. G. Wilder in Science 26 Mar. 136/1 Proplexus, the plexus of the medicornu of the procœlia.
1896 New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon Proplexus, the analogue in the Vertebrata generally of the brachial plexus in man.
ΚΠ
1890 Cent. Dict. Propostscutellar, of or pertaining to the propostscutellum.
ΚΠ
1890 Cent. Dict. Propostscutellum, the postscutellum of the pronotum; the postscutellar sclerite of the prothorax.
ΚΠ
1890 Cent. Dict. Proprescutal, of or pertaining to the propræscutum.
ΚΠ
1890 Cent. Dict. Propræscutum, the præscutum of the pronotum; the prescutal sclerite of the prothorax.
propygidium n.
Brit. /ˌprəʊpʌɪˈdʒɪdɪəm/
, /ˌprəʊpʌɪˈdʒɪdɪəm/U.S. /ˌproʊˌpaɪˈdʒɪdiəm/
Entomology the segment or tergite immediately in front of the pygidium in certain beetles, esp. those with short elytra./ˌproʊˌpaɪˈdʒɪdiəm/ΚΠ
1859 J. L. Le Conte Coleoptera of Kansas & E. New Mexico in Smithsonian Contrib. Knowl. 11 9 The 5th ventral segment united without suture to the propygidium, with the spiracle each side midway between the anterior and posterior margin.
1899 D. Sharp in Cambr. Nat. Hist. VI. 187 A similar plate anterior to the pygidium is called propygidium.
1981 Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington 83 759 Morphological differences..on the propygidium and pygidium can be used to determine the sex of adults of the peach bark beetle.
proscutal adj.
Brit. /prə(ʊ)ˈskjuːtl/
, /prə(ʊ)ˈskjuːtl/U.S. /proʊˈskjudl/
Entomology rare of or relating to a proscutum.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries./proʊˈskjudl/ΚΠ
1890 Cent. Dict. Proscutal, of or pertaining to the proscutum.
proscutellar adj.
Brit. /ˌprəʊskjʊˈtɛlə/
, /ˌprəʊskjʊˈtɛlə/U.S. /proʊˈskjudl̩ər/
Entomology rare of or relating to a proscutellum.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries./proʊˈskjudl̩ər/ΚΠ
1890 Cent. Dict. Proscutellar, of or pertaining to the proscutellum.
proscutellum n.
Brit. /ˌprəʊskjʊˈtɛləm/
, /ˌprəʊskjʊˈtɛləm/U.S. /ˌproʊskjuˈtɛləm/
Entomology rare the scutellum (third dorsal sclerite) of the prothorax of an insect./ˌproʊskjuˈtɛləm/ΚΠ
1833 F. Walker in Entomol. Mag. I. 21 The semihyaline spots on the proscutellum are much larger in this species.
1913 Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 39 191 Catalogue of Lettering of Plates... P, prothorax. P1, proscutum. P2, proscutellum. P3, pronotal lobe.
proscutum n.
Brit. /prə(ʊ)ˈskjuːtəm/
, /prə(ʊ)ˈskjuːtəm/U.S. /proʊˈskjudəm/
Entomology rare the scutum (second dorsal sclerite) of the prothorax of an insect./proʊˈskjudəm/ΚΠ
1890 Cent. Dict. Proscutum, the scutum of the pronotum; the scutal sclerite of the prothorax.
1913 Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 39 191 Catalogue of Lettering of Plates... P, pothorax. P1, proscutum. P2, proscutellum. P3, pronotal lobe.
1938 Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 64 295 The antesutural portion of the mesonotum is the proscutum.
ΚΠ
1851 R. Owen in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 141 723 As I shall frequently have to allude to the anterior as distinct from the posterior zygapophyses, I shall call the former ‘prozygapophysis’, and use the term ‘zygapophysis’ simply to signify the posterior pair.
1878 Philos. Trans. 1877 (Royal Soc.) 167 575 There is a deep notch between the occipital condyles, which, like those of the large vertebra to which they are articulated (its ‘pro-zygapophyses’), are pedunculated.
b. Prefixed prepositionally to adjectives and derived nouns with the sense ‘situated or occurring in front of or anterior to (the thing denoted by the second element)’. Cf. pre- prefix 2b.† procnemial adj. Anatomy Obsolete rare situated in front of the tibia.
ΚΠ
1854 R. Owen Struct. Skeleton & Teeth in Orr's Circle Sci.: Org. Nature I. 224 The proximal end of the tibia..: two ridges are extended from its upper and anterior surface: the strongest of these is the ‘procnemial’ ridge.
profilmic adj.
Brit. /prə(ʊ)ˈfɪlmɪk/
, /prə(ʊ)ˈfɪlmɪk/U.S. /proʊˈfɪlmɪk/
[after French profilmique (E. Souriau 1951, in Revue internationale de filmologie II. vii–viii)] Semiotics occurring in front of or registered by a film camera./proʊˈfɪlmɪk/ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > cinematography > filming > [adjective] > happening while being filmed
profilmic1973
1973 P. Willemen in Screen Spring–Summer 13 In the cinema one ‘sections’ the profilmic reality.
1989 T. W. Benson & C. Anderson Reality Fictions vii. 259 Because he does not direct the profilmic event and does not stage reaction shots.., Wiseman must be especially ingenious in editing to achieve the illusion of temporal and spatial continuity.
1993 A. Goodwin Dancing in Distraction Factory 64 Other clips use changes in mise-en-scène, camera movement, or the pro-filmic event itself to signal an instrumental segment (often the song's bridge).
proneural adj. and n. /prə(ʊ)ˈnjʊərl̩/,
Brit. /prə(ʊ)ˈnjʊərəl/
, /prə(ʊ)ˈnjʊərəl//prə(ʊ)ˈnjʊərl̩/U.S. /proʊˈn(j)ʊrəl/
Zoology (now rare) (a) adj. designating the nuchal bone of a turtle's carapace (anterior to the neural bones); (b) n. = nuchal n./proʊˈn(j)ʊrəl/ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > reptiles > order Chelonia (turtles and tortoises) > [adjective] > relating to turtle > of parts of
proneural1952
1952 A. Carr Handbk. Turtles i. 36 Along the mid-line twelve of the bones of the carapace are arranged in a row. In front is the proneural bone (usually known as the nuchal).
1967 P. C. H. Pritchard Living Turtles of World 10 Behind the proneural comes a midline row of eleven or fewer bones, called neurals.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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