oakumn.

Brit.

/ˈəʊkəm/, U.S.

/ˈoʊk(ə)m/

Forms:

α. early Old English æcembe, early Old English ecambe (Mercian), Old English æcumba, Old English æcumbe.

β. Old English acumba, Old English–early Middle English acuma.

γ. late Middle English ockom, late Middle English ockombe, late Middle English ocomb, late Middle English okcom, late Middle English okem, late Middle English okome, late Middle English 1600s occome, late Middle English 1600s okom, late Middle English 1600s–1700s okum, late Middle English–1700s okam, 1500s occam, 1500s okym, 1500s–1600s ocam, 1500s–1600s ocom, 1500s–1600s ocome, 1500s–1700s ockam, 1600s oacombe, 1600s ocham, 1600s okame, 1600s okeham, 1600s okham, 1600s–1700s oakam, 1600s–1700s ockham, 1600s–1700s ocum, 1600s–1800s oakham, 1700s oukham, 1700s– oakum; also Scottish pre-1700 occoum, pre-1700 ockhame; N.E.D. (1902) also records a form late Middle English okcome.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Cognate with Old High German ākambi (Middle High German ākambe ) < the Germanic base of e- prefix¹ + the Germanic base of kemb v.The β. forms apparently show prefix substitution (see a- prefix¹), with lengthening of Old English a- in stressed position; however, compare also the sporadic West Saxon retraction of ǣ to ā before a back vowel (see A. Campbell Old Eng. Gram. (1959) §162).

Originally: the coarse woody fibres (hurds or tow) separated from the finer fibres of flax or hemp; (also) †clippings, trimmings, shreds (obsolete). Later (also): esp. loosely twisted fibres obtained chiefly by untwisting and picking old hemp rope; such fibres or the like, used as a caulking material for the seams of wooden ships, the joints of pipes, etc., and formerly sometimes in dressing wounds. Now chiefly historical.The picking of old rope was a task formerly assigned to convicts and inmates of workhouses.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > treated or processed textiles > [noun] > flax, hemp, or jute > heckled > coarse parts

hurdseOE

oakumeOE

tow1530

flax-hurd1614

tow hards1615

codilla1748

backings1780

swingling-tow1828

society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > other manufactured or derived materials > [noun] > rope or cord > oakum

sye1295

oakum1481

tuffing1513

stope1569

eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) i. i. 22 Afyl ða wunde, & mid acumban besweðe.

eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) i. xxxiii. 80 Sealf eft medowyrt, acumban, hind hioloðe, [etc.].

OE Antwerp Gloss. (1955) 156 Stuppa, æcumbe.

OE Aldhelm Glosses (Brussels 1650) in L. Goossens Old Eng. Glosses of MS Brussels, Royal Libr. 1650 (1974) 356 Putamina : æcumba,..acuman.

?a1200 (?OE) Peri Didaxeon (1896) 45 Eftsona nim alewen and myrra and hwit cudu and æȝra hwit, meng eall togadere; nim þona [read sona] acuma [L. stuppa] and wylle þaron.

1422–3 Naval Acct. in B. Sandahl Middle Eng. Sea Terms (1951) I. 176 Idem computat in diuersis bord'..Mosse, Okam..et cij lb. Okom receptis de Willelmo de Soper.

1481 in J. P. Collier Househ. Bks. John Duke of Norfolk & Thomas Earl of Surrey (1844) 24 Item, for pich and okom viij. d.

1485 in H. E. Holden Cely Papers (1900) 182 Item a stone okem, vd.

1495 in M. Oppenheim Naval Accts. & Inventories Henry VII (1896) 164 Okome bought & spent abought Calkyng.

?1577 J. Northbrooke Spiritus est Vicarius Christi: Treat. Dicing 55 Manye of them..may..tose Okam.

1617 J. Lane Contin. Squire's Tale 242 With tallowe, boild pitch, okeham, tarr, bedipps.

1620 J. Taylor Praise of Hemp-seed 10 Ships, Barks, Hoyes, Drumlers, Craires, Boats, all would sink, But for the Ocum caulk'd in euery chink.

1666 S. Pepys Diary 4 June (1972) VII. 146 Who should it be but Mr. Daniel, all muffled up..and his right eye stopped with Okum?

1711 Boston News-let. 8 Oct. 2/2 Using Fire to a parcel of Ocum, Chips and other combustible Rubbish.

1733 P. Lindsay Interest Scotl. 23 Easy Labour at first, such as picking of Wool or Cotton, teasing of Ockam.

1769 W. Falconer Universal Dict. Marine sig. *F4^v Black oakum..is made of tarred ropes.

1795 M. Madan in tr. Persius Satires 145 (note) The coarse part of flax, tow, hards, oakum to calk ships with.

1804 H. H. Brackenridge Mod. Chivalry I. iv. xii. 198 He had heard of a work-house, in this city, into which refractory servants are committed, and put to hard labour; such as pounding hemp, grinding plaister of Paris, and picking old ropes into oakum.

1840 R. H. Dana Two Years before Mast xxvi. 87 Picking oakum, until we got enough to caulk the ship all over.

1865 30th Rep. Prisons Great Brit. i. 159 The male prisoners work on the treadwheel,..pick oakum, make and mend the prison clothing, &c.

1901 Jrnl. Polit. Econ. 9 582 Women..reaped grain, swingled hemp, picked oakum, dipped sheep, and served as common laborers.

1929 R. Hughes High Wind in Jamaica vii. 155 She collected bits of oakum and the moultings of a worn-out mop, wrapped them in rags and put them to sleep in every nook and cranny.

1983 P. Ackroyd Last Test. Oscar Wilde 154 My eyesight began to fail, from the strain of picking oakum in my cell.

Compounds

C1.

† oakum ball n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1701 Enq. Inconven. Pub. Elections 17 A sufficient Number of Setts of Oakham Balls.

1864 Old Guard Apr. 95/2 The object of the last ‘raid on Richmond’ was to set fire to the city... They went prepared with oakum balls, soaked in turpentine, to execute this fiendish purpose.

† oakum boy n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1803 in Naval Chron. (1806) 15 56 Cabin keepers, oakum boys, and pitch heaters.

1853 Jrnl. Statist. Soc. 16 217 (table) Description of Workmen..Riggers..Scavelmen..Labourers..Quarter boys..Oakum boys..Pitch-heaters..Blockmakers..Locksmith..Servant to ditto..Sawyers..Oar maker.

† oakum-chisel n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1856 W. Whitman Leaves of Grass (new ed.) 134 The oakum-chisel, the caulking-iron.

† oakum loft n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1814 Weekly Reg. 5 432/1 The fire commenced in the oakum loft.

1859 Naval Contracts & Expenditures in Rep. 35th U.S. Congr. 2nd Session House iv. 349 If the necessities of the service require 30 oakum spinners, I desired that it might be increased to 80; for I had learned that that number could be accommodated in the oakum loft.

oakum-picker n.

ΚΠ

1855 H. Melville Benito Cereno in Putnam's Monthly Mag. Oct. 362/1 The ship's forecastle bell, smote by one of the grizzled oakum-pickers, proclaimed ten o'clock through the leaden calm.

1865 G. Meredith Rhoda Fleming III. viii. 110 Her hair's cut off like an oakum-picker's.

2001 Virginian-Pilot (Norfolk, Va.) (Nexis) 4 Feb. a1 Charles Dickens wrote about the dreadful conditions of oakum pickers.

† oakum poultice n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1876 Clin. Soc. Trans. 9 59 An oakum poultice is kept applied.

oakum-picking adj. and n.

ΚΠ

1844 ‘B. Cornwall’ Eng. Songs (new ed.) clvi. 169 With the beadle at our backs, Cursing us as we beat flax, Just like twelve Old Bailey varlets, Amongst oakum-picking harlots.

1891 Dict. National Biogr. at Jones, Ernest Charles O'Connor brought this treatment of a political convict before the House of Commons, and was allowed to purchase his exemption from oakum-picking by a small weekly payment.

2000 T. May Victorian Workhouse 25/1 Stone breaking for road repairs was common, as was oakum picking—the picking apart of old hemp ropes in order to provide the material used to caulk ships.

C2.

† oakum-headed adj. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1865 C. Dickens Our Mutual Friend I. ii. xiv. 297 Within three hours the oakum-headed apparition once more dived into the Leaving Shop.

1896 Cent. Mag. Apr. 913/1 Av all the poor, ignorant, oakum-headed, pork-scoffin', riggin'-shinnin', pier-head-joompin' galoots iver I was shipmates wid, you fellys bate the lot!

† oakum-whiskered adj. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1865 C. Dickens Our Mutual Friend I. ii. xiii. 278 The oakum-headed, oakum-whiskered man.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2004; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	oakum
释义	oakumn. Brit. /ˈəʊkəm/, U.S. /ˈoʊk(ə)m/ Forms: α. early Old English æcembe, early Old English ecambe (Mercian), Old English æcumba, Old English æcumbe. β. Old English acumba, Old English–early Middle English acuma. γ. late Middle English ockom, late Middle English ockombe, late Middle English ocomb, late Middle English okcom, late Middle English okem, late Middle English okome, late Middle English 1600s occome, late Middle English 1600s okom, late Middle English 1600s–1700s okum, late Middle English–1700s okam, 1500s occam, 1500s okym, 1500s–1600s ocam, 1500s–1600s ocom, 1500s–1600s ocome, 1500s–1700s ockam, 1600s oacombe, 1600s ocham, 1600s okame, 1600s okeham, 1600s okham, 1600s–1700s oakam, 1600s–1700s ockham, 1600s–1700s ocum, 1600s–1800s oakham, 1700s oukham, 1700s– oakum; also Scottish pre-1700 occoum, pre-1700 ockhame; N.E.D. (1902) also records a form late Middle English okcome. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with Old High German ākambi (Middle High German ākambe ) < the Germanic base of e- prefix¹ + the Germanic base of kemb v.The β. forms apparently show prefix substitution (see a- prefix¹), with lengthening of Old English a- in stressed position; however, compare also the sporadic West Saxon retraction of ǣ to ā before a back vowel (see A. Campbell Old Eng. Gram. (1959) §162). Originally: the coarse woody fibres (hurds or tow) separated from the finer fibres of flax or hemp; (also) †clippings, trimmings, shreds (obsolete). Later (also): esp. loosely twisted fibres obtained chiefly by untwisting and picking old hemp rope; such fibres or the like, used as a caulking material for the seams of wooden ships, the joints of pipes, etc., and formerly sometimes in dressing wounds. Now chiefly historical.The picking of old rope was a task formerly assigned to convicts and inmates of workhouses. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > treated or processed textiles > [noun] > flax, hemp, or jute > heckled > coarse parts hurdseOE oakumeOE tow1530 flax-hurd1614 tow hards1615 codilla1748 backings1780 swingling-tow1828 society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > other manufactured or derived materials > [noun] > rope or cord > oakum sye1295 oakum1481 tuffing1513 stope1569 eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) i. i. 22 Afyl ða wunde, & mid acumban besweðe. eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) i. xxxiii. 80 Sealf eft medowyrt, acumban, hind hioloðe, [etc.]. OE Antwerp Gloss. (1955) 156 Stuppa, æcumbe. OE Aldhelm Glosses (Brussels 1650) in L. Goossens Old Eng. Glosses of MS Brussels, Royal Libr. 1650 (1974) 356 Putamina : æcumba,..acuman. ?a1200 (?OE) Peri Didaxeon (1896) 45 Eftsona nim alewen and myrra and hwit cudu and æȝra hwit, meng eall togadere; nim þona [read sona] acuma [L. stuppa] and wylle þaron. 1422–3 Naval Acct. in B. Sandahl Middle Eng. Sea Terms (1951) I. 176 Idem computat in diuersis bord'..Mosse, Okam..et cij lb. Okom receptis de Willelmo de Soper. 1481 in J. P. Collier Househ. Bks. John Duke of Norfolk & Thomas Earl of Surrey (1844) 24 Item, for pich and okom viij. d. 1485 in H. E. Holden Cely Papers (1900) 182 Item a stone okem, vd. 1495 in M. Oppenheim Naval Accts. & Inventories Henry VII (1896) 164 Okome bought & spent abought Calkyng. ?1577 J. Northbrooke Spiritus est Vicarius Christi: Treat. Dicing 55 Manye of them..may..tose Okam. 1617 J. Lane Contin. Squire's Tale 242 With tallowe, boild pitch, okeham, tarr, bedipps. 1620 J. Taylor Praise of Hemp-seed 10 Ships, Barks, Hoyes, Drumlers, Craires, Boats, all would sink, But for the Ocum caulk'd in euery chink. 1666 S. Pepys Diary 4 June (1972) VII. 146 Who should it be but Mr. Daniel, all muffled up..and his right eye stopped with Okum? 1711 Boston News-let. 8 Oct. 2/2 Using Fire to a parcel of Ocum, Chips and other combustible Rubbish. 1733 P. Lindsay Interest Scotl. 23 Easy Labour at first, such as picking of Wool or Cotton, teasing of Ockam. 1769 W. Falconer Universal Dict. Marine sig. F4^v Black oakum..is made of tarred ropes. 1795 M. Madan in tr. Persius Satires* 145 (note) The coarse part of flax, tow, hards, oakum to calk ships with. 1804 H. H. Brackenridge Mod. Chivalry I. iv. xii. 198 He had heard of a work-house, in this city, into which refractory servants are committed, and put to hard labour; such as pounding hemp, grinding plaister of Paris, and picking old ropes into oakum. 1840 R. H. Dana Two Years before Mast xxvi. 87 Picking oakum, until we got enough to caulk the ship all over. 1865 30th Rep. Prisons Great Brit. i. 159 The male prisoners work on the treadwheel,..pick oakum, make and mend the prison clothing, &c. 1901 Jrnl. Polit. Econ. 9 582 Women..reaped grain, swingled hemp, picked oakum, dipped sheep, and served as common laborers. 1929 R. Hughes High Wind in Jamaica vii. 155 She collected bits of oakum and the moultings of a worn-out mop, wrapped them in rags and put them to sleep in every nook and cranny. 1983 P. Ackroyd Last Test. Oscar Wilde 154 My eyesight began to fail, from the strain of picking oakum in my cell. Compounds C1. † oakum ball n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1701 Enq. Inconven. Pub. Elections 17 A sufficient Number of Setts of Oakham Balls. 1864 Old Guard Apr. 95/2 The object of the last ‘raid on Richmond’ was to set fire to the city... They went prepared with oakum balls, soaked in turpentine, to execute this fiendish purpose. † oakum boy n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1803 in Naval Chron. (1806) 15 56 Cabin keepers, oakum boys, and pitch heaters. 1853 Jrnl. Statist. Soc. 16 217 (table) Description of Workmen..Riggers..Scavelmen..Labourers..Quarter boys..Oakum boys..Pitch-heaters..Blockmakers..Locksmith..Servant to ditto..Sawyers..Oar maker. † oakum-chisel n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1856 W. Whitman Leaves of Grass (new ed.) 134 The oakum-chisel, the caulking-iron. † oakum loft n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1814 Weekly Reg. 5 432/1 The fire commenced in the oakum loft. 1859 Naval Contracts & Expenditures in Rep. 35th U.S. Congr. 2nd Session House iv. 349 If the necessities of the service require 30 oakum spinners, I desired that it might be increased to 80; for I had learned that that number could be accommodated in the oakum loft. oakum-picker n. ΚΠ 1855 H. Melville Benito Cereno in Putnam's Monthly Mag. Oct. 362/1 The ship's forecastle bell, smote by one of the grizzled oakum-pickers, proclaimed ten o'clock through the leaden calm. 1865 G. Meredith Rhoda Fleming III. viii. 110 Her hair's cut off like an oakum-picker's. 2001 Virginian-Pilot (Norfolk, Va.) (Nexis) 4 Feb. a1 Charles Dickens wrote about the dreadful conditions of oakum pickers. † oakum poultice n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1876 Clin. Soc. Trans. 9 59 An oakum poultice is kept applied. oakum-picking adj. and n. ΚΠ 1844 ‘B. Cornwall’ Eng. Songs (new ed.) clvi. 169 With the beadle at our backs, Cursing us as we beat flax, Just like twelve Old Bailey varlets, Amongst oakum-picking harlots. 1891 Dict. National Biogr. at Jones, Ernest Charles O'Connor brought this treatment of a political convict before the House of Commons, and was allowed to purchase his exemption from oakum-picking by a small weekly payment. 2000 T. May Victorian Workhouse 25/1 Stone breaking for road repairs was common, as was oakum picking—the picking apart of old hemp ropes in order to provide the material used to caulk ships. C2. † oakum-headed adj. Obsolete ΚΠ 1865 C. Dickens Our Mutual Friend I. ii. xiv. 297 Within three hours the oakum-headed apparition once more dived into the Leaving Shop. 1896 Cent. Mag. Apr. 913/1 Av all the poor, ignorant, oakum-headed, pork-scoffin', riggin'-shinnin', pier-head-joompin' galoots iver I was shipmates wid, you fellys bate the lot! † oakum-whiskered adj. Obsolete ΚΠ 1865 C. Dickens Our Mutual Friend I. ii. xiii. 278 The oakum-headed, oakum-whiskered man. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2004; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.eOE
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