beholdingn.

/bɪˈhəʊldɪŋ/

Forms: Also Middle English bihaldung, biholdung, Middle English byhaldyng, behaldyng.

Etymology: < behold v. + -ing suffix¹.

1. The action of looking at; contemplation, sight.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > seeing or looking > [noun] > looking at or beholding

beholdinga1225

considerationc1386

advisementa1393

aspecta1398

especcion14..

viewc1450

contemplationc1500

looking ona1516

viewing1548

eyeing1550

perspectionc1550

theoria1590

conspection1611

onlooking1637

spectation1638

aspection1646

prospecting1677

onlook1800

spectating1942

a1225 St. Marher. 14 Wið luueliche lates, wið steape bihaldunge eiðer on oðer.

1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) 2 Chron. xxv. 21 Thei ȝeuen to hem silf beholdingis either to other.

1484 W. Caxton tr. G. de la Tour-Landry Bk. Knight of Tower (1971) xlii. 65 The fourthe foly of Eue was the foolyssh beholdynge.

1608 W. Shakespeare King Lear xiv. 7 The reuenge..Are not fit for your beholding .

1702 N. Rowe Tamerlane i. i. 321 My Eyes first own'd thee..the Joy of their Beholding.

†2. Mental contemplation; consideration. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > thought > continued thinking, reflection, contemplation > thinking about, consideration, deliberation > [noun]

i-mindOE

studyinglOE

mindc1300

bethinking1340

poring1340

regard1348

weighingc1380

contemplationc1390

advisementa1393

deliberationa1393

advicec1405

reckoninga1413

visement?1414

considerancec1420

advisenessc1425

revolutionc1425

rewardc1432

mind-takingc1449

umbethinkingc1450

advisednessc1475

considering1483

beholding1530

meditationa1535

pondering1535

cogitation?1542

expending1545

ponderation1556

perpending1558

well weighing1566

surview1576

reflex1593

revolve1595

lucubration1596

agitation1600

perpension1612

vizamenta1616

pensitation1623

perpensation1623

perpendment1667

ruminating1668

commentationa1670

revolving1670

reflectiona1674

introspectiona1676

propendencya1676

ponderment1728

chawing1845

1530 Myroure Oure Ladye (Fawkes) (1873) iii. 310 The beholdynge of the causes.

a1569 M. Coverdale Fruitful Lessons (1593) To Rdr. sig. ¶2^v Sweet contemplation & beholding of Gods Almightinesse.

†3. Regard, reference. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > [noun] > relation to something or reference

respitea1382

beholdingc1449

respect1485

aspect1509

regardc1520

reference1581

referrance1583

tending1587

reflection1614

intuition1626

concernment1640

concerning1642

tendency1651

influence1672

re1707

bearing1741

ref1845

concern1863

c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 17 Thouȝ no biholding therto were maad into Holi Scripture.

4. The thing beheld: †(a) an image, a spectre (obsolete); (b) a vision (archaic).

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > thing seen > optical illusion > [noun] > an optical illusion > vision or apparition

visionc1290

fantasyc1325

imagec1350

figurec1384

beholdingc1440

semblance1489

idol1563

ghost1593

fancy1609

species1639

spectrala1656

spectre1801

eidolon1828

c1440 Gesta Romanorum 240 She shalle loke in the glas, & hir owne beholdyng shalle bowe & passe to hir ayene.

1825 S. T. Coleridge Aids Refl. 384 Shadows and imperfect beholdings and vivid fragments of things distinctly seen.

1826 E. Irving Babylon I. iii. 161 Twice..doth the Prophet mention this part of his beholding.

5. The sense ‘Obligation,’ the only one recognized by Dr. Johnson, assigned by him on the strength of a quotation from Carew, is a mere blunder, mechanically perpetuated by subsequent dictionaries: Carew's word is beholdingness n.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1887; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

beholdingadj.

Etymology: Formed as behold v. + -ing suffix². Sense 1 evidently originated in an error for beholden adj., either through confusion of the endings (compare especially the 15th cent. spelling -yne for -en), or, more probably, after beholden was shortened to beholde, behold, and its grammatical character obscured; the general acceptance of ‘beholding’ may have been due to a notion that it meant ‘looking (e.g. with respect, or dependence),’ or to association with the idea of ‘holding of’ or ‘from’ a feudal superior. Very common in the 17th cent.Previous versions of the OED give the stress as: beˈholding.

†1. Under obligation, obliged, indebted, beholden adj.; in late use often: Dependent. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > gratitude > [adjective] > under obligation

addebteda1400

beholdenc1400

debtedc1425

beholding1484

indebt1504

bounden1530

indebted1553

obliged1596

redevable1596

engaged1665

behoven1880

a1450 Knt. de la Tour viii. 11 Doughter, ye are moche beholde to serue God.]

1484 W. Caxton tr. G. de la Tour-Landry Bk. Knight of Tower (1971) xxxiiii. 56 Dame ye ben moche beholdynge to god.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor (1623) i. i. 254 A Iustice of peace sometime may be beholding to his friend, for a Man.

1653 H. More Antidote against Atheisme i. vi. 16 Wee have some Ideas that we are not beholding to our senses for.

a1704 T. Brown Ess. Eng. Satyr in Wks. (1707) I. i. 32 Posterity has been very little beholding to the Ancient Greeks for Satyr.

1719 T. D'Urfey Wit & Mirth I. 67 And he for their..bread, Beholding to his Wife.

†2. ? That holds fast the eyes; engaging, attractive. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > beauty > pleasing appearance > [adjective]

faireOE

comelyOE

winlyOE

goodlyOE

hendya1250

hendc1275

quaintc1300

seemlyc1305

tidya1325

avenant1340

honestc1384

sightya1387

properc1390

well beseena1393

queema1400

speciousa1400

featousc1400

parisantc1400

rekenc1400

well-favoureda1438

wellc1450

spectable?a1475

delicatec1480

jollya1500

bonny?a1513

snog1513

viewlyc1536

goodlikec1550

sightly1555

sightful1565

beholdinga1586

eyesome?1587

decent1600

vage1604

prospicuous1605

eyely1614

fashionable1630

well-looking1638

softa1643

fineish1647

well-looked1660

of a good (also ugly, etc.) look1700

likely-looked1709

sonsy1720

smiling1725

aspectable1731

smirkya1758

likely-looking1771

respectable1776

magnificent-looking1790

producible1792

presentable1800

good-looking1804

nice-looking1807

bonnyish1855

spick1882

eyeable1887

aegyo2007

a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1590) i. xiii. sig. I2^v When he saw me..my beauty was no more beholding to him then my harmony.

3. Looking on, gazing.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > seeing or looking > [adjective] > looking at or beholding

viewing1563

beholding1594

intuitive1644

onlookinga1666

contemplative1814

1594 W. Shakespeare Lucrece sig. L3 Which when her sad beholding husband saw, Amazedlie in her sad face he stares.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1887; most recently modified version published online June 2021).

单词	beholding
释义	beholdingn. /bɪˈhəʊldɪŋ/ Forms: Also Middle English bihaldung, biholdung, Middle English byhaldyng, behaldyng. Etymology: < behold v. + -ing suffix¹. 1. The action of looking at; contemplation, sight. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > seeing or looking > [noun] > looking at or beholding beholdinga1225 considerationc1386 advisementa1393 aspecta1398 especcion14.. viewc1450 contemplationc1500 looking ona1516 viewing1548 eyeing1550 perspectionc1550 theoria1590 conspection1611 onlooking1637 spectation1638 aspection1646 prospecting1677 onlook1800 spectating1942 a1225 St. Marher. 14 Wið luueliche lates, wið steape bihaldunge eiðer on oðer. 1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) 2 Chron. xxv. 21 Thei ȝeuen to hem silf beholdingis either to other. 1484 W. Caxton tr. G. de la Tour-Landry Bk. Knight of Tower (1971) xlii. 65 The fourthe foly of Eue was the foolyssh beholdynge. 1608 W. Shakespeare King Lear xiv. 7 The reuenge..Are not fit for your beholding . View more context for this quotation 1702 N. Rowe Tamerlane i. i. 321 My Eyes first own'd thee..the Joy of their Beholding. †2. Mental contemplation; consideration. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > thought > continued thinking, reflection, contemplation > thinking about, consideration, deliberation > [noun] i-mindOE studyinglOE mindc1300 bethinking1340 poring1340 regard1348 weighingc1380 contemplationc1390 advisementa1393 deliberationa1393 advicec1405 reckoninga1413 visement?1414 considerancec1420 advisenessc1425 revolutionc1425 rewardc1432 mind-takingc1449 umbethinkingc1450 advisednessc1475 considering1483 beholding1530 meditationa1535 pondering1535 cogitation?1542 expending1545 ponderation1556 perpending1558 well weighing1566 surview1576 reflex1593 revolve1595 lucubration1596 agitation1600 perpension1612 vizamenta1616 pensitation1623 perpensation1623 perpendment1667 ruminating1668 commentationa1670 revolving1670 reflectiona1674 introspectiona1676 propendencya1676 ponderment1728 chawing1845 1530 Myroure Oure Ladye (Fawkes) (1873) iii. 310 The beholdynge of the causes. a1569 M. Coverdale Fruitful Lessons (1593) To Rdr. sig. ¶2^v Sweet contemplation & beholding of Gods Almightinesse. †3. Regard, reference. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > [noun] > relation to something or reference respitea1382 beholdingc1449 respect1485 aspect1509 regardc1520 reference1581 referrance1583 tending1587 reflection1614 intuition1626 concernment1640 concerning1642 tendency1651 influence1672 re1707 view1719 bearing1741 ref1845 concern1863 c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 17 Thouȝ no biholding therto were maad into Holi Scripture. 4. The thing beheld: †(a) an image, a spectre (obsolete); (b) a vision (archaic). ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > thing seen > optical illusion > [noun] > an optical illusion > vision or apparition visionc1290 fantasyc1325 imagec1350 figurec1384 beholdingc1440 semblance1489 idol1563 ghost1593 fancy1609 species1639 spectrala1656 spectre1801 eidolon1828 c1440 Gesta Romanorum 240 She shalle loke in the glas, & hir owne beholdyng shalle bowe & passe to hir ayene. 1825 S. T. Coleridge Aids Refl. 384 Shadows and imperfect beholdings and vivid fragments of things distinctly seen. 1826 E. Irving Babylon I. iii. 161 Twice..doth the Prophet mention this part of his beholding. 5. The sense ‘Obligation,’ the only one recognized by Dr. Johnson, assigned by him on the strength of a quotation from Carew, is a mere blunder, mechanically perpetuated by subsequent dictionaries: Carew's word is beholdingness n. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1887; most recently modified version published online December 2020). beholdingadj. Etymology: Formed as behold v. + -ing suffix². Sense 1 evidently originated in an error for beholden adj., either through confusion of the endings (compare especially the 15th cent. spelling -yne for -en), or, more probably, after beholden was shortened to beholde, behold, and its grammatical character obscured; the general acceptance of ‘beholding’ may have been due to a notion that it meant ‘looking (e.g. with respect, or dependence),’ or to association with the idea of ‘holding of’ or ‘from’ a feudal superior. Very common in the 17th cent.Previous versions of the OED give the stress as: beˈholding. †1. Under obligation, obliged, indebted, beholden adj.; in late use often: Dependent. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > gratitude > [adjective] > under obligation addebteda1400 beholdenc1400 debtedc1425 beholding1484 indebt1504 bounden1530 indebted1553 obliged1596 redevable1596 engaged1665 behoven1880 a1450 Knt. de la Tour viii. 11 Doughter, ye are moche beholde to serue God.] 1484 W. Caxton tr. G. de la Tour-Landry Bk. Knight of Tower (1971) xxxiiii. 56 Dame ye ben moche beholdynge to god. a1616 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor (1623) i. i. 254 A Iustice of peace sometime may be beholding to his friend, for a Man. View more context for this quotation 1653 H. More Antidote against Atheisme i. vi. 16 Wee have some Ideas that we are not beholding to our senses for. a1704 T. Brown Ess. Eng. Satyr in Wks. (1707) I. i. 32 Posterity has been very little beholding to the Ancient Greeks for Satyr. 1719 T. D'Urfey Wit & Mirth I. 67 And he for their..bread, Beholding to his Wife. †2. ? That holds fast the eyes; engaging, attractive. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > beauty > pleasing appearance > [adjective] faireOE comelyOE winlyOE goodlyOE hendya1250 hendc1275 quaintc1300 seemlyc1305 tidya1325 avenant1340 honestc1384 sightya1387 properc1390 well beseena1393 queema1400 speciousa1400 featousc1400 parisantc1400 rekenc1400 well-favoureda1438 wellc1450 spectable?a1475 delicatec1480 jollya1500 bonny?a1513 snog1513 viewlyc1536 goodlikec1550 sightly1555 sightful1565 beholdinga1586 eyesome?1587 decent1600 vage1604 prospicuous1605 eyely1614 fashionable1630 well-looking1638 softa1643 fineish1647 well-looked1660 of a good (also ugly, etc.) look1700 likely-looked1709 sonsy1720 smiling1725 aspectable1731 smirkya1758 likely-looking1771 respectable1776 magnificent-looking1790 producible1792 presentable1800 good-looking1804 nice-looking1807 bonnyish1855 spick1882 eyeable1887 aegyo2007 a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1590) i. xiii. sig. I2^v When he saw me..my beauty was no more beholding to him then my harmony. 3. Looking on, gazing. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > seeing or looking > [adjective] > looking at or beholding viewing1563 beholding1594 intuitive1644 onlookinga1666 contemplative1814 1594 W. Shakespeare Lucrece sig. L3 Which when her sad beholding husband saw, Amazedlie in her sad face he stares. View more context for this quotation This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1887; most recently modified version published online June 2021). < n.a1225adj.1484
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