1925 Lancet 1 Aug. 234/2 The musical comedy spirit which reduces ‘bacteriophage’ to its final syllable.]

1925 S. Lewis Arrowsmith xxix. 328 Bacteriophage, the Frenchman calls it. Too long. Better just call it phage.

1926 Encycl. Brit. I. 302/1 If a tube of suitable diluted phage, inoculated with B. dysenteriae, is incubated for three hours, and a loop of it then inoculated on agar, confluent growth of the bacteria may be obtained with a number of small, round, clear areas where no growth of bacteria has occurred.

1936 W. W. C. Topley & G. S. Wilson Princ. Bacteriol. & Immunity (ed. 2) x. 238 Phages acting on one or other of the normal or pathogenic intestinal bacteria can almost always be isolated from fæces, from sewage, or from polluted water supplies.

1960 New Biol. 31 77 Like other viruses, phages multiply by causing the host cells to synthesize the components of the virus.

1972 Nature 21 Jan. 129/1 Carcinogens..were tested for mutagenic activity in conventional assay systems, involving the use of bacteria or phage as target organisms.

2001 New Scientist 13 Oct. (Inside Sci. section) 1/2 Bacteriophages or phages, which target bacteria, have elaborate capsids that consist of a polyhedral ‘head’, in which DNA is stored, and a rod-like ‘tail’.

1958 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 44 593 Either most transducing particles do not carry a phage genome; or..carry an abnormal phage genome..or there is an exclusion between establishment of transduced factors and of phage genome in the same cell.

1993 Intervirology 36 237 A physical map of the phage genome has been constructed using the restriction enzyme KpnI.

1940 Science 26 July 91/1 This [sc. phage decrease] we attribute to the death of phage-infected bacteria.

1993 Nature 8 Apr. 500/1 Bull et al. propagated populations of phage-infected Escherichia coli in two ways.

1930 Sci. Monthly Nov. 424/2 Expressed in another way, it would require more than two thousand of these 'phage particles placed together in one plane in a circle to bring them within the range of visibility.

2000 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 12656/2 Incubation..simultaneously excised and packaged the vector as viable phage particles.

1957 Virology 2 256 (heading) Production of phage-related structures during multiplication of phages T2 and T4.

1999 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 2193/2 The phage-related genes lie within an ∼31.5-kilobase segment of the H[aemophilus] influenzae genome.

1958 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 44 115 To obtain the probability of mutation per phage replication, these values must in each case be adjusted to account for the accumulation of mutants during the growth of the population.

1968 J. D. Watson Double Helix xvii. 121 André [Lwoff] was very keen about the role of divalent metals in phage replication.

1993 Nature 8 Apr. 500/1 In one [test], phage replication was wholly dependent on host reproduction.

1932 Science 15 July 44/1 Why a similar bionic overgrowth or resulting ‘lysis’ does not take place with the ‘phage-resistant’ B. typhihemolyticum..will necessitate further elaboration of the Alexandrian bionic metaphor.

2000 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 4298/2 Insertions that eliminated the phage-resistant phenotype..were identified by replica plating.

1947 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 33 254 It was found next that the ‘factor’ is partially phage specific.

1988 J. D. Barrow & F. J. Tipler Anthropic Cosmol. Princ. (rev. ed.) viii. 516 (figure) Production of phage specific mRNA molecules. These quickly serve as templates to make a number of phage specific enzymes, one of which breaks down the host chromosome.

1991 Biochemistry 30 10833/1 In theory, the method of phage display..offers the possibility to select in vitro (by affinity chromatography) among a population of variant proteins for high-affinity mutants.

1991 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88 7978/1 Phage display libraries are rapidly being extended to whole proteins.

1996 Gene Therapy Weekly (Nexis) 7 Oct. 15 These expression vectors provide easy tools to generate complete human immunoglobulins derived from antibodies selected via phage display.

2003 Independent (Nexis) 3 May Cambridge Antibody Technology..is using its phage display technology as a platform for the discovery of a range of potential drugs.

1993 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89 2429/1 A library of phage-displayed protease inhibitory domains derived from wild-type bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor.

1998 R&D Focus Drug News (Nexis) 24 Aug. Progenitor is utilizing protein profiling technologies that use phage-displayed human monoclonal antibodies to probe protein function.

1925 S. Lewis Arrowsmith xxxix. 426 Suppose we got him or somebody to rig up a new kind of cure—call it phageotherapy... Patients sit in a steam cabinet and eat tablets made of phage with just a little strychnin to jazz up their hearts!]

1929 Lancet 10 Aug. 275/2 The two cases..which did well in phage therapy had classical B. dysenteriæ.

1999 Independent on Sunday 12 Sept. i. 19/2 Phage therapy isn't the only alternative to antibiotics, but it has great promise.

1932 Jrnl. Pathol. & Bacteriol. 35 857 Double lysogenicity, i.e. the production of two distinct phage types by a single strain, is relatively common.

1975 E. Nnochiri Med. Microbiol. in Tropics xi. 307/1 If a particular phage-type of Salmonella typhi is the cause of an outbreak of typhoid infection, a search is made for carriers of organisms of the same phage-type.

1994 Catering & Hotelkeeping 2 June 8/2 Food poisoning caused by salmonella enteritidis phage type four, the UK's most common form of salmonella poisoning.

1938 Canad. Public Health Jrnl. 29 493 (heading) The limitations of phage typing B. typhosus.

1961 Lancet 2 Sept. 506/2 All strains of Staph. aureus were tested for sensitivity to eight antibiotics, and a small number were phage-typed.

1992 Epidemiol. & Infection 108 405 A total of 754 isolates..from all sources were phage-typed using the extended phage-typing scheme.

1942 Jrnl. Infectious Dis. 71 161/1 Phage typing of typhoid culture has been employed quite extensively in Canada as an aid in tracing the origin of typhoid fever outbreaks.

1970 R. Passmore & J. S. Robson Compan. Med. Stud. II. xviii. 70/2 There are a number of phages with specific affinities for different staphylococci and it is therefore possible to identify strains of staphylococci by their phage-sensitivity patterns. This is the basis of phage-typing which is of great use in the investigation of outbreaks of staphylococcal sepsis.

1999 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 14043/2 However, serotyping and phage typing have not revealed any diversity.