polishingn.

Brit.

/ˈpɒlɪʃɪŋ/, U.S.

/ˈpɑlɪʃɪŋ/

Forms: see polish v. and -ing suffix¹; also Middle English polissynge, Middle English polyssyng, 1500s polesing (Scottish), 1500s pollissing.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: polish v., -ing suffix¹.

Etymology: < polish v. + -ing suffix¹.

The action of polish v.

a. The action or an act of refining, making more elegant or cultured, or improving something or someone. Cf. polish v. 2a.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > improvement > [noun] > purification or refinement

polishingc1400

mellowing1528

smoothing1577

polishment1594

refinement1611

alembication1616

lustrationc1635

purification1753

burnishing1780

smoothification1799

limation1852

c1400 Metrical Paraphr. Rolle's Form of Living 605 in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1896) II. 289 (MED) Þe sins of mouth er..Oþer men forto myssay..And als of wordes faire polising to mak þam soth þat es lesing.

a1450 (?1348) R. Rolle Form of Living (Cambr.) in Eng. Writings (1931) 98 (MED) Þe synnes of þe mowthe er..vayne speche..polysyng [v.rr. polissynge, Polyshyng] of wordes.

1550 R. Sherry Treat. Schemes & Tropes sig. Ciiii Exornacion is a fyne polyshinge of wordes and sentences by disseueryng them w[i]t[h] diuerse goodly colours and tropes or chaungings of speach.

1617 R. Brathwait Smoaking Age in tr. ‘B. Multibibus’ Solemne Ioviall Disputation O iij b Yea, he dislikes this polishing of Art, Which may refine the Core, but spoiles the heart.

1667 T. Sprat Hist. Royal-Soc. 41 The English language..has been hitherto a little too carelessly handled; and I think, has had less labor spent about its polishing, then it deserves.

1716 M. Hale Hist. Common Laws Eng. (ed. 2) vi. 131 It [sc. the law] had received several Repairings, Amendments, and Polishings.

1766 O. Goldsmith Vicar of Wakefield I. ix. 85 My wife..adding, that there was nothing she more ardently wished than to give her girls a single winter's polishing.

a1864 R. S. Surtees Mr. Facey Romford's Hounds (1865) lii. 284 Miss Birch's finishing and polishing seminary.

1940 Appleton (Wisconsin) Post-Crescent 17 July 1/8 Last minute polishing of the party platform.

1993 U.S. News & World Rep. 22 Mar. 47/3 One motive for the Japanese interest in basic research—besides corporate image polishing—is their discovery that they can no longer make a lot of money just improving U.S. products.

†b. The action of glossing over something. Cf. polish v. 2b. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > immunity or exemption from liability > excuse > [noun] > offering an excuse > extenuation

glozing1377

colouring?1435

mincing1533

palliationa1538

polishing1646

extenuation1651

mitigation1664

1646 W. Jenkyn Reformation's Remora 21 This impure polishing over of Sin.

c. The action of filtering out the last traces of suspended solids from a liquid at the final stage of an industrial process, spec. in the brewing of beer and in the purification of effluent.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > freedom from impurities > removal of impurities > filtering or percolating > [noun]

leachinga900

filtering1576

excolation1578

filtration1602

percolation1613

transcolation1634

filtrating1662

membrane filtration1931

polishing1938

1938 Jrnl. Inst. Brewing 44 466/2 One type of sheet filter composed of 160 sheets, 80 on each side, one side for ‘roughing’ and the other for ‘polishing’.

1956 L. B. Escritt Sewerage & Sewage Disposal xviii. 361 The waterworks process of sand filtration has also been found satisfactory for effluent polishing.

1957 K. Barton-Wright tr. J. de Clerck Textbk. Brewing I. xxii. 465 These sheet filters hold back yeast much better, and polishing is frequently omitted, whereas the metal mesh grids invariably let yeast pass through and a polishing filtration must always be carried out.

1995 Guardian 25 Apr. (Educ. section) 15 In a process known as ‘polishing’, treated effluent..is passed through the reed bed where any remaining nutrients are removed by the micro-organisms before the effluent is discharged to a river.

a. The action of making the surface of something smooth or glossy; the fact of being polished; an instance of this.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > cleaning > polishing > [noun]

polishing1419

glazingc1440

furbishing1463

interpolation1623

furbishment1850

the world > space > shape > flatness or levelness > smoothness > [noun] > polished or glossy smoothness > action, fact, or condition of

polishing1419

polishment1594

polishure1611

polish1629

glossing1875

the world > matter > light > reflection > [noun] > lustre or shine from reflected light

orientness1519

lustrec1522

gloss1538

brightshine1573

shine1601

sheen1604

polishing1611

polish1629

oriencya1651

glare1658

glossiness1680

nitency1768

varnish1841

burnishing1851

orience1858

shininess1872

patina1931

the world > relative properties > wholeness > incompleteness > part of whole > [noun] > a separate part > a fragment > polished off

polishing1894

1419–20 in M. Sellers York Memorandum Bk. (1912) I. 199 (MED) Pro polyssyng et skynnyng cujuslibet centene [arcuum], xx d.

c1450 J. Capgrave Solace of Pilgrims (Bodl. 423) (1911) 127 These foure coronatoures..founde first þe maner of werkyng in hard stones both of sawing grauyng and pulching.

1465–6 in Manners & Househ. Expenses Eng. (1841) 332 (MED) My mastyr bout of Dister of Colchestre xviij bowes redy to the hornynge and polyshynge.

1523 W. More Jrnl. (1913) 176 To John crancks for pullesshyng of a stone.

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 256/2 Polysshing makyng smothe of a thynge, polissure.

1611 Bible (King James) Lament. iv. 7 They were more ruddy in body than rubies, their polishing was of sapphire.

1699 T. Cockman tr. Cicero Offices xxvii. 90 The polishing of a Diamond, which makes it more pleasing and valuable than when rugged.

1725 A. Ramsay Gentle Shepherd iii. iv. 54 Till artful Polishing has made it shine.

1742 H. Baker Microscope made Easy li. 297 Our most shining Varnishes, our smoothest Polishings will be found to be meer Roughness.

1807 T. Young Course Lect. Nat. Philos. I. xxxv. 412 It is true that by continuing the mechanical operation of polishing, we only render these surfaces more minute and more numerous.

1894 Athenæum 4 Aug. 149/3 Some of the gems he has extracted need no polishing.

1960 C. Day Lewis Buried Day ii. 35 However enthralling..the forking of potatoes, the polishing of the pony's harness..at four-thirty I had to tear myself away.

1992 Cambr. Encycl. Human Evol. (1994) ix. v. 358/2 Although flaked stone tools of the area are simple, polishing of stone tools started at an earlier date in New Guinea than anywhere else in the world.

b. In plural. The particles removed in the process of making a surface smooth or glossy, esp. (formerly) the dust produced in polishing articles of precious metal, or in cutting precious stones. Now chiefly: the outer layers of rice grain that are usually removed during the milling process.

ΚΠ

1890 Cent. Dict. Polishings, the fine particles removed from a surface by polishing; particularly the dust produced in polishing articles made from precious metals, which is saved, and reduced again to concrete form; also,..the dust produced in cutting hard precious stones, which is saved, and used for arming tools in lapidary work.

1912 Chambers's Jrnl. Apr. 237/2 If the birds were fed on the milled rice mixed with the outer husks or ‘polishings’ which had been removed, the disease did not manifest itself.

1937 Discovery Nov. 348/2 Rice, or rather that part of it known as ‘polishings’, is the source of a vitamin product... Rice polishings are the external layers of the rice grain, usually removed by milling.

1999 M. W. Fox in G. Tansey & J. D'Silva Meat Business iii. 33 They insist that many feed imports are crop by-products of cash crops grown for export, such as sugar cane, molasses, palm kernel cake, cotton oil seed cake, soya bean cake..and rice polishings.

Compounds

C1. General attributive in the names of tools, appliances, etc., used in producing a polish.

polishing block n.

ΚΠ

1844 Times 8 July 3/4 Improved polishing blocks, rule, iodine and mercury boxes, bromine pans, and every apparatus or chymical preparation required in Photography.

1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. II. 883/2 Float..10 a polishing-block used in marble-working.

1991 Acta Metallurgica et Materialia 39 2826/2 The samples were removed from the polishing block, dimpled, and cold-stage iron milled to perforation.

polishing brush n.

ΚΠ

1797 C. B. Schade New Pocket Dict. Eng. & German 198/2 Glanzbürste, a polishing brush.

1838 J. C. Neal Charcoal Sketches 10 His chin shows just such a stubble as would be invaluable for the polishing brush of a boot-black.

1911 F. H. Burnett Secret Garden vii. 62 Martha stared at her a moment curiously before she took up her polishing brush and began to rub the grate again.

2002 Press (Christchurch, N.Z.) (Nexis) 4 May 6 But there would only be one scrubbing brush, one hose, and one polishing brush.

polishing disk n.

ΚΠ

1854 De Bow's Rev. Dec. 638 The polishing disc revolves at the rate of 180 revolutions per minute.

c1904 Encycl. Dict. Suppl. Polishing discs, a small instrument carrying a fine powder and revolved by being placed in a drill-stock, to polish the surfaces of dentures, teeth or fillings.

2003 Times (Nexis) 29 Mar. (Weekend section) 9 The circular-saw slices masonry and quickly cuts tiles to size. Then there are grinding and polishing discs.

polishing file n.

ΚΠ

1763 tr. N. A. Pluche Nature Display'd (rev. ed.) VI. xi. 192 If the Point of any Tooth happens to be blunted by some hard or unpliant Matter, they sharpen it with a polishing File.

1907 N.E.D. at Polishing vbl. sb. Polishing-file.

polishing hammer n.

ΚΠ

1869 H. S. Osborn Metall. Iron & Steel 799 The hammering is best accomplished by means of a first, or fore hammer, and a polishing hammer.

2000 Times Union (Albany, N.Y.) (Nexis) 1 Sept. f1 Swedish, French, German, square flatter and polishing hammers.

polishing iron n.

ΚΠ

1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Polisher,..a Polishing-Iron.

1858 P. L. Simmonds Dict. Trade Products Polishing-iron, a smoothing iron.

1994 R. Hellenga Sixteen Pleasures xi. 185 The morocco I selected had a prominent grained surface, and I spent a morning polishing it with a warm polishing iron, smoothing out all the irregularities.

polishing machine n.

ΚΠ

1772 New Royal & Universal Dict. Arts & Sci. at Marbling (caption) A polishing machine; a, the shaft of the machine; b, the part to which the polisher is attached.

1822 Times 29 Aug. 4/4 The valuable plant..consisting of 67 tan pits and the erections over the same, polishing machine and the machinery attached to a four horse power steam engine.

1935 Industr. Equipm. News Apr. 34/2 Polishing machine... Prices list from $91 to $191.

1993 N.Y. Times 5 Sept. iii. 4/1 They could learn to run the gamut of machines—lathes, milling machines, grinders, drills, polishing machines.

polishing paste n.

ΚΠ

1844 Occupation Abstr., M.DCCC.XLI 291 Polishing-paste-maker.

1916 ‘Taffrail’ Pincher Martin vi. 86 A convenient receptacle for dirty cotton-waste, polishing-paste, bath-brick, and emery-paper.

2003 Newsday (N.Y.) (Nexis) 27 May a31 Last year, the Food and Drug Administration approved a..polishing paste for dental offices to be used for the treatment of tooth sensitivity.

polishing powder n.

ΚΠ

1784 W. Fry New Vocab. 193 Putty, a polishing powder, a cement used by glaziers.

1849 C. A. Harris Dict. Dental Sci. & Med. Terminol. 606/2 A polishing powder, made by dissolving copperas in water [etc.].

1895 Cal. Univ. Nebraska 1895–6 174 Soaps, washing powders, polishing powders, bluing, etc.

1999 C. Mendelson Home Comforts xlv. 555/2 You can use polishing gloves and cloths or a jeweler's rouge cloth (flannel treated with a red polishing powder) to buff your silver between polishings.

polishing room n.

ΚΠ

1822 Times 10 July 4/3 Polishing room, substantial brick building near 80 feet by 44, and two stories high.

2003 Hartford (Connecticut) Courant (Nexis) 14 May b2 Officials said the explosion..happened in a polishing room and ignited metal shavings in ductwork in the building.

polishing stick n.

ΚΠ

1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 292 A Shooemakers polishing stick..is that wherewith they polish and slicken their Leather.

1875 T. Seaton Man. Fret Cutting 29 I generally use a polishing-stick, a contrivance of my own.

1995 New Scientist (Nexis) 8 July 47 A polishing stick is a wooden stick, one end charged with emery or rouge, that engineers use for finishing small surfaces.

polishing stone n.

ΚΠ

1662 J. Davies tr. A. Olearius Voy. & Trav. Ambassadors vi. 332 They make their Paper of old raggs.., and that it may not be hairy or uneven, they make it smooth with a Polishing-stone.

1766 N.Y. Gaz. 25 Sept. (advt.) For sale, a few silver-smiths tools.., viz. Forging, planishing, hollowing, and bouge hammers,..fine Turkey oil stone slips, and Bohemia polishing stones.

1894 R. O. Heslop Northumberland Words Slick-stone, Sleek-stone, a polishing stone.

1932 Times 24 Sept. 13/1 Digging operations were begun and in the rubble at some distance below the ground, a great number of stone hammers, polishing stones, axe-heads and cutters were disclosed.

2003 Milwaukee (Wisconsin) Jrnl. Sentinel (Nexis) 25 May 2 f Some manufacturers will provide a repair kit for their tops. ‘Lippert makes a repair kit that includes a color, gelcoat, and a polishing stone.’

polishing tool n.

ΚΠ

1591 R. Percyvall Bibliotheca Hispanica Dict. at Polidero A polishing toole, politorium.

1770 Philos. Trans. 1769 (Royal Soc.) 59 509 Having warmed the polishing tool a little, to make the pitch stick to it, you pour out of the ladle upon the polishing tool as much of the pitch as you judge will cover the whole tool.

2000 Isis 91 812/1 The mass production of the industrial-grade diamond needed for the manufacture of drilling, cutting, and polishing tools.

polishing wheel n.

ΚΠ

1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 91/1 He beareth Argent, A Cutler at his Glassier or Polishing Wheel, polishing a Knife.

?1785 J. Imison School of Arts 212 It [sc. glass] is now ready for the polishing wheel, which is made of wood, the exact size of the wheel on which it was ground.

1849 C. A. Harris Dict. Dental Sci. & Med. Terminol. 606/2 Polishing wheel, a small wheel with the peripheral surface covered with buckskin or other soft leather, and made to revolve on the mandrel of a lathe.

2003 Seattle Times (Nexis) 8 Oct. h35 He finishes the stone on grinding and polishing wheels.

C2.

polishing bed n. a machine in which the surface of stone is rubbed smooth.

ΚΠ

1856 Sci. Amer. 29 Nov. 90/2 This improvement consists in grooving the polishing bed, whereby the air finds access under the polishing surface.

1890 Cent. Dict. Polishing-bed, a machine for smoothing and polishing the surface of stone by the attrition of rubbers.

1934 Bismarck (N. Dakota) Tribune 7 Apr. 21/5 With the polish completed over the entire top surface of the slab, a traveling crane lifts it from the polishing bed and carries it to the ‘carbo’ saws.

polishing cask n. (a) a barrel in which articles are rolled and polished by friction with each other or with some polishing powder; (b) spec. a barrel in which grained gunpowder is rolled with graphite to polish it.

ΚΠ

1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. III. 1762/1 Polishing-cask. 1. A rolling barrel in which articles are placed to polish by mutual attrition or by grinding against some polishing-powder placed in the barrel with them. 2. A barrel in which grained gunpowder is placed with a small quantity of graphite, which gives it a polish.

1895 I. K. Funk et al. Standard Dict. Eng. Lang. II. Polishing cask, a barrel in which grained gunpowder is tumbled with graphite to glaze it.

polishing jack n. a machine for polishing leather.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > cleaning > polishing > [noun] > implement for polishing > machine for polishing leather

polishing jacka1884

a1884 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. Suppl. 700/1 Polishing Jack,..a machine..for polishing leather when considerable pressure is required.

1965 Chron.-Telegram (Elyria, Ohio) 16 June 39/5 ( (advt.)) Turret-lathe, and polishing jack.

polishing mill n. (a) a factory in which products are polished; (b) a lap of metal or other material used in polishing gems (now rare).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > types of ornamentation > jewellery > making jewellery or setting with jewels > [noun] > jeweller's tools

muffler1688

polishing mill1757

spit-sticker1837

slitting-mill1850

smoothing-mill1850

gem-peg1853

jewel setter1875

needle file1875

peg1879

stake1884

sharp1903

1757 tr. J. G. Keyssler Trav. III. 299 No scruple is made of shewing the polishing-mill at Dresden, which..far exceeds any thing in the Paris glass-manufactory.

1845 Encycl. Metrop. VIII. 92/2 In many Machines, such, as Polishing mills..&c the entire effort is to overcome friction or something very much resembling it.

1881 F. J. Britten Watch & Clockmakers' Handbk. (ed. 4) 130 Polishing mills are usually of ivory or tortoishell.

1962 Lima (Ohio) News 3 June b10 Smith spends most of his time working with his polishing mill, diamond saw, and electric hoist.

2004 Roanoke (Va.) Times & World News (Nexis) 20 July b4 While working at the J&L Steel Plant South Side Polishing Mill as a clerk full time, he was also a full time student at the University of Pittsburgh.

† polishing-slate n. Obsolete (a) a grey or yellow slaty rock consisting chiefly of microscopic siliceous fossils, formerly used for polishing glass, marble, metals, etc.; (b) a kind of whetstone.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > shaping tools or equipment > [noun] > sharpening > whetstone

whetstonec725

hone-stone1393

filourc1400

hone1440

rub1502

rubber1553

knife-stone1571

stone1578

oilstone1585

block1592

oil whetstone1601

greenstone1668

scythe-stone1688

water stone1703

sharping-stone1714

Scotch stone1766

honer1780

Turkey hone1794

polishing-slate1801

burr1816

Turkey stone1816

German hone1817

Arkansas1869

rag1877

rock1889

slipstone1927

the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > cleaning > polishing > [noun] > implement for polishing > stone

slickstonec1325

pumice stonea1425

sleekstone1530

pounced stone1585

pomming-stone1615

polishing-slate1801

spume-stone1831

snake-stone1850

1801 tr. M. H. Klaproth Analyt. Ess. Chem. Knowl. Mineral Substances I. 451 Menilite..occurs..in a stratum of stones that belong to Werner's polishing slate.

1858 P. L. Simmonds Dict. Trade Products Polishing-slates, a name for hone-slates or whet-stones.

1876 G. B. Goode Classif. Coll. Illustr. Animal Resources U.S. 82 Specimens of polishing-slate, tripoli, and other foreign polishing-powder.

polishing snake n. rare a tool made of a variety of serpentine, formerly used for polishing lithographic stones.

ΚΠ

1858 P. L. Simmonds Dict. Trade Products 295/1 Polishing-snake, a tool used by lithographers.

1951 M. L. Wolf Dict. Arts 537/2 Polishing snake, a variety of serpentine found near the Ayr, Scotland, formerly used in the polishing of lithographic stones.

polishing tin n. Bookbinding rare a thin plate of tinned iron placed inside the cover of a book, either to provide stability during the polishing of a leather binding, or to keep the linings smooth and protect the leaves from paste during casing.

ΚΠ

1858 P. L. Simmonds Dict. Trade Products 295/1 Polishing-tin, a bookbinder's tool.

1907–8 M. L. King Pract. Bookbinding in www.bookbinding.com (O.E.D. Archive) The leather, inside and out, should be moistened with water or vinegar and polishing tins placed inside the covers; the book should then be placed between a pair of polishing plates and put in the press.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2006; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	polishing
释义	polishingn. Brit. /ˈpɒlɪʃɪŋ/, U.S. /ˈpɑlɪʃɪŋ/ Forms: see polish v. and -ing suffix¹; also Middle English polissynge, Middle English polyssyng, 1500s polesing (Scottish), 1500s pollissing. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: polish v., -ing suffix¹. Etymology: < polish v. + -ing suffix¹. The action of polish v. 1. a. The action or an act of refining, making more elegant or cultured, or improving something or someone. Cf. polish v. 2a. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > improvement > [noun] > purification or refinement polishingc1400 mellowing1528 smoothing1577 polishment1594 refinement1611 alembication1616 lustrationc1635 purification1753 burnishing1780 smoothification1799 limation1852 c1400 Metrical Paraphr. Rolle's Form of Living 605 in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1896) II. 289 (MED) Þe sins of mouth er..Oþer men forto myssay..And als of wordes faire polising to mak þam soth þat es lesing. a1450 (?1348) R. Rolle Form of Living (Cambr.) in Eng. Writings (1931) 98 (MED) Þe synnes of þe mowthe er..vayne speche..polysyng [v.rr. polissynge, Polyshyng] of wordes. 1550 R. Sherry Treat. Schemes & Tropes sig. Ciiii Exornacion is a fyne polyshinge of wordes and sentences by disseueryng them w[i]t[h] diuerse goodly colours and tropes or chaungings of speach. 1617 R. Brathwait Smoaking Age in tr. ‘B. Multibibus’ Solemne Ioviall Disputation O iij b Yea, he dislikes this polishing of Art, Which may refine the Core, but spoiles the heart. 1667 T. Sprat Hist. Royal-Soc. 41 The English language..has been hitherto a little too carelessly handled; and I think, has had less labor spent about its polishing, then it deserves. 1716 M. Hale Hist. Common Laws Eng. (ed. 2) vi. 131 It [sc. the law] had received several Repairings, Amendments, and Polishings. 1766 O. Goldsmith Vicar of Wakefield I. ix. 85 My wife..adding, that there was nothing she more ardently wished than to give her girls a single winter's polishing. a1864 R. S. Surtees Mr. Facey Romford's Hounds (1865) lii. 284 Miss Birch's finishing and polishing seminary. 1940 Appleton (Wisconsin) Post-Crescent 17 July 1/8 Last minute polishing of the party platform. 1993 U.S. News & World Rep. 22 Mar. 47/3 One motive for the Japanese interest in basic research—besides corporate image polishing—is their discovery that they can no longer make a lot of money just improving U.S. products. †b. The action of glossing over something. Cf. polish v. 2b. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > immunity or exemption from liability > excuse > [noun] > offering an excuse > extenuation glozing1377 colouring?1435 mincing1533 palliationa1538 polishing1646 extenuation1651 mitigation1664 1646 W. Jenkyn Reformation's Remora 21 This impure polishing over of Sin. c. The action of filtering out the last traces of suspended solids from a liquid at the final stage of an industrial process, spec. in the brewing of beer and in the purification of effluent. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > freedom from impurities > removal of impurities > filtering or percolating > [noun] leachinga900 filtering1576 excolation1578 filtration1602 percolation1613 transcolation1634 filtrating1662 membrane filtration1931 polishing1938 1938 Jrnl. Inst. Brewing 44 466/2 One type of sheet filter composed of 160 sheets, 80 on each side, one side for ‘roughing’ and the other for ‘polishing’. 1956 L. B. Escritt Sewerage & Sewage Disposal xviii. 361 The waterworks process of sand filtration has also been found satisfactory for effluent polishing. 1957 K. Barton-Wright tr. J. de Clerck Textbk. Brewing I. xxii. 465 These sheet filters hold back yeast much better, and polishing is frequently omitted, whereas the metal mesh grids invariably let yeast pass through and a polishing filtration must always be carried out. 1995 Guardian 25 Apr. (Educ. section) 15 In a process known as ‘polishing’, treated effluent..is passed through the reed bed where any remaining nutrients are removed by the micro-organisms before the effluent is discharged to a river. 2. a. The action of making the surface of something smooth or glossy; the fact of being polished; an instance of this. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > cleaning > polishing > [noun] polishing1419 glazingc1440 furbishing1463 interpolation1623 furbishment1850 the world > space > shape > flatness or levelness > smoothness > [noun] > polished or glossy smoothness > action, fact, or condition of polishing1419 polishment1594 polishure1611 polish1629 glossing1875 the world > matter > light > reflection > [noun] > lustre or shine from reflected light orientness1519 lustrec1522 gloss1538 brightshine1573 shine1601 sheen1604 polishing1611 polish1629 oriencya1651 glare1658 glossiness1680 nitency1768 varnish1841 burnishing1851 orience1858 shininess1872 patina1931 the world > relative properties > wholeness > incompleteness > part of whole > [noun] > a separate part > a fragment > polished off polishing1894 1419–20 in M. Sellers York Memorandum Bk. (1912) I. 199 (MED) Pro polyssyng et skynnyng cujuslibet centene [arcuum], xx d. c1450 J. Capgrave Solace of Pilgrims (Bodl. 423) (1911) 127 These foure coronatoures..founde first þe maner of werkyng in hard stones both of sawing grauyng and pulching. 1465–6 in Manners & Househ. Expenses Eng. (1841) 332 (MED) My mastyr bout of Dister of Colchestre xviij bowes redy to the hornynge and polyshynge. 1523 W. More Jrnl. (1913) 176 To John crancks for pullesshyng of a stone. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 256/2 Polysshing makyng smothe of a thynge, polissure. 1611 Bible (King James) Lament. iv. 7 They were more ruddy in body than rubies, their polishing was of sapphire. View more context for this quotation 1699 T. Cockman tr. Cicero Offices xxvii. 90 The polishing of a Diamond, which makes it more pleasing and valuable than when rugged. 1725 A. Ramsay Gentle Shepherd iii. iv. 54 Till artful Polishing has made it shine. 1742 H. Baker Microscope made Easy li. 297 Our most shining Varnishes, our smoothest Polishings will be found to be meer Roughness. 1807 T. Young Course Lect. Nat. Philos. I. xxxv. 412 It is true that by continuing the mechanical operation of polishing, we only render these surfaces more minute and more numerous. 1894 Athenæum 4 Aug. 149/3 Some of the gems he has extracted need no polishing. 1960 C. Day Lewis Buried Day ii. 35 However enthralling..the forking of potatoes, the polishing of the pony's harness..at four-thirty I had to tear myself away. 1992 Cambr. Encycl. Human Evol. (1994) ix. v. 358/2 Although flaked stone tools of the area are simple, polishing of stone tools started at an earlier date in New Guinea than anywhere else in the world. b. In plural. The particles removed in the process of making a surface smooth or glossy, esp. (formerly) the dust produced in polishing articles of precious metal, or in cutting precious stones. Now chiefly: the outer layers of rice grain that are usually removed during the milling process. ΚΠ 1890 Cent. Dict. Polishings, the fine particles removed from a surface by polishing; particularly the dust produced in polishing articles made from precious metals, which is saved, and reduced again to concrete form; also,..the dust produced in cutting hard precious stones, which is saved, and used for arming tools in lapidary work. 1912 Chambers's Jrnl. Apr. 237/2 If the birds were fed on the milled rice mixed with the outer husks or ‘polishings’ which had been removed, the disease did not manifest itself. 1937 Discovery Nov. 348/2 Rice, or rather that part of it known as ‘polishings’, is the source of a vitamin product... Rice polishings are the external layers of the rice grain, usually removed by milling. 1999 M. W. Fox in G. Tansey & J. D'Silva Meat Business iii. 33 They insist that many feed imports are crop by-products of cash crops grown for export, such as sugar cane, molasses, palm kernel cake, cotton oil seed cake, soya bean cake..and rice polishings. Compounds C1. General attributive in the names of tools, appliances, etc., used in producing a polish. polishing block n. ΚΠ 1844 Times 8 July 3/4 Improved polishing blocks, rule, iodine and mercury boxes, bromine pans, and every apparatus or chymical preparation required in Photography. 1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. II. 883/2 Float..10 a polishing-block used in marble-working. 1991 Acta Metallurgica et Materialia 39 2826/2 The samples were removed from the polishing block, dimpled, and cold-stage iron milled to perforation. polishing brush n. ΚΠ 1797 C. B. Schade New Pocket Dict. Eng. & German 198/2 Glanzbürste, a polishing brush. 1838 J. C. Neal Charcoal Sketches 10 His chin shows just such a stubble as would be invaluable for the polishing brush of a boot-black. 1911 F. H. Burnett Secret Garden vii. 62 Martha stared at her a moment curiously before she took up her polishing brush and began to rub the grate again. 2002 Press (Christchurch, N.Z.) (Nexis) 4 May 6 But there would only be one scrubbing brush, one hose, and one polishing brush. polishing disk n. ΚΠ 1854 De Bow's Rev. Dec. 638 The polishing disc revolves at the rate of 180 revolutions per minute. c1904 Encycl. Dict. Suppl. Polishing discs, a small instrument carrying a fine powder and revolved by being placed in a drill-stock, to polish the surfaces of dentures, teeth or fillings. 2003 Times (Nexis) 29 Mar. (Weekend section) 9 The circular-saw slices masonry and quickly cuts tiles to size. Then there are grinding and polishing discs. polishing file n. ΚΠ 1763 tr. N. A. Pluche Nature Display'd (rev. ed.) VI. xi. 192 If the Point of any Tooth happens to be blunted by some hard or unpliant Matter, they sharpen it with a polishing File. 1907 N.E.D. at Polishing vbl. sb. Polishing-file. polishing hammer n. ΚΠ 1869 H. S. Osborn Metall. Iron & Steel 799 The hammering is best accomplished by means of a first, or fore hammer, and a polishing hammer. 2000 Times Union (Albany, N.Y.) (Nexis) 1 Sept. f1 Swedish, French, German, square flatter and polishing hammers. polishing iron n. ΚΠ 1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Polisher,..a Polishing-Iron. 1858 P. L. Simmonds Dict. Trade Products Polishing-iron, a smoothing iron. 1994 R. Hellenga Sixteen Pleasures xi. 185 The morocco I selected had a prominent grained surface, and I spent a morning polishing it with a warm polishing iron, smoothing out all the irregularities. polishing machine n. ΚΠ 1772 New Royal & Universal Dict. Arts & Sci. at Marbling (caption) A polishing machine; a, the shaft of the machine; b, the part to which the polisher is attached. 1822 Times 29 Aug. 4/4 The valuable plant..consisting of 67 tan pits and the erections over the same, polishing machine and the machinery attached to a four horse power steam engine. 1935 Industr. Equipm. News Apr. 34/2 Polishing machine... Prices list from $91 to $191. 1993 N.Y. Times 5 Sept. iii. 4/1 They could learn to run the gamut of machines—lathes, milling machines, grinders, drills, polishing machines. polishing paste n. ΚΠ 1844 Occupation Abstr., M.DCCC.XLI 291 Polishing-paste-maker. 1916 ‘Taffrail’ Pincher Martin vi. 86 A convenient receptacle for dirty cotton-waste, polishing-paste, bath-brick, and emery-paper. 2003 Newsday (N.Y.) (Nexis) 27 May a31 Last year, the Food and Drug Administration approved a..polishing paste for dental offices to be used for the treatment of tooth sensitivity. polishing powder n. ΚΠ 1784 W. Fry New Vocab. 193 Putty, a polishing powder, a cement used by glaziers. 1849 C. A. Harris Dict. Dental Sci. & Med. Terminol. 606/2 A polishing powder, made by dissolving copperas in water [etc.]. 1895 Cal. Univ. Nebraska 1895–6 174 Soaps, washing powders, polishing powders, bluing, etc. 1999 C. Mendelson Home Comforts xlv. 555/2 You can use polishing gloves and cloths or a jeweler's rouge cloth (flannel treated with a red polishing powder) to buff your silver between polishings. polishing room n. ΚΠ 1822 Times 10 July 4/3 Polishing room, substantial brick building near 80 feet by 44, and two stories high. 2003 Hartford (Connecticut) Courant (Nexis) 14 May b2 Officials said the explosion..happened in a polishing room and ignited metal shavings in ductwork in the building. polishing stick n. ΚΠ 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 292 A Shooemakers polishing stick..is that wherewith they polish and slicken their Leather. 1875 T. Seaton Man. Fret Cutting 29 I generally use a polishing-stick, a contrivance of my own. 1995 New Scientist (Nexis) 8 July 47 A polishing stick is a wooden stick, one end charged with emery or rouge, that engineers use for finishing small surfaces. polishing stone n. ΚΠ 1662 J. Davies tr. A. Olearius Voy. & Trav. Ambassadors vi. 332 They make their Paper of old raggs.., and that it may not be hairy or uneven, they make it smooth with a Polishing-stone. 1766 N.Y. Gaz. 25 Sept. (advt.) For sale, a few silver-smiths tools.., viz. Forging, planishing, hollowing, and bouge hammers,..fine Turkey oil stone slips, and Bohemia polishing stones. 1894 R. O. Heslop Northumberland Words Slick-stone, Sleek-stone, a polishing stone. 1932 Times 24 Sept. 13/1 Digging operations were begun and in the rubble at some distance below the ground, a great number of stone hammers, polishing stones, axe-heads and cutters were disclosed. 2003 Milwaukee (Wisconsin) Jrnl. Sentinel (Nexis) 25 May 2 f Some manufacturers will provide a repair kit for their tops. ‘Lippert makes a repair kit that includes a color, gelcoat, and a polishing stone.’ polishing tool n. ΚΠ 1591 R. Percyvall Bibliotheca Hispanica Dict. at Polidero A polishing toole, politorium. 1770 Philos. Trans. 1769 (Royal Soc.) 59 509 Having warmed the polishing tool a little, to make the pitch stick to it, you pour out of the ladle upon the polishing tool as much of the pitch as you judge will cover the whole tool. 2000 Isis 91 812/1 The mass production of the industrial-grade diamond needed for the manufacture of drilling, cutting, and polishing tools. polishing wheel n. ΚΠ 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 91/1 He beareth Argent, A Cutler at his Glassier or Polishing Wheel, polishing a Knife. ?1785 J. Imison School of Arts 212 It [sc. glass] is now ready for the polishing wheel, which is made of wood, the exact size of the wheel on which it was ground. 1849 C. A. Harris Dict. Dental Sci. & Med. Terminol. 606/2 Polishing wheel, a small wheel with the peripheral surface covered with buckskin or other soft leather, and made to revolve on the mandrel of a lathe. 2003 Seattle Times (Nexis) 8 Oct. h35 He finishes the stone on grinding and polishing wheels. C2. polishing bed n. a machine in which the surface of stone is rubbed smooth. ΚΠ 1856 Sci. Amer. 29 Nov. 90/2 This improvement consists in grooving the polishing bed, whereby the air finds access under the polishing surface. 1890 Cent. Dict. Polishing-bed, a machine for smoothing and polishing the surface of stone by the attrition of rubbers. 1934 Bismarck (N. Dakota) Tribune 7 Apr. 21/5 With the polish completed over the entire top surface of the slab, a traveling crane lifts it from the polishing bed and carries it to the ‘carbo’ saws. polishing cask n. (a) a barrel in which articles are rolled and polished by friction with each other or with some polishing powder; (b) spec. a barrel in which grained gunpowder is rolled with graphite to polish it. ΚΠ 1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. III. 1762/1 Polishing-cask. 1. A rolling barrel in which articles are placed to polish by mutual attrition or by grinding against some polishing-powder placed in the barrel with them. 2. A barrel in which grained gunpowder is placed with a small quantity of graphite, which gives it a polish. 1895 I. K. Funk et al. Standard Dict. Eng. Lang. II. Polishing cask, a barrel in which grained gunpowder is tumbled with graphite to glaze it. polishing jack n. a machine for polishing leather. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > cleaning > polishing > [noun] > implement for polishing > machine for polishing leather polishing jacka1884 a1884 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. Suppl. 700/1 Polishing Jack,..a machine..for polishing leather when considerable pressure is required. 1965 Chron.-Telegram (Elyria, Ohio) 16 June 39/5 ( (advt.)) Turret-lathe, and polishing jack. polishing mill n. (a) a factory in which products are polished; (b) a lap of metal or other material used in polishing gems (now rare). ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > types of ornamentation > jewellery > making jewellery or setting with jewels > [noun] > jeweller's tools muffler1688 polishing mill1757 spit-sticker1837 slitting-mill1850 smoothing-mill1850 gem-peg1853 jewel setter1875 needle file1875 peg1879 stake1884 sharp1903 1757 tr. J. G. Keyssler Trav. III. 299 No scruple is made of shewing the polishing-mill at Dresden, which..far exceeds any thing in the Paris glass-manufactory. 1845 Encycl. Metrop. VIII. 92/2 In many Machines, such, as Polishing mills..&c the entire effort is to overcome friction or something very much resembling it. 1881 F. J. Britten Watch & Clockmakers' Handbk. (ed. 4) 130 Polishing mills are usually of ivory or tortoishell. 1962 Lima (Ohio) News 3 June b10 Smith spends most of his time working with his polishing mill, diamond saw, and electric hoist. 2004 Roanoke (Va.) Times & World News (Nexis) 20 July b4 While working at the J&L Steel Plant South Side Polishing Mill as a clerk full time, he was also a full time student at the University of Pittsburgh. † polishing-slate n. Obsolete (a) a grey or yellow slaty rock consisting chiefly of microscopic siliceous fossils, formerly used for polishing glass, marble, metals, etc.; (b) a kind of whetstone. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > shaping tools or equipment > [noun] > sharpening > whetstone whetstonec725 hone-stone1393 filourc1400 hone1440 rub1502 rubber1553 knife-stone1571 stone1578 oilstone1585 block1592 oil whetstone1601 greenstone1668 scythe-stone1688 water stone1703 sharping-stone1714 Scotch stone1766 honer1780 Turkey hone1794 polishing-slate1801 burr1816 Turkey stone1816 German hone1817 Arkansas1869 rag1877 rock1889 slipstone1927 the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > cleaning > polishing > [noun] > implement for polishing > stone slickstonec1325 pumice stonea1425 sleekstone1530 pounced stone1585 pomming-stone1615 polishing-slate1801 spume-stone1831 snake-stone1850 1801 tr. M. H. Klaproth Analyt. Ess. Chem. Knowl. Mineral Substances I. 451 Menilite..occurs..in a stratum of stones that belong to Werner's polishing slate. 1858 P. L. Simmonds Dict. Trade Products Polishing-slates, a name for hone-slates or whet-stones. 1876 G. B. Goode Classif. Coll. Illustr. Animal Resources U.S. 82 Specimens of polishing-slate, tripoli, and other foreign polishing-powder. polishing snake n. rare a tool made of a variety of serpentine, formerly used for polishing lithographic stones. ΚΠ 1858 P. L. Simmonds Dict. Trade Products 295/1 Polishing-snake, a tool used by lithographers. 1951 M. L. Wolf Dict. Arts 537/2 Polishing snake, a variety of serpentine found near the Ayr, Scotland, formerly used in the polishing of lithographic stones. polishing tin n. Bookbinding rare a thin plate of tinned iron placed inside the cover of a book, either to provide stability during the polishing of a leather binding, or to keep the linings smooth and protect the leaves from paste during casing. ΚΠ 1858 P. L. Simmonds Dict. Trade Products 295/1 Polishing-tin, a bookbinder's tool. 1907–8 M. L. King Pract. Bookbinding in www.bookbinding.com (O.E.D. Archive) The leather, inside and out, should be moistened with water or vinegar and polishing tins placed inside the covers; the book should then be placed between a pair of polishing plates and put in the press. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2006; most recently modified version published online June 2022). polishingadj. Brit. /ˈpɒlᵻʃɪŋ/, U.S. /ˈpɑləʃɪŋ/ Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: polish v., -ing suffix². Etymology: < polish v. + -ing suffix². Now rare. That polishes; esp. educational, socially refining. Cf. finishing adj. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > improvement > [adjective] > purifying or refining purgatoryc1390 cathartical1656 cathartic1678 polishing1788 1788 J. Holt Characters Kings & Queens Eng. III. 70 A suitable Address is no trifling accomplishment..it is the last polishing stroke of education. 1825 Eng. Life II. 92 She would send them to the most polishing boarding-schools. 1946 U. Pope-Hennessy C. Dickens viii. 99 For young Mr. Dickens the Blessington-d'Orsay parties were most polishing for they acquainted him with the ways of the beau monde. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.c1400adj.1788
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polishingn.

Compounds

polishingadj.