单词 | parlour |
释义 | parlourparlorn.adj. A. n. I. Senses relating to rooms. 1. A room or place for talking; spec. an apartment in a monastery or (esp. in later use) a convent, in which residents may converse with people from outside the establishment or amongst themselves.In quot. ?c1225: a grate or window through which anchoresses could communicate with someone outside, to make their confession, etc. ΘΚΠ society > faith > artefacts > monastic property (general) > monastery or convent > parts of monastery > [noun] > parlour speech-housec1050 parlour?c1225 colloque1482 locutory1482 speak-housec1650 parlatory1651 locutorium1655 parloir1728 speak-room1756 fratry1874 ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 56 Nomeð þer þurch To ouwer wimon þe huses þurl. þe parlures [a1250 Nero parlurs þurle] to þe oðre. c1300 St. Dominic (Laud) 286 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 286 (MED) In þe parlore..ich heom makie telle..euerech oþur tyþingue, And make heom þenche and speke al-so of folies and lesinge. c1390 (c1300) MS Vernon Homilies in Archiv f. das Studium der Neueren Sprachen (1877) 57 278 (MED) Þe prior him to parlur calde And asked his nome. ?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) (1996) i. l. 6963 He asked leue at þe Prioure to speke with Constant in þe parloure [Fr. parleor]. a1425 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 670 Hoc locutorium, parloure. 1548 in Acts Lords of Council Civil Causes XXIV. f. 170 Ane gret wolt within the said abbay [sc. Kilwinning] callit the parlour. 1593 Rites of Durham (1903) 52 Thorowgh ye parler, a place for merchaunte to vtter ther waires. 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. Parloir, Parlour, in Nunneries, a little Room, or Closet, where People talk to the Nuns, thro' a Kind of Grated Window... Antiently, there were also Parlours in the Convents of Monks, where the Novices used to converse together, at the Hours of Recreation. 1886 J. Ruskin Præterita I. xii. 421 A chat with us in the parlour. 1903 J. T. Fowler in Rites of Durham 238 The utter or outer Parlour, Locutorium, or Spekehouse, was usually on the western side of the cloister... There was always an inner parlour for more strictly monastic conversation. 1991 K. Armstrong Eng. Mystics 14th Cent. (BNC) 113 St Teresa of Avila complained bitterly of the perils of the parlour in her fashionable convent, where the nuns practically ran a salon. 2. a. In a manor house, or large public building (as a town hall, college, etc.): a smaller room separate from the main hall, reserved for private conversation or conference.Now chiefly historical, except as retained in later use in specific applications, as banking parlour, a room in which a bank manager can talk confidentially with clients (also as bank parlour n. at bank n.3 Compounds 3); mayor's parlour, a room in a town hall reserved for the mayor's private use. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > consumption of food or drink > eating > eating place > [noun] > dining-room parlourc1384 cenaclea1400 triclinec1440 dining room?1576 dining hall1598 eating-room1613 triclinium1646 supper rooma1661 coffee-room1712 breakfast-room1732 salle-à-manger1762 mess-room1774 refreshment room1785 breakfast-parlour1802 noon-hall1828 dinner room1853 Speisesaal1871 diner1907 dinette1920 breakfast-nook1931 brunch bar1940 society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > room > room by type of use > [noun] > sitting room parlourc1384 street parlour1734 sitting room1763 keeping-room1771 room1795 voorhuis1822 voorkamer1827 lounge1881 sitkamer1897 sitter1899 sit1911 society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > room > types of room generally > [noun] > private or inner room > in a royal residence privy chambera1382 parlourc1384 closet1447 c1384 in R. W. Chambers & M. Daunt Bk. London Eng. (1931) 231 (MED) The seyd Richard Wyllesdon Schall..byld vp-on the seyd Soyle..A parlour, kychyn, And boterye. c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. x. 97 (MED) Elyng is þe halle vche daye in þe wyke Þere þe lorde ne þe lady liketh nouȝte to sytte; Now hath vche riche a reule to eten bi hym-selue In a pryue paloure [read parloure]. a1425 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (1987) ii. 82 Two othere ladys sete, and she, Withinne a paved parlour [v.r. perlour]. 1445 A. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 27 The parlour and the chapelle at Paston. a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1897–1973) 27 Make in thi ship also parloures oone or two And houses of offyce mo. 1549–62 T. Sternhold & J. Hopkins Whole Bk. Psalms lv. 16 For mischiefe raigneth in their hall and parlour where they dwell. 1589–90 in R. Willis & J. W. Clark Archit. Hist. Univ. Cambr. (1886) III. 382 A forme for the College parler. 1599 Acct.-bk. W. Wray in Antiquary (1896) 32 243 In the chamber over the hawle and parloure. 1610 Bp. J. Hall Common Apol. against Brownists xlii. 103 Extemporarie deuotions in your Parlors. 1635 G. Wither Coll. Emblemes 222 Hee that in his hall or parlour dines Which fret-worke roofes, or costly cedar lines. c1710 C. Fiennes Diary (1888) 76 He has a very good house and genteely fitted good Hall and parlour. 1721 Colonial Rec. N. Carolina 2 in C. R. Lounsbury Illustr. Gloss. Early Southern Archit. & Landscape (1994) 260 On Christmas Day the Governor came into the outer room or Hall and dined with the Company and..in the evening he desired the Company to go into the parlour where..there was a large bowl of punch made. 1798 G. Washington Writings (1893) XIV. 130 (note) Mr. Lear..informed me that a gentleman in the parlour below desired to see me. 1819 H. Hallam View Europe Middle Ages (ed. 2) III. ii. ix. 427 (note) The house consisted of a hall, parlour,..a napery, or linen room [etc.]. a1882 J. P. Quincy Figures of Past (1884) 367 He stood at one end of the low parlor of the President's house. 1951 H. Braun Introd. Eng. Mediaeval Archit. (1967) xiii. 238 With the decline of feudalism, we find the erstwhile storage space below the great chamber being converted into a ‘parlour’; a sort of private hall in which he could converse with his friends. 1974 B. Friel Freedom of City i. 45 As a matter of fact I'm stripped to the waist and drinking brandy in the Mayor's parlour. 1985 Times 29 Aug. 15/2 The question of higher base rates was beginning to surface in banking parlours. 2001 Oxoniensia 65 49 The quality of the furnishings listed in Joan Browne's inventory of 1624 for her parlour suggests that, in her eyes, the parlour was more important than the hall. b. In a private house: a sitting room; esp. the main family living room, or the room reserved for entertaining guests (now somewhat archaic). Formerly also: †any room or chamber; a bedroom (obsolete).In early use denoting any room where a person could be private, and therefore not always clearly distinguishable from sense A. 2a. Often, before c1700, applied to a bedroom, but thereafter most commonly used of a sitting room. N.E.D. (1904) noted that parlour was in that period (i.e. the late 19th and early 20th cent.) the name given to ‘the ordinary sitting-room of the family, which, when more spacious and handsomely furnished, is usually called the drawing-room.’ Cent. Dict. (1890) recorded that ‘In the United States, where the word drawing-room is little used, parlor is the general term for the room used for the reception of guests’.In English regional use the word was formerly applied spec. to the inner or more private room of a two-roomed house, cottage, or small farmhouse, which was variously used (according to locality, affluence of household, etc.) as the living room of the family (as distinct from the kitchen), or as the ‘best room’ (as distinct from the ordinary living room). ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > room > room by type of use > [noun] > best room chamber1644 front room1679 best room1719 fore-room1728 spence1786 parlour1825 speak-a-word room1825 1448 in S. A. Moore Lett. & Papers J. Shillingford (1871) 36 (MED) Ye and y commyned therof the last hole day of my beyng at home at Exceter yn my parler. c1450 (?a1422) J. Lydgate Life Our Lady (Durh.) v. 368 Fresshe parlours glazed bright as day. ?1484 Will of Margaret Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 387 My fetherbedde with sillour, curteyns, and tester in my parlour at Mauteby. 1595 in G. J. Piccope Lancs. & Cheshire Wills (1860) II. 129 [To] permit my wife to have two parlers or other conveniente places to her use. 1597 in Inventories 1537–1756 (Invent. 14) One flockbed in the Parlour and a bolster, one hilling and a blanket and the bedstead. 1625 F. Bacon Ess. (new ed.) 260 To haue, at the further end, a Winter, and a Summer Parler, both Faire. 1677 T. D'Urfey Madam Fickle ii. 14 I've led him into the Parler. 1717 T. Cave Let. 28 Feb. in M. M. Verney Verney Lett. (1930) II. xxii. 48 Violett..is the only dogg suffered to bear the best Spaniell in England company in the Parlour. 1728 in Inventories 1537—1756 (Invent. 34) In the Parlour, one feather bed & furniture to the same. 1787 M. Cutler Jrnl. 8 July in W. P. Cutler & J. P. Cutler Life, Jrnls. & Corr. M. Cutler (1888) I. 235 The Parlor, Drawing-room, and Dining-hall are in the second story. 1825 J. Mackinnon Messingham 25 (E.D.D.) The cottages had only a house and parlour, the parlour being used as a dormitory for the whole family, both male and female. 1858 R. W. Emerson Eloquence in Atlantic Monthly Sept. 385/1 One man is brought to the boiling point by the excitement of conversation in the parlor. 1886 J. Morley G. Eliot in Crit. Misc. III. 106 Jane Austen bore her part in the little world of the parlour that she described. 1920 S. Lewis Main St. xv. 187 Mrs. Erdstrom begged her to sit in the parlor, where there was a phonograph and an oak and leather davenport. 1951 Life 5 Feb. 43/1 Phonevision, or PV,..offers a way of bringing movies straight into the family parlor. 2000 R. Sterling World Food: Vietnam 67 All classes of people drink tea. Soldiers drink it in the field; fishermen on their boats; wealthy people in parlours. c. A room used for dining or eating supper. Now rare.In early use overlapping with sense A. 2a, as a room off the hall where the master or mistress of a large house could eat, converse, etc., in private (cf. quots. c1400 at sense A. 2a, 1635 at sense A. 2a); later passing into A. 2b. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > room > room by type of use > [noun] > dining room cenaclea1400 triclinec1440 parlour1526 dining room?1576 dining hall1598 eating-room1613 triclinium1646 supper rooma1661 coffee-room1712 salle-à-manger1762 mess-room1774 sala1774 noon-hall1828 dinner room1853 Speisesaal1871 diner1907 dinette1920 1526 Bible (Tyndale) Mark xiv. f. lxvjv He wyll shewe you a greate parlour, paved, and prepared. 1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes f. 69v Neither could he wishe..a more galaunte parloure to eate in. a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1590) i. iv. sig. D2 To the parler, where they vsed to suppe. 1609 Bible (Douay) I. Sam. ix. 22 Samuel therefore taking Saul and his seruant, brought them into the parlour... And Samuel sayd to the cooke: Geue the portion, which I gaue thee, [etc.]. 1796 Hist. Ned Evans I. 199 In the parlour was a table elegantly covered, and a servant in a laced livery behind every chair. 1823 J. Rutter Delineations of Fonthill 63 The Oak Parlour was the only room for the service of dinner. 1869 H. B. Stowe Oldtown Folks (1870) xlv. 510 There was a splendid lunch laid out in the parlour, with all the old silver in muster. 1904 Ld. Aldenham Let. to Editor In my youth [sc. 1830–50] the room on the ground floor which is now called the Dining Room was always called the Parlour. 1907 J. Conrad Secret Agent ii. 52 She finished her dishing-up. The table was laid in the parlour. 2001 London Rev. Bks. 22 Feb. 17/1 Despite the stunning aroma of afang soup coming from the kitchen, Mrs Etong didn't bring the dinner into the parlour as usual. d. figurative and in extended use. An inner area; a private sanctum. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > room > types of room generally > [noun] > private or inner room bowerc1000 chamber?c1225 privy chambera1382 closeta1387 closera1400 conclavea1400 wardrobea1400 cell?1440 garderobe?c1450 retreatc1500 parlour1561 cabinet1565 cabin1594 in-room?1615 recamera1622 sanctum sanctorum1707 adytum1800 snuggery1812 sulking-room1816 sanctum1819 anderoon1840 inner sanctum1843 thalamus1850 growlery1853 1561 T. Norton tr. J. Calvin Inst. Christian Relig. i. v. f. 6 He hath framed his parloures in the waters, that the cloudes are his chariottes. 1670 C. Cotton tr. G. Girard Hist. Life Duke of Espernon i. iv. 156 He had also discover'd that the Duke every afternoon us'd to play at Cards in the Parlour of his Tent. 1867 G. MacDonald Ann. Quiet Neighbourhood I. v. 104 Forgetful to entertain strangers, at least in the parlour of his heart. 1998 T. Lynch Still Life in Milford iii. 110 She sat in the chill parlor of her new widowhood remembering the bruises, the boozy gropings and sad truths. 3. A room in an inn or public house, more private than the taproom or saloon, where people may converse. Now chiefly archaic or historical. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > drink > drinking > drinking place > [noun] > tavern or public house > parlour or snug parlour1631 box1691 grocery1806 snuggery1829 snug1838 snug1860 bar-parlour1876 beer-parlour1925 1631 B. Jonson New Inne iv. i. sig. E6v Bar. Doe they sing at me? Ior. They're reeling at it, in the parlour, now. 1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones III. vii. xi. 81 The Landlord having taken his Seat directly opposite to the Door of the Parlour, determined to keep Guard there the whole Night. View more context for this quotation 1768 L. Sterne Sentimental Journey I. 140 Had taken him into a back parlour in the Auberge, and treated him with a cup or two of the best wine in Picardy. 1835 C. Dickens Sketches by Boz (1836) 2nd Ser. 312 ‘You had better walk into the parlour, sir,’ said the little old landlord. 1870 E. Peacock Ralf Skirlaugh II. 146 A private entrance..led to the back parlour or inner room. 1899 Westm. Gaz. 12 Apr. 7/2 A tavern consisted of three open rooms, freely inviting class distinctions—the saloon, the parlour, and the tap-room. 1915 A. Conan Doyle Valley of Fear i. iv. 53 In ten more [minutes] we were seated in the parlour of the inn and being treated to a rapid sketch of those events which have been outlined in the previous chapter. 1947 A. Vogt in D. M. Davin N.Z. Short Stories (1953) 242 Andy drove down to the pub himself to ring up the hospital... While the ring was going through they went into the pub parlour. 1991 M. Bragg Maid of Buttermere (BNC) 188 Lilac gloves, half-boots made of kid—she looked, as she sat rather apprehensively in the country inn parlour, as if she were waiting for Mr Gainsborough. 4. a. Originally U.S. (in commercial use). A shop or business premises (originally one comfortably or lavishly furnished and decorated) which provides a particular service or commodity. Usually with distinguishing word, as beauty, beer, funeral, ice-cream, pizza parlour, etc. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > trading place > place where retail transactions made > [noun] > other retail establishments parlour1863 self-serve1918 while-you-wait1929 self-service1944 1863 Dawson's Daily Times & Union (Fort Wayne, Indiana) 13 June 4/5 (advt.) Ladies ige cream [sic] parlor! Has been enlarged and magnificently furnished in a style superior to any thing of the kind in this city. 1884 Milnor (Dakota Territory) Teller 27 June An ice cream parlor where the dudes and dudines sip..congealed milk and sugar. 1908 Harper's Weekly 24 Oct. 22/1 The ‘beauty parlors’ of a large department store. There are a number of booths divided off by wooden partitions. 1913 Collier's 25 Jan. 7/1 Along with them go the announcements of ‘massage parlors’ (an all-too-obvious euphemism), free whiskies, and other agencies of public injury. 1928 Daily Express 22 Oct. 1/3 The bodies of the boys will be kept in sealed caskets in an ‘undertaking parlour’ until the mother is well enough to attend the funeral. 1942 H. C. Bailey Dead Man's Shoes xxvi. 100 Pat's Parlour, a tea shop for holiday visitors. 1963 H. Garner in R. Weaver Canad. Short Stories (1968) 2nd Ser. 41 I tried a couple of beer parlours, but couldn't stand the noise and laughter. 1973 W. McCarthy Detail ii. 115 Stuart..went to the adjoining pizza parlour. 1986 Herald (Keswick & Lake District) 13 Sept. 1/4 The court heard that Foster knew Fell through a tattoo parlour that the postal worker ran in..Carlisle. 2001 Independent 29 Jan. (Review section) 1/3 It's set in a Welsh funeral parlour where the head of the family firm suffers from the unfortunate drawback of being terrified of dead bodies. b. Short for milking parlour n. at milking n. Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > dairy farming > [noun] > milking > milking-parlour white house1573 milking parlour1946 parlour1950 1950 N.Z. Jrnl. Agric. June 541/1 Near Davis [sc. in California] I visited some dairies using the ‘parlour’ system of milking. 1967 W. C. Harvey & H. Hill Milk: Production & Control (ed. 4) xiii. 224 Where milk pipe-lines are provided to transmit the milk directly to the dairy, as in parlours. 1993 Dairy Guide (Winnipeg) Apr. 14/1 (caption) A double-6 parallel, rapid-exit parlor speeds milking. 5. Perhaps: conversation, colloquy; a conference. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > speech > conversation > [noun] speechc900 talec1000 speaka1300 reasonc1300 speakinga1325 counsela1350 intercommuningc1374 dalliancec1400 communication1419 communancec1449 collocutiona1464 parlour?c1475 sermocination1514 commona1529 dialogue?1533 interlocutiona1534 discourse1545 discoursing1550 conference1565 purposea1572 talk1572 interspeech1579 conversationa1586 devising1586 intercourse1596 intercommunication1603 eclogue1604 commercing1610 communion1614 negocea1617 alloquy1623 confariation1652 gob1681 gab1761 commune1814 colloquy1817 conversing1884 cross-talk1887 bull session1920 rap1957 ?c1475 Catholicon Anglicum (BL Add. 15562) f. 92v A parlowr, colloquium. 1579 (c1501) G. Douglas Palice of Honour (Edinb.) 1005 in Shorter Poems (2003) 67 Vprais the Court and all the Parlour ceist. B. adj. (attributive). 1. Designating a person, esp. someone prosperous or middle-class, who professes belief in but does not actively support a specified (frequently radical) political view or cause, as parlour Bolshevik, parlour communist, parlour patriot, parlour pink, parlour socialist, etc.; (hence also) designating the movement or view so espoused, as parlour Bolshevism, parlour socialism, etc. Cf. armchair adj. Now somewhat archaic. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > party politics > groups or attitudes right to left > [adjective] > left > radical > professedly but not actively parlour1797 1797 S. T. Coleridge Let. 6 Feb. (1956) I. 305 Most of our patriots are tavern & parlour Patriots, that will not avow their principles by any decisive action. 1910 Ann. Libr. Index 1909 273 (title) Parlour socialists. 1915 T. Dreiser Let. 26 Apr. in Lett. H. L. Mencken (1961) 68 I hold no brief for the parlor radical. 1918 T. Roosevelt in Metrop. Mag. June Parlor or pink-tea bolshevism dear to the hearts of so many..who like to think of themselves as intellectuals. 1920 F. S. Fitzgerald This Side of Paradise ii. v. 290 ‘What are you,’ asked the big man, ‘one of these parlor Bolsheviks, one of these idealists?’ 1922 R. Nevill Yesterday & Today i. 14 What may be called ‘Society Socialism’ is an entirely modern development, pretty well limited to England and America where the ‘Parlour Socialist’ has become recognized as a regular type. 1929 F. P. Gibbons Red Napoleon 67 Margot was more than a parlour pink; she was an ardent internationalist. 1938 G. T. Garratt Shadow of Swastika 201 Mr. Neville Chamberlain remained..invincible because of his backing amongst the very wealthy and influential parlour fascists outside. 1939 C. Isherwood Goodbye to Berlin 105 Wasn't I a bit of a sham..with my arty talk..and my newly-acquired parlour-socialism? 1954 A. Koestler Invisible Writing iii. 40 The most fashionable poet among the snobs and parlour-Communists of the period was Bertold Brecht. 1976 S. Hynes Auden Generation x. 367 The stock notion of the 'thirties writer as a New Country parlour-communist. 1998 Augusta Chron. (Georgia) (Nexis) 9 June a5 The two-bit parlor socialists who can't win a debate in wider society, but can easily impose their nonsense on a grade-fearing student audience. 2. Designating versions of games usually played outdoors, which have been adapted to a smaller scale for playing indoors. Cf. parlour game n. at Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > parlour and party games > [adjective] parlour1872 1872 A. Elliot Within Doors i. 45 Numerous Parlour Games have recently been introduced... Such are Parlour Croquet,..Parlour Billiards, [etc.]. 1881 Cassell's Bk. In-door Amusem. 74 The game described in this book as German Balls is sometimes also known as Parlour Bowls. 1887 E. B. Custer Tenting on Plains xv. 501 A game of parlor croquet was proposed. 1899 M. Beerbohm More 140 Playing parlour-golf with his only child. 1901 Stationer, Printer & Fancy Trades' Reg. 1 June 322 (advt.) Ring Boards. Dart Boards. Parlour Cricket. 1987 Business Jrnl.-Portland (Oregon) (Nexis) 19 Jan. 1 Awaiting Rau's words on the identity and value of their possessions, whether fine china handed down through generations, or a parlor croquet set picked up at a garage sale. 2002 United Press Internat. Newswire (Nexis) 9 Apr. (Entertainment section) Their good ole' boy husbands, once college roommates, play their monthly boozy game of parlor golf in the living room. Compounds C1. General attributive. parlour art n. ΚΠ 1866 in D. R. Locke Andy's Trip West 40 (advt.) Among the contents will be found chapters upon Parlor Arts and Ornaments. 1900 Daily News 17 Apr. 6/3 She..drew elegantly in pastels, did shell-work, and..invented a parlour art—cutting out flowers in paper. 2003 Patriot Ledger (Quincy, Mass.) (Nexis) 28 Jan. (Features section) 19 Young women in the 19th century simply did not have careers... It was acceptable to be talented in the so-called parlor arts like sewing, embroidery, and occasional painting. parlour carpet n. ΚΠ 1826 B. Disraeli Vivian Grey II. iii. viii. 126 Knocking down the back kitchen door, spitting on the parlour carpet, and tumbling the maid's head about. 1853 E. C. Gaskell Ruth III. v. 144 The final and unmendable wearing-out of the parlour carpet, which there was no spare money to replace. 1993 P. Marshall Amer. Princess (BNC) She had..thrown yesterday's damp tea-leaves on to the parlour carpet. parlour-casement n. ΚΠ 1820 C. A. Southey Ellen Fitzarthur v. 112 The moon's pale rays, Just on the parlour-casement fell. 1904 N.E.D. at Parlour Parlour-casement. parlour cat n. ΚΠ 1859 N. P. Willis Convalescent 182 Not for all the accomplishments and belongings of a parlor cat, could the welcome have been more genial and complete. 1934 M. V. Hughes London Child of Seventies x. 113 The parlour cats were Persians, sat on laps and best chairs. 2002 Daily News (N.Y.) (Nexis) 19 Mar. (Suburban section) 3 For many months his wife fed all the local strays and even those parlor cats that escaped to slum for midnight snacks. parlour door n. ΚΠ 1427–8 in J. A. Kingdon Arch. Worshipful Company of Grocers (1886) I. 168 (MED) Item, paid to the Glazieres for Glazing of the parlour and tresance Withouten the parlour dore, Summa xiij li. 1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. ccixv Streyght waies cometh one of the women to the parlour dore. c1665 Lady Mary Warwick in C. Fell-Smith M. Rich Countess of Warwick (1901) 325 Upon the phyllerea hedge that grew before the great parlour door. 1754 Connoisseur No. 33. 136 Close by the parlour door there hung a pair of stag's horns. 1835 C. Dickens Sketches by Boz (1837) 2nd Ser. 168 Mr Jennings Rodolph..went behind the parlour-door and gave his celebrated imitations. 2003 Irish News (Nexis) 18 Aug. 6 The bomb..struck the skirting on the opposite side of the room and rebounded through the open parlour door into the hall. parlour fire n. ΚΠ a1616 W. Shakespeare Taming of Shrew (1623) v. ii. 107 They sit conferring by the Parler fire . View more context for this quotation 1797 J. Tweddell Remains (1815) xxxii. 171 The time that you and I, my good Mother, used to prose over the parlour-fire, till you drove me away to bed. 1828 W. Scott Fair Maid of Perth iv, in Chron. Canongate 2nd Ser. II. 110 Simon Glover..placed him in a chair by his parlour fire. 1988 D. Madden Birds of Innocent Wood iv. 70 They sit talking by the parlour fire. parlour novel n. ΚΠ 1875 Scribner's Monthly Oct. 681/1 A really interesting, though sentimental, parlor-novel, written in fluent verse. 1999 Boundary 2 26 193 Just as Edward W. Said can show how the micropolitics of a Victorian parlor novel depends on the British in India. parlour pastime n. ΚΠ 1857 (title) Parlour pastimes for the young: consisting of pantomime and dialogue charades, fireside games, riddles, [etc.]. 1876 G. M. Hopkins Poems (1967) 65 And ever, if bound here hardest home, You've parlour-pastime left. 2001 Times Union (Albany, N.Y.) (Nexis) 3 May d1 If needlework is no longer a genteel parlor pastime, neither is it a lost art. parlour politics n. ΚΠ 1940 H. G. Wells New World Order §1. 18 This is no small affair of parlour politics we have to consider. 1984 Christian Sci. Monitor (Nexis) 1 Mar. (Internat. section) 11 But how can elections be contested, when you've banned all political activity, forced the parties into little more than parlor politics. ΚΠ 1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum Parlour seruaunte or trimmer, triclinarius. 1858 A. Trollope Three Clerks III. xiv. 252 The grand nurse was now gone, and the fag was promoted to the various offices of nurse, lady's-maid, and parlour servant. parlour sofa n. ΚΠ 1847 E. Brontë Wuthering Heights I. xiii. 304 By evening she seemed greatly exhausted; yet no arguments could persuade her to return to that apartment, and I had to arrange the parlour sofa for her bed, till another room could be prepared. 1918 W. Cather My Ántonia ii. xv. 283 I found a shawl and an overcoat on the hatrack, lay down on the parlor sofa, and in spite of my hurts, went to sleep. 2003 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 8 Aug. e i. 1/3 He attempts to nurse the ailing Babe, curled up on his parlor sofa, back to good health. parlour table n. ΚΠ a1644 F. Quarles Shepheards Oracles (1646) viii. 94 When your crosse-garted knees fall down before Your Parlour-Table, what doe you adore? 1805 W. Taylor in Ann. Rev. 3 56 This book..has lain for exhibition on the parlour-table of all our polished families. 1998 Sunday Tel. 25 Jan. (Review section) 31/7 The embroidered antimacassars will be returned to the backs of her unlovely chairs, the china arranged on the clothed parlour table, [etc.]. parlour wall n. ΚΠ 1756 M. Calderwood Lett. & Jrnls. (1884) xii. 307 The grate into the speak-room is part of that parlour wall. 1889 Cent. Mag. Apr. 888/2 Frank was taking down his pipe-rack from the space it had decorated on the parlor wall. 1985 A. Blair Tea at Miss Cranston's xxiv. 203 Then it was all explained to me at home that it was the Queen that had died, that's picture was up on the parlour wall. parlour window n. ΚΠ 1428 in J. A. Kingdon Arch. Worshipful Company of Grocers (1886) II. 185 Also Payed for þe New vynez þt is set byfore þe parlour wyndow. 1678 T. Porter French Conjurer v. 34 My Parlour-window has been sweetly visited between you; but I'll stop your peep-hole. 1700 J. Dryden Chaucer's Cock & Fox in Fables 224 Her Parlor-Window stuck with Herbs around, Of sav'ry Smell. 1836 C. Dickens Sketches by Boz 2nd Ser. 120 There was a neatly written bill in the parlour window. 1994 Vibe Nov. 75/1 In white shorts and white oxford shirt, she stares out her parlor window. C2. parlour boarder n. now historical a boarding-school pupil who lives with the family of the principal and has other privileges not shared by the ordinary boarders. ΘΚΠ society > education > learning > learner > one attending school > [noun] > boarder boarder1530 parlour boarder1768 weekly boarder1800 resident1843 ressie1982 1768 J. Frere Let. 1 Apr. in John Norton & Sons (1968) 44 Your Cousin Baylor..is with Mr. Chalmers as a Parlour Boarder;..we all thought an Academy much the properest place for him. 1777 P. Thicknesse Year's Journey France & Spain I. ii. 12 The Prieure of this convent..had received, as parlour boarders, some English ladies of very suspicious characters. 1812 Theatr. Inquisitor 1 211 I am a parlour boarder at Mrs. Twizzle's school. 1847 W. M. Thackeray Vanity Fair (1848) xx. 176 Surely it must be Miss Swartz, the parlour boarder. 1997 Manawatu Evening Standard 3 May 9 Harriet Smith, a pretty, docile, innocent 17-year-old, a parlour boarder in the neighbouring village. parlour car n. U.S. a railway carriage more luxuriously furnished than a standard carriage, esp. one with comfortable movable chairs. ΘΚΠ society > travel > rail travel > rolling stock > [noun] > railway wagon or carriage > carriage designed to carry passengers > other types of passenger carriage caravan1821 private car1826 Jim Crow car1835 ladies' car1841 saloon car or carriage1842 palace car1844 ladies' carriage1847 parliamentary carriage1849 parlour car1859 composite carriage1868 Pullman1869 observation car1872 first1873 compo1878 bogie carriage1880 chair-car1880 club car1893 corridor carriage1893 tourist-car1895 birdcage1900 dog box1905 corridor coach1911 vista-dome1945 Stolypin1970 1859 Harper's Mag. June 9/2 As they approached the steps of the parlor car their progress was arrested by a black puddle left by the recent rains. 1977 A. Cooke Six Men vi. 187 We went off to the train in much better spirits, settled in two dumpy elbow chairs of the parlour car and were soon sliding under the river. 1995 Hongkong Standard 26 Aug. (Financial Review section) 9/3 Cruise ships that dock at Skagway supply about half the 140,000 passengers who travel in its 1890s-vintage parlour cars each year. ΚΠ 1881 Chicago Times 30 Apr. The first parlor cattle-car left to-night for New York... The cattle are in separate compartments, and are to be bedded, watered, and groomed on the cars. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > child > [noun] > only child only child1655 parlour child1874 only1931 singleton1931 1874 Temple Bar Oct. 346 Such an only child used to be called ‘a parlour child’, to denote that there was more intercourse between child and parent than exists in a ‘nursery child’, to whom the nurse seems his natural guide and ruler. parlour floor n. the floor of a parlour; the floor or storey of a house which contains the parlour. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > floor > [noun] > types of parlour floor1441 causey1481 pediment1747 working floor1747 parquet1814 parquet floor1819 subfloor1838 straight-joint floor1842 parquet flooring1845 working floor1850 dallage1856 nightingale floor1914 open floor1932 floating floor1934 1441 in B. Marsh Rec. Worshipful Company Carpenters (1914) II. 6 (MED) Itm., payed for teryng and dawbyng of the parlowr flowre, iij s. iiij d. 1665 in D. Yaxley Researcher's Gloss. Hist. Documents E. Anglia (2003) 148 27 deales for the paller flore at 16 penc a deal. 1780 Mrs. Harris in Private Lett. 1st Ld. Malmesbury (1870) I. 453 We illuminated the parlour floor and the drawing-room floor. 1895 T. Hardy Jude iv. iii. 278 The burghers walking past upon the pavement..which was two or three feet above the level of the parlour floor. 1985 New Yorker 16 Sept. 44/2 The parlor floor had been turned into a spacious open room with hexagonal tiles on the floor. parlour game n. (originally) a version of an outdoor game adapted for playing in the parlour; (later) any game suitable for playing indoors, esp. a word game (also in extended use). ΘΚΠ society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > parlour and party games > [noun] jeu de société1793 parlour game1854 party game1929 1854 Bk. of Parlour Games 3 A Manual of Parlour Games has long been a desideratum. 1872 A. Elliot Within Doors i. 45 Numerous Parlour Games have recently been introduced... Such are Parlour Croquet,..Parlour Billiards, [etc.]. 1894 I. Zangwill in Critic (N.Y.) 24 Nov. 342/2 In the parlor-game of ‘Consequences’. 1923 W. de la Mare Riddle 127 She talks to you; but it's all make-believe. It's all a ‘parlour game’. 1995 Guardian 5 Oct. ii. 7/4 If one popular literary parlour game is naming forgotten Nobellists, a second is speculating about the next winner. parlour girl n. U.S. (originally) a parlourmaid; (later) a prostitute. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > serving food > [noun] > server of food > as servant > woman Phillis1589 Hebe1606 table maid1828 parlourmaid1836 parlour girl1858 waitress1875 society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > prostitution > [noun] > a prostitute meretrixOE whoreOE soiled dovea1250 common womanc1330 putec1384 bordel womanc1405 putaina1425 brothelc1450 harlot?a1475 public womanc1510 naughty pack?1529 draba1533 cat1535 strange woman1535 stew1552 causey-paikera1555 putanie?1566 drivelling1570 twigger1573 punka1575 hackney1579 customer1583 commodity1591 streetwalker1591 traffic1591 trug1591 hackster1592 polecat1593 stale1593 mermaid1595 medlar1597 occupant1598 Paphian1598 Winchester goose1598 pagan1600 hell-moth1602 aunt1604 moll1604 prostitution1605 community1606 miss1606 night-worm1606 bat1607 croshabell1607 prostitute1607 pug1607 venturer1607 nag1608 curtal1611 jumbler1611 land-frigate1611 walk-street1611 doll-common1612 turn-up1612 barber's chaira1616 commonera1616 public commonera1616 trader1615 venturea1616 stewpot1616 tweak1617 carry-knave1623 prostibule1623 fling-dusta1625 mar-taila1625 night-shadea1625 waistcoateera1625 night trader1630 coolera1632 meretrician1631 painted ladya1637 treadle1638 buttock1641 night-walker1648 mob?1650 lady (also girl, etc.) of the game1651 lady of pleasure1652 trugmullion1654 fallen woman1659 girlc1662 high-flyer1663 fireship1665 quaedama1670 small girl1671 visor-mask1672 vizard-mask1672 bulker1673 marmalade-madam1674 town miss1675 town woman1675 lady of the night1677 mawks1677 fling-stink1679 Whetstone whore1684 man-leech1687 nocturnal1693 hack1699 strum1699 fille de joie1705 market-dame1706 screw1725 girl of (the) town1733 Cytherean1751 street girl1764 monnisher1765 lady of easy virtue1766 woman (also lady) of the town1766 kennel-nymph1771 chicken1782 stargazer1785 loose fish1809 receiver general1811 Cyprian1819 mollya1822 dolly-mop1834 hooker1845 charver1846 tail1846 horse-breaker1861 professional1862 flagger1865 cocodette1867 cocotte1867 queen's woman1871 common prostitute1875 joro1884 geisha1887 horizontal1888 flossy1893 moth1896 girl of the pavement1900 pross1902 prossie1902 pusher1902 split-arse mechanic1903 broad1914 shawl1922 bum1923 quiff1923 hustler1924 lady of the evening1924 prostie1926 working girl1928 prostisciutto1930 maggie1932 brass1934 brass nail1934 mud kicker1934 scupper1935 model1936 poule de luxe1937 pro1937 chromo1941 Tom1941 pan-pan1949 twopenny upright1958 scrubber1959 slack1959 yum-yum girl1960 Suzie Wong1962 mattress1964 jamette1965 ho1966 sex worker1971 pavement princess1976 parlour girl1979 crack whore1990 1858 W. J. Hoppin Lady of Bed Chamber (front matter) Sally, the parlor girl: Miss Tree. 1892 New Eng. Mag. June 490/1 ‘I wish you'd speak to the parlor-girl, sir’, said she; ‘she keeps disturbin' the drawin'-room out of the way the furnishers fixed it.’ 1979 Washington Post (Nexis) 10 Feb. c1 The young women who supply the porn merchants with their indispensable commodity are epitomized by Nikki, a small-time hardcore actress and ‘parlor girl’. 1996 Sun-Sentinel (Fort Lauderdale, Florida) (Nexis) 4 Dec. (Community Close-up section) 3 If you've ever dreamed of being a gunslinger, gangster or Victorian parlor girl, now you can be one. parlour house n. (a) a house having a parlour; (b) U.S. slang an expensive type of brothel. ΘΚΠ society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > prostitution > [noun] > brothel houseOE bordelc1300 whorehousec1330 stew1362 bordel housec1384 stewc1384 stivec1386 stew-house1436 bordelryc1450 brothel house1486 shop?1515 bains1541 common house1545 bawdy-house1552 hothouse1556 bordello1581 brothela1591 trugging house1591 trugging place1591 nunnery1593 vaulting-house1596 leaping house1598 Pickt-hatch1598 garden house1606 vaulting-school1606 flesh-shambles1608 whore-sty1621 bagnioa1640 public house1640 harlot-house1641 warrena1649 academy1650 call house1680 coney burrow1691 case1699 nanny-house1699 house of ill reputea1726 smuggling-ken1725 kip1766 Corinth1785 disorderly house1809 flash-house1816 dress house1823 nanny-shop1825 house of tolerance1842 whore shop1843 drum1846 introducing house1846 khazi1846 fast house1848 harlotry1849 maison de tolérance1852 knocking-shop1860 lupanar1864 assignation house1870 parlour house1871 hook shop1889 sporting house1894 meat house1896 massage parlour1906 case house1912 massage establishment1921 moll-shop1923 camp1925 notch house1926 creep joint1928 slaughterhouse1928 maison de convenance1930 cat-house1931 Bovril1936 maison close1939 joy-house1940 rib joint1940 gaff1947 maison de passe1960 rap parlour1973 society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > dwelling place or abode > a dwelling > a house > types of house > [noun] > house of specific shape or style hall-house1467 longhouse1643 bungalow1676 single housea1684 tower-house1687 villa1755 box1773 cottage orné1774 villarette1792 mews1805 cottage1808 terrace house1817 casita1822 villa dwelling1833 villa residence1833 box-house1846 six-roomer1853 terrace1854 tembe1860 moat house1871 parlour house1871 row house1871 salt-box1876 trullo1898 townhouse1900 colonial1903 semi1912 Cape Cod1916 bungaloid1927 semi-detached1928 ranchette1938 solar house1946 rambler1947 rancher1950 ranch1951 tunnel-back1957 sidesplit1958 two-up-and-two-downer1958 two-up two-down1958 semi-det1960 A-frame1963 townhouse1965 tri-level1965 link house1968 split1970 dormer bungalow1977 1871 N.Y. Times 6 Apr. 6/2 (advt.) For sale at a sacrifice..brown-stone, black-walnut parlor house. 1924 in A. Henderson & L. Maddock Housing Acts (1930) 431 Appropriate normal rents may be fixed for different classes of houses, e.g. parlour and non-parlour. 1975 J. Gores Hammett (1976) v. 38 The parlor houses, cribs, brothels and bagnios had disappeared..and a thousand prostitutes had been thrown out of work. 2003 Irish Independent (Nexis) 30 May Two sisters,..searching for a two bedroom house in Dublin... As is the case with all parlour houses, the front room or parlour room is quite small. parlour magic n. now rare conjuring tricks, etc., performed in or suited to a parlour. ΚΠ 1838 (title) Parlour magic. 1889 ‘M. Twain’ Connecticut Yankee xxii. 276 Merlin is a very passable artist, but only in the parlor-magic line. 1995 Spectator (Hamilton, Ont.) (Nexis) 12 Dec. d1 Hooton,..caught the magic bug when he was 7 and marveled at his dad's friend doing card tricks. The retired executive has been doing parlor magic ever since. parlour man n. now historical a male domestic servant; = house parlourman n. at house n.1 and int. Compounds 10 (the sense in quot. 1851 is uncertain). ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > service > servant > personal or domestic servant > domestic servant > [noun] > parlour servant parlour trimmer1552 parlour man1851 1851 H. Melville Moby-Dick lvi. 298 Beale's..frontispiece, boats attacking Sperm Whales, though no doubt calculated to excite the civil scepticism of some parlour men, is admirably correct..in its general effect. 1922 Glasgow Herald 31 Oct. 7/1 The men who have disappointed as ‘housemen’ and ‘parlourmen’ are for the most part ex-Service men..prepared to do anything to get a job. 1994 New Statesman & Society (Nexis) 18 Nov. 20 The Boy Scout movement made an extraordinary intervention in this area in the 1930s with the Rover Scout Training and Employment Scheme. It proposed to turn young, single unemployed men into parlour men, kitchen men, cooks, [etc.]. parlour match n. U.S. (now historical) a match containing hardly any sulphur, which can be struck on any surface. ΚΠ 1864 Sci. Amer. 26 Nov. 350/3 (advt.) Diamond parlor matches. These Matches are the best in the world, sure fire, without sulphur, no disagreeable smell. 1927 Scribner's Mag. Mar. 326/2 There is only one good match—that is the big, soft-nosed parlor-match that will light on anything. parlour melodeon n. U.S. (now rare) a kind of parlour organ. ΚΠ 1871 Manufacturer & Builder Dec. 5/2 One of Mason & Hamlin's unrivaled parlor melodeons; cost $50. a1902 F. Norris Pit (1903) ix. 334 The men were buying buggies again, the women parlor melodeons, houses and homes were going up. 1926 World's Work Sept. 590/1 The British Agent of an American parlor melodeon concern. 1951 Chron.-Telegram (Elyria, Ohio) 30 Nov. 13/4 There is one variety of real organ that plays when pumped by the feet like the old style parlor melodeon. parlour organ n. originally U.S. (now historical) a reed organ suitable for a private room, popular in Victorian times. ΚΠ 1844 Catholic World Sept. 740 To manipulate the melodeon or parlor organ..was considered the proper thing for Sunday. 1943 A. G. Powell I can go Home Again 96 There was an ordinary parlor organ, but on the days in which Old Lady McCan..attended services the organ in the Baptist Church could not be used. 1996 Amer. Hist. Rev. 101 250/2 Jessica H. Foy examines the changes in musical furniture, from the nineteenth-century parlor organ to piano, for classical and then popular song. parlour palm n. (a) an aspidistra (now rare); (b) a dwarf fan palm, Chamaedorea (or Collinia) elegans, native to Mexico and Guatemala and popular as a house plant. ΚΠ 1904 Amateur Gardener's Diary 145 Aspidistra (Parlour Palm), one of the hardiest of indoor plants, as it will survive dust and even the fumes of gas. 1978 Washington Post (Nexis) 6 Jan. d12 Parlor palm (Collinia elegans). 1987 Sunday Sun (Brisbane) 1 Mar. 91/7 The parlor palm or Chamadorea [sic] Elegans is still one of the toughest indoor palms on the market. 2003 Independent on Sunday (Nexis) 5 Oct. (Features section) Edwardian homes were not complete without a graceful parlour palm with elegant fronds. These willowy palms are still popular today. parlour pew n. now historical a pew in a church furnished like a small parlour and usually occupied by the most important family in the parish. ΘΚΠ society > faith > artefacts > furniture > seat > pew > [noun] > private pulpitc1390 closetc1400 pewc1400 family pew1747 pew bench1850 parlour pew1896 1896 Daily News 30 May 8/5 The village church, lately in possession of a ‘squire's pew’, carpeted, with fireplace, chairs, and tables; a snuggery wherein the great man snored unobserved,..now the parlour pew is gone. 1999 Leicester Mercury (Nexis) 3 Aug. 4 Larger ‘parlour pews’ for the high status families..sometimes replaced the Chantry Chapels and were often furnished with curtains, a fireplace, carpets, upholstered seats and in some churches, a private entrance into the church. parlour piece n. a small-scale entertainment suitable for performance in a parlour. ΚΠ a1856 J. G. Percival Poet. Wks. (1859) II. 155 Bringing conceptions only not divine To the scant compass of a parlor piece. 2003 Herald Express (Torquay) (Nexis) 6 June (Features section) 10 This production..took what was previously staged as a musty parlour piece and turned it into a coruscating critique of social complacency. ΘΚΠ society > faith > church government > member of the clergy > preacher > [noun] > private parlour preacher1589 1589 ‘Pasquill of England’ Returne of Pasquill sig. Bi In the tippe of the tongue of some blind Parlor-preacher. 1638 in J. Maidment Bk. Sc. Pasquils (1868) 40 From corner-creeping parlour preachers..Almighty God deliver us! 1829 W. Mason in J. Sabin Catal. of Bks., Engravings, & Misc. Articles of Late John Allan 153 (title) The parlour preacher. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > preaching > [noun] > instance of > preached by parlour-preacher parlour-sermon1646 1646 R. Crashaw Steps to Temple 130 His Parlour-Sermons rather were Those to the Eye, then to the Eare. parlour skate n. now historical a roller-skate which can be used indoors. ΚΠ 1860 Vanity Fair (N.Y.) 22 Dec. 314/2 The Sublime and the Ridiculous. Old Father Christmas trying to get up-stairs on Parlor Skates. 1897 Harper's Mag. Jan. 281/2 The second class of visitors skim through the galleries and the churches of Rome as if on parlor-skates. 1998 Gazette (Montreal) (Nexis) 19 Sept. b6 One simple form of the new [roller] skates [was]..‘nothing more than a stock of wood (a foot-rest) leather-bound and brass-tipped at heel and toe, and carried on four small wheels’... Another name for them was ‘parlour skates’. parlour social n. North American (now historical) a social gathering held in someone's home as a benefit, (in later use) esp. = house rent party n. at house rent n. Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > social event > fund-raising events > [noun] > rent party parlour social1883 house party1923 house rent party1925 rent party1925 stomp1926 boogie1929 shake1946 skiffle1946 1883 Manitoba Daily Free Press 29 Jan. 2/1 A parlour social was given in the C.M. parsonage on the evening of Tuesday last. 1924 (title of record) Parlor social de luxe. 1999 New Republic 22 Nov. 31/3 Armstrong's..sessions..became the model for a truly indigenous American chamber music—the actual venue..being the rent party and other parlor socials. parlour trick n. (a) (in plural) society arts or accomplishments; (b) an amusing trick or pastime to entertain house guests. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > other performances > [noun] jest1592 entremet1766 parlour trick1866 quête1903 Gesamtkunstwerk1939 mixed media1945 1866 in T. C. Haliburton Sayings & Doings Samuel Slick 269 (advt.) Parlor tricks with cards. Containing Explanations of all the Tricks and Deceptions with Playing Cards ever invented. 1887 Littell's Living Age 7 May 359/2 This looks much like the housemaid practice exalted to parlor tricks. 1918 D. Parker in Vanity Fair (N.Y.) May 49/1 An ‘intimate revue’, a form of entertainment in which each member of the cast gets up and does his little parlor tricks and calls it an evening. 1964 M. Clive Day of Reckoning viii. 73 Parlour tricks, such as making cocked hats out of newspaper or paper boats from half-sheets of writing paper. 1996 M. Kingwell Dreams Millennium viii. 342 The proofs succeed, but only at the cost of an intellectual parlour trick that offends a sense of logical integrity. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > service > servant > personal or domestic servant > domestic servant > [noun] > parlour servant parlour trimmer1552 parlour man1851 1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum Parlour seruaunte or trimmer, triclinarius. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > kinds of worship > [noun] > private parlour-worship1623 1623 T. Scott High-waies of God 72 He will haue a parlor-worship, a religion by himselfe. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.adj.?c1225 |
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