patronagen.

Brit.

/ˈpatrənɪdʒ/,

/ˈpatrn̩ɪdʒ/, U.S.

/ˈpætrənədʒ/,

/ˈpeɪtrənədʒ/

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French patronage.

Etymology: < Middle French patronage (French patronage ) advowson (1270 in Old French; 1180 in sense ‘protection’), patron's protection of a client (end of the 13th cent. as patronaje ) < patron patron n. + -age -age suffix. Compare post-classical Latin patronagium advowson (from c1308 in British sources), right of a patron or protector (14th cent. in a British source), Italian padronaggio mastership (see padronage n.), Old Occitan patronatge administration, Spanish †patronatgo (1234).

1. Christian Church. The right of presenting a member of the clergy to a particular ecclesiastical benefice or living; = advowson n.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > worship > benefice > advowson > [noun]

vowson1297

advowsonc1300

advocationa1325

presentationa1325

presentmenta1325

collationc1380

patronage1395

advowryc1460

avowrya1475

advowsonage1528

voisom1538

advowsante1539

donation1540

advowsement1590

beneficial1591

collating1642

advowsance1655

advocacy1711

advocateship1753

Remonstr. against Romish Corruptions (Titus) (1851) 84 (MED) A newe couetous bisshop of Rome..wole..make voide fre elecciouns and ordedauncis [read ordenauncis] of the clergie of oure rewme bi title of patronage..which eleccions and ordenauncis of patronagis camen forth of seculer lordis.

1412 in J. Anderson Cal. Laing Charters (1899) 24 He..sal noth iniure na disese the place throuch na titil of patronage bot as it is granttit..in this indenture.

c1450 Jacob's Well (1900) 15 (MED) Alle þo arn acursyd þat..malycyously puttyn forth..stryif, debate, or ple in patronage of ony cherch in tyme of voydaunce.

1513–14 Act 5 Hen. VIII c. 11 §2 The said Erle..[shall] have and enjoye all and singler Advousons and Patronages of Churches.

1579 in D. Masson Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1880) 1st Ser. III. 99 The patronage of the said bischoprik of Glasgow.

1643 in E. Henderson Ann. Dunfermline (1879) 308 The patronage, nomination and presentation of the said minister..shall belong to the parochiners and heritors.

1768 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. III. vii. 91 If the right of patronage comes at all into dispute..there the ecclesiastical court hath no cognizance.

1847 J. R. McCulloch Descr. & Statist. Acct. Brit. Empire (ed. 3) II. iv. viii. 291 The ministers and elders..opposed to the right of patronage and in favour of the veto, gave in a Protest.

1883 Chambers's Encycl. VII. 328/2 By an act of parliament in 1874, patronage was abolished [in the Church of Scotland].

1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 242/2 Where the right of patronage..remains attached to the manor, it is called an advowson appendant and passes with the estate by inheritance or sale.

1995 M. Hill Eccl. Law 221 By virtue of the Patronage (Benefices) Measure 1986,..the position with regard to the law of patronage and advowsons has been greatly simplified.

a. The action of a patron in using money or influence to advance the interests of a person, cause, art, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > support > patronage > [noun]

avowry1330

lordshipc1405

goodlordship1418

good mastership1428

good masterhood1445

patrocinyc1475

patronage1553

patrocine1590

Maecenatism1606

auspice1611

clientele1611

patrocination1640

favour1692

Maecenasship1816

shefstvo1937

1553 T. Wilson Arte of Rhetorique Ep. sig. Ai^v I therfore commende to youre Lordeshyppes tuition and patronage thys traictise of Rhethorique.

1567 T. Drant in tr. Horace Arte of Poetrie Ded. sig. *ij^v Nor any thing doth add more estimation to true nobilitye, then patronage of learning.

1639 T. Bancroft Two Bks. Epigrammes & Epit. 1 This verse..Seemes to runne straight to you for Patronage.

1752 S. Johnson Rambler No. 194. ⁋ 4 My fears of losing the patronage of the family.

1839 T. Keightley Hist. Eng. II. 75 Henry's patronage of letters was highly commendable.

1866 ‘G. Eliot’ Felix Holt I. i. 40 Harold had gone with the Embassy to Constantinople, under the patronage of a high relative, his mother's cousin.

1909 T. R. Roberts Eisteddfod 27 The earliest Eisteddfodau..were held under the patronage of the Princes of Wales at the beginning of the sixth century.

1969 K. Clark Civilisation vii. 185 The commissioning of them from so young a man was a remarkable feat of patronage.

1991 Lit. & Ling. Computing 6 11/2 A student of patronage interested in the names of fourteenth-century patrons of Italian altarpieces would be unable to find this information easily.

†b. spec. Protection, defence. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > [noun]

warec893

mundbyrdeOE

mundOE

forhillinga1300

hillinga1300

weringa1300

warranting1303

garrisonc1320

defencec1325

defendingc1350

protectionc1350

garnisonc1386

safe warda1398

warrantise?a1400

safeguard1421

safekeeping1425

defension?a1439

defendancec1450

warisonc1450

propugnation1575

guard1576

fortifying1580

debate1581

shielding1581

shrouda1586

patronage1590

shrouding1615

fortressing?1624

munification1653

fencinga1661

castleward1674

fending1771

safeguardance1897

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > care, protection, or charge > [noun] > protection or patronage

avowry1330

governail1395

protectorship1576

patronage1590

clientele1611

protection1809

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. viii. sig. T6^v Leaue vnto me thy knights last patronage [i.e. of his dead body].

?1609 G. Chapman tr. Homer Twelue Bks. Iliads vi. 104 Least (of a Fathers patronage, the Bullwark of all Troy) Thou leau'st him a poore widdowes charge.

1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Patronage, Protection, Defence.

1844 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece VIII. 369 Without having been able to effect anything..for..the newly expelled Spartan exiles, who had likewise reckoned on his patronage.

†c. Justification, support; advocacy. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > support > support or encouragement > [noun]

comfort?c1225

encourage1535

encouragement1550

comfortation1552

countenance1576

cover1581

couragement1603

patronage1610

abettance1781

championship1840

moral support1852

fautorship1863

affirmation1966

1610 A. Willet Hexapla in Danielem 114 The multitude of those that erre, is no patronage for error.

1612 T. Taylor Αρχὴν Ἁπάντων: Comm. Epist. Paul to Titus ii. 11 This place..rightly interpreted, yeeldeth no patronage to that deuise of Vniuersall election.

1674 J. Owen Disc. Holy Spirit (1693) 10 He doth therein undertake our Patronage, as our Advocate.

d. Roman History. The rights and duties, or the position, of a patron (patron n. 2b); the protection provided by a patron.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > care, protection, or charge > [noun] > protection or patronage > in ancient Rome

patronage1697

the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > support > patronage > [noun] > patron > of a client in ancient Rome > position of

patronage1697

1697 J. Dryden Ded. Ld. Clifford in tr. Virgil Wks. sig. A2^v Patronage and Clientship always descended from the Fathers to the Sons.

1885 Encycl. Brit. XVIII. 413/1 The patronage and the clientage were alike hereditary.

1961 W. S. Davis Day in Old Rome viii. 148 Poor plebians had little or no legal protection unless they enlisted the patronage of a magnate.

1997 J. E. Lendon Empire of Honour ii. 67 A slave's former owner enjoyed patronage—lifelong (indeed heritable) and enforceable under the law.

e. Custom given to a business, shop, restaurant, theatre, etc.; the giving of such custom. Formerly also: †clientele (obsolete).

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > buying > [noun] > custom or patronage

customa1616

patronage1793

play1912

1793 Weekly Mus. 25 May (advt.) Andrew S. Norwood Upholsterer..Having commenced business in the above line, solicits the patronage of his Friends and the Public.

1804 Ann. Rev. 2 187/1 That the institution has all that claim to general patronage..we are disposed to deny.

1856 F. L. Olmsted Journey Slave States 76 The appearance of the other public-house indicated that it expected a less select patronage.

1882 W. Ballantine Some Exper. Barrister's Life xxiii. 224 A theatre which for years before had wooed in vain the patronage of the public.

1923 Boudoir Mirrors of Washington 108 Later the boy confessed how the story had been fabricated, so that the restaurant might appear to be regaining its old patronage.

1951 Amer. Speech 26 166 There are..‘Laundromats’—often called ‘Laundermats’ and ‘Laundrymats’—open for public patronage.

1991 Mod. Railways Apr. 201/1 Both branches of TGV-A services (via Tours and via Le Mans) have been attracting satisfactory patronage.

f. Favour shown with an air or assumption of superiority; patronizing manner.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > pride > haughtiness or disdainfulness > [noun] > action

lording?a1425

patronage1829

patronizing1837

condescending1875

1829 T. Carlyle German Playwrights in Foreign Rev. Jan. 106 A distinct patronage both of Providence and the Devil.

a1882 J. P. Quincy Figures of Past (1883) 61 There was a little savor of patronage in the generous hospitality she exercised among her simple neighbors.

1914 J. M. Barrie Admirable Crichton iii. 177 His manner has been most indulgent, and without the slightest suggestion of patronage.

1947 C. Mackenzie Whisky Galore xiv. 198 ‘You ought to set an example,’ Captain Waggett pointed out in a tone of kindly patronage.

1988 J. Bayley Short Story ii. 46 Masculine complacency, even considerateness, is a form of patronage.

3. Guardianship, tutelary care, esp. on the part of a patron saint, god, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > care, protection, or charge > [noun] > protection or patronage > as of a divinity, angel, or saint

patronship1549

guardiance1560

patronage1582

guardianship1646

1582 R. Stanyhurst tr. Virgil First Foure Bookes Æneis ii. 27 And so to bee shielded yet agayn with patronage anticque.

1609 Bible (Douay) I. Gen. xlviii. Comm. The ancient Fathers teach the patronage and Invocation of Angels.

a1719 J. Addison Dialogues Medals in Wks. (1721) I. ii. 477 Among the Roman Catholics every vessel is recommended to the patronage of some particular saint.

1805 R. Southey Madoc ii. x. 277 His the other pile, By whose peculiar power and patronage Aztlan was blest, Mexitli, woman-born.

1908 Catholic Encycl. III. 623/1 The congregation of secular priests under the patronage of Our Lady and St. Ambrose.

1934 A. Huxley Beyond Mexique Bay 153 If Luckies are to sell here, they will have to be put under the patronage of Saint Joseph.

2000 Philippine Daily Inquirer (Nexis) 10 Sept. 7 From its beginnings, the town was placed under the patronage of Saint Gabriel.

4. Heraldry. Arms of Patronage n. arms derived from those of a patron or superior. Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > indication > insignia > heraldic devices collective > [noun] > armorial bearings or coat of arms > arms showing subjection

Arms of Patronage1728

society > communication > indication > insignia > heraldic devices collective > [noun] > armorial bearings or coat of arms > arms showing rights or jurisdiction

Arms of Patronage1728

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word) Arms of Patronage, in heraldry, are those, a top whereof are some marks of subjection and dependance... The cardinals on the top of their arms bear those of the pope, who gave 'em the hat, to shew that they are his creatures.

1847 H. Gough Gloss. Terms Brit. Heraldry 15 Arms of Patronage,..those of the lesser nobility or gentry..derived from the arms of the greater.

2000 M. F. McCarthy Heraldica Collegii Cardinalium 566 I have..indicated in the text which cardinals used arms of patronage from time to time but have not shown them in their achievements.

5. The power or right to control appointments to public office or the right to privileges.In modern use often with the connotation of the abuse of this power by the appointing to office of political allies.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > office > appointment to office > [noun] > right of appointment

patronage1769

1769 ‘Junius’ Stat Nominis Umbra (1772) I. iii. 28 Is the command of the army, with all the patronage annexed to it, nothing?

1792 G. Morris in J. Sparks Life G. Morris (1832) II. 259 The ministers possess more patronage than any monarch since Louis the Fourteenth.

1801 Asiatic Ann. Reg. 1800 Proc. E. India House 116/1 Why had they confined their inquiry to one individual charge of the abuse of patronage—that of the sale of writers appointments?

1886 N. Amer. Rev. 142 577 The senators of each State divided their patronage to suit them~selves, fulfilling the pledges of the last election and bribing voters for the next.

1949 E. N. Gladden Introd. Public Admin. xii. 72 The attainment of an impartial system of recruitment, with the elimination of nepotism and other forms of patronage.

2000 Independent (Nexis) 25 Oct. 4 We will all have the chance to drive a stake through parliamentary patronage by creating a genuinely proportional voting system.

Compounds

C1. General attributive (chiefly in senses 1 and 5).

patronage curse n.

ΚΠ

1907 Daily Chron. 18 July 3/6 The patronage curse..has received the benediction of a Liberal Government.

patronage-monger n.

ΚΠ

1882 Princeton Rev. Jan. 195 The long train of growling or whining followers of every great patronage-monger, who are held in servility by the hope of crumbs from his monopoly.

1968 Economist 28 Dec. 21/2 It seemed unquestionably right to establish the teaching profession as a separate civil service beyond the reach of politicians and patronage-mongers.

patronage polity n.

ΚΠ

1971 P. A. Allum Politics & Society Post-War Naples (1973) iv. 98 The patronage polity has been absorbed within the parliamentary system despite the contradictions between them.

1985 Internat. Organization 39 511 African rulers who were short on loyalty had to search for additional resources by which the patronage polity upholding their rule could be fuelled.

patronage reform n. and adj.

ΚΠ

1897 Daily News 21 Oct. 8/7 Archbishop Benson..was..greatly disappointed at his failure to get his patronage reforms, as embodied in the Benefices Bill, through.

2002 Times-Picayune (New Orleans) (Nexis) 23 Feb. 1 She considers mayoral candidate Ray Nagin to have backed out of the patronage-reform pledge that he signed last month.

patronage system n.

ΚΠ

1802 Deb. Congr. U.S. 18 Feb. (1851) 580 A variety of circumstances..gave the patronage system the preponderancy, during the first three Presidential terms of election.

1991 Jrnl. Southern Afr. Stud. 17 510 The offer of a position in the colonial administration became a well established part of the patronage system.

C2.

Patronage Secretary n. an official through whom patronage is administered; spec. the Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury (Chief Whip) in the British Government (formerly called the Patronage Secretary of the Treasury).

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > office > holder of office > public officials > [noun] > controller of appointments

Patronage Secretary1852

1852 B. Disraeli Ld. G. Bentinck xvii. 314 Sir Robert appointed the man of the world financial secretary of the treasury..and entrusted to the student, under the usual title of patronage secretary of the treasury, the management of the house of commons.

1874 A. Trollope Phineas Redux I. xvi. 127 Roby..was at this moment Mr. Daubeny's head whip and patronage secretary.

1940 Amer. Polit. Sci. Rev. 34 69 The jobs are dealt out by the boss, acting through the nominal official and the mayor's patronage secretary.

1988 Times 16 Jan. 1/3 It was the day, he..said, when the patronage secretary (chief whip) could ‘get stuffed’.

Patronage Secretaryship n. the position or office of Patronage Secretary.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > office > holder of office > public officials > [noun] > controller of appointments > position of

Patronage Secretaryship1909

1909 Westm. Gaz. 16 Sept. 9/2 When he laid down the Patronage Secretaryship he assumed the offices of Lord Privy Seal and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

patronagev.

Brit.

/ˈpatrənɪdʒ/,

/ˈpatrn̩ɪdʒ/, U.S.

/ˈpætrənədʒ/,

/ˈpeɪtrənədʒ/

Origin: Formed within English, by conversion; perhaps modelled on an Italian lexical item. Etymon: patronage n.

Etymology: < patronage n., perhaps after Italian padroneggiare to patronize (a1370). Compare patronize v.R. Greene (see quot. 1587 at main sense) had travelled in Italy and was a translator of works from Italian.

transitive. To give patronage to; to uphold, protect, or defend; to patronize.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > support > patronage > act as patron to [verb (transitive)]

to take upc1384

patronage1587

patronize1593

empatron1609

patron?1624

to take in tow1790

Maecenas1837

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > care, protection, or charge > care for, protect, or have charge of [verb (transitive)] > as divinity, angel, or saint

patronage1587

patronize1595

1587 R. Greene Euphues Ep. Ded. sig. A2 For that the goddesse [sc. Pallas] did most patronage learning and souldiers.

1596 Raigne of Edward III sig. F4^v To patronage the fatherles and poore.

1598 R. Haydocke in tr. G. P. Lomazzo Tracte Artes Paintinge To Rdr. To patronage them from the insolent incroaching of men of no desert.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 1 (1623) iii. i. 49 Yes, as an Out-law in a Castle keepes, And vseth it, to patronage his Theft.

1669 S. Sturmy Mariners Mag. Aaaa ij That I may charge you to Patronage no more than you had.

1953 French Rev. 26 270 Béranger's low birth,..his refusal to be ‘patronaged’, received particular emphasis.

1986 United Press Internat. Newswire (Nexis) 27 Aug. (Internat. section) Usmanov had for several years..patronaged embezzlers and taken large bribes.

2001 Econ. Times (India) (Nexis) 17 Aug. The Maharastra State Co-operative Bank Ltd has seemingly been reduced to a role of fund raiser for industries patronaged by politicians.

Derivatives

ˈpatronaged adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > support > patronage > [adjective] > supported by patronage

patronaged1726

1726 J. Ayliffe Parergon Juris Canonici Anglicani 411 The Patron ought..to have Honours done him in such patronag'd Church, as the best seat therein and the like.

1985 Christian Sci. Monitor (Nexis) 14 Nov. (International section) 36 The world renowned and royally patronaged Battersea Dogs Home is celebrating its 125th anniversary.

ˈpatronaging n. and adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > support > support or encouragement > [noun] > supporting or encouraging

comfortingc1320

couraging?1542

encouraging1578

patronaging1597

upbolstering1610

countenancing1628

rooting1888

hand-holding1967

the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > support > patronage > [adjective] > that acts as patron

patronaging1597

1597 Bp. J. King Lect. Ionas ix. 125 That it should be rackt to the patronaging of Temos cosenage.

?1650 Don Bellianis 254 The quiet shore of your most gentle and patronaging favours.

1998 CNN World Rep. (transcript of TV programme) (Nexis) 4 Jan. Those who have a talent for patronaging offer the tourists food.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	patronage
释义	patronagen. Brit. /ˈpatrənɪdʒ/, /ˈpatrn̩ɪdʒ/, U.S. /ˈpætrənədʒ/, /ˈpeɪtrənədʒ/ Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French patronage. Etymology: < Middle French patronage (French patronage ) advowson (1270 in Old French; 1180 in sense ‘protection’), patron's protection of a client (end of the 13th cent. as patronaje ) < patron patron n. + -age -age suffix. Compare post-classical Latin patronagium advowson (from c1308 in British sources), right of a patron or protector (14th cent. in a British source), Italian padronaggio mastership (see padronage n.), Old Occitan patronatge administration, Spanish †patronatgo (1234). 1. Christian Church. The right of presenting a member of the clergy to a particular ecclesiastical benefice or living; = advowson n. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > benefice > advowson > [noun] vowson1297 advowsonc1300 advocationa1325 presentationa1325 presentmenta1325 collationc1380 patronage1395 advowryc1460 avowrya1475 advowsonage1528 voisom1538 advowsante1539 donation1540 advowsement1590 beneficial1591 collating1642 advowsance1655 advocacy1711 advocateship1753 Remonstr. against Romish Corruptions (Titus) (1851) 84 (MED) A newe couetous bisshop of Rome..wole..make voide fre elecciouns and ordedauncis [read ordenauncis] of the clergie of oure rewme bi title of patronage..which eleccions and ordenauncis of patronagis camen forth of seculer lordis. 1412 in J. Anderson Cal. Laing Charters (1899) 24 He..sal noth iniure na disese the place throuch na titil of patronage bot as it is granttit..in this indenture. c1450 Jacob's Well (1900) 15 (MED) Alle þo arn acursyd þat..malycyously puttyn forth..stryif, debate, or ple in patronage of ony cherch in tyme of voydaunce. 1513–14 Act 5 Hen. VIII c. 11 §2 The said Erle..[shall] have and enjoye all and singler Advousons and Patronages of Churches. 1579 in D. Masson Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1880) 1st Ser. III. 99 The patronage of the said bischoprik of Glasgow. 1643 in E. Henderson Ann. Dunfermline (1879) 308 The patronage, nomination and presentation of the said minister..shall belong to the parochiners and heritors. 1768 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. III. vii. 91 If the right of patronage comes at all into dispute..there the ecclesiastical court hath no cognizance. 1847 J. R. McCulloch Descr. & Statist. Acct. Brit. Empire (ed. 3) II. iv. viii. 291 The ministers and elders..opposed to the right of patronage and in favour of the veto, gave in a Protest. 1883 Chambers's Encycl. VII. 328/2 By an act of parliament in 1874, patronage was abolished [in the Church of Scotland]. 1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 242/2 Where the right of patronage..remains attached to the manor, it is called an advowson appendant and passes with the estate by inheritance or sale. 1995 M. Hill Eccl. Law 221 By virtue of the Patronage (Benefices) Measure 1986,..the position with regard to the law of patronage and advowsons has been greatly simplified. 2. a. The action of a patron in using money or influence to advance the interests of a person, cause, art, etc. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > support > patronage > [noun] avowry1330 lordshipc1405 goodlordship1418 good mastership1428 good masterhood1445 patrocinyc1475 patronage1553 patrocine1590 Maecenatism1606 auspice1611 clientele1611 patrocination1640 favour1692 Maecenasship1816 shefstvo1937 1553 T. Wilson Arte of Rhetorique Ep. sig. Ai^v I therfore commende to youre Lordeshyppes tuition and patronage thys traictise of Rhethorique. 1567 T. Drant in tr. Horace Arte of Poetrie Ded. sig. ij^v Nor any thing doth add more estimation to true nobilitye, then patronage of learning. 1639 T. Bancroft Two Bks. Epigrammes & Epit.* 1 This verse..Seemes to runne straight to you for Patronage. 1752 S. Johnson Rambler No. 194. ⁋ 4 My fears of losing the patronage of the family. 1839 T. Keightley Hist. Eng. II. 75 Henry's patronage of letters was highly commendable. 1866 ‘G. Eliot’ Felix Holt I. i. 40 Harold had gone with the Embassy to Constantinople, under the patronage of a high relative, his mother's cousin. 1909 T. R. Roberts Eisteddfod 27 The earliest Eisteddfodau..were held under the patronage of the Princes of Wales at the beginning of the sixth century. 1969 K. Clark Civilisation vii. 185 The commissioning of them from so young a man was a remarkable feat of patronage. 1991 Lit. & Ling. Computing 6 11/2 A student of patronage interested in the names of fourteenth-century patrons of Italian altarpieces would be unable to find this information easily. †b. spec. Protection, defence. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > [noun] warec893 mundbyrdeOE mundOE forhillinga1300 hillinga1300 weringa1300 warranting1303 garrisonc1320 defencec1325 defendingc1350 protectionc1350 garnisonc1386 safe warda1398 warrantise?a1400 safeguard1421 safekeeping1425 defension?a1439 defendancec1450 warisonc1450 propugnation1575 guard1576 fortifying1580 debate1581 shielding1581 shrouda1586 patronage1590 shrouding1615 fortressing?1624 munification1653 fencinga1661 castleward1674 fending1771 safeguardance1897 the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > care, protection, or charge > [noun] > protection or patronage avowry1330 governail1395 protectorship1576 patronage1590 clientele1611 protection1809 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. viii. sig. T6^v Leaue vnto me thy knights last patronage [i.e. of his dead body]. ?1609 G. Chapman tr. Homer Twelue Bks. Iliads vi. 104 Least (of a Fathers patronage, the Bullwark of all Troy) Thou leau'st him a poore widdowes charge. 1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Patronage, Protection, Defence. 1844 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece VIII. 369 Without having been able to effect anything..for..the newly expelled Spartan exiles, who had likewise reckoned on his patronage. †c. Justification, support; advocacy. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > support > support or encouragement > [noun] comfort?c1225 encourage1535 encouragement1550 comfortation1552 countenance1576 cover1581 couragement1603 patronage1610 abettance1781 championship1840 moral support1852 fautorship1863 affirmation1966 1610 A. Willet Hexapla in Danielem 114 The multitude of those that erre, is no patronage for error. 1612 T. Taylor Αρχὴν Ἁπάντων: Comm. Epist. Paul to Titus ii. 11 This place..rightly interpreted, yeeldeth no patronage to that deuise of Vniuersall election. 1674 J. Owen Disc. Holy Spirit (1693) 10 He doth therein undertake our Patronage, as our Advocate. d. Roman History. The rights and duties, or the position, of a patron (patron n. 2b); the protection provided by a patron. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > care, protection, or charge > [noun] > protection or patronage > in ancient Rome patronage1697 the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > support > patronage > [noun] > patron > of a client in ancient Rome > position of patronage1697 1697 J. Dryden Ded. Ld. Clifford in tr. Virgil Wks. sig. A2^v Patronage and Clientship always descended from the Fathers to the Sons. 1885 Encycl. Brit. XVIII. 413/1 The patronage and the clientage were alike hereditary. 1961 W. S. Davis Day in Old Rome viii. 148 Poor plebians had little or no legal protection unless they enlisted the patronage of a magnate. 1997 J. E. Lendon Empire of Honour ii. 67 A slave's former owner enjoyed patronage—lifelong (indeed heritable) and enforceable under the law. e. Custom given to a business, shop, restaurant, theatre, etc.; the giving of such custom. Formerly also: †clientele (obsolete). ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > buying > [noun] > custom or patronage customa1616 patronage1793 play1912 1793 Weekly Mus. 25 May (advt.) Andrew S. Norwood Upholsterer..Having commenced business in the above line, solicits the patronage of his Friends and the Public. 1804 Ann. Rev. 2 187/1 That the institution has all that claim to general patronage..we are disposed to deny. 1856 F. L. Olmsted Journey Slave States 76 The appearance of the other public-house indicated that it expected a less select patronage. 1882 W. Ballantine Some Exper. Barrister's Life xxiii. 224 A theatre which for years before had wooed in vain the patronage of the public. 1923 Boudoir Mirrors of Washington 108 Later the boy confessed how the story had been fabricated, so that the restaurant might appear to be regaining its old patronage. 1951 Amer. Speech 26 166 There are..‘Laundromats’—often called ‘Laundermats’ and ‘Laundrymats’—open for public patronage. 1991 Mod. Railways Apr. 201/1 Both branches of TGV-A services (via Tours and via Le Mans) have been attracting satisfactory patronage. f. Favour shown with an air or assumption of superiority; patronizing manner. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > pride > haughtiness or disdainfulness > [noun] > action lording?a1425 patronage1829 patronizing1837 condescending1875 1829 T. Carlyle German Playwrights in Foreign Rev. Jan. 106 A distinct patronage both of Providence and the Devil. a1882 J. P. Quincy Figures of Past (1883) 61 There was a little savor of patronage in the generous hospitality she exercised among her simple neighbors. 1914 J. M. Barrie Admirable Crichton iii. 177 His manner has been most indulgent, and without the slightest suggestion of patronage. 1947 C. Mackenzie Whisky Galore xiv. 198 ‘You ought to set an example,’ Captain Waggett pointed out in a tone of kindly patronage. 1988 J. Bayley Short Story ii. 46 Masculine complacency, even considerateness, is a form of patronage. 3. Guardianship, tutelary care, esp. on the part of a patron saint, god, etc. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > care, protection, or charge > [noun] > protection or patronage > as of a divinity, angel, or saint patronship1549 guardiance1560 patronage1582 guardianship1646 1582 R. Stanyhurst tr. Virgil First Foure Bookes Æneis ii. 27 And so to bee shielded yet agayn with patronage anticque. 1609 Bible (Douay) I. Gen. xlviii. Comm. The ancient Fathers teach the patronage and Invocation of Angels. a1719 J. Addison Dialogues Medals in Wks. (1721) I. ii. 477 Among the Roman Catholics every vessel is recommended to the patronage of some particular saint. 1805 R. Southey Madoc ii. x. 277 His the other pile, By whose peculiar power and patronage Aztlan was blest, Mexitli, woman-born. 1908 Catholic Encycl. III. 623/1 The congregation of secular priests under the patronage of Our Lady and St. Ambrose. 1934 A. Huxley Beyond Mexique Bay 153 If Luckies are to sell here, they will have to be put under the patronage of Saint Joseph. 2000 Philippine Daily Inquirer (Nexis) 10 Sept. 7 From its beginnings, the town was placed under the patronage of Saint Gabriel. 4. Heraldry. Arms of Patronage n. arms derived from those of a patron or superior. Now historical. ΘΚΠ society > communication > indication > insignia > heraldic devices collective > [noun] > armorial bearings or coat of arms > arms showing subjection Arms of Patronage1728 society > communication > indication > insignia > heraldic devices collective > [noun] > armorial bearings or coat of arms > arms showing rights or jurisdiction Arms of Patronage1728 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word) Arms of Patronage, in heraldry, are those, a top whereof are some marks of subjection and dependance... The cardinals on the top of their arms bear those of the pope, who gave 'em the hat, to shew that they are his creatures. 1847 H. Gough Gloss. Terms Brit. Heraldry 15 Arms of Patronage,..those of the lesser nobility or gentry..derived from the arms of the greater. 2000 M. F. McCarthy Heraldica Collegii Cardinalium 566 I have..indicated in the text which cardinals used arms of patronage from time to time but have not shown them in their achievements. 5. The power or right to control appointments to public office or the right to privileges.In modern use often with the connotation of the abuse of this power by the appointing to office of political allies. ΘΚΠ society > authority > office > appointment to office > [noun] > right of appointment patronage1769 1769 ‘Junius’ Stat Nominis Umbra (1772) I. iii. 28 Is the command of the army, with all the patronage annexed to it, nothing? 1792 G. Morris in J. Sparks Life G. Morris (1832) II. 259 The ministers possess more patronage than any monarch since Louis the Fourteenth. 1801 Asiatic Ann. Reg. 1800 Proc. E. India House 116/1 Why had they confined their inquiry to one individual charge of the abuse of patronage—that of the sale of writers appointments? 1886 N. Amer. Rev. 142 577 The senators of each State divided their patronage to suit them~selves, fulfilling the pledges of the last election and bribing voters for the next. 1949 E. N. Gladden Introd. Public Admin. xii. 72 The attainment of an impartial system of recruitment, with the elimination of nepotism and other forms of patronage. 2000 Independent (Nexis) 25 Oct. 4 We will all have the chance to drive a stake through parliamentary patronage by creating a genuinely proportional voting system. Compounds C1. General attributive (chiefly in senses 1 and 5). patronage curse n. ΚΠ 1907 Daily Chron. 18 July 3/6 The patronage curse..has received the benediction of a Liberal Government. patronage-monger n. ΚΠ 1882 Princeton Rev. Jan. 195 The long train of growling or whining followers of every great patronage-monger, who are held in servility by the hope of crumbs from his monopoly. 1968 Economist 28 Dec. 21/2 It seemed unquestionably right to establish the teaching profession as a separate civil service beyond the reach of politicians and patronage-mongers. patronage polity n. ΚΠ 1971 P. A. Allum Politics & Society Post-War Naples (1973) iv. 98 The patronage polity has been absorbed within the parliamentary system despite the contradictions between them. 1985 Internat. Organization 39 511 African rulers who were short on loyalty had to search for additional resources by which the patronage polity upholding their rule could be fuelled. patronage reform n. and adj. ΚΠ 1897 Daily News 21 Oct. 8/7 Archbishop Benson..was..greatly disappointed at his failure to get his patronage reforms, as embodied in the Benefices Bill, through. 2002 Times-Picayune (New Orleans) (Nexis) 23 Feb. 1 She considers mayoral candidate Ray Nagin to have backed out of the patronage-reform pledge that he signed last month. patronage system n. ΚΠ 1802 Deb. Congr. U.S. 18 Feb. (1851) 580 A variety of circumstances..gave the patronage system the preponderancy, during the first three Presidential terms of election. 1991 Jrnl. Southern Afr. Stud. 17 510 The offer of a position in the colonial administration became a well established part of the patronage system. C2. Patronage Secretary n. an official through whom patronage is administered; spec. the Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury (Chief Whip) in the British Government (formerly called the Patronage Secretary of the Treasury). ΘΚΠ society > authority > office > holder of office > public officials > [noun] > controller of appointments Patronage Secretary1852 1852 B. Disraeli Ld. G. Bentinck xvii. 314 Sir Robert appointed the man of the world financial secretary of the treasury..and entrusted to the student, under the usual title of patronage secretary of the treasury, the management of the house of commons. 1874 A. Trollope Phineas Redux I. xvi. 127 Roby..was at this moment Mr. Daubeny's head whip and patronage secretary. 1940 Amer. Polit. Sci. Rev. 34 69 The jobs are dealt out by the boss, acting through the nominal official and the mayor's patronage secretary. 1988 Times 16 Jan. 1/3 It was the day, he..said, when the patronage secretary (chief whip) could ‘get stuffed’. Patronage Secretaryship n. the position or office of Patronage Secretary. ΘΚΠ society > authority > office > holder of office > public officials > [noun] > controller of appointments > position of Patronage Secretaryship1909 1909 Westm. Gaz. 16 Sept. 9/2 When he laid down the Patronage Secretaryship he assumed the offices of Lord Privy Seal and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online June 2022). patronagev. Brit. /ˈpatrənɪdʒ/, /ˈpatrn̩ɪdʒ/, U.S. /ˈpætrənədʒ/, /ˈpeɪtrənədʒ/ Origin: Formed within English, by conversion; perhaps modelled on an Italian lexical item. Etymon: patronage n. Etymology: < patronage n., perhaps after Italian padroneggiare to patronize (a1370). Compare patronize v.R. Greene (see quot. 1587 at main sense) had travelled in Italy and was a translator of works from Italian. transitive. To give patronage to; to uphold, protect, or defend; to patronize. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > support > patronage > act as patron to [verb (transitive)] to take upc1384 patronage1587 patronize1593 empatron1609 patron?1624 to take in tow1790 Maecenas1837 the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > care, protection, or charge > care for, protect, or have charge of [verb (transitive)] > as divinity, angel, or saint patronage1587 patronize1595 1587 R. Greene Euphues Ep. Ded. sig. A2 For that the goddesse [sc. Pallas] did most patronage learning and souldiers. 1596 Raigne of Edward III sig. F4^v To patronage the fatherles and poore. View more context for this quotation 1598 R. Haydocke in tr. G. P. Lomazzo Tracte Artes Paintinge To Rdr. To patronage them from the insolent incroaching of men of no desert. a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 1 (1623) iii. i. 49 Yes, as an Out-law in a Castle keepes, And vseth it, to patronage his Theft. View more context for this quotation 1669 S. Sturmy Mariners Mag. Aaaa ij That I may charge you to Patronage no more than you had. 1953 French Rev. 26 270 Béranger's low birth,..his refusal to be ‘patronaged’, received particular emphasis. 1986 United Press Internat. Newswire (Nexis) 27 Aug. (Internat. section) Usmanov had for several years..patronaged embezzlers and taken large bribes. 2001 Econ. Times (India) (Nexis) 17 Aug. The Maharastra State Co-operative Bank Ltd has seemingly been reduced to a role of fund raiser for industries patronaged by politicians. Derivatives ˈpatronaged adj. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > support > patronage > [adjective] > supported by patronage patronaged1726 1726 J. Ayliffe Parergon Juris Canonici Anglicani 411 The Patron ought..to have Honours done him in such patronag'd Church, as the best seat therein and the like. 1985 Christian Sci. Monitor (Nexis) 14 Nov. (International section) 36 The world renowned and royally patronaged Battersea Dogs Home is celebrating its 125th anniversary. ˈpatronaging n. and adj. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > support > support or encouragement > [noun] > supporting or encouraging comfortingc1320 couraging?1542 encouraging1578 patronaging1597 upbolstering1610 countenancing1628 rooting1888 hand-holding1967 the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > support > patronage > [adjective] > that acts as patron patronaging1597 1597 Bp. J. King Lect. Ionas ix. 125 That it should be rackt to the patronaging of Temos cosenage. ?1650 Don Bellianis 254 The quiet shore of your most gentle and patronaging favours. 1998 CNN World Rep. (transcript of TV programme) (Nexis) 4 Jan. Those who have a talent for patronaging offer the tourists food. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1395v.1587
随便看	knight of the spur knight of the square flag knight of the tar-brush knight of the tarbrush knight of the temple knuckle-dusting knuckle-end knuckle-guard knuckle-head knuckle-hinge knuckle-joint knuckle-kneed knuckle-length knuckle-rap knuckle-rapper knuckle-rapping knuckle-summons knuckle-thread knuckle-walk knuckle-walker knuckle-walking knuckle-work knucklebone knucklebones knucklebow