paraphrasen.

Brit.

/ˈparəfreɪz/, U.S.

/ˈpɛrəˌfreɪz/

Forms: 1500s parafrase, 1500s perafece, 1500s perrafrase, 1500s– paraphrase, 1600s parapris (Scottish), 1800s– parryfrase (Scottish and Irish English (northern)), 1900s– pharaphrase (Scottish). In sense 1d also with capital initial.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French paraphrase.

Etymology: < Middle French, French paraphrase (1525 in sense 1a, 1873 in sense 2) < classical Latin paraphrasis paraphrasis n. Compare slightly earlier paraphrasis n. (see note on quot. 1538 at paraphrasis n.), paraphrasy n.With sense 2b compare German Paraphrasierung, in the same sense (1928 or earlier).

a. A rewording of something written or spoken by someone else, esp. with the aim of making the sense clearer; a free rendering of a passage. Also as a mass noun: the practice or process of paraphrasing.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > meaning > explanation, exposition > paraphrase > [noun]

paraphrasis1538

paraphrasy1547

paraphrase1548

explication1599

the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > meaning > explanation, exposition > paraphrase > [noun] > free rendering

paraphrase1656

1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. I. Pref. f. B vj^v Thou hast here good Christian reader the paraphrase of Erasmus vpon the ghospell.

1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. I. Pref. f. Bvij A paraphrase, is a plain settyng foorth of a texte or sentence more at large.

1622 A. Sparrow Rationale Bk. Common Prayer (1661) 66 The Church rather uses this..then any other Glosse or Paraphrase.

1656 A. Cowley Pindaric Odes i. Notes 8 [It] could not be rendred without much Paraphrase.

1693 J. Dryden Disc. conc. Satire in J. Dryden et al. tr. Juvenal Satires p. lii Not a Literal Translation, but a kind of Paraphrase.

1709 W. Stewart Coll. & Observ. ii. i. 117 They [sc. the Assmbly of the Church of Scotland] did Establish the Paraphrase of the Psalms in Meeter.

1715 tr. G. Panciroli Hist. Memorable Things Lost I. Pref. 6 A voluminous Paraphrase not agreeing with the squeamishness of an Oxford Stomach.

1791 I. D'Israeli Curiosities of Lit. 1st Ser. I. 57 Buchanan, in the dungeon of a monastery in Portugal, composed his excellent Paraphrases of the Psalms of David.

1841 R. W. Emerson Ess. 1st Ser. (Boston ed.) xi. 277 We begin to suspect that the biography of the one foolish person we know, is, in reality, nothing less than the miniature paraphrase of the hundred volumes of the Universal History.

1874 H. Rogers Superhuman Origin Bible vi. 227 Most books need comment, explanation, illustration, but if that be the object, paraphrase is the worst way of effecting it.

1915 W. S. Maugham Of Human Bondage xxvii. 115 He felt that in putting into plain words what the other had expressed in a paraphrase, he had been guilty of vulgarity.

1967 G. Steiner Lang. & Silence 33 The Chinese ideogram can be transposed into English by paraphrase or lexical definition.

1989 R. Alter Pleasures of Reading i. 39 Virtually any term is in principle expendable, may be replaced by a synonym or a paraphrase or the merest pronoun.

†b. A comment. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > literature > literary and textual criticism > literary criticism > commentary > [noun] > comment or note

comment1509

annotation1528

note1532

scholium1535

scholy1535

adversaria1571

commentation1579

scholion1579

notation1587

paraphrase1615

remark1629

notelet1834

adscript1889

1615 J. Stephens Ess. & Characters (new ed.) 222 And after some paraphrase vppon the verse of such an Euangelist, Apostle, or Prophet he dismisses the Puritan, that he may laugh heartily.

1738 tr. S. Guazzo Art of Conversat. 153 [Who] make a thousand wrong Paraphrases, and foolish Interpretations of their Actions.

†c. figurative. A practical exemplification of or commentary upon some principle, maxim, etc. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > meaning > explanation, exposition > interpretation > particular interpretation, construction > [noun] > explanation, comment

schedulec1420

descanting1536

commentary?1548

descant1567

annotation1570

exegesis1627

paraphrase1650

idioticonc1813

notice1835

1650 Ranters Relig. 5 The whole world is nothing else but a Commentary or paraphrase of the Deity.

1663 R. South Serm. preached Nov. 9, 1662 16 All the Laws of nations and wise Decrees of states..were but a paraphrase upon this standing rectitude of Nature.

1666 R. South Serm. preached at Lambeth-Chappel Ep. Ded. sig. A3^v All your After-Greatness, seems but a Paraphrase upon those Promising beginnings.

1675 T. Plume Acct. Life & Death in J. Hacket Cent. Serm. p. lii A glittering Prelate without inward Ornaments was but the Paraphrase of a painted wall.

d. Scottish and Irish English (northern). Also with capital initial. In Presbyterian Churches: a metrical version of a passage from the Bible sung as a hymn at a church service. Frequently in plural: the collection as a whole. Cf. quot. 1709 at sense 1a.The first edition of the collection was assembled and issued for consideration in 1745. The version finally adopted was published in 1781, and was entitled ‘Translations and Paraphrases, in verse, of several passages of Sacred Scripture: collected and prepared by a Committee of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, in order to be sung in Churches’.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > worship > church music > hymn > kinds of hymn > paraphrase > [noun]

paraphrase1745

society > leisure > the arts > music > type of music > vocal music > religious or devotional > [noun] > bible passage sung in verse

paraphrase1745

1745 Minutes of Gen. Assembly 18 May The General Assembly of the Church of Scotland had laid before them..some Pieces of Sacred Poesy, under the title of Translations and Paraphrases of several Passages of sacred Scripture, composed by private Persons.

1818 W. Scott Lett. (1933) V. 166 I would not have you suppose that I by any means disapprove of the late very well chosen paraphrases.

1864 J. Brown Let. 21 Aug. (1912) 228 Yes, I back that Paraphrase ‘I'm not ashamed’, etc., against Renan and all his crew.

1883 R. L. Stevenson Silverado Squatters ii. i. 51 You have to learn the paraphrases and the shorter catechism.

1893 Daily News 23 Dec. 5/2 One old Anti-Burgher used to stump out of church if a paraphrase came on last.

1901 R. De B. Trotter Galloway Gossip Eighty Years Ago 11 They widna let the Paraphrases be sung in the kirk, or tunes wi' variorum about them.

1943 M. Patrick Sc. Paraphr. 5 As little fitted for use in public worship as most of the Paraphrases are recognised to be [t]oday.

1975 Liturg. Rev. ii. 54 Somewhat later the paraphrases,..a kind of half-way house between a psalm and a hymn, extended the range of the praise even further.

1996 C. I. Macafee Conc. Ulster Dict. 247/1 Paraphrase, parryfrase, a metrical passage of Scripture, arranged for singing to psalm tunes in Presbyterian hymnals.

2. Music.

a. A musical work elaborating on a well-known tune, esp. from an opera, and used as a vehicle for virtuosity.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > piece of music > section of piece of music > [noun] > theme > variation

figuration1597

winding1664

variation1786

double1806

paraphrase1880

1880 G. Grove Dict. Music II. 741/2 His [sc. Liszt's] transcriptions, paraphrases, and arrangements, comprise not only vocal and orchestral works of German, French, Italian, and Russian composers, but also the national melodies of Europe, Asia, etc.

1900 L. Godowsky Let. 24 Dec. in H. C. Schonberg Great Pianists (1964) xxiv. 320 I came out to play my seven Chopin paraphrases and Weber's ‘Invitation’.

1963 H. C. Schonberg Great Pianists (1964) xxiv. 322 Big technicians will occasionally attempt his paraphrase on Fledermaus.

1991 Pink Paper 30 Mar. 13/3 They are coupled on a new EMI disc from by [sic] Aldo Ciccolini with seven of Liszt's paraphrases from famous operas.

b. A compositional technique, particularly popular in the 15th and 16th centuries, whereby a pre-existing plainchant or other melody is quoted in a polyphonic work with melodic and sometimes rhythmic ornamentation; an example of this. Frequently attributive in paraphrase technique.

ΚΠ

1963 E. H. Sparks Cantus Firmus in Mass & Motet ii. 42 I use the terms ‘c.f. paraphrase’ or ‘c.f. elaboration’ to describe the process by which a composer quotes a melody faithfully enough, but elaborates it freely as he goes along.

1963 Jrnl. Amer. Musicol. Soc. 16 347 (title) The paraphrase technique of Palestrina in his masses based on hymns.

1987 19th-cent. Music 11 3 (title) ‘Quotation’ and paraphrase in Ives's Second Symphony.

2002 Cathedral Music Oct. 18/2 A canonic paraphrase between soprano and tenor that Titelouze would have approved of.

3. Fine Art. The representation of a subject so as to convey its essential reality. Now rare.The sense is chiefly associated with the ideas of the British painter, Graham Sutherland (1903–80).

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > representation in art > [noun]

portrayingc1385

portraiturea1393

portrayc1415

counterfeitingc1440

portraiting1552

rendering1825

paraphrase1951

1951 G. Sutherland in Listener 6 Sept. 378/1 I feel that now we can perhaps enlarge the field of painting by setting our emotional paraphrases of reality—they themselves have been conceived more optically—within the ambience of optical reality.

1962 G. Sutherland in Listener 26 July 134/1 I believe that in the case of a portrait, there are two ways of doing it. One..is the real paraphrase such as Picasso does.

1965 New Statesman 14 May 775/1 His line overstates and underpraises, as in the paraphrase of a Cranach nude.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

paraphrasev.

Brit.

/ˈparəfreɪz/, U.S.

/ˈpɛrəˌfreɪz/

Forms: 1500s– paraphrase, 1800s paraphraze.

Origin: Either (i) formed within English, by conversion. Or (ii) a borrowing from French. Etymons: paraphrase n.; French paraphraser.

Etymology: Either < paraphrase n. or < Middle French paraphraser (1534; French paraphraser ) < paraphrase paraphrase n.

a. transitive. To express the meaning of (a written or spoken passage, or the words of an author or speaker) using different words, esp. to achieve greater clarity; to render or translate freely. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > meaning > explanation, exposition > paraphrase > express in different words [verb (transitive)]

vary1580

paraphrast1583

translate1589

paraphrase1593

rehash1820

reword1892

réchauffer1899

1593 G. Harvey New Let. Notable Contents sig. D He should be an Aretin: that Paraphrased the inestimable bookes of Moses, and discoursed the Capricious Dialogues of rankest Bawdry.

1606 W. Warner Continuance Albions Eng. xiv. lxxxix. 361 To paraphrase this Painter were to Age an idle thing.

1628 J. Jackson Ecclesiastes 45 Virgil paraphraseth the same vertue, when he compares a meeke man to a standing pool.

1630 W. Prynne Anti-Arminianisme 168 Those words of Christ..He paraphraseth thus.

a1687 W. Petty Papers (1927) II. 22 I say that to write of this subject after these great personages, is the same kind of Insolence and Temerity as to paraphrase the 104th Psalme after Buchanan.

1741 I. Watts Improvem. Mind i. ii. 38 A Tutor..when he paraphrases and explains other Authors.

1783 Ld. Hailes Disquis. Antiq. Christian Church vi. 178 (note) The latter part of the passage in Lampridius is elegantly paraphrased.

1841 I. D'Israeli Amenities Lit. I. 181 An ecclesiastic paraphrased the Gospel-histories.

1879 T. H. Huxley Hume (1881) ix. 173 Dr. Whately..paraphrases Hume, though he forgets to cite him.

1966 M. Frayn Russian Interpreter xix. 108 Even if you don't know the exact word you could paraphrase it.

1997 Independent 20 Feb. ii. 3/3 The fallacy of intentionalism, which, roughly paraphrased, states that what the artist consciously intended the work to achieve is irrelevant to any subsequent discussion of it.

b. intransitive. To make a paraphrase; to comment or enlarge upon a passage so as to bring out the sense.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > meaning > explanation, exposition > paraphrase > express in different words [verb (transitive)] > make or comment upon

paraphrase1596

1596 T. Nashe Haue with you to Saffron-Walden sig. T^v I doo but paraphrase vpon his text.

1633 W. Prynne Histrio-mastix i. vi. iii. 339 In his Commentary on the 118. alias the 119. Psalme, verse 37..he paraphraseth thus.

1722 W. Sewel Hist. Quakers (1795) I. iii. 185 Such of the family as could make repetitions of sermons, and paraphrase thereupon.

1864 E. B. Pusey Daniel (1876) 200 He paraphrased, rather than translated.

1984 A. N. Wilson Hilaire Belloc ii. xi. 255 That is to paraphrase, but it is roughly how Belloc saw the history of England unfolding.

1993 D. Burrus & R. Gittines Technotrends (1994) ix. 206 I forget who said it—perhaps Albert Einstein—and I'm paraphrasing.

c. transitive. To adapt, appropriate, or alter the wording of (a saying or quotation) or the words of (an author or speaker) to suit one's own purpose. Usually in infinitive at the head of an introductory clause.

ΚΠ

1841 U.S. Mag. & Democratic Rev. Aug. 134 To paraphrase Mark Antony, we come to criticise Mr. Anthon, not to praise him.

1886 T. Hardy Mayor of Casterbridge I. xiv. 163 Never—to paraphrase a recent poet—never a gloom in Elizabeth-Jane's soul but she well knew how it came there.

1924 Times 10 Sept. 11/2 To paraphrase Chatham, it is not by repealing a piece of parchment that we can restore Quebec. You must repeal her fears and her resentments.

1979 P. Larkin Required Writing (1983) 102 If I may paraphrase the famous Fitzgerald/Hemingway exchange, American libraries are different from us, they have more money.

1997 T. Mackintosh-Smith Yemen (1999) v. 115 To paraphrase the pre-Socratics, you could not stand in the same queue twice.

†2. intransitive. To comment on, enlarge upon a subject. Also figurative. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > copiousness > express copiously [verb (transitive)] > expatiate upon

dilate1393

amplifya1400

paraphrase1644

to lay forth1692

expatiate1859

1644–5 King Charles I Let. to Henrietta Maria 14 Jan. in Wks. (1662) 321 I cannot but paraphrase a little upon that which he calls his superstitious observation.

1683 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises II. 243 I must a little digress, to paraphrase on the posture he holds the Bodkin in.

3. transitive. Fine Art. To represent (a subject) in such a way as to convey its essential reality. Cf. paraphrase n. 3. rare.The sense is chiefly associated with the ideas of the British painter, Graham Sutherland (1903–80).

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > representation in art > represent in art [verb (transitive)]

workOE

shapea1375

express1382

marka1393

resemblea1393

portraya1398

devisea1400

makea1400

represent?a1425

counterfeitc1440

to set on write1486

porturea1500

emporturea1529

story1532

portrait1548

show1565

decipher1567

portraiture1581

to set forth1585

emblazea1592

stell1598

defigure1599

infigure1606

effigiate1608

deportract1611

deportray1611

rendera1616

image1624

configure1630

exiconize1641

effigies1652

to take off1680

mimic1770

paraphrase1961

1961 D. Cooper Work G. Sutherland ii. 14 He found that when he paraphrased what he saw he had captured more of ‘the essence or the gesture of reality’.

1962 G. Sutherland in Listener 26 July 134/1 I might have wanted to paraphrase a landscape.

Derivatives

ˈparaphrasing n. the action of making a paraphrase; an instance of this.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > meaning > explanation, exposition > paraphrase > [noun] > act of

paraphrasing1639

1639 H. Glapthorne Trag. Albertus Wallenstein i. iii. sig. Ciii May..thy dreames Be free from paraphrasing on my memory.

1728 J. Morgan Compl. Hist. Algiers I. Pref. p. xx His Paraphrasings and mine differ.

1879 Scribner's Monthly July 470/1 There is, however, in the volume, entirely too much paraphrasing of the Bible text.

1960 N. Brooks Lang. & Lang. Learning iv. 49 Pattern practice, which opens the door to analogy, may be called the antithesis of paraphrasing.

2003 Africa News (Nexis) 8 Apr. The theme of the lecture will be ‘Do not just transfer power, transform it’—a paraphrasing of words used by Chris Hani.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	paraphrase
释义	paraphrasen. Brit. /ˈparəfreɪz/, U.S. /ˈpɛrəˌfreɪz/ Forms: 1500s parafrase, 1500s perafece, 1500s perrafrase, 1500s– paraphrase, 1600s parapris (Scottish), 1800s– parryfrase (Scottish and Irish English (northern)), 1900s– pharaphrase (Scottish). In sense 1d also with capital initial. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French paraphrase. Etymology: < Middle French, French paraphrase (1525 in sense 1a, 1873 in sense 2) < classical Latin paraphrasis paraphrasis n. Compare slightly earlier paraphrasis n. (see note on quot. 1538 at paraphrasis n.), paraphrasy n.With sense 2b compare German Paraphrasierung, in the same sense (1928 or earlier). 1. a. A rewording of something written or spoken by someone else, esp. with the aim of making the sense clearer; a free rendering of a passage. Also as a mass noun: the practice or process of paraphrasing. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > meaning > explanation, exposition > paraphrase > [noun] paraphrasis1538 paraphrasy1547 paraphrase1548 explication1599 the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > meaning > explanation, exposition > paraphrase > [noun] > free rendering paraphrase1656 1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. I. Pref. f. B vj^v Thou hast here good Christian reader the paraphrase of Erasmus vpon the ghospell. 1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. I. Pref. f. Bvij A paraphrase, is a plain settyng foorth of a texte or sentence more at large. 1622 A. Sparrow Rationale Bk. Common Prayer (1661) 66 The Church rather uses this..then any other Glosse or Paraphrase. 1656 A. Cowley Pindaric Odes i. Notes 8 [It] could not be rendred without much Paraphrase. 1693 J. Dryden Disc. conc. Satire in J. Dryden et al. tr. Juvenal Satires p. lii Not a Literal Translation, but a kind of Paraphrase. 1709 W. Stewart Coll. & Observ. ii. i. 117 They [sc. the Assmbly of the Church of Scotland] did Establish the Paraphrase of the Psalms in Meeter. 1715 tr. G. Panciroli Hist. Memorable Things Lost I. Pref. 6 A voluminous Paraphrase not agreeing with the squeamishness of an Oxford Stomach. 1791 I. D'Israeli Curiosities of Lit. 1st Ser. I. 57 Buchanan, in the dungeon of a monastery in Portugal, composed his excellent Paraphrases of the Psalms of David. 1841 R. W. Emerson Ess. 1st Ser. (Boston ed.) xi. 277 We begin to suspect that the biography of the one foolish person we know, is, in reality, nothing less than the miniature paraphrase of the hundred volumes of the Universal History. 1874 H. Rogers Superhuman Origin Bible vi. 227 Most books need comment, explanation, illustration, but if that be the object, paraphrase is the worst way of effecting it. 1915 W. S. Maugham Of Human Bondage xxvii. 115 He felt that in putting into plain words what the other had expressed in a paraphrase, he had been guilty of vulgarity. 1967 G. Steiner Lang. & Silence 33 The Chinese ideogram can be transposed into English by paraphrase or lexical definition. 1989 R. Alter Pleasures of Reading i. 39 Virtually any term is in principle expendable, may be replaced by a synonym or a paraphrase or the merest pronoun. †b. A comment. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > literary and textual criticism > literary criticism > commentary > [noun] > comment or note comment1509 annotation1528 note1532 scholium1535 scholy1535 adversaria1571 commentation1579 scholion1579 notation1587 paraphrase1615 remark1629 notelet1834 adscript1889 1615 J. Stephens Ess. & Characters (new ed.) 222 And after some paraphrase vppon the verse of such an Euangelist, Apostle, or Prophet he dismisses the Puritan, that he may laugh heartily. 1738 tr. S. Guazzo Art of Conversat. 153 [Who] make a thousand wrong Paraphrases, and foolish Interpretations of their Actions. †c. figurative. A practical exemplification of or commentary upon some principle, maxim, etc. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > meaning > explanation, exposition > interpretation > particular interpretation, construction > [noun] > explanation, comment schedulec1420 descanting1536 commentary?1548 descant1567 annotation1570 exegesis1627 paraphrase1650 idioticonc1813 notice1835 1650 Ranters Relig. 5 The whole world is nothing else but a Commentary or paraphrase of the Deity. 1663 R. South Serm. preached Nov. 9, 1662 16 All the Laws of nations and wise Decrees of states..were but a paraphrase upon this standing rectitude of Nature. 1666 R. South Serm. preached at Lambeth-Chappel Ep. Ded. sig. A3^v All your After-Greatness, seems but a Paraphrase upon those Promising beginnings. 1675 T. Plume Acct. Life & Death in J. Hacket Cent. Serm. p. lii A glittering Prelate without inward Ornaments was but the Paraphrase of a painted wall. d. Scottish and Irish English (northern). Also with capital initial. In Presbyterian Churches: a metrical version of a passage from the Bible sung as a hymn at a church service. Frequently in plural: the collection as a whole. Cf. quot. 1709 at sense 1a.The first edition of the collection was assembled and issued for consideration in 1745. The version finally adopted was published in 1781, and was entitled ‘Translations and Paraphrases, in verse, of several passages of Sacred Scripture: collected and prepared by a Committee of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, in order to be sung in Churches’. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > church music > hymn > kinds of hymn > paraphrase > [noun] paraphrase1745 society > leisure > the arts > music > type of music > vocal music > religious or devotional > [noun] > bible passage sung in verse paraphrase1745 1745 Minutes of Gen. Assembly 18 May The General Assembly of the Church of Scotland had laid before them..some Pieces of Sacred Poesy, under the title of Translations and Paraphrases of several Passages of sacred Scripture, composed by private Persons. 1818 W. Scott Lett. (1933) V. 166 I would not have you suppose that I by any means disapprove of the late very well chosen paraphrases. 1864 J. Brown Let. 21 Aug. (1912) 228 Yes, I back that Paraphrase ‘I'm not ashamed’, etc., against Renan and all his crew. 1883 R. L. Stevenson Silverado Squatters ii. i. 51 You have to learn the paraphrases and the shorter catechism. 1893 Daily News 23 Dec. 5/2 One old Anti-Burgher used to stump out of church if a paraphrase came on last. 1901 R. De B. Trotter Galloway Gossip Eighty Years Ago 11 They widna let the Paraphrases be sung in the kirk, or tunes wi' variorum about them. 1943 M. Patrick Sc. Paraphr. 5 As little fitted for use in public worship as most of the Paraphrases are recognised to be [t]oday. 1975 Liturg. Rev. ii. 54 Somewhat later the paraphrases,..a kind of half-way house between a psalm and a hymn, extended the range of the praise even further. 1996 C. I. Macafee Conc. Ulster Dict. 247/1 Paraphrase, parryfrase, a metrical passage of Scripture, arranged for singing to psalm tunes in Presbyterian hymnals. 2. Music. a. A musical work elaborating on a well-known tune, esp. from an opera, and used as a vehicle for virtuosity. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > piece of music > section of piece of music > [noun] > theme > variation figuration1597 winding1664 variation1786 double1806 paraphrase1880 1880 G. Grove Dict. Music II. 741/2 His [sc. Liszt's] transcriptions, paraphrases, and arrangements, comprise not only vocal and orchestral works of German, French, Italian, and Russian composers, but also the national melodies of Europe, Asia, etc. 1900 L. Godowsky Let. 24 Dec. in H. C. Schonberg Great Pianists (1964) xxiv. 320 I came out to play my seven Chopin paraphrases and Weber's ‘Invitation’. 1963 H. C. Schonberg Great Pianists (1964) xxiv. 322 Big technicians will occasionally attempt his paraphrase on Fledermaus. 1991 Pink Paper 30 Mar. 13/3 They are coupled on a new EMI disc from by [sic] Aldo Ciccolini with seven of Liszt's paraphrases from famous operas. b. A compositional technique, particularly popular in the 15th and 16th centuries, whereby a pre-existing plainchant or other melody is quoted in a polyphonic work with melodic and sometimes rhythmic ornamentation; an example of this. Frequently attributive in paraphrase technique. ΚΠ 1963 E. H. Sparks Cantus Firmus in Mass & Motet ii. 42 I use the terms ‘c.f. paraphrase’ or ‘c.f. elaboration’ to describe the process by which a composer quotes a melody faithfully enough, but elaborates it freely as he goes along. 1963 Jrnl. Amer. Musicol. Soc. 16 347 (title) The paraphrase technique of Palestrina in his masses based on hymns. 1987 19th-cent. Music 11 3 (title) ‘Quotation’ and paraphrase in Ives's Second Symphony. 2002 Cathedral Music Oct. 18/2 A canonic paraphrase between soprano and tenor that Titelouze would have approved of. 3. Fine Art. The representation of a subject so as to convey its essential reality. Now rare.The sense is chiefly associated with the ideas of the British painter, Graham Sutherland (1903–80). ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > representation in art > [noun] portrayingc1385 portraiturea1393 portrayc1415 counterfeitingc1440 portraiting1552 rendering1825 paraphrase1951 1951 G. Sutherland in Listener 6 Sept. 378/1 I feel that now we can perhaps enlarge the field of painting by setting our emotional paraphrases of reality—they themselves have been conceived more optically—within the ambience of optical reality. 1962 G. Sutherland in Listener 26 July 134/1 I believe that in the case of a portrait, there are two ways of doing it. One..is the real paraphrase such as Picasso does. 1965 New Statesman 14 May 775/1 His line overstates and underpraises, as in the paraphrase of a Cranach nude. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). paraphrasev. Brit. /ˈparəfreɪz/, U.S. /ˈpɛrəˌfreɪz/ Forms: 1500s– paraphrase, 1800s paraphraze. Origin: Either (i) formed within English, by conversion. Or (ii) a borrowing from French. Etymons: paraphrase n.; French paraphraser. Etymology: Either < paraphrase n. or < Middle French paraphraser (1534; French paraphraser ) < paraphrase paraphrase n. 1. a. transitive. To express the meaning of (a written or spoken passage, or the words of an author or speaker) using different words, esp. to achieve greater clarity; to render or translate freely. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > meaning > explanation, exposition > paraphrase > express in different words [verb (transitive)] vary1580 paraphrast1583 translate1589 paraphrase1593 rehash1820 reword1892 réchauffer1899 1593 G. Harvey New Let. Notable Contents sig. D He should be an Aretin: that Paraphrased the inestimable bookes of Moses, and discoursed the Capricious Dialogues of rankest Bawdry. 1606 W. Warner Continuance Albions Eng. xiv. lxxxix. 361 To paraphrase this Painter were to Age an idle thing. 1628 J. Jackson Ecclesiastes 45 Virgil paraphraseth the same vertue, when he compares a meeke man to a standing pool. 1630 W. Prynne Anti-Arminianisme 168 Those words of Christ..He paraphraseth thus. a1687 W. Petty Papers (1927) II. 22 I say that to write of this subject after these great personages, is the same kind of Insolence and Temerity as to paraphrase the 104th Psalme after Buchanan. 1741 I. Watts Improvem. Mind i. ii. 38 A Tutor..when he paraphrases and explains other Authors. 1783 Ld. Hailes Disquis. Antiq. Christian Church vi. 178 (note) The latter part of the passage in Lampridius is elegantly paraphrased. 1841 I. D'Israeli Amenities Lit. I. 181 An ecclesiastic paraphrased the Gospel-histories. 1879 T. H. Huxley Hume (1881) ix. 173 Dr. Whately..paraphrases Hume, though he forgets to cite him. 1966 M. Frayn Russian Interpreter xix. 108 Even if you don't know the exact word you could paraphrase it. 1997 Independent 20 Feb. ii. 3/3 The fallacy of intentionalism, which, roughly paraphrased, states that what the artist consciously intended the work to achieve is irrelevant to any subsequent discussion of it. b. intransitive. To make a paraphrase; to comment or enlarge upon a passage so as to bring out the sense. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > meaning > explanation, exposition > paraphrase > express in different words [verb (transitive)] > make or comment upon paraphrase1596 1596 T. Nashe Haue with you to Saffron-Walden sig. T^v I doo but paraphrase vpon his text. 1633 W. Prynne Histrio-mastix i. vi. iii. 339 In his Commentary on the 118. alias the 119. Psalme, verse 37..he paraphraseth thus. 1722 W. Sewel Hist. Quakers (1795) I. iii. 185 Such of the family as could make repetitions of sermons, and paraphrase thereupon. 1864 E. B. Pusey Daniel (1876) 200 He paraphrased, rather than translated. 1984 A. N. Wilson Hilaire Belloc ii. xi. 255 That is to paraphrase, but it is roughly how Belloc saw the history of England unfolding. 1993 D. Burrus & R. Gittines Technotrends (1994) ix. 206 I forget who said it—perhaps Albert Einstein—and I'm paraphrasing. c. transitive. To adapt, appropriate, or alter the wording of (a saying or quotation) or the words of (an author or speaker) to suit one's own purpose. Usually in infinitive at the head of an introductory clause. ΚΠ 1841 U.S. Mag. & Democratic Rev. Aug. 134 To paraphrase Mark Antony, we come to criticise Mr. Anthon, not to praise him. 1886 T. Hardy Mayor of Casterbridge I. xiv. 163 Never—to paraphrase a recent poet—never a gloom in Elizabeth-Jane's soul but she well knew how it came there. 1924 Times 10 Sept. 11/2 To paraphrase Chatham, it is not by repealing a piece of parchment that we can restore Quebec. You must repeal her fears and her resentments. 1979 P. Larkin Required Writing (1983) 102 If I may paraphrase the famous Fitzgerald/Hemingway exchange, American libraries are different from us, they have more money. 1997 T. Mackintosh-Smith Yemen (1999) v. 115 To paraphrase the pre-Socratics, you could not stand in the same queue twice. †2. intransitive. To comment on, enlarge upon a subject. Also figurative. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > copiousness > express copiously [verb (transitive)] > expatiate upon dilate1393 amplifya1400 paraphrase1644 to lay forth1692 to lay forth1692 expatiate1859 1644–5 King Charles I Let. to Henrietta Maria 14 Jan. in Wks. (1662) 321 I cannot but paraphrase a little upon that which he calls his superstitious observation. 1683 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises II. 243 I must a little digress, to paraphrase on the posture he holds the Bodkin in. 3. transitive. Fine Art. To represent (a subject) in such a way as to convey its essential reality. Cf. paraphrase n. 3. rare.The sense is chiefly associated with the ideas of the British painter, Graham Sutherland (1903–80). ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > representation in art > represent in art [verb (transitive)] workOE shapea1375 express1382 marka1393 resemblea1393 portraya1398 devisea1400 makea1400 represent?a1425 counterfeitc1440 to set on write1486 porturea1500 emporturea1529 story1532 portrait1548 show1565 decipher1567 portraiture1581 to set forth1585 emblazea1592 stell1598 defigure1599 infigure1606 effigiate1608 deportract1611 deportray1611 rendera1616 image1624 configure1630 exiconize1641 effigies1652 to take off1680 mimic1770 paraphrase1961 1961 D. Cooper Work G. Sutherland ii. 14 He found that when he paraphrased what he saw he had captured more of ‘the essence or the gesture of reality’. 1962 G. Sutherland in Listener 26 July 134/1 I might have wanted to paraphrase a landscape. Derivatives ˈparaphrasing n. the action of making a paraphrase; an instance of this. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > meaning > explanation, exposition > paraphrase > [noun] > act of paraphrasing1639 1639 H. Glapthorne Trag. Albertus Wallenstein i. iii. sig. Ciii May..thy dreames Be free from paraphrasing on my memory. 1728 J. Morgan Compl. Hist. Algiers I. Pref. p. xx His Paraphrasings and mine differ. 1879 Scribner's Monthly July 470/1 There is, however, in the volume, entirely too much paraphrasing of the Bible text. 1960 N. Brooks Lang. & Lang. Learning iv. 49 Pattern practice, which opens the door to analogy, may be called the antithesis of paraphrasing. 2003 Africa News (Nexis) 8 Apr. The theme of the lecture will be ‘Do not just transfer power, transform it’—a paraphrasing of words used by Chris Hani. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1548v.1593
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