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单词 perforation
释义

perforationn.

Brit. /ˌpəːfəˈreɪʃn/, U.S. /ˌpərfəˈreɪʃ(ə)n/
Forms: late Middle English perforacion, late Middle English perforacioun, 1500s– perforation.
Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French perforation; Latin perforātiōn-, perforātiō.
Etymology: < (i) Middle French, French perforation state of being pierced (1398 in medical context; also in Middle French as perforacion (second half of the 15th cent.)), action of piercing (15th cent. in medical context), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin perforātiōn-, perforātiō action of boring or drilling, in post-classical Latin also hole made by boring, especially in medical context, with reference to holes made by a physician through bone, and to holes made by disease (5th cent.) < perforāt- , past participial stem of perforāre perforate v. + -iō -ion suffix1. Compare Old Occitan perforacio (c1350; Occitan perforacion), Catalan perforació (15th cent.), Spanish perforación (15th cent., rare before the 19th cent.), Italian perforazione (c1350).
1.
a. A hole made by boring, punching, or piercing; esp. a small hole punched in a sheet of paper. Also: an aperture passing through or into something; a passage, shaft, or tunnel.
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the world > space > relative position > condition of being open or not closed > an opening or aperture > [noun] > a hole bored, pierced, or perforated
hollowc897
borec1320
piercing?c1400
perforation?a1425
broach1519
pertusion1626
ear-piercing1896
?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 23 (MED) Þat perforacion or persyng [L. perforatio] þat is made bi crafte is generatiue of virousnez & of felth & of fistle.
1543 B. Traheron tr. J. de Vigo Most Excellent Wks. Chirurg. ii. i. f. 241/1 For remotion of this aposteme, ye must make a new and larger perforation or borynge.
1599 A. M. tr. O. Gaebelkhover Bk. Physicke 34/1 Inoculated Pearles, or Pearles without perforationes.
1665 R. Hooke Micrographia 38 Pipes of Glass, with a very small perforation.
1744 Philos. Trans. 1740–41 (Royal Soc.) 41 644 A very small hollow Needle with Perforations, as in that used by some instead of the Trocar.
1783 P. Pott Chirurg. Wks. (new ed.) II. 18 They have no perforations or apertures.
1832 New-Eng. Mag. Sept. 223 The water..is obtained through perforations, made by boring from three to four hundred feet in depth.
1843 Evening Star 16 Jan. 4/1 The constable had seen..a wound in the prisoner's side, and also a perforation in his clothes.
1906 Times 10 Apr. 3/2 In some elections where the official mark was not a perforation, but a stamp, it had happened..that the voter's cross was placed inside that stamp.
1932 Punch 23 Nov. 561/2 One helpful suggestion is to increase the perforations in the army biscuit.
1951 Gloss. Terms Plastics (B.S.I.) 34 It [sc. a baffle] consists of a disc with a small central perforation.
2006 Daily News-Record (Harrisonburg, Va.) 5 Dec. c5/3 An incorrect number of border perforations..and inexact colors gave it away as a forged Inverted Jenny.
b. A row of small holes punched in a sheet (spec. of postage stamps) to enable the separation of one part from another; (also Philately) a row of protrusions left on the edges of a stamp after tearing. Cf. perf n.1It is sometimes difficult to distinguish whether quots. reflect this sense or a plural use of sense 1a.
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1857 Decatur (Indiana) Eagle 13 Mar. 1/6 Sheets with perforations round the borders of each stamp, so that they can be seperated [sic], one from the other.
1870 Routledge's Every Boy's Ann. Mar. (Suppl.) 4/1 [Stamps] with pin-pricked perforations.
1889 Brit. Foreign & Colonial Jrnl. 15 Nov. 13/2 Observe the slight differences in various stamps,..the printing of stamps in wrong colours, the various water-marks and perforations, [etc.].
1891 ‘Phil’ Penny Postage Jubilee 150 A simple perforation is that which the perforating machine has produced by punching the paper completely out, leaving a regular series of small round holes between each row of stamps.
1981 P. Villiard Collecting Stamps 25 If one or more perforations are pulled crookedly, they will be long on one stamp and short on the other... If stamps are kept in stock books, there is danger of creasing or even tearing off a perforation.
1987 Stamps Feb. 17/4 The stamps, bearing 15 × 14 perforations, will be available from the British Philatelic Bureau.
2000 N.Y. Times Mag. 11 June 22/1 It [sc. a machine] punched perforations in sheets of cards used by trucking companies at highway toll plazas.
2003 Post-Standard (Syracuse, N.Y.) (Nexis) 30 Mar. 34 The Wright stamps had mashed perforations and some of the perfs between the top two and bottom two stamps were broken.
2.
a. The action of perforating; (in later use) esp. the making of a row of small holes in a sheet of paper, etc., so that a part may be torn off easily. Also: the fact or condition of being perforated.
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the world > space > relative position > condition of being open or not closed > making holes or becoming holed > [noun] > by boring, piercing, or perforating
thirling?c1225
piercingc1390
boringc1440
perforationa1500
terebration1623
wimbling1623
perfossion1695
drilling1698
pertusion1727
punching1815
pre-drilling1938
a1500 (?a1450) Gesta Romanorum (Harl. 7333) (1879) 10 Some tyme is suche holiyng and perforacion goode.
1610 J. Guillim Display of Heraldrie ii. vii. 70 Piercing is a Penetration or Perforation of things that are of solid substance.
1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §500 The likeliest way [is] the perforation of the body of the tree in several places one above the other, and the filling of the holes [etc.].
1735 H. Brooke Poet. Wks. (1792) II. 82 Tubes of nicest perforation bored, whose branching maze thro' every organ tends.
1836–41 W. T. Brande Man. Chem. (ed. 5) 269 The mechanical force..is shown by the perforation of paper.
1858 Jrnl. Soc. Arts 20 Aug. 597/2 It is said that the perforation of the tunnel may be effected in six years instead of 36, as the inventors calculate upon advancing three metres per day.
1881 Nature 6 Oct. 548/1 Gun-cotton itself..merely shows signs of perforation like the card.
1910 Times Engin. Suppl. 29 June 17/3 The messages had to be prepared by the perforation of the punched slip.
1992 Oil & Gas Jrnl. (Nexis) 20 July 120 The interbedding frequency factor for predicting the intervals in certain wells for perforation.
b. Medicine. The formation of a hole passing completely through a structure, as the wall of the stomach or intestine.
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the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > [noun] > perforation or opening
perforation1598
patulousness1872
1598 A. M. tr. J. Guillemeau Frenche Chirurg. 30 b/1 The perforation of the artery tarrieth vncured and open.
1666 R. Boyle Origine Formes & Qualities 24 These Glassy Fragments..Wound the tender Membranes..whereby naturally ensue..Bloudy Fluxes occasion'd by the perforation of the Capillary Arteries.
1876 J. S. Bristowe Treat. Theory & Pract. Med. ii. i. 222 Perforation of the bowel may occur in patients of all ages.
1882 Med. Temp. Jrnl. 51 108 If perforation should take place let me have large and repeated doses of opium.
1967 Canad. Med. Assoc. Jrnl. 9 Sept. 18/2 Out of the 11 cases of foreign-body perforation of the gut, nine were caused by bones.
1992 Saudi Med. Jrnl. 12 527/1 The ‘prefill’ minimizes the risk of bowel perforation during subsequent cannula insertion.
3. Anatomy and Zoology. A small opening or orifice in a part of the body.
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the world > life > biology > physical aspects or shapes > indentation or cavity > [noun] > opening or hole
holea1400
vent1567
perforation1578
mouth1634
foramen1672
ostium1683
stoma1684
buttonhole1753
inlet1828
aditus1839
os1858
hiatus1886
1578 J. Banister Hist. Man i. f. 16 In the head and scope of the scull are yet diuerse and sundry litle Perforations.
1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 945 The first externall perforation..is called by a proper name, Meatus Auditorus, the hole of Hearing.
1688 R. Boyle Disquis. Final Causes iv. 148 That admirable perforation of the uvea, which we call the pupil.
1793 M. Baillie Morbid Anat. xxiii. 283 The hymen is sometimes found without a perforation in it, so that the vagina is completely shut up at its external extremity.
1826 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. III. xxxiv. 511 In considering the insertion of antennæ..we must advert first to the orifice (Torulus) that receives them. This is a perforation of the crust of the head.
1902 Amer. Naturalist 36 383 In transverse sections through the frontal depression the median slit is seen to be a true perforation of the shell.
1946 H. Woods Palæontol. Invertebr. (ed. 8) 130 The genital plates..are usually provided with a perforation which serves as the opening for the genital ducts.
1998 L. Margulis & K. V. Schwartz Five Kingdoms (ed. 3) iii. 324/1 The water passes out of the pharynx through these pharyngeal perforations.

Compounds

C1.
perforation sound n. Obsolete
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1879 St. George's Hosp. Rep. 9 788 On inflation, air passes into the tympanum without perforation sound.
C2.
perforation gauge n. Philately a gauge for ascertaining the coarseness or fineness of the perforations of a stamp (usually expressed as the number of perforations in two centimetres).
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > number > mathematical instruments > [noun] > arithmetical instrument
mesograph1579
mesolabe1579
quipu1581
rods1618
Napier's bones1647
Napier's rods1678
reckoner1757
counter1803
adding machine1822
operameter1830
virgulaa1831
adder1856
computer1869
arithmometer1876
perforation gauge1882
Cuisenaire rod1954
number line1964
number cruncher1966
cruncher1971
society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > hobby > collecting stamps > [noun] > related matters
perforation gauge1882
plate number1912
cover1923
first-day cover1926
1882 Stamp News Mar. 24/1 (advt.) Now ready. The improved Perforation Gauge. Centimetre and Inch-scale combined... The Gauge measures perforations rising by halves, from 7 to 16.
1940 Amer. Boy Feb. 25/1 (advt.) U.S. $1, $2, $4 and $5 stamps included in our packet of 25 different United States Stamps... Perforation Gauge and Millimeter Scale also included.
2002 Herald Express (Torquay) (Nexis) 11 Dec. 24 He carries all the normal accessories like stamp books and magazines including magnifying glasses and perforation gauges.
perforation plate n. Botany (in a xylem vessel) a perforated area in the common wall of adjacent vessel members, allowing the passage of water and solutes between them.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > part of plant > cell or aggregate tissue > [noun] > tissue > xylem or phloem > parts of
perforation plate1933
1933 Trop. Woods 36 7 Perforation plate, a term of convenience for the area of the wall (originally imperforate) involved in the coalescence of two members of a vessel.
1953 K. Esau Plant Anat. xi. 223 The perforations of vessel members commonly occur on the end walls, but they may be present on the lateral walls too. The wall bearing the perforation is called the perforation plate.
1998 Jrnl. Torrey Bot. Soc. 125 265/1 All vessels have simple perforation plates.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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