penicillinn.

Brit.

/ˌpɛnᵻˈsɪlɪn/, U.S.

/ˌpɛnəˈsɪlᵻn/

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: Penicillium n., -in suffix¹.

Etymology: < penicill- (in Penicillium n.) + -in suffix¹ (see quot. 1929 at main sense).

Originally: a substance with antibiotic activity obtained from cultures of the mould Penicillium notatum. Now: any of a group of related natural or semi-synthetic fungal antibiotics, which interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis and are active especially against Gram-positive organisms.The natural penicillins are acids, derivatives of 6-aminopenicillanic acid, C₈H₁₂N₂O₃S (see also penicillanic acid n. at penicillanic adj.), produced by the growth of various moulds of the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus. The semi-synthetic penicillins are acids, salts, or esters prepared from these compounds, with another atom or group replacing one of the amino hydrogen atoms.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > medicines for specific purpose > antibiotics > [noun] > penicillin

penicillin1929

1929 A. Fleming in Brit. Jrnl. Exper. Pathol. 10 227 In the rest of this article allusion will constantly be made to experiments with filtrates of a broth culture of this mould, so for convenience and to avoid the repetition of the rather cumbersome phrase ‘Mould broth filtrate’, the name ‘penicillin’ will be used. This will denote the filtrate of a broth culture of the particular penicillium with which we are concerned.

1941 H. W. Florey et al. in Lancet 16 Apr. 188/2 Enough evidence has now been assembled to show that penicillin is a new and effective type of chemotherapeutic agent, and possesses some properties unknown in any antibacterial substance hitherto described.

1947 Sci. News 4 69 There are a number of naturally occurring penicillins, with somewhat different medical effectiveness.

1970 R. Passmore & J. S. Robson Compan. Med. Stud. II. xx. 12/2 A method has been devised to use these natural penicillins as a source of a new range of compounds which can be made by chemical synthesis.., the new or semi-synthetic penicillins.

1973 M. Amis Rachel Papers 93 Just two jabs of penicillin up the bum and much humiliation at the local clinic.

1988 Q. N. Myrvik & R. S. Weiser Fund. Med. Bacteriol. & Mycol. (ed. 2) vi. 85 Antibiotics such as the penicillins, cephalosporins and aminoglycosides possess another desirable attribute in that they directly kill susceptible microorganisms, either by inhibition of cell-wall synthesis (penicillins and cephalosporins) or by a lethal inhibition of protein synthesis (aminoglycosides).

1995 L. Garrett Coming Plague (new ed.) xiii. 425 The bacterial strain found in their bodies was resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, and tetracycline.

1998 S. O'Connell Angel Bird 131 A GP who doesn't know his arse from his armpit but makes a queer an' good job of writing penicillin a hundred times a day.

Compounds

C1. With distinguishing letter, denoting particular forms of penicillin or (formerly) substances related to it. penicillin A disused = notatin n.; penicillin B disused = notatin n.; penicillin G benzylpenicillin, a natural form of penicillin which was the earliest to be used and is given usually by injection to treat bacterial infection.

ΚΠ

1941 C. E. Coulthard et al. Brit. Patent 552,619 A substance having bacteriostatic activity, which is hereinafter termed ‘Penicillin A’,..is produced by selecting a strain of Penicillium notatum which possesses the property..when grown on a suitable culture medium,..of maintaining the pH of the culture medium on the acid side for a considerable period.

1942 C. E. Coulthard et al. in Nature 28 Nov. 634/2 When a selected strain of Penicillium notatum Westling is grown on a Czapek-Dox medium an anti-bacterial substance is produced which differs in the majority of its properties from penicillin. This anti-bacterial substance was originally named ‘Penicillin A’, but in order to avoid confusion with penicillin we now prefer the name ‘notatin’.

1943 E. C. Roberts et al. in Jrnl. Biol. Chem. 147 47 We wish to report an antibacterial substance, penicillin B, produced by Penicillium notatum, which is insoluble in lipid solvents but readily separated from the culture medium by adsorption on benzoic acid.

1945 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 67 1042/1 When the method was tested with pure crystalline penicillin (G) recoveries were over 98%.

1953 J. Ramsbottom Mushrooms & Toadstools xxiii. 287 Soon after the chemical study was begun it was unexpectedly found that there was more than one kind of penicillin. The first two to be recognised were called Penicillin I and Penicillin II in this country, Penicillin F and Penicillin G in America... Later Penicillin III (X) and Penicillin IV (K) were recognised as being produced in greater or lesser amounts depending on cultural conditions.

1963 R. Bentley in P. D. Boyer et al. Enzymes (ed. 2) VII. xxiv. 568 The following materials, originally described as antibiotics, are actually enzymes similar to, or identical with, the glucose oxidase of Müller: notatin (originally penicillin A).., penatin.., and penicillin B.

1974 M. C. Gerald Pharmacol. xxvii. 465 The most important natural penicillin is benzylpenicillin, which is more commonly designated penicillin G. Although penicillin G is the most potent of all penicillin derivatives, it suffers from several major disadvantages.

1991 Lancet 19 Oct. 1014/2 Two days later penicillin G was substituted because of a suspicion of leptospirosis, and intravenous penicillin was administered for 14 days.

C2.

penicillin-insensitive adj.

ΚΠ

1929 Brit. Jrnl. Exper. Pathol. 10 234 In some [cultures] there were a few diphtheroid bacilli which were always penicillin sensitive, and in others there were Gram-negative bacilli which were penicillin insensitive.

1992 Jrnl. Bacteriol. 174 5550/1 Incorporation apparently occurs by means of a penicillin-insensitive reaction involving the α-NH₂ group.

penicillin-resistant adj.

ΚΠ

1942 Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 51 387 (heading) Development of penicillin resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus in vitro.

1985 M. F. Myles Textbk. Midwives (ed. 10) xiii. 224 Cases of penicillin resistant gonorrhoea are occurring in Britain.

2003 New Scientist 19 July (Inside Sci. section) 2/1 When penicillin-resistant S[taphylococcus] aureus became the dominant strain, pharmaceutical companies developed other drugs, including new versions of penicillin called methicillin and flucloxacillin. But bacteria soon became resistant to these as well.

penicillin-sensitive adj.

ΚΠ

1959 Times 6 Mar. 13/7 The proportion of penicillin-sensitive individuals is small.

2000 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 5029/3 In a penicillin-sensitive strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae, the direct cross-linking accounts for 25% of the dimers.

penicillin unit n. Pharmacology a unit of dosage or quantity of penicillin; spec. an amount having the same antibiotic activity as a standard preparation of the sodium salt of benzylpenicillin (penicillin G); cf. Oxford unit n. at Oxford n. and adj. Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > medicines for specific purpose > antibiotics > [noun] > penicillin > unit of

Oxford unit1942

penicillin unit1943

1943 Jrnl. Bacteriol. 46 189 To eliminate the day-to-day deviation, the Oxford group introduced the concept of the penicillin unit and the use of a standard penicillin preparation.

1953 I. Heilbron & H. M. Bunbury Dict. Org. Compounds (rev. ed.) IV. 51/2 Penicillin-F..Antibiotic activity: 1,490 Penicillin units per mg.

1998 AFX News (Nexis) 30 July Officials said the Bou [sc. billion Oxford units] is the measure used for penicillin units, equivalent to about 0.7 kilos.

Derivatives

peniˈcillin-like adj.

ΚΠ

1946 Nature 28 Sept. 446/1 Penicillin-like antibiotics are produced by a number of moulds besides Penicillium notatum.

1992 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89 1117/1 The prevalence of allergy to penicillin-like drugs.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	penicillin
释义	penicillinn. Brit. /ˌpɛnᵻˈsɪlɪn/, U.S. /ˌpɛnəˈsɪlᵻn/ Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: Penicillium n., -in suffix¹. Etymology: < penicill- (in Penicillium n.) + -in suffix¹ (see quot. 1929 at main sense). Originally: a substance with antibiotic activity obtained from cultures of the mould Penicillium notatum. Now: any of a group of related natural or semi-synthetic fungal antibiotics, which interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis and are active especially against Gram-positive organisms.The natural penicillins are acids, derivatives of 6-aminopenicillanic acid, C₈H₁₂N₂O₃S (see also penicillanic acid n. at penicillanic adj.), produced by the growth of various moulds of the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus. The semi-synthetic penicillins are acids, salts, or esters prepared from these compounds, with another atom or group replacing one of the amino hydrogen atoms. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > medicines for specific purpose > antibiotics > [noun] > penicillin penicillin1929 1929 A. Fleming in Brit. Jrnl. Exper. Pathol. 10 227 In the rest of this article allusion will constantly be made to experiments with filtrates of a broth culture of this mould, so for convenience and to avoid the repetition of the rather cumbersome phrase ‘Mould broth filtrate’, the name ‘penicillin’ will be used. This will denote the filtrate of a broth culture of the particular penicillium with which we are concerned. 1941 H. W. Florey et al. in Lancet 16 Apr. 188/2 Enough evidence has now been assembled to show that penicillin is a new and effective type of chemotherapeutic agent, and possesses some properties unknown in any antibacterial substance hitherto described. 1947 Sci. News 4 69 There are a number of naturally occurring penicillins, with somewhat different medical effectiveness. 1970 R. Passmore & J. S. Robson Compan. Med. Stud. II. xx. 12/2 A method has been devised to use these natural penicillins as a source of a new range of compounds which can be made by chemical synthesis.., the new or semi-synthetic penicillins. 1973 M. Amis Rachel Papers 93 Just two jabs of penicillin up the bum and much humiliation at the local clinic. 1988 Q. N. Myrvik & R. S. Weiser Fund. Med. Bacteriol. & Mycol. (ed. 2) vi. 85 Antibiotics such as the penicillins, cephalosporins and aminoglycosides possess another desirable attribute in that they directly kill susceptible microorganisms, either by inhibition of cell-wall synthesis (penicillins and cephalosporins) or by a lethal inhibition of protein synthesis (aminoglycosides). 1995 L. Garrett Coming Plague (new ed.) xiii. 425 The bacterial strain found in their bodies was resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, and tetracycline. 1998 S. O'Connell Angel Bird 131 A GP who doesn't know his arse from his armpit but makes a queer an' good job of writing penicillin a hundred times a day. Compounds C1. With distinguishing letter, denoting particular forms of penicillin or (formerly) substances related to it. penicillin A disused = notatin n.; penicillin B disused = notatin n.; penicillin G benzylpenicillin, a natural form of penicillin which was the earliest to be used and is given usually by injection to treat bacterial infection. ΚΠ 1941 C. E. Coulthard et al. Brit. Patent 552,619 A substance having bacteriostatic activity, which is hereinafter termed ‘Penicillin A’,..is produced by selecting a strain of Penicillium notatum which possesses the property..when grown on a suitable culture medium,..of maintaining the pH of the culture medium on the acid side for a considerable period. 1942 C. E. Coulthard et al. in Nature 28 Nov. 634/2 When a selected strain of Penicillium notatum Westling is grown on a Czapek-Dox medium an anti-bacterial substance is produced which differs in the majority of its properties from penicillin. This anti-bacterial substance was originally named ‘Penicillin A’, but in order to avoid confusion with penicillin we now prefer the name ‘notatin’. 1943 E. C. Roberts et al. in Jrnl. Biol. Chem. 147 47 We wish to report an antibacterial substance, penicillin B, produced by Penicillium notatum, which is insoluble in lipid solvents but readily separated from the culture medium by adsorption on benzoic acid. 1945 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 67 1042/1 When the method was tested with pure crystalline penicillin (G) recoveries were over 98%. 1953 J. Ramsbottom Mushrooms & Toadstools xxiii. 287 Soon after the chemical study was begun it was unexpectedly found that there was more than one kind of penicillin. The first two to be recognised were called Penicillin I and Penicillin II in this country, Penicillin F and Penicillin G in America... Later Penicillin III (X) and Penicillin IV (K) were recognised as being produced in greater or lesser amounts depending on cultural conditions. 1963 R. Bentley in P. D. Boyer et al. Enzymes (ed. 2) VII. xxiv. 568 The following materials, originally described as antibiotics, are actually enzymes similar to, or identical with, the glucose oxidase of Müller: notatin (originally penicillin A).., penatin.., and penicillin B. 1974 M. C. Gerald Pharmacol. xxvii. 465 The most important natural penicillin is benzylpenicillin, which is more commonly designated penicillin G. Although penicillin G is the most potent of all penicillin derivatives, it suffers from several major disadvantages. 1991 Lancet 19 Oct. 1014/2 Two days later penicillin G was substituted because of a suspicion of leptospirosis, and intravenous penicillin was administered for 14 days. C2. a. penicillin-insensitive adj. ΚΠ 1929 Brit. Jrnl. Exper. Pathol. 10 234 In some [cultures] there were a few diphtheroid bacilli which were always penicillin sensitive, and in others there were Gram-negative bacilli which were penicillin insensitive. 1992 Jrnl. Bacteriol. 174 5550/1 Incorporation apparently occurs by means of a penicillin-insensitive reaction involving the α-NH₂ group. penicillin-resistant adj. ΚΠ 1942 Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 51 387 (heading) Development of penicillin resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. 1985 M. F. Myles Textbk. Midwives (ed. 10) xiii. 224 Cases of penicillin resistant gonorrhoea are occurring in Britain. 2003 New Scientist 19 July (Inside Sci. section) 2/1 When penicillin-resistant S[taphylococcus] aureus became the dominant strain, pharmaceutical companies developed other drugs, including new versions of penicillin called methicillin and flucloxacillin. But bacteria soon became resistant to these as well. penicillin-sensitive adj. ΚΠ 1929 Brit. Jrnl. Exper. Pathol. 10 234 In some [cultures] there were a few diphtheroid bacilli which were always penicillin sensitive, and in others there were Gram-negative bacilli which were penicillin insensitive. 1959 Times 6 Mar. 13/7 The proportion of penicillin-sensitive individuals is small. 2000 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 5029/3 In a penicillin-sensitive strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae, the direct cross-linking accounts for 25% of the dimers. b. penicillin unit n. Pharmacology a unit of dosage or quantity of penicillin; spec. an amount having the same antibiotic activity as a standard preparation of the sodium salt of benzylpenicillin (penicillin G); cf. Oxford unit n. at Oxford n. and adj. Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > medicines for specific purpose > antibiotics > [noun] > penicillin > unit of Oxford unit1942 penicillin unit1943 1943 Jrnl. Bacteriol. 46 189 To eliminate the day-to-day deviation, the Oxford group introduced the concept of the penicillin unit and the use of a standard penicillin preparation. 1953 I. Heilbron & H. M. Bunbury Dict. Org. Compounds (rev. ed.) IV. 51/2 Penicillin-F..Antibiotic activity: 1,490 Penicillin units per mg. 1998 AFX News (Nexis) 30 July Officials said the Bou [sc. billion Oxford units] is the measure used for penicillin units, equivalent to about 0.7 kilos. Derivatives peniˈcillin-like adj. ΚΠ 1946 Nature 28 Sept. 446/1 Penicillin-like antibiotics are produced by a number of moulds besides Penicillium notatum. 1992 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89 1117/1 The prevalence of allergy to penicillin-like drugs. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1929
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