Pascaln.

Brit.

/paˈskɑːl/,

/ˈpaskɑːl/,

/paˈskal/,

/ˈpaskal/, U.S.

/pæˈskæl/ (in sense 4)Brit.

/ˈpaskl/, U.S.

/ˈpæsk(ə)l/

Origin: From a proper name. Etymon: proper name Pascal.

Etymology: < the name of Blaise Pascal (1623–62), French mathematician, physicist, and religious philosopher, who described the triangular array of numbers (see sense 1) and proposed the philosophical argument (see sense 2). Compare earlier Pascalian adj.In sense 4 with allusion to the important work carried out by Pascal in the study of atmospheric pressure. In sense 5 with allusion to the devising and building of a calculating machine by Pascal c1642.

I. Compounds.

1. Mathematics. Pascal's triangle n. (also Pascal triangle) a triangular array of numbers with its apex, 1, at the top, in which every row begins and ends in a 1 and each of the numbers in between is the sum of the nearest two numbers in the row above.The numbers of the nth row of the triangle are the coefficients in the binomial expansion of (1 + x)ⁿ. E.g. (1 + x)³ = 1 + 3x + 3x² + x³, and the third row of the triangle is 1 3 3 1.The triangle is described in Pascal's Traité du Triangle Arithmetique (published 1665, though written earlier).

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > mathematical number or quantity > numerical arrangement > [noun] > array > other

magic square1704

Pascal's triangle1886

tensor1916

payoff matrix1950

payoff table1960

1845 N. Amer. Rev. Apr. 264 The arithmetical triangle, invented by Pascal in 1654, is a natural complement to this machine.

1878 Proc. Royal Soc. 27 54 So far as the numbers are concerned, it is the arithmetical triangle of Pascal.]

1886 G. Chrystal Algebra I. iv. 65 (heading) Pascal's triangle generalised.

1916 Amer. Math. Monthly 23 48 This formula expresses in symbols the well-known property of the Pascal triangle.

1987 R. S. Brindle New Music (ed. 2) vi. 49 This portion of the Pascal Triangle, offering as it does seven different rows of numbers, gives a greater variety of material than a single series such as prime numbers or the Fibonacci Series.

1999 Sci. Amer. Aug. 74/3 Nearly all binomial coefficients are even—that is, as the size of Pascal's triangle gets ever larger, the ratio of odd coefficients to even coefficients gets closer and closer to zero.

2. Philosophy. Pascal's wager n. [proposed in Pascal's Pensées (1669) §233] the last of three arguments put forward by Pascal for believing in the existence of God, according to which, in ignorance of the truth, one should assume that God exists.Pascal argued that the potential gain from making such a wager (eternal life) is infinitely greater than the potential loss; and likewise the potential loss in wagering against God's existence (eternal damnation) infinitely outweighs any potential gain in so doing.

ΚΠ

1897 W. James Will to Believe 5 In Pascal's Thoughts there is a celebrated passage known in literature as Pascal's wager. In it he tries to force us into Christianity by reasoning as if our concern with truth resembled our concern with the stakes in a game of chance.

1938 Mind 47 534 Agreeing with the author in a low estimate of Pascal's wager, in contrast with him I would maintain that Pascal's chief significance for to-day lies not in his personality,..but in his thought relative to the philosophy of religion.

1997 Sierra Nov. 76/3 Milbraith embraces a ‘no regrets’ approach—a modern version of the classic ‘Pascal's wager’.

2003 Weekly Standard (Nexis) 7 Apr. (Books & Arts section) Williams once compared Rawls's wager on behalf of liberalism unfavorably to Pascal's wager on the existence of God.

3. pascal second n. the SI unit of dynamic viscosity, equal to the reciprocal of the velocity with which a fluid between two plates one metre apart moves when one of the plates is moved toward the other with a shear stress of one pascal; symbol Pas or Pa·s.In practice, the poise (poise n.²) is the more commonly used unit of measurement for dynamic viscosity.

ΚΠ

1973 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) A. 274 88 Ballistic viscometer instrument viscosity is given in pascal seconds and in poises.

1994 Science 26 Aug. 1206 Even at viscosities as high as 10¹⁰ pascal seconds, local bond breaking..is of major importance in the control of macroscopic flow and diffusion.

2006 L. T. Elkins-Tanton Mars ii. 62 The viscosity of water at room temperature is about 0.001 Pas (pascal seconds), and the viscosity of honey is about 1,900 Pas.

II. Simple uses.

4. In form pascal. The unit of pressure in the mks system, now incorporated into the SI, equal to one newton per square metre (approx. 1.45 × 10⁻⁴ pound per square inch, 9.9 × 10⁻⁶ atmosphere, 1.02 × 10⁻⁵ kilogram-force per square cm). Symbol Pa.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > mechanics > force > [noun] > pressure > units of pressure

bar1903

torr1949

Pascal1956

Pa1964

1956 G. W. C. Kaye & T. H. Laby Tables Physical & Chem. Constants (ed. 11) 7 (table) Pascal.

1964 H. S. Hvistendahl Engin. Units iii. 29 In the French decree of May 3rd, 1961, the name pascal (Pa), is adopted for the N/m²,..although that name has not yet received international recognition.

1972 Physics Bull. Jan. 40/1 The 14th General conference of Weights and Measures (CGPM) met in Paris on 4–7 October 1971... Amongst the main decisions taken by the conference were the final adoption..of the ‘pascal’ (Pa) as the si unit of pressure (Nm^—2) and the ‘siemens’ (S) as the si unit of conductance (Ω^—1).

1976 Nature 29 Apr. 745/3 A Pascal of pressure on top of your head Is the same push that butter exerts on sliced bread.

1985 C. S. Ward Anaesthetic Equipm. (ed. 2) i. 7/1 The average atomospheric (i.e. barometric) pressure at sea level is therefore 1.033 kg/cm² ≃ 15 lb/in² ≃ 1.01 × 10⁵ newtons/m² (pascals).

1996 New Scientist 6 Jan. 17/1 The 203 patients who took part in the study started out with a mean intraocular pressure of around 3500 pascals.

5. Computing. Also in form PASCAL. A high-level programming language used chiefly for teaching programming.

ΘΚΠ

society > computing and information technology > programming language > [noun] > high-level language > language

Fortran1956

Algol1959

Lisp1959

Cobol1960

BASIC1964

SNOBOL1964

PL/I1965

APL1966

Pascal1971

C1973

LOGO1976

Prolog1977

Ada1979

C++1984

Perl1987

Java1995

JavaScript1995

1971 N. Wirth in Acta Informatica 1 35 The development of the language Pascal is based on two principal aims. The first is to make available a language suitable to teach programming as a systematic discipline... The second is to develop implementations of this language which are both reliable and efficient on presently available computers.

1971 N. Wirth in Software Pract. Oct.–Dec. 323 Work on implementation of an earlier version of pascal was started in 1968.

1979 Personal Computer World Nov. 73/2 This feature is included in pascal as a safety measure to guard against the tendency of some programmers to re-use a loop counter at a later stage of the program, without assigning a new value to it.

1984 J. Gardner Pole of Honour vi. 46 Bond started to learn..more complex languages like..the high-level Pascal.

1993 Computers & Humanities 27 288/2 When one first learns to use Pascal, the emphasis is on coding technique rather than system development.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	pascal
释义	Pascaln. Brit. /paˈskɑːl/, /ˈpaskɑːl/, /paˈskal/, /ˈpaskal/, U.S. /pæˈskæl/ (in sense 4)Brit. /ˈpaskl/, U.S. /ˈpæsk(ə)l/ Origin: From a proper name. Etymon: proper name Pascal. Etymology: < the name of Blaise Pascal (1623–62), French mathematician, physicist, and religious philosopher, who described the triangular array of numbers (see sense 1) and proposed the philosophical argument (see sense 2). Compare earlier Pascalian adj.In sense 4 with allusion to the important work carried out by Pascal in the study of atmospheric pressure. In sense 5 with allusion to the devising and building of a calculating machine by Pascal c1642. I. Compounds. 1. Mathematics. Pascal's triangle n. (also Pascal triangle) a triangular array of numbers with its apex, 1, at the top, in which every row begins and ends in a 1 and each of the numbers in between is the sum of the nearest two numbers in the row above.The numbers of the nth row of the triangle are the coefficients in the binomial expansion of (1 + x)ⁿ. E.g. (1 + x)³ = 1 + 3x + 3x² + x³, and the third row of the triangle is 1 3 3 1.The triangle is described in Pascal's Traité du Triangle Arithmetique (published 1665, though written earlier). ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > mathematical number or quantity > numerical arrangement > [noun] > array > other magic square1704 Pascal's triangle1886 tensor1916 payoff matrix1950 payoff table1960 1845 N. Amer. Rev. Apr. 264 The arithmetical triangle, invented by Pascal in 1654, is a natural complement to this machine. 1878 Proc. Royal Soc. 27 54 So far as the numbers are concerned, it is the arithmetical triangle of Pascal.] 1886 G. Chrystal Algebra I. iv. 65 (heading) Pascal's triangle generalised. 1916 Amer. Math. Monthly 23 48 This formula expresses in symbols the well-known property of the Pascal triangle. 1987 R. S. Brindle New Music (ed. 2) vi. 49 This portion of the Pascal Triangle, offering as it does seven different rows of numbers, gives a greater variety of material than a single series such as prime numbers or the Fibonacci Series. 1999 Sci. Amer. Aug. 74/3 Nearly all binomial coefficients are even—that is, as the size of Pascal's triangle gets ever larger, the ratio of odd coefficients to even coefficients gets closer and closer to zero. 2. Philosophy. Pascal's wager n. [proposed in Pascal's Pensées (1669) §233] the last of three arguments put forward by Pascal for believing in the existence of God, according to which, in ignorance of the truth, one should assume that God exists.Pascal argued that the potential gain from making such a wager (eternal life) is infinitely greater than the potential loss; and likewise the potential loss in wagering against God's existence (eternal damnation) infinitely outweighs any potential gain in so doing. ΚΠ 1897 W. James Will to Believe 5 In Pascal's Thoughts there is a celebrated passage known in literature as Pascal's wager. In it he tries to force us into Christianity by reasoning as if our concern with truth resembled our concern with the stakes in a game of chance. 1938 Mind 47 534 Agreeing with the author in a low estimate of Pascal's wager, in contrast with him I would maintain that Pascal's chief significance for to-day lies not in his personality,..but in his thought relative to the philosophy of religion. 1997 Sierra Nov. 76/3 Milbraith embraces a ‘no regrets’ approach—a modern version of the classic ‘Pascal's wager’. 2003 Weekly Standard (Nexis) 7 Apr. (Books & Arts section) Williams once compared Rawls's wager on behalf of liberalism unfavorably to Pascal's wager on the existence of God. 3. pascal second n. the SI unit of dynamic viscosity, equal to the reciprocal of the velocity with which a fluid between two plates one metre apart moves when one of the plates is moved toward the other with a shear stress of one pascal; symbol Pas or Pa·s.In practice, the poise (poise n.²) is the more commonly used unit of measurement for dynamic viscosity. ΚΠ 1973 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) A. 274 88 Ballistic viscometer instrument viscosity is given in pascal seconds and in poises. 1994 Science 26 Aug. 1206 Even at viscosities as high as 10¹⁰ pascal seconds, local bond breaking..is of major importance in the control of macroscopic flow and diffusion. 2006 L. T. Elkins-Tanton Mars ii. 62 The viscosity of water at room temperature is about 0.001 Pas (pascal seconds), and the viscosity of honey is about 1,900 Pas. II. Simple uses. 4. In form pascal. The unit of pressure in the mks system, now incorporated into the SI, equal to one newton per square metre (approx. 1.45 × 10⁻⁴ pound per square inch, 9.9 × 10⁻⁶ atmosphere, 1.02 × 10⁻⁵ kilogram-force per square cm). Symbol Pa. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > mechanics > force > [noun] > pressure > units of pressure bar1903 torr1949 Pascal1956 Pa1964 1956 G. W. C. Kaye & T. H. Laby Tables Physical & Chem. Constants (ed. 11) 7 (table) Pascal. 1964 H. S. Hvistendahl Engin. Units iii. 29 In the French decree of May 3rd, 1961, the name pascal (Pa), is adopted for the N/m²,..although that name has not yet received international recognition. 1972 Physics Bull. Jan. 40/1 The 14th General conference of Weights and Measures (CGPM) met in Paris on 4–7 October 1971... Amongst the main decisions taken by the conference were the final adoption..of the ‘pascal’ (Pa) as the si unit of pressure (Nm^—2) and the ‘siemens’ (S) as the si unit of conductance (Ω^—1). 1976 Nature 29 Apr. 745/3 A Pascal of pressure on top of your head Is the same push that butter exerts on sliced bread. 1985 C. S. Ward Anaesthetic Equipm. (ed. 2) i. 7/1 The average atomospheric (i.e. barometric) pressure at sea level is therefore 1.033 kg/cm² ≃ 15 lb/in² ≃ 1.01 × 10⁵ newtons/m² (pascals). 1996 New Scientist 6 Jan. 17/1 The 203 patients who took part in the study started out with a mean intraocular pressure of around 3500 pascals. 5. Computing. Also in form PASCAL. A high-level programming language used chiefly for teaching programming. ΘΚΠ society > computing and information technology > programming language > [noun] > high-level language > language Fortran1956 Algol1959 Lisp1959 Cobol1960 BASIC1964 SNOBOL1964 PL/I1965 APL1966 Pascal1971 C1973 LOGO1976 Prolog1977 Ada1979 C++1984 Perl1987 Java1995 JavaScript1995 1971 N. Wirth in Acta Informatica 1 35 The development of the language Pascal is based on two principal aims. The first is to make available a language suitable to teach programming as a systematic discipline... The second is to develop implementations of this language which are both reliable and efficient on presently available computers. 1971 N. Wirth in Software Pract. Oct.–Dec. 323 Work on implementation of an earlier version of pascal was started in 1968. 1979 Personal Computer World Nov. 73/2 This feature is included in pascal as a safety measure to guard against the tendency of some programmers to re-use a loop counter at a later stage of the program, without assigning a new value to it. 1984 J. Gardner Pole of Honour vi. 46 Bond started to learn..more complex languages like..the high-level Pascal. 1993 Computers & Humanities 27 288/2 When one first learns to use Pascal, the emphasis is on coding technique rather than system development. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1886
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