perforationn.

Brit.

/ˌpəːfəˈreɪʃn/, U.S.

/ˌpərfəˈreɪʃ(ə)n/

Forms: late Middle English perforacion, late Middle English perforacioun, 1500s– perforation.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French perforation; Latin perforātiōn-, perforātiō.

Etymology: < (i) Middle French, French perforation state of being pierced (1398 in medical context; also in Middle French as perforacion (second half of the 15th cent.)), action of piercing (15th cent. in medical context), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin perforātiōn-, perforātiō action of boring or drilling, in post-classical Latin also hole made by boring, especially in medical context, with reference to holes made by a physician through bone, and to holes made by disease (5th cent.) < perforāt- , past participial stem of perforāre perforate v. + -iō -ion suffix¹. Compare Old Occitan perforacio (c1350; Occitan perforacion), Catalan perforació (15th cent.), Spanish perforación (15th cent., rare before the 19th cent.), Italian perforazione (c1350).

a. A hole made by boring, punching, or piercing; esp. a small hole punched in a sheet of paper. Also: an aperture passing through or into something; a passage, shaft, or tunnel.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being open or not closed > an opening or aperture > [noun] > a hole bored, pierced, or perforated

hollowc897

borec1320

piercing?c1400

perforation?a1425

broach1519

pertusion1626

ear-piercing1896

?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 23 (MED) Þat perforacion or persyng [L. perforatio] þat is made bi crafte is generatiue of virousnez & of felth & of fistle.

1543 B. Traheron tr. J. de Vigo Most Excellent Wks. Chirurg. ii. i. f. 241/1 For remotion of this aposteme, ye must make a new and larger perforation or borynge.

1599 A. M. tr. O. Gaebelkhover Bk. Physicke 34/1 Inoculated Pearles, or Pearles without perforationes.

1665 R. Hooke Micrographia 38 Pipes of Glass, with a very small perforation.

1744 Philos. Trans. 1740–41 (Royal Soc.) 41 644 A very small hollow Needle with Perforations, as in that used by some instead of the Trocar.

1783 P. Pott Chirurg. Wks. (new ed.) II. 18 They have no perforations or apertures.

1832 New-Eng. Mag. Sept. 223 The water..is obtained through perforations, made by boring from three to four hundred feet in depth.

1843 Evening Star 16 Jan. 4/1 The constable had seen..a wound in the prisoner's side, and also a perforation in his clothes.

1906 Times 10 Apr. 3/2 In some elections where the official mark was not a perforation, but a stamp, it had happened..that the voter's cross was placed inside that stamp.

1932 Punch 23 Nov. 561/2 One helpful suggestion is to increase the perforations in the army biscuit.

1951 Gloss. Terms Plastics (B.S.I.) 34 It [sc. a baffle] consists of a disc with a small central perforation.

2006 Daily News-Record (Harrisonburg, Va.) 5 Dec. c5/3 An incorrect number of border perforations..and inexact colors gave it away as a forged Inverted Jenny.

b. A row of small holes punched in a sheet (spec. of postage stamps) to enable the separation of one part from another; (also Philately) a row of protrusions left on the edges of a stamp after tearing. Cf. perf n.¹It is sometimes difficult to distinguish whether quots. reflect this sense or a plural use of sense 1a.

ΚΠ

1857 Decatur (Indiana) Eagle 13 Mar. 1/6 Sheets with perforations round the borders of each stamp, so that they can be seperated [sic], one from the other.

1870 Routledge's Every Boy's Ann. Mar. (Suppl.) 4/1 [Stamps] with pin-pricked perforations.

1889 Brit. Foreign & Colonial Jrnl. 15 Nov. 13/2 Observe the slight differences in various stamps,..the printing of stamps in wrong colours, the various water-marks and perforations, [etc.].

1891 ‘Phil’ Penny Postage Jubilee 150 A simple perforation is that which the perforating machine has produced by punching the paper completely out, leaving a regular series of small round holes between each row of stamps.

1981 P. Villiard Collecting Stamps 25 If one or more perforations are pulled crookedly, they will be long on one stamp and short on the other... If stamps are kept in stock books, there is danger of creasing or even tearing off a perforation.

1987 Stamps Feb. 17/4 The stamps, bearing 15 × 14 perforations, will be available from the British Philatelic Bureau.

2000 N.Y. Times Mag. 11 June 22/1 It [sc. a machine] punched perforations in sheets of cards used by trucking companies at highway toll plazas.

2003 Post-Standard (Syracuse, N.Y.) (Nexis) 30 Mar. 34 The Wright stamps had mashed perforations and some of the perfs between the top two and bottom two stamps were broken.

a. The action of perforating; (in later use) esp. the making of a row of small holes in a sheet of paper, etc., so that a part may be torn off easily. Also: the fact or condition of being perforated.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being open or not closed > making holes or becoming holed > [noun] > by boring, piercing, or perforating

thirling?c1225

piercingc1390

boringc1440

perforationa1500

terebration1623

wimbling1623

perfossion1695

drilling1698

pertusion1727

punching1815

pre-drilling1938

a1500 (?a1450) Gesta Romanorum (Harl. 7333) (1879) 10 Some tyme is suche holiyng and perforacion goode.

1610 J. Guillim Display of Heraldrie ii. vii. 70 Piercing is a Penetration or Perforation of things that are of solid substance.

1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §500 The likeliest way [is] the perforation of the body of the tree in several places one above the other, and the filling of the holes [etc.].

1735 H. Brooke Poet. Wks. (1792) II. 82 Tubes of nicest perforation bored, whose branching maze thro' every organ tends.

1836–41 W. T. Brande Man. Chem. (ed. 5) 269 The mechanical force..is shown by the perforation of paper.

1858 Jrnl. Soc. Arts 20 Aug. 597/2 It is said that the perforation of the tunnel may be effected in six years instead of 36, as the inventors calculate upon advancing three metres per day.

1881 Nature 6 Oct. 548/1 Gun-cotton itself..merely shows signs of perforation like the card.

1910 Times Engin. Suppl. 29 June 17/3 The messages had to be prepared by the perforation of the punched slip.

1992 Oil & Gas Jrnl. (Nexis) 20 July 120 The interbedding frequency factor for predicting the intervals in certain wells for perforation.

b. Medicine. The formation of a hole passing completely through a structure, as the wall of the stomach or intestine.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > [noun] > perforation or opening

perforation1598

patulousness1872

1598 A. M. tr. J. Guillemeau Frenche Chirurg. 30 b/1 The perforation of the artery tarrieth vncured and open.

1666 R. Boyle Origine Formes & Qualities 24 These Glassy Fragments..Wound the tender Membranes..whereby naturally ensue..Bloudy Fluxes occasion'd by the perforation of the Capillary Arteries.

1876 J. S. Bristowe Treat. Theory & Pract. Med. ii. i. 222 Perforation of the bowel may occur in patients of all ages.

1882 Med. Temp. Jrnl. 51 108 If perforation should take place let me have large and repeated doses of opium.

1967 Canad. Med. Assoc. Jrnl. 9 Sept. 18/2 Out of the 11 cases of foreign-body perforation of the gut, nine were caused by bones.

1992 Saudi Med. Jrnl. 12 527/1 The ‘prefill’ minimizes the risk of bowel perforation during subsequent cannula insertion.

3. Anatomy and Zoology. A small opening or orifice in a part of the body.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > physical aspects or shapes > indentation or cavity > [noun] > opening or hole

holea1400

vent1567

perforation1578

mouth1634

foramen1672

ostium1683

stoma1684

buttonhole1753

inlet1828

aditus1839

os1858

hiatus1886

1578 J. Banister Hist. Man i. f. 16 In the head and scope of the scull are yet diuerse and sundry litle Perforations.

1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 945 The first externall perforation..is called by a proper name, Meatus Auditorus, the hole of Hearing.

1688 R. Boyle Disquis. Final Causes iv. 148 That admirable perforation of the uvea, which we call the pupil.

1793 M. Baillie Morbid Anat. xxiii. 283 The hymen is sometimes found without a perforation in it, so that the vagina is completely shut up at its external extremity.

1826 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. III. xxxiv. 511 In considering the insertion of antennæ..we must advert first to the orifice (Torulus) that receives them. This is a perforation of the crust of the head.

1902 Amer. Naturalist 36 383 In transverse sections through the frontal depression the median slit is seen to be a true perforation of the shell.

1946 H. Woods Palæontol. Invertebr. (ed. 8) 130 The genital plates..are usually provided with a perforation which serves as the opening for the genital ducts.

1998 L. Margulis & K. V. Schwartz Five Kingdoms (ed. 3) iii. 324/1 The water passes out of the pharynx through these pharyngeal perforations.

Compounds

C1.

† perforation sound n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1879 St. George's Hosp. Rep. 9 788 On inflation, air passes into the tympanum without perforation sound.

C2.

perforation gauge n. Philately a gauge for ascertaining the coarseness or fineness of the perforations of a stamp (usually expressed as the number of perforations in two centimetres).

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > mathematical instruments > [noun] > arithmetical instrument

mesograph1579

mesolabe1579

quipu1581

rods1618

Napier's bones1647

Napier's rods1678

reckoner1757

counter1803

adding machine1822

operameter1830

virgulaa1831

adder1856

computer1869

arithmometer1876

perforation gauge1882

Cuisenaire rod1954

number line1964

number cruncher1966

cruncher1971

society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > hobby > collecting stamps > [noun] > related matters

perforation gauge1882

plate number1912

cover1923

first-day cover1926

1882 Stamp News Mar. 24/1 (advt.) Now ready. The improved Perforation Gauge. Centimetre and Inch-scale combined... The Gauge measures perforations rising by halves, from 7 to 16.

1940 Amer. Boy Feb. 25/1 (advt.) U.S. $1, $2, $4 and $5 stamps included in our packet of 25 different United States Stamps... Perforation Gauge and Millimeter Scale also included.

2002 Herald Express (Torquay) (Nexis) 11 Dec. 24 He carries all the normal accessories like stamp books and magazines including magnifying glasses and perforation gauges.

perforation plate n. Botany (in a xylem vessel) a perforated area in the common wall of adjacent vessel members, allowing the passage of water and solutes between them.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > cell or aggregate tissue > [noun] > tissue > xylem or phloem > parts of

perforation plate1933

1933 Trop. Woods 36 7 Perforation plate, a term of convenience for the area of the wall (originally imperforate) involved in the coalescence of two members of a vessel.

1953 K. Esau Plant Anat. xi. 223 The perforations of vessel members commonly occur on the end walls, but they may be present on the lateral walls too. The wall bearing the perforation is called the perforation plate.

1998 Jrnl. Torrey Bot. Soc. 125 265/1 All vessels have simple perforation plates.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	perforation
释义	perforationn. Brit. /ˌpəːfəˈreɪʃn/, U.S. /ˌpərfəˈreɪʃ(ə)n/ Forms: late Middle English perforacion, late Middle English perforacioun, 1500s– perforation. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French perforation; Latin perforātiōn-, perforātiō. Etymology: < (i) Middle French, French perforation state of being pierced (1398 in medical context; also in Middle French as perforacion (second half of the 15th cent.)), action of piercing (15th cent. in medical context), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin perforātiōn-, perforātiō action of boring or drilling, in post-classical Latin also hole made by boring, especially in medical context, with reference to holes made by a physician through bone, and to holes made by disease (5th cent.) < perforāt- , past participial stem of perforāre perforate v. + -iō -ion suffix¹. Compare Old Occitan perforacio (c1350; Occitan perforacion), Catalan perforació (15th cent.), Spanish perforación (15th cent., rare before the 19th cent.), Italian perforazione (c1350). 1. a. A hole made by boring, punching, or piercing; esp. a small hole punched in a sheet of paper. Also: an aperture passing through or into something; a passage, shaft, or tunnel. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being open or not closed > an opening or aperture > [noun] > a hole bored, pierced, or perforated hollowc897 borec1320 piercing?c1400 perforation?a1425 broach1519 pertusion1626 ear-piercing1896 ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 23 (MED) Þat perforacion or persyng [L. perforatio] þat is made bi crafte is generatiue of virousnez & of felth & of fistle. 1543 B. Traheron tr. J. de Vigo Most Excellent Wks. Chirurg. ii. i. f. 241/1 For remotion of this aposteme, ye must make a new and larger perforation or borynge. 1599 A. M. tr. O. Gaebelkhover Bk. Physicke 34/1 Inoculated Pearles, or Pearles without perforationes. 1665 R. Hooke Micrographia 38 Pipes of Glass, with a very small perforation. 1744 Philos. Trans. 1740–41 (Royal Soc.) 41 644 A very small hollow Needle with Perforations, as in that used by some instead of the Trocar. 1783 P. Pott Chirurg. Wks. (new ed.) II. 18 They have no perforations or apertures. 1832 New-Eng. Mag. Sept. 223 The water..is obtained through perforations, made by boring from three to four hundred feet in depth. 1843 Evening Star 16 Jan. 4/1 The constable had seen..a wound in the prisoner's side, and also a perforation in his clothes. 1906 Times 10 Apr. 3/2 In some elections where the official mark was not a perforation, but a stamp, it had happened..that the voter's cross was placed inside that stamp. 1932 Punch 23 Nov. 561/2 One helpful suggestion is to increase the perforations in the army biscuit. 1951 Gloss. Terms Plastics (B.S.I.) 34 It [sc. a baffle] consists of a disc with a small central perforation. 2006 Daily News-Record (Harrisonburg, Va.) 5 Dec. c5/3 An incorrect number of border perforations..and inexact colors gave it away as a forged Inverted Jenny. b. A row of small holes punched in a sheet (spec. of postage stamps) to enable the separation of one part from another; (also Philately) a row of protrusions left on the edges of a stamp after tearing. Cf. perf n.¹It is sometimes difficult to distinguish whether quots. reflect this sense or a plural use of sense 1a. ΚΠ 1857 Decatur (Indiana) Eagle 13 Mar. 1/6 Sheets with perforations round the borders of each stamp, so that they can be seperated [sic], one from the other. 1870 Routledge's Every Boy's Ann. Mar. (Suppl.) 4/1 [Stamps] with pin-pricked perforations. 1889 Brit. Foreign & Colonial Jrnl. 15 Nov. 13/2 Observe the slight differences in various stamps,..the printing of stamps in wrong colours, the various water-marks and perforations, [etc.]. 1891 ‘Phil’ Penny Postage Jubilee 150 A simple perforation is that which the perforating machine has produced by punching the paper completely out, leaving a regular series of small round holes between each row of stamps. 1981 P. Villiard Collecting Stamps 25 If one or more perforations are pulled crookedly, they will be long on one stamp and short on the other... If stamps are kept in stock books, there is danger of creasing or even tearing off a perforation. 1987 Stamps Feb. 17/4 The stamps, bearing 15 × 14 perforations, will be available from the British Philatelic Bureau. 2000 N.Y. Times Mag. 11 June 22/1 It [sc. a machine] punched perforations in sheets of cards used by trucking companies at highway toll plazas. 2003 Post-Standard (Syracuse, N.Y.) (Nexis) 30 Mar. 34 The Wright stamps had mashed perforations and some of the perfs between the top two and bottom two stamps were broken. 2. a. The action of perforating; (in later use) esp. the making of a row of small holes in a sheet of paper, etc., so that a part may be torn off easily. Also: the fact or condition of being perforated. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being open or not closed > making holes or becoming holed > [noun] > by boring, piercing, or perforating thirling?c1225 piercingc1390 boringc1440 perforationa1500 terebration1623 wimbling1623 perfossion1695 drilling1698 pertusion1727 punching1815 pre-drilling1938 a1500 (?a1450) Gesta Romanorum (Harl. 7333) (1879) 10 Some tyme is suche holiyng and perforacion goode. 1610 J. Guillim Display of Heraldrie ii. vii. 70 Piercing is a Penetration or Perforation of things that are of solid substance. 1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §500 The likeliest way [is] the perforation of the body of the tree in several places one above the other, and the filling of the holes [etc.]. 1735 H. Brooke Poet. Wks. (1792) II. 82 Tubes of nicest perforation bored, whose branching maze thro' every organ tends. 1836–41 W. T. Brande Man. Chem. (ed. 5) 269 The mechanical force..is shown by the perforation of paper. 1858 Jrnl. Soc. Arts 20 Aug. 597/2 It is said that the perforation of the tunnel may be effected in six years instead of 36, as the inventors calculate upon advancing three metres per day. 1881 Nature 6 Oct. 548/1 Gun-cotton itself..merely shows signs of perforation like the card. 1910 Times Engin. Suppl. 29 June 17/3 The messages had to be prepared by the perforation of the punched slip. 1992 Oil & Gas Jrnl. (Nexis) 20 July 120 The interbedding frequency factor for predicting the intervals in certain wells for perforation. b. Medicine. The formation of a hole passing completely through a structure, as the wall of the stomach or intestine. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > [noun] > perforation or opening perforation1598 patulousness1872 1598 A. M. tr. J. Guillemeau Frenche Chirurg. 30 b/1 The perforation of the artery tarrieth vncured and open. 1666 R. Boyle Origine Formes & Qualities 24 These Glassy Fragments..Wound the tender Membranes..whereby naturally ensue..Bloudy Fluxes occasion'd by the perforation of the Capillary Arteries. 1876 J. S. Bristowe Treat. Theory & Pract. Med. ii. i. 222 Perforation of the bowel may occur in patients of all ages. 1882 Med. Temp. Jrnl. 51 108 If perforation should take place let me have large and repeated doses of opium. 1967 Canad. Med. Assoc. Jrnl. 9 Sept. 18/2 Out of the 11 cases of foreign-body perforation of the gut, nine were caused by bones. 1992 Saudi Med. Jrnl. 12 527/1 The ‘prefill’ minimizes the risk of bowel perforation during subsequent cannula insertion. 3. Anatomy and Zoology. A small opening or orifice in a part of the body. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > physical aspects or shapes > indentation or cavity > [noun] > opening or hole holea1400 vent1567 perforation1578 mouth1634 foramen1672 ostium1683 stoma1684 buttonhole1753 inlet1828 aditus1839 os1858 hiatus1886 1578 J. Banister Hist. Man i. f. 16 In the head and scope of the scull are yet diuerse and sundry litle Perforations. 1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 945 The first externall perforation..is called by a proper name, Meatus Auditorus, the hole of Hearing. 1688 R. Boyle Disquis. Final Causes iv. 148 That admirable perforation of the uvea, which we call the pupil. 1793 M. Baillie Morbid Anat. xxiii. 283 The hymen is sometimes found without a perforation in it, so that the vagina is completely shut up at its external extremity. 1826 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. III. xxxiv. 511 In considering the insertion of antennæ..we must advert first to the orifice (Torulus) that receives them. This is a perforation of the crust of the head. 1902 Amer. Naturalist 36 383 In transverse sections through the frontal depression the median slit is seen to be a true perforation of the shell. 1946 H. Woods Palæontol. Invertebr. (ed. 8) 130 The genital plates..are usually provided with a perforation which serves as the opening for the genital ducts. 1998 L. Margulis & K. V. Schwartz Five Kingdoms (ed. 3) iii. 324/1 The water passes out of the pharynx through these pharyngeal perforations. Compounds C1. † perforation sound n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1879 St. George's Hosp. Rep. 9 788 On inflation, air passes into the tympanum without perforation sound. C2. perforation gauge n. Philately a gauge for ascertaining the coarseness or fineness of the perforations of a stamp (usually expressed as the number of perforations in two centimetres). ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > mathematical instruments > [noun] > arithmetical instrument mesograph1579 mesolabe1579 quipu1581 rods1618 Napier's bones1647 Napier's rods1678 reckoner1757 counter1803 adding machine1822 operameter1830 virgulaa1831 adder1856 computer1869 arithmometer1876 perforation gauge1882 Cuisenaire rod1954 number line1964 number cruncher1966 cruncher1971 society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > hobby > collecting stamps > [noun] > related matters perforation gauge1882 plate number1912 cover1923 first-day cover1926 1882 Stamp News Mar. 24/1 (advt.) Now ready. The improved Perforation Gauge. Centimetre and Inch-scale combined... The Gauge measures perforations rising by halves, from 7 to 16. 1940 Amer. Boy Feb. 25/1 (advt.) U.S. $1, $2, $4 and $5 stamps included in our packet of 25 different United States Stamps... Perforation Gauge and Millimeter Scale also included. 2002 Herald Express (Torquay) (Nexis) 11 Dec. 24 He carries all the normal accessories like stamp books and magazines including magnifying glasses and perforation gauges. perforation plate n. Botany (in a xylem vessel) a perforated area in the common wall of adjacent vessel members, allowing the passage of water and solutes between them. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > cell or aggregate tissue > [noun] > tissue > xylem or phloem > parts of perforation plate1933 1933 Trop. Woods 36 7 Perforation plate, a term of convenience for the area of the wall (originally imperforate) involved in the coalescence of two members of a vessel. 1953 K. Esau Plant Anat. xi. 223 The perforations of vessel members commonly occur on the end walls, but they may be present on the lateral walls too. The wall bearing the perforation is called the perforation plate. 1998 Jrnl. Torrey Bot. Soc. 125 265/1 All vessels have simple perforation plates. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.?a1425
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