plutoniumn.¹

Brit.

/pluːˈtəʊnɪəm/, U.S.

/pluˈtoʊniəm/

Forms: also with capital initial.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin Plūtōnium.

Etymology: < classical Latin Plūtōnium place where there are noxious or poisonous vapours < Hellenistic Greek Πλουτώνιον , use as noun of Πλουτώνιος belonging to the god Pluto (see Plutonian adj. and n.).

Chiefly Classical Archaeology.

A place where there are noxious or poisonous vapours.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > poison > [noun] > poisonous exhalation > location of gas or vapours

plutonium1613

1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage iii. xvii. 283 Another Plutonium..The aire is not hurtfull to them which approach: but within it is deadly.

1712 E. Wells Hist. Geogr. New Test. (ed. 2) ii. 58 Hierapolis is seated over-against Laodicea, where are to be seen Baths of hot Waters and the Plutonium.

1775 R. Chandler Trav. Asia Minor 292 Hierapolis was noted, besides its hot waters, for a Plutonium.

1775 R. Chandler Trav. Asia Minor lxix. 236 I renewed my enquiries for the Plutonium, and an old Turk..told me, he knew the place, that it was often fatal to their goats.

1873 J. L. Smith Mineral. & Chem. 100 I sought to discover this plutonium, but without success; it was doubtless an opening in the rock, from which issued a mixture of carbonic acid and vapor of water.

1916 Jrnl. Hellenic Stud. 36 156 Under one of the temples of Apollo there was a Plutonium.

1977 Amer. Jrnl. Archaeol. 81 197/2 The Plutonium and Charonium at Acharaca near Nysa.

This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, September 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

plutoniumn.²

Brit.

/pluːˈtəʊnɪəm/, U.S.

/pluˈtoʊniəm/

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: Pluto n.¹, English -n- , -ium suffix.

Etymology: < Pluto n.¹ + -n-, connective element (compare Plutonian adj. and n.) + -ium suffix. In sense 1 coined by E. D. Clarke, with allusion to Cicero's description of the ancient temple dedicated to Pluto known as the Plutonium (see quot. 1816² at sense 1; Faraday's use in quot. 1816¹ at sense 1 probably reflects his correspondence with Clarke in this month). In sense 2 coined by G. T. Seaborg and A. C. Wahl (see quot. 1942 at sense 2) after uranium n. and neptunium n., the adjacent elements in the periodic table.

Chemistry.

†1. Prof. Edward Daniel Clarke's name for: the element barium. Obsolete.Clarke's isolation of the metal using the heat of a gas blowpipe conflicted with Davy's electrochemical theory, and his attempt to displace Davy's term ‘barium’ was unsuccessful.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > elements and compounds > metals > specific elements > barium > [noun]

Ba1802

barium1808

plutonium1816

1816 M. Faraday Let. 27 Aug. in Corr. (2011) VI. 561 Their action on water (particularly that of Plutonium) I should think would be very violent.

1816 E. D. Clarke in Q. Jrnl. Sci. & Arts Oct. 120 The existence..of the metal of Barytes no longer admits of the smallest doubt... As any derivative from βαρυς would involve an error, if applied to a metal whose specific gravity is inferior to that of Manganese or Molybdenum, I have ventured to propose for it the appellation of Plutonium; because we owe it entirely to the dominion of fire.

1816 Ann. Philos. 8 358 The metal is in its purest state. It is the same metal for which I proposed the appellation of Plutonium; and I am glad to find the appellation generally approved.

1817 T. Thomson Syst. Chem. (ed. 5) I. 342 Davy..succeeded in obtaining small quantities of the metal of barytes, to which he gave the name of barium. More lately, Dr. Clarke has decomposed barytes by exposing it to an intense heat... He has given to the metal of barytes the name of plutonium.

2. A radioactive element of the actinide series, atomic number 94, which is a silvery, reactive metal, first produced artificially from uranium in nuclear reactors and naturally present in trace amounts in uranium ores. Symbol Pu.Of several plutonium isotopes the longest-lived (plutonium-244) has a half-life of around 82 million years; another (plutonium-239) is fissile and is used in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear reactors. Because of their intense radioactivity plutonium and its compounds are extremely injurious to living organisms.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > elements and compounds > metals > specific elements > plutonium > [noun]

plutonium1942

1942 G. T. Seaborg & A. C. Wahl Chem. Properties Elem. 94 & 93 (U.S. Office Sci. Res. & Devel. Report A-135) 17 Since such formulae are confusing when the symbols ‘93’ and ‘94’ are used, we have decided to use symbols of the conventional chemical type to designate these elements. Following McMillan, who has suggested the name neptunium..for element 93, we are using plutonium..for element 94. The corresponding chemical symbols would be Np and Pu.

1952 J. G. Feinberg Atom Story xx. 153 On 20th December 1943 the first batch of irradiated slugs were removed from the pile for plutonium extraction. In another month the pile was turning out about one-third ton of plutonium-enriched slugs a day.

1964 R. L. Loftness Nucl. Power Plants ii. 63 The maximum permissible body burden for plutonium is 0·3 microgram, and such a low limit requires the use of very efficient enclosures, or glove-boxes, for all research, development, and production work.

1970 Daily Tel. 23 July 3/2 The nuclear-powered pacemaker—shaped like a small bullet and powered with plutonium 238—has a life of about 10 years.

1994 Amer. Spectator Dec. 35/2 North Korea's current nuclear program produces weapons-grade plutonium as a byproduct in the fuel rods, which can be reprocessed to produce enough plutonium for five or six nuclear bombs.

2002 National Geographic July 14/1 Transuranic waste includes clothing, tools, and other materials contaminated with plutonium, neptunium, and other man-made elements heavier than uranium.

Compounds

C1. (In sense 2.)

plutonium economy n.

ΚΠ

1971 Science 9 Apr. 143/1 In a speech titled ‘The Plutonium Economy of the Future,’ given in October 1970, Chairman Glenn T. Seaborg outlined a picture of the nation depending on plutonium for 15 percent of its electricity in 1980.

1976 New Yorker 9 Feb. 44/3 Such a ‘plutonium economy’, in which fissionable fuel is recycled between reactor and reprocessing plant, is essential to the operation of the breeder.

1992 Economist 18 Apr. 63/1 The United States and other countries are even more bothered by Japan's enthusiasm for the so-called ‘plutonium economy’..based on fast-breeder reactors.

plutonium enrichment n.

ΚΠ

1957 Tri City Herald (Pasco, Washington) 5 Aug. 4/2 If General Electric scientists can develop an efficient plutonium enrichment process, the demand for plutonium will be increased.

1971 Jrnl. Nuclear Materials 40 341 Preferential evaporation of uranium oxides causes plutonium enrichment in the neighborhood of the central cavity.

1991 Nucl. Energy June 134/2 The core is divided into two areas of plutonium enrichment—fuel assemblies with 21% enrichment on the outside and those with 16% on the inside.

C2.

plutonium bomb n. a nuclear bomb whose explosive force is derived from the fission of plutonium.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > explosive device > [noun] > bomb > atomic or fission

atomic bomb1914

atom bomb1921

superbomb1940

uranium bomb1940

fission bomb1941

A-bomb1945

nuclear bomb1945

plutonium bomb1946

device1954

super1982

1946 Zanesville (Ohio) Signal 2 July 9/4 There is no tendency on the part of anybody here to question that the plutonium bomb is a vastly more dangerous weapon in the hands of an enemy than any conventional weapon.

1973 Guardian 19 Apr. 14/3 To make a plutonium bomb, with which a criminal could hold a city to ransom..one needs just 16·2 kilos of the metal.

1995 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 21 Sept. 26/2 The ‘Fat Man’, a plutonium bomb, exploded about three miles from the center of Nagasaki.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	plutonium
释义	plutoniumn.¹ Brit. /pluːˈtəʊnɪəm/, U.S. /pluˈtoʊniəm/ Forms: also with capital initial. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin Plūtōnium. Etymology: < classical Latin Plūtōnium place where there are noxious or poisonous vapours < Hellenistic Greek Πλουτώνιον , use as noun of Πλουτώνιος belonging to the god Pluto (see Plutonian adj. and n.). Chiefly Classical Archaeology. A place where there are noxious or poisonous vapours. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > poison > [noun] > poisonous exhalation > location of gas or vapours plutonium1613 1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage iii. xvii. 283 Another Plutonium..The aire is not hurtfull to them which approach: but within it is deadly. 1712 E. Wells Hist. Geogr. New Test. (ed. 2) ii. 58 Hierapolis is seated over-against Laodicea, where are to be seen Baths of hot Waters and the Plutonium. 1775 R. Chandler Trav. Asia Minor 292 Hierapolis was noted, besides its hot waters, for a Plutonium. 1775 R. Chandler Trav. Asia Minor lxix. 236 I renewed my enquiries for the Plutonium, and an old Turk..told me, he knew the place, that it was often fatal to their goats. 1873 J. L. Smith Mineral. & Chem. 100 I sought to discover this plutonium, but without success; it was doubtless an opening in the rock, from which issued a mixture of carbonic acid and vapor of water. 1916 Jrnl. Hellenic Stud. 36 156 Under one of the temples of Apollo there was a Plutonium. 1977 Amer. Jrnl. Archaeol. 81 197/2 The Plutonium and Charonium at Acharaca near Nysa. This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, September 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022). plutoniumn.² Brit. /pluːˈtəʊnɪəm/, U.S. /pluˈtoʊniəm/ Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: Pluto n.¹, English -n- , -ium suffix. Etymology: < Pluto n.¹ + -n-, connective element (compare Plutonian adj. and n.) + -ium suffix. In sense 1 coined by E. D. Clarke, with allusion to Cicero's description of the ancient temple dedicated to Pluto known as the Plutonium (see quot. 1816² at sense 1; Faraday's use in quot. 1816¹ at sense 1 probably reflects his correspondence with Clarke in this month). In sense 2 coined by G. T. Seaborg and A. C. Wahl (see quot. 1942 at sense 2) after uranium n. and neptunium n., the adjacent elements in the periodic table. Chemistry. †1. Prof. Edward Daniel Clarke's name for: the element barium. Obsolete.Clarke's isolation of the metal using the heat of a gas blowpipe conflicted with Davy's electrochemical theory, and his attempt to displace Davy's term ‘barium’ was unsuccessful. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > elements and compounds > metals > specific elements > barium > [noun] Ba1802 barium1808 plutonium1816 1816 M. Faraday Let. 27 Aug. in Corr. (2011) VI. 561 Their action on water (particularly that of Plutonium) I should think would be very violent. 1816 E. D. Clarke in Q. Jrnl. Sci. & Arts Oct. 120 The existence..of the metal of Barytes no longer admits of the smallest doubt... As any derivative from βαρυς would involve an error, if applied to a metal whose specific gravity is inferior to that of Manganese or Molybdenum, I have ventured to propose for it the appellation of Plutonium; because we owe it entirely to the dominion of fire. 1816 Ann. Philos. 8 358 The metal is in its purest state. It is the same metal for which I proposed the appellation of Plutonium; and I am glad to find the appellation generally approved. 1817 T. Thomson Syst. Chem. (ed. 5) I. 342 Davy..succeeded in obtaining small quantities of the metal of barytes, to which he gave the name of barium. More lately, Dr. Clarke has decomposed barytes by exposing it to an intense heat... He has given to the metal of barytes the name of plutonium. 2. A radioactive element of the actinide series, atomic number 94, which is a silvery, reactive metal, first produced artificially from uranium in nuclear reactors and naturally present in trace amounts in uranium ores. Symbol Pu.Of several plutonium isotopes the longest-lived (plutonium-244) has a half-life of around 82 million years; another (plutonium-239) is fissile and is used in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear reactors. Because of their intense radioactivity plutonium and its compounds are extremely injurious to living organisms. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > elements and compounds > metals > specific elements > plutonium > [noun] plutonium1942 1942 G. T. Seaborg & A. C. Wahl Chem. Properties Elem. 94 & 93 (U.S. Office Sci. Res. & Devel. Report A-135) 17 Since such formulae are confusing when the symbols ‘93’ and ‘94’ are used, we have decided to use symbols of the conventional chemical type to designate these elements. Following McMillan, who has suggested the name neptunium..for element 93, we are using plutonium..for element 94. The corresponding chemical symbols would be Np and Pu. 1952 J. G. Feinberg Atom Story xx. 153 On 20th December 1943 the first batch of irradiated slugs were removed from the pile for plutonium extraction. In another month the pile was turning out about one-third ton of plutonium-enriched slugs a day. 1964 R. L. Loftness Nucl. Power Plants ii. 63 The maximum permissible body burden for plutonium is 0·3 microgram, and such a low limit requires the use of very efficient enclosures, or glove-boxes, for all research, development, and production work. 1970 Daily Tel. 23 July 3/2 The nuclear-powered pacemaker—shaped like a small bullet and powered with plutonium 238—has a life of about 10 years. 1994 Amer. Spectator Dec. 35/2 North Korea's current nuclear program produces weapons-grade plutonium as a byproduct in the fuel rods, which can be reprocessed to produce enough plutonium for five or six nuclear bombs. 2002 National Geographic July 14/1 Transuranic waste includes clothing, tools, and other materials contaminated with plutonium, neptunium, and other man-made elements heavier than uranium. Compounds C1. (In sense 2.) plutonium economy n. ΚΠ 1971 Science 9 Apr. 143/1 In a speech titled ‘The Plutonium Economy of the Future,’ given in October 1970, Chairman Glenn T. Seaborg outlined a picture of the nation depending on plutonium for 15 percent of its electricity in 1980. 1976 New Yorker 9 Feb. 44/3 Such a ‘plutonium economy’, in which fissionable fuel is recycled between reactor and reprocessing plant, is essential to the operation of the breeder. 1992 Economist 18 Apr. 63/1 The United States and other countries are even more bothered by Japan's enthusiasm for the so-called ‘plutonium economy’..based on fast-breeder reactors. plutonium enrichment n. ΚΠ 1957 Tri City Herald (Pasco, Washington) 5 Aug. 4/2 If General Electric scientists can develop an efficient plutonium enrichment process, the demand for plutonium will be increased. 1971 Jrnl. Nuclear Materials 40 341 Preferential evaporation of uranium oxides causes plutonium enrichment in the neighborhood of the central cavity. 1991 Nucl. Energy June 134/2 The core is divided into two areas of plutonium enrichment—fuel assemblies with 21% enrichment on the outside and those with 16% on the inside. C2. plutonium bomb n. a nuclear bomb whose explosive force is derived from the fission of plutonium. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > explosive device > [noun] > bomb > atomic or fission atomic bomb1914 atom bomb1921 superbomb1940 uranium bomb1940 fission bomb1941 A-bomb1945 nuclear bomb1945 plutonium bomb1946 device1954 super1982 1946 Zanesville (Ohio) Signal 2 July 9/4 There is no tendency on the part of anybody here to question that the plutonium bomb is a vastly more dangerous weapon in the hands of an enemy than any conventional weapon. 1973 Guardian 19 Apr. 14/3 To make a plutonium bomb, with which a criminal could hold a city to ransom..one needs just 16·2 kilos of the metal. 1995 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 21 Sept. 26/2 The ‘Fat Man’, a plutonium bomb, exploded about three miles from the center of Nagasaki. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.¹1613n.²1816
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plutoniumn.1

plutoniumn.2

Compounds

plutoniumn.¹

plutoniumn.²