oligarchyn.

Brit.

/ˈɒlᵻɡɑːki/, U.S.

/ˈɑləˌɡɑrki/,

/ˈoʊləˌɡɑrki/

Forms:

α. 1500s–1600s oligarchia.

β. 1500s oligarky, 1500s–1600s oligarchie, 1600s– oligarchy.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a borrowing from Greek. Etymons: French oligarchie; Latin oligarchia; Greek ὀλιγαρχία.

Etymology: < Middle French, French oligarchie (c1375; also c1375 as oliguarchie , olygrachie , olygranchie , 1422 as oligracie : see note below) and its etymon post-classical Latin oligarchia (5th cent.; c1343, c1434 in British sources) and its etymon ancient Greek ὀλιγαρχία < ὀλιγο- oligo- comb. form + -αρχία -archy comb. form. Compare Italian oligarchia (14th cent.), Spanish oligarquía (c1440), Portuguese oligarquia (17th cent.).Compare earlier apparently isolated borrowing of Middle French oligracie:a1500 tr. A. Chartier Traité de l'Esperance (Rawl.) (1974) 56 Tyranny, Aristogracye, in which fewe men will reule by iustice, Oligracie, Tymotracie, and Democracie, which shulde gouerne the vniuersall people, ys nowe withowt ordre.

1. Government by a small group of people; a form of government in which the exercise of power is restricted to a few people or families (in later use, frequently a wealthy elite); an instance of this form of government. Also: the members of such a government collectively. Also in extended use.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > rule of any class or persons > [noun] > of the upper classes

oligarchy1542

aristocracy1577

optimacy1595

ottimacy1595

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > joint ruler > [noun] > one of a few > set of a few

oligarchy1542

α.

1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes f.300^v Some commenweales have been gouerned by a certain noumbre of magistrates and cou[n]saillours, as..at this presente daye in Venece, & this was called Oligarchia, or Aristocratia.

1569 J. Sanford tr. H. C. Agrippa Of Vanitie Artes & Sci. lv. f. 76 Nexte to these be the tirannies, Oligarchia, and Anarchia.

1619 T. Milles tr. P. Mexia et al. Αρχαιο-πλουτος 58/2 Aristotle..calleth the commonwealth of the Massilians oligarchia..for this declareth her Oligarchie, that [etc.].

β. 1574 W. Travers Eccl. Discipline 54 Neither do I bring in heere any Oligarky or tyrannous rule of a few.1577 H. I. tr. H. Bullinger 50 Godlie Serm. I. ii. vi. sig. L.v/2 But if these chiefe or head men vse euill meanes to come to authoritie,..then is their gouermnent [sic] not to be called an Aristocracie, but an Oligarchie.a1618 W. Raleigh Remains (1644) 7 An Oligarchy is the swerving, or the corruption of an Aristocracy.1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan ii. xix. 95 They that are displeased with Aristocracy, called it Oligarchy.1682 T. Shadwell Lancashire-witches To Rdr. Prol 'Tis fit There should an Oligarchy be in Wit.1736 J. Kelly Fall of Bob i. 6 For Common-Wealth thou driv'st, And for an Oligarchy vainly striv'st.1790 E. Burke Refl. Revol. in France 283 An ignoble oligarchy founded on the destruction of the crown, the church, the nobility, and the people. 1835 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece I. 397 It ceased to be, in the Greek sense, an aristocracy; it became a faction, an oligarchy.1865 J. Bright Speeches Amer. Question 66 Those whose sympathies warm towards the slave oligarchy of the South.1920 H. J. Laski Polit. Thought in Eng. ii. 46 Nor is oligarchy much better off since it emphasizes the interest of a group against the superior interest of the community as a whole.1943 H. Read Politics of Unpolitical i. 6 It is now openly merging itself with the ascendant oligarchy of monopoly capitalism, to form what James Burnham has called ‘the managerial class’.1992 Harper's Mag. June 10/3 As I listened to Governor Brown exhort his audiences to ‘take the country back’ from Washington oligarchy, I remember thinking his remarks far too quiet and polite.2000 R. E. Seavoy Subsistence & Econ. Dev. vi. 204 In most lowland villages or villages in long settled districts, headmen and their councilors were a governing oligarchy.

a. Any organization in which power and authority is confined to a small group; the controlling faction in such an organization.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > rule of any class or persons > ruling class or group > [noun] > other ruling classes or groups

stratocracy1652

Praetorian Guard1735

oligarchy1823

vampirarchy1823

hierocracy1828

gerontocracy1830

Whigocracy1831

plantocracy1839

mediocracy1845

squattocracy1846

snobocracy1853

pedantocracy1856

foolocracy1859

thugocracy1896

pigmentocracy1949

xenocracy1965

1823 J. Galt Entail I. xxxiii. 287 The general merchants of the royal city began to arrogate to themselves that aristocratic superiority over the shopkeepers, which they have since established into an oligarchy.

1902 Polit. Sci. Q. 17 232 The vestry was, in fact, a little oligarchy.

1933 Encycl. Social Sci. XI. 462/2 Oligarchy..is capable of wide application both to governments and to such extragovernmental groups as parties, churches and business corporations.

1953 Amer. Polit. Sci. Rev. 47 779 The definition of the concept of oligarchy to be adopted is the following: An oligarchy is an organization characterized by the fact that part of the activities of which it consists, viz., the activities having the highest degree of authority (which have been called ‘leadership’ or ‘executive’ activities), are free from control by any of the remainder of the organizational activities.

1977 Observer 8 May 10/1 The Civil Service is a self-perpetuating oligarchy, and what better system is there?

1988 N.Y. Times 27 Nov. vii. 23/1 Speech is..subtly suppressed and homogenized by burgeoning media oligarchies and the tyranny of commerce in the West.

2000 C. Helmuth & P. Standish Culture & Customs of Costa Rica 11 The coffee barons' wealth gave rise to an economic oligarchy that permanently contributed to the shaping of..this country.

b. iron law of oligarchy n. a tendency for large organizations to be run by a small number of people committed to maintaining their leadership.

ΚΠ

1915 E. Paul & C. Paul tr. R. Michels Polit. Parties vi. ii. 393 (heading) The Iron Law of Oligarchy.

1924 Amer. Polit. Sci. Rev. 18 627 Professor Haynes does not try to..show, following the lead of Robert Michels, how the iron law of oligarchy operates.

1929 S. Eldridge New Citizenship i. 24 Does not the evidence show that democracy is an impossible ideal, that the ‘iron law of oligarchy’ is indeed a law of universal validity?

2000 G. Dizerega Persuasion, Power, & Polity iv. 156 Such organizations are most subject to the ‘iron law of oligarchy’, particularly if there is much status difference between elected managers and the rank and file.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2004; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	oligarchy
释义	oligarchyn. Brit. /ˈɒlᵻɡɑːki/, U.S. /ˈɑləˌɡɑrki/, /ˈoʊləˌɡɑrki/ Forms: α. 1500s–1600s oligarchia. β. 1500s oligarky, 1500s–1600s oligarchie, 1600s– oligarchy. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a borrowing from Greek. Etymons: French oligarchie; Latin oligarchia; Greek ὀλιγαρχία. Etymology: < Middle French, French oligarchie (c1375; also c1375 as oliguarchie , olygrachie , olygranchie , 1422 as oligracie : see note below) and its etymon post-classical Latin oligarchia (5th cent.; c1343, c1434 in British sources) and its etymon ancient Greek ὀλιγαρχία < ὀλιγο- oligo- comb. form + -αρχία -archy comb. form. Compare Italian oligarchia (14th cent.), Spanish oligarquía (c1440), Portuguese oligarquia (17th cent.).Compare earlier apparently isolated borrowing of Middle French oligracie:a1500 tr. A. Chartier Traité de l'Esperance (Rawl.) (1974) 56 Tyranny, Aristogracye, in which fewe men will reule by iustice, Oligracie, Tymotracie, and Democracie, which shulde gouerne the vniuersall people, ys nowe withowt ordre. 1. Government by a small group of people; a form of government in which the exercise of power is restricted to a few people or families (in later use, frequently a wealthy elite); an instance of this form of government. Also: the members of such a government collectively. Also in extended use. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > rule of any class or persons > [noun] > of the upper classes oligarchy1542 aristocracy1577 optimacy1595 ottimacy1595 society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > joint ruler > [noun] > one of a few > set of a few oligarchy1542 α. 1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes f.300^v Some commenweales have been gouerned by a certain noumbre of magistrates and cou[n]saillours, as..at this presente daye in Venece, & this was called Oligarchia, or Aristocratia. 1569 J. Sanford tr. H. C. Agrippa Of Vanitie Artes & Sci. lv. f. 76 Nexte to these be the tirannies, Oligarchia, and Anarchia. 1619 T. Milles tr. P. Mexia et al. Αρχαιο-πλουτος 58/2 Aristotle..calleth the commonwealth of the Massilians oligarchia..for this declareth her Oligarchie, that [etc.]. β. 1574 W. Travers Eccl. Discipline 54 Neither do I bring in heere any Oligarky or tyrannous rule of a few.1577 H. I. tr. H. Bullinger 50 Godlie Serm. I. ii. vi. sig. L.v/2 But if these chiefe or head men vse euill meanes to come to authoritie,..then is their gouermnent [sic] not to be called an Aristocracie, but an Oligarchie.a1618 W. Raleigh Remains (1644) 7 An Oligarchy is the swerving, or the corruption of an Aristocracy.1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan ii. xix. 95 They that are displeased with Aristocracy, called it Oligarchy.1682 T. Shadwell Lancashire-witches To Rdr. Prol 'Tis fit There should an Oligarchy be in Wit.1736 J. Kelly Fall of Bob i. 6 For Common-Wealth thou driv'st, And for an Oligarchy vainly striv'st.1790 E. Burke Refl. Revol. in France 283 An ignoble oligarchy founded on the destruction of the crown, the church, the nobility, and the people. View more context for this quotation1835 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece I. 397 It ceased to be, in the Greek sense, an aristocracy; it became a faction, an oligarchy.1865 J. Bright Speeches Amer. Question 66 Those whose sympathies warm towards the slave oligarchy of the South.1920 H. J. Laski Polit. Thought in Eng. ii. 46 Nor is oligarchy much better off since it emphasizes the interest of a group against the superior interest of the community as a whole.1943 H. Read Politics of Unpolitical i. 6 It is now openly merging itself with the ascendant oligarchy of monopoly capitalism, to form what James Burnham has called ‘the managerial class’.1992 Harper's Mag. June 10/3 As I listened to Governor Brown exhort his audiences to ‘take the country back’ from Washington oligarchy, I remember thinking his remarks far too quiet and polite.2000 R. E. Seavoy Subsistence & Econ. Dev. vi. 204 In most lowland villages or villages in long settled districts, headmen and their councilors were a governing oligarchy. 2. a. Any organization in which power and authority is confined to a small group; the controlling faction in such an organization. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > rule of any class or persons > ruling class or group > [noun] > other ruling classes or groups stratocracy1652 Praetorian Guard1735 oligarchy1823 vampirarchy1823 hierocracy1828 gerontocracy1830 Whigocracy1831 plantocracy1839 mediocracy1845 squattocracy1846 snobocracy1853 pedantocracy1856 foolocracy1859 thugocracy1896 pigmentocracy1949 xenocracy1965 1823 J. Galt Entail I. xxxiii. 287 The general merchants of the royal city began to arrogate to themselves that aristocratic superiority over the shopkeepers, which they have since established into an oligarchy. 1902 Polit. Sci. Q. 17 232 The vestry was, in fact, a little oligarchy. 1933 Encycl. Social Sci. XI. 462/2 Oligarchy..is capable of wide application both to governments and to such extragovernmental groups as parties, churches and business corporations. 1953 Amer. Polit. Sci. Rev. 47 779 The definition of the concept of oligarchy to be adopted is the following: An oligarchy is an organization characterized by the fact that part of the activities of which it consists, viz., the activities having the highest degree of authority (which have been called ‘leadership’ or ‘executive’ activities), are free from control by any of the remainder of the organizational activities. 1977 Observer 8 May 10/1 The Civil Service is a self-perpetuating oligarchy, and what better system is there? 1988 N.Y. Times 27 Nov. vii. 23/1 Speech is..subtly suppressed and homogenized by burgeoning media oligarchies and the tyranny of commerce in the West. 2000 C. Helmuth & P. Standish Culture & Customs of Costa Rica 11 The coffee barons' wealth gave rise to an economic oligarchy that permanently contributed to the shaping of..this country. b. iron law of oligarchy n. a tendency for large organizations to be run by a small number of people committed to maintaining their leadership. ΚΠ 1915 E. Paul & C. Paul tr. R. Michels Polit. Parties vi. ii. 393 (heading) The Iron Law of Oligarchy. 1924 Amer. Polit. Sci. Rev. 18 627 Professor Haynes does not try to..show, following the lead of Robert Michels, how the iron law of oligarchy operates. 1929 S. Eldridge New Citizenship i. 24 Does not the evidence show that democracy is an impossible ideal, that the ‘iron law of oligarchy’ is indeed a law of universal validity? 2000 G. Dizerega Persuasion, Power, & Polity iv. 156 Such organizations are most subject to the ‘iron law of oligarchy’, particularly if there is much status difference between elected managers and the rank and file. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2004; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1542
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