placebon.

Brit.

/pləˈsiːbəʊ/, U.S.

/pləˈsiboʊ/

Inflections: Plural placebos, (rare) placeboes.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin placēbō.

Etymology: < classical Latin placēbō I shall be pleasing or acceptable, 1st singular future indicative of placēre to please (see placet int. and n.), in post-classical Latin used to denote the Office for the Dead (frequently c1220–1503 in British sources), from the first word of the first antiphon of vespers in the Office for the Dead (Placebo Domino in regione vivorum , Psalm 114:9 (Vulgate: Roman Psalter, Gallican Psalter)). Compare Old French, Middle French, French placebo (13th cent. in sense 2 in phrases chanter placebo (also chanter a placebo , chanter de placebo : compare to sing (a) placebo at sense 2), parler a placebo , etc.; late 14th cent. in sense 1; late 14th cent. or earlier in sense 3 in the allegorical name Nicole Placebo ; now only in sense 4, which is not paralleled in French before 1954).

1. Roman Catholic Church. Vespers in the Office for the Dead. Cf. dirge n. 1. Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > worship > canonical hours > vespers, evensong > [noun] > in office of dead

placebo?c1225

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 20 Efter euensong anan Placebo. vhche nicht seggeð ȝef ȝe beoð aise.

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1879) VII. 403 (MED) Þey putteþ non giblettes to þe houres of Goddes service, outake Placebo and Dirige for þe dede [L. præter vigilias pro defunctis].

?c1430 (c1400) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 57 (MED) Prelatis ben more bounden to þis prechynge..þan to seie matynes, masse, euen song, or placebo.

1476 in P. E. Jones Cal. Plea & Mem. Rolls London Guildhall (1961) VI. 101 (MED) I wol that there be songe solemply by note for my soule..placebo and dirige and masse of Requiem every day duryng the xxx daies next suying after my decesse.

1535 in G. J. Piccope Lancs. & Cheshire Wills (1860) II. 165 Schall synge and say placebo and dirige on nyght.

1559 D. Lindsay Test. Papyngo 706 in Wks. (1931) I. 77 And we sall..about ȝour sepulture..deuotely saye..The auld Placebo bakwart.

a1689 W. Watson Clergy-man's Law (1701) xxxii. 254 Though the Tenure be in particular, as to sing a Mass, or a Placebo, or Dirige, yet saying the Prayers now authorized sufficeth.

1769 T. Staveley Romish Horseleech 199 It was not rare, for many Men..to appoint and take Order for..Obits, Requiems, Dirges, Placebo's, Trentals, [etc.]

1874 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People v. §5. 248 He..earned a miserable livelihood..by singing placebos and diriges.

1995 A. D. Brown Pop. Piety in Late Medieval Eng. i. 36 Candles were to be lit at placebo and dirige until vespers and compline were over.

†2. allusively. to sing (a) placebo: to play the sycophant or flatterer; to be servile. Similarly to play (with) placebo, to make placebo, to be at the school of placebo. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > approval or sanction > commendation or praise > flattery or flattering > servile flattery or currying favour > flatter servilely or curry favour [verb (intransitive)]

fain?c1225

fawnc1325

to make placebo1340

fagea1382

curryc1400

to curry favela1420

to claw (a person's) toea1500

to curry favour?1518

to be at the school of placebo1554

to play (with) placebo1583

insinuatea1593

wriggle1601

lick1602

sycophantize1605

gnathonize1619

pickthank1621

supparasitate1623

ingratiate1647

slaver1730

toad-eat1766

slaum1787

to eat (any one's) toads1788

toad1802

bootlick1846

toady1861

to suck in1899

smoodge1906

smarm1911

arse-lick1928

bum-suck1930

to suck round1931

ass-lick1937

brown-nose1939

suck-hole1961

weasel1980

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 60 Þe uerþe zenne [sc. flattery] is þat huanne hi alle zingeþ Placebo, þet is to zigge, ‘mi lhord zayþ zoþ; mi lhord deþ wel’.

c1390 G. Chaucer Parson's Tale 617 Flatereres ben the deueles chapelleyns that syngen euere Placebo.

?c1450 tr. Bk. Knight of La Tour Landry (1906) 124 (MED) Who so louithe his frende, he shulde not flater hym..and not forto plaie with placebo [Fr. faire le placebo].

1484 W. Caxton tr. G. de la Tour-Landry Bk. Knight of Tower (1971) xciii. 126 He ought..not flatere hym ne make the placebo.

1554 J. Knox Godly Let. sig. A viij^v Nowe they haue bene at the skoole of Placebo, and ther they haue lerned..to daunse as the deuill lyst to pype.

1583 in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. 349 Plaing placebo into princes faces.

1607–8 F. Bacon Speech Gen. Naturalization in Wks. (1879) I. 467 If any man shall think that I have sung a placebo, for mine own particular, I would have him know that I am not so unseen in the world.

1679 J. P. Let. to Friend in Country 3 Where every one would sing a Placebo to the rising Sun [the next Heir to the Crown].

†3. A flatterer, a sycophant, a parasite. Obsolete.Originally used allegorically as a proper name.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > approval or sanction > commendation or praise > flattery or flattering > servile flattery or currying favour > [noun] > servile flatterer

papelard1340

placeboc1395

fawnerc1440

pickthank1460

adulator?a1475

earwigc1475

curry-favel1515

men-pleaser1526

gnatho1533

upcreeperc1540

claw-back1549

curry-favourer1563

man-pleaser1564

claw-poll1569

please-man1570

sycophant1575

curry-favour1577

capper1587

insinuator1598

clawera1603

scrape-shoe1607

suck-fist1611

courtiera1616

foot lickera1616

fleerera1627

wriggler1631

fawn1635

limberham1689

toad-eater1742

tuft-hunter1755

arse-kisser1766

sleeve-creeper1809

lick-spit1822

lickspittle1825

shoe-licker1826

toady1826

toad1831

toader1842

bootlicker1846

bootlick1849

favour-currier1855

lubricator1872

bum-sucker1877

handshaker1884

suck1900

mbongo1911

sucker-up1911

apple-polisher1918

snurge1933

ass-licker1939

brown-nose1939

brown-noser1942

arse-licker1951

ass-kisser1951

greaser1959

suck-hole1966

suck-up1970

bumboy1984

fly-

c1395 G. Chaucer Merchant's Tale 1476 Ther fil a stryf bitwix his bretheren two; Of which that oon was cleped Placebo, Iustinus soothly called was that oother.

c1475 (?a1430) J. Lydgate tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Life Man (Tiber.) 22417 Flateryng..Somme callen hir Placebo, ffor sche kan maken an Eccho, Answere euere ageyn the same.

a1500 ( Poems from Pilgrimage of Soul (Egerton) in F. J. Furnivall Wks. T. Hoccleve: Regement Princes (1897) p. lx (MED) For who þat well be holpen at his nede, Ful sekere, Placebo mvst go before.

a1572 J. Knox Hist. Reformation Scotl. in Wks. (1846) I. 37 The Bischop..having his placeboes and jackmen in the toun, buffatted the Freir, and called him Heretick.

a1651 D. Calderwood Hist. Kirk Scotl. (1843) II. 220 Placeboes and flatterers went to court.

c1780 in M. Davies W. Hastings (1935) 373 His contemporaries..called him flatterer, liar, sycophant, placebo, snake in the grass.

4. Medicine. A drug, medicine, therapy, etc., prescribed more for the psychological benefit to the patient of being given treatment than for any direct physiological effect; esp. one with no specific therapeutic effect on a patient's condition, but believed by the patient to be therapeutic (and sometimes therefore effective). Also: a substance with no therapeutic effect used as a control in testing new drugs, etc.; a blank sample in a test. Also figurative. Cf. nocebo n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > [noun] > a medicine or medicament > placebo

placebo1785

1785 G. Motherby New Med. Dict. (ed. 2) Placebo, a common place method or medicine.

1811 R. Hooper Quincy's Lexicon-medicum (new ed.) Placebo,..an epithet given to any medicine adapted more to please than benefit the patient.

1823 W. Scott St. Ronan's Well II. vii. 165 There is nothing serious intended—a mere placebo—just a divertisement to cheer the spirits, and assist the effect of the waters.

1863 Amer. Jrnl. Med. Sciences 46 21 To secure the moral effect of a remedy given specially for the disease, the patients were placed on the use of a placebo which consisted..of the tincture of quassia, very largely diluted.

1888 P. H. Pye-Smith Fagge's Princ. & Pract. Med. (ed. 2) I. 205 It is probably a mere placebo, but there is every reason to please as well as cure our patients.

1938 Ann. Internal Med. 11 1417 The second sort of placebo, the type which the doctor fancies to be an effective medicament but which later investigation proves to have been all along inert, is the banner under which a large part of the past history of medicine may be enrolled.

1950 Jrnl. Clin. Investig. 29 108/2 It is..customary to control drug experiments on various clinical syndromes with placebos especially when the data to be evaluated are chiefly subjective.

1954 Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 22 May 340/1 After use of the pills was stopped, the eruption quickly cleared... Later it was learned that the rash had developed while she was taking placebos.

1967 Brit. Jrnl. Psychiatry 113 999/2 Research with placebos..has very pointedly demonstrated the potency of non-pharmacological factors in a treatment which was essentially pharmacologically conceived.

1994 N.Y. Times 4 Mar. a18/3 A 60-week study..found no appreciable difference in the symptoms of AIDS patients who were given low-dose alpha interferon and those given a placebo.

Compounds

placebo effect n. the beneficial (or occasionally adverse) effect on health produced by a placebo that cannot be attributed to the properties of the placebo; (also) an instance of this.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > treatment by medicine or drug > [noun] > effects of medicines or drugs

side effect1868

placebo effect1902

tachyphylaxis1911

side action1933

nocebo effect1961

1902 Sanitarian 49 503 Formic acid is not known to have any value as a virus antidote, and there may have been a mere placebo effect about the procedure which the traveler Burton witnessed on the Albert Nyanza, where a victim of serpent bites was dosed with a decoction of boiled ants.

1950 Jrnl. Clin. Investig. 29 108/2 Not only the frequency but also the magnitude of ‘placebo effects’ is impressive and deserves attention.

1991 G. Greer Change i. 17 In properly designed double-blind cross-over trials, the placebo effect is so great as to weaken or even to invalidate the claims made for the medication of choice.

Derivatives

placeˈboic adj. rare of the nature of a placebo.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > [adjective] > placebo

placeboic1863

1863 A. Flint in Amer. Jrnl. Med. Sci. 46 21 To secure the moral effect of a remedy given specially for the disease, the patients were placed on the use of a placebo which consisted..of the tincture of quassia, very largely diluted. This was given regularly, and became well known..as the placeboic remedy for rheumatism.

2003 Africa News (Nexis) 25 Feb. Anyone who entertains the hope that our present category of leaders will ever grow up to discard their present placeboic, kid-glove and defeatist approach to pursuing matters should better wake up.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	placebo
释义	placebon. Brit. /pləˈsiːbəʊ/, U.S. /pləˈsiboʊ/ Inflections: Plural placebos, (rare) placeboes. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin placēbō. Etymology: < classical Latin placēbō I shall be pleasing or acceptable, 1st singular future indicative of placēre to please (see placet int. and n.), in post-classical Latin used to denote the Office for the Dead (frequently c1220–1503 in British sources), from the first word of the first antiphon of vespers in the Office for the Dead (Placebo Domino in regione vivorum , Psalm 114:9 (Vulgate: Roman Psalter, Gallican Psalter)). Compare Old French, Middle French, French placebo (13th cent. in sense 2 in phrases chanter placebo (also chanter a placebo , chanter de placebo : compare to sing (a) placebo at sense 2), parler a placebo , etc.; late 14th cent. in sense 1; late 14th cent. or earlier in sense 3 in the allegorical name Nicole Placebo ; now only in sense 4, which is not paralleled in French before 1954). 1. Roman Catholic Church. Vespers in the Office for the Dead. Cf. dirge n. 1. Now historical. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > canonical hours > vespers, evensong > [noun] > in office of dead placebo?c1225 ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 20 Efter euensong anan Placebo. vhche nicht seggeð ȝef ȝe beoð aise. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1879) VII. 403 (MED) Þey putteþ non giblettes to þe houres of Goddes service, outake Placebo and Dirige for þe dede [L. præter vigilias pro defunctis]. ?c1430 (c1400) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 57 (MED) Prelatis ben more bounden to þis prechynge..þan to seie matynes, masse, euen song, or placebo. 1476 in P. E. Jones Cal. Plea & Mem. Rolls London Guildhall (1961) VI. 101 (MED) I wol that there be songe solemply by note for my soule..placebo and dirige and masse of Requiem every day duryng the xxx daies next suying after my decesse. 1535 in G. J. Piccope Lancs. & Cheshire Wills (1860) II. 165 Schall synge and say placebo and dirige on nyght. 1559 D. Lindsay Test. Papyngo 706 in Wks. (1931) I. 77 And we sall..about ȝour sepulture..deuotely saye..The auld Placebo bakwart. a1689 W. Watson Clergy-man's Law (1701) xxxii. 254 Though the Tenure be in particular, as to sing a Mass, or a Placebo, or Dirige, yet saying the Prayers now authorized sufficeth. 1769 T. Staveley Romish Horseleech 199 It was not rare, for many Men..to appoint and take Order for..Obits, Requiems, Dirges, Placebo's, Trentals, [etc.] 1874 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People v. §5. 248 He..earned a miserable livelihood..by singing placebos and diriges. 1995 A. D. Brown Pop. Piety in Late Medieval Eng. i. 36 Candles were to be lit at placebo and dirige until vespers and compline were over. †2. allusively. to sing (a) placebo: to play the sycophant or flatterer; to be servile. Similarly to play (with) placebo, to make placebo, to be at the school of placebo. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > approval or sanction > commendation or praise > flattery or flattering > servile flattery or currying favour > flatter servilely or curry favour [verb (intransitive)] fain?c1225 fawnc1325 to make placebo1340 fagea1382 curryc1400 to curry favela1420 to claw (a person's) toea1500 to curry favour?1518 to be at the school of placebo1554 to play (with) placebo1583 insinuatea1593 wriggle1601 lick1602 sycophantize1605 gnathonize1619 pickthank1621 supparasitate1623 ingratiate1647 slaver1730 toad-eat1766 slaum1787 to eat (any one's) toads1788 toad1802 bootlick1846 toady1861 to suck in1899 smoodge1906 smarm1911 arse-lick1928 bum-suck1930 to suck round1931 ass-lick1937 brown-nose1939 suck-hole1961 weasel1980 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 60 Þe uerþe zenne [sc. flattery] is þat huanne hi alle zingeþ Placebo, þet is to zigge, ‘mi lhord zayþ zoþ; mi lhord deþ wel’. c1390 G. Chaucer Parson's Tale 617 Flatereres ben the deueles chapelleyns that syngen euere Placebo. ?c1450 tr. Bk. Knight of La Tour Landry (1906) 124 (MED) Who so louithe his frende, he shulde not flater hym..and not forto plaie with placebo [Fr. faire le placebo]. 1484 W. Caxton tr. G. de la Tour-Landry Bk. Knight of Tower (1971) xciii. 126 He ought..not flatere hym ne make the placebo. 1554 J. Knox Godly Let. sig. A viij^v Nowe they haue bene at the skoole of Placebo, and ther they haue lerned..to daunse as the deuill lyst to pype. 1583 in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. 349 Plaing placebo into princes faces. 1607–8 F. Bacon Speech Gen. Naturalization in Wks. (1879) I. 467 If any man shall think that I have sung a placebo, for mine own particular, I would have him know that I am not so unseen in the world. 1679 J. P. Let. to Friend in Country 3 Where every one would sing a Placebo to the rising Sun [the next Heir to the Crown]. †3. A flatterer, a sycophant, a parasite. Obsolete.Originally used allegorically as a proper name. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > approval or sanction > commendation or praise > flattery or flattering > servile flattery or currying favour > [noun] > servile flatterer papelard1340 placeboc1395 fawnerc1440 pickthank1460 adulator?a1475 earwigc1475 curry-favel1515 men-pleaser1526 gnatho1533 upcreeperc1540 claw-back1549 curry-favourer1563 man-pleaser1564 claw-poll1569 please-man1570 sycophant1575 curry-favour1577 capper1587 insinuator1598 clawera1603 scrape-shoe1607 suck-fist1611 courtiera1616 foot lickera1616 fleerera1627 wriggler1631 fawn1635 limberham1689 toad-eater1742 tuft-hunter1755 arse-kisser1766 sleeve-creeper1809 lick-spit1822 lickspittle1825 shoe-licker1826 toady1826 toad1831 toader1842 bootlicker1846 bootlick1849 favour-currier1855 lubricator1872 bum-sucker1877 handshaker1884 suck1900 mbongo1911 sucker-up1911 apple-polisher1918 snurge1933 ass-licker1939 brown-nose1939 brown-noser1942 arse-licker1951 ass-kisser1951 greaser1959 suck-hole1966 suck-up1970 bumboy1984 fly- c1395 G. Chaucer Merchant's Tale 1476 Ther fil a stryf bitwix his bretheren two; Of which that oon was cleped Placebo, Iustinus soothly called was that oother. c1475 (?a1430) J. Lydgate tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Life Man (Tiber.) 22417 Flateryng..Somme callen hir Placebo, ffor sche kan maken an Eccho, Answere euere ageyn the same. a1500 ( Poems from Pilgrimage of Soul (Egerton) in F. J. Furnivall Wks. T. Hoccleve: Regement Princes (1897) p. lx (MED) For who þat well be holpen at his nede, Ful sekere, Placebo mvst go before. a1572 J. Knox Hist. Reformation Scotl. in Wks. (1846) I. 37 The Bischop..having his placeboes and jackmen in the toun, buffatted the Freir, and called him Heretick. a1651 D. Calderwood Hist. Kirk Scotl. (1843) II. 220 Placeboes and flatterers went to court. c1780 in M. Davies W. Hastings (1935) 373 His contemporaries..called him flatterer, liar, sycophant, placebo, snake in the grass. 4. Medicine. A drug, medicine, therapy, etc., prescribed more for the psychological benefit to the patient of being given treatment than for any direct physiological effect; esp. one with no specific therapeutic effect on a patient's condition, but believed by the patient to be therapeutic (and sometimes therefore effective). Also: a substance with no therapeutic effect used as a control in testing new drugs, etc.; a blank sample in a test. Also figurative. Cf. nocebo n. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > [noun] > a medicine or medicament > placebo placebo1785 1785 G. Motherby New Med. Dict. (ed. 2) Placebo, a common place method or medicine. 1811 R. Hooper Quincy's Lexicon-medicum (new ed.) Placebo,..an epithet given to any medicine adapted more to please than benefit the patient. 1823 W. Scott St. Ronan's Well II. vii. 165 There is nothing serious intended—a mere placebo—just a divertisement to cheer the spirits, and assist the effect of the waters. 1863 Amer. Jrnl. Med. Sciences 46 21 To secure the moral effect of a remedy given specially for the disease, the patients were placed on the use of a placebo which consisted..of the tincture of quassia, very largely diluted. 1888 P. H. Pye-Smith Fagge's Princ. & Pract. Med. (ed. 2) I. 205 It is probably a mere placebo, but there is every reason to please as well as cure our patients. 1938 Ann. Internal Med. 11 1417 The second sort of placebo, the type which the doctor fancies to be an effective medicament but which later investigation proves to have been all along inert, is the banner under which a large part of the past history of medicine may be enrolled. 1950 Jrnl. Clin. Investig. 29 108/2 It is..customary to control drug experiments on various clinical syndromes with placebos especially when the data to be evaluated are chiefly subjective. 1954 Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 22 May 340/1 After use of the pills was stopped, the eruption quickly cleared... Later it was learned that the rash had developed while she was taking placebos. 1967 Brit. Jrnl. Psychiatry 113 999/2 Research with placebos..has very pointedly demonstrated the potency of non-pharmacological factors in a treatment which was essentially pharmacologically conceived. 1994 N.Y. Times 4 Mar. a18/3 A 60-week study..found no appreciable difference in the symptoms of AIDS patients who were given low-dose alpha interferon and those given a placebo. Compounds placebo effect n. the beneficial (or occasionally adverse) effect on health produced by a placebo that cannot be attributed to the properties of the placebo; (also) an instance of this. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > treatment by medicine or drug > [noun] > effects of medicines or drugs side effect1868 placebo effect1902 tachyphylaxis1911 side action1933 nocebo effect1961 1902 Sanitarian 49 503 Formic acid is not known to have any value as a virus antidote, and there may have been a mere placebo effect about the procedure which the traveler Burton witnessed on the Albert Nyanza, where a victim of serpent bites was dosed with a decoction of boiled ants. 1950 Jrnl. Clin. Investig. 29 108/2 Not only the frequency but also the magnitude of ‘placebo effects’ is impressive and deserves attention. 1991 G. Greer Change i. 17 In properly designed double-blind cross-over trials, the placebo effect is so great as to weaken or even to invalidate the claims made for the medication of choice. Derivatives placeˈboic adj. rare of the nature of a placebo. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > [adjective] > placebo placeboic1863 1863 A. Flint in Amer. Jrnl. Med. Sci. 46 21 To secure the moral effect of a remedy given specially for the disease, the patients were placed on the use of a placebo which consisted..of the tincture of quassia, very largely diluted. This was given regularly, and became well known..as the placeboic remedy for rheumatism. 2003 Africa News (Nexis) 25 Feb. Anyone who entertains the hope that our present category of leaders will ever grow up to discard their present placeboic, kid-glove and defeatist approach to pursuing matters should better wake up. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.?c1225
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