Nigern.²

Brit.

/ˈnʌɪdʒə/, U.S.

/ˈnaɪdʒər/

Forms: 1800s– Niger; also (in senses 1, 2, and 5) 2000s– Nyger, 2000s– Nyjer; also with lower-case initial.

Origin: From a proper name. Etymon: proper name Niger.

Etymology: < the name of the River Niger, the largest river of West Africa < post-classical Latin Niger (late 5th cent.), classical Latin Nigris , probably denoting the same river, apparently < niger black (see niger n.¹).Niger occurs as the name of the river in English contexts from c1600 onwards.

I. Compounds. In senses 1 and 2 now frequently in form nyjer (a proprietary name in the United States).

a. niger seed n. a yellow-flowered annual plant, Guizotia abyssinica (family Asteraceae ( Compositae)), native to tropical Africa and cultivated esp. in Ethiopia and India for its small, black, oil-bearing seeds (also called noug, ramtil); (also) a seed of this plant; these seeds collectively.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > plant, nut, or bean yielding oil > [noun] > ramtil plant or seeds

oilseed1562

ramtil1846

niger seed1856

noug1959

1856 P. L. Simmonds in Jrnl. Soc. Arts 29 Feb. 260/2 Niger seed..is the kala teel of Peninsular India... It is the Rametill (Giuzotea olifera) of other parts of India.

1889 G. S. Boulger Uses of Plants 138 Guizotia abyssinica, Cass., Niger or Ramtil seeds, came into the English market about 1851. It..is used in Europe for soap and lubricating oil.

1993 Syracuse (N.Y.) Post-Standard 11 Feb. (Neighbors section: West) w7/4 (advt.) Bird Feed. Nyger Seed..99¢/lb.

1997 Jrnl. Appl. Ecol. 34 734/1 Smallholder farmers used hand hoes and animal traction to cultivate tef, maize, sorghum, noug or niger seed.

2003 J. Osborne I'd rather be Birding 51 Upon learning that she put thistle (nyjer) seed in special finch feeders, I tried the same for three weeks with no luck.

b. niger seed oil n. the oil obtained from niger seeds.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > extracted or refined oil > [noun] > other plant-derived oils

oil de baya1398

oil roseta1400

alkitranc1400

laurinec1400

oil of spicac1400

seed oil1400

rape oil1420

nut-oil?c1425

masticine?1440

oil de rose?1440

oil of myrtine?a1450

gingellya1544

rose oil1552

alchitrean1562

oil of spike1577

oil of ben1594

myrtle oil1601

sesamus1601

sampsuchine1616

oil of walnuts1622

rape1641

oil of rhodium1649

rapeseed oil1652

neroli1676

oil of mace1681

spirit of scurvy-grass1682

beech-oil1716

poppy oil1737

castor oil1746

oil of sassafras1753

orange-peel oil1757

wood-oil1759

bergamot1766

sunflower oil1768

Russia oil1773

oil castor1779

tung-yu1788

poppy-seed oil1799

cocoa butter1801

sassafras oil1801

phulwara1805

oil of wine1807

grass oil1827

oil of marjoram1829

cajuput oil1832

essence of mustarda1834

picamar1835

spurge oil1836

oenanthic ether1837

tea oil1837

capnomor1838

cinnamon-oil1838

oil of mustard1838

orange-flower oil1838

resinein1841

mustard oil1844

myrrhol1845

styrol1845

oenanthol1847

shea butter1847

wintergreen1847

gaultheria oil1848

ginger-grass oil.1849

nutmeg oil1849

pine oil1849

peppermint oil1850

cocoa fat1851

orange oil1853

neem oil1856

poonga oil1857

xanthoxylene1857

crab-oil1858

illupi oil1858

Shanghai oil1861

stand oil1862

mustard-seed oil1863

carap oilc1865

cocum butter or oilc1865

Kurung oil1866

muduga oil1866

pichurim oil1866

serpolet1866

sumbul oil1868

sesame oil1870

niger oil1872

summer yellow1872

olibene1873

patchouli oil1875

pilocarpene1876

styrolene1881

tung oil1881

becuiba tallow1884

soy oil1884

tea-seed oil1884

eucalyptus1885

sage oil1888

hop-oil1889

cotton-seed oil1891

lemon oil1896

palmarosa oil1897

illipe butter1904

hydnocarpus oil1905

tung1911

niger seed oil1917

sun oil1937

vanaspati1949

fennel oil-

1917 Chambers's Jrnl. May 293/2 Niger-seed oil is used as a substitute for linseed-oil when the latter is scarce.

1990 Jrnl. Food Sci. & Technol. 27 234 Stigmasterol is present in niger seed oil.

2. niger oil n. = niger seed oil n. at sense 1b.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > extracted or refined oil > [noun] > other plant-derived oils

oil de baya1398

oil roseta1400

alkitranc1400

laurinec1400

oil of spicac1400

seed oil1400

rape oil1420

nut-oil?c1425

masticine?1440

oil de rose?1440

oil of myrtine?a1450

gingellya1544

rose oil1552

alchitrean1562

oil of spike1577

oil of ben1594

myrtle oil1601

sesamus1601

sampsuchine1616

oil of walnuts1622

rape1641

oil of rhodium1649

rapeseed oil1652

neroli1676

oil of mace1681

spirit of scurvy-grass1682

beech-oil1716

poppy oil1737

castor oil1746

oil of sassafras1753

orange-peel oil1757

wood-oil1759

bergamot1766

sunflower oil1768

Russia oil1773

oil castor1779

tung-yu1788

poppy-seed oil1799

cocoa butter1801

sassafras oil1801

phulwara1805

oil of wine1807

grass oil1827

oil of marjoram1829

cajuput oil1832

essence of mustarda1834

picamar1835

spurge oil1836

oenanthic ether1837

tea oil1837

capnomor1838

cinnamon-oil1838

oil of mustard1838

orange-flower oil1838

resinein1841

mustard oil1844

myrrhol1845

styrol1845

oenanthol1847

shea butter1847

wintergreen1847

gaultheria oil1848

ginger-grass oil.1849

nutmeg oil1849

pine oil1849

peppermint oil1850

cocoa fat1851

orange oil1853

neem oil1856

poonga oil1857

xanthoxylene1857

crab-oil1858

illupi oil1858

Shanghai oil1861

stand oil1862

mustard-seed oil1863

carap oilc1865

cocum butter or oilc1865

Kurung oil1866

muduga oil1866

pichurim oil1866

serpolet1866

sumbul oil1868

sesame oil1870

niger oil1872

summer yellow1872

olibene1873

patchouli oil1875

pilocarpene1876

styrolene1881

tung oil1881

becuiba tallow1884

soy oil1884

tea-seed oil1884

eucalyptus1885

sage oil1888

hop-oil1889

cotton-seed oil1891

lemon oil1896

palmarosa oil1897

illipe butter1904

hydnocarpus oil1905

tung1911

niger seed oil1917

sun oil1937

vanaspati1949

fennel oil-

1872 Proc. Royal Soc. 1871–2 20 319 A drop of each of the following oils formed films with immediate crystallization of the solutions, viz. pale seal-oil, sperm-oil, cotton-seed oil, and niger-oil.

1884 Encycl. Brit. XVII. 746/1 Niger oil is the produce of the seeds (properly achenes) of Guizotia oleifera, a plant native of the east coast of Africa, but cultivated throughout India and to some extent in Germany.

1948 Jrnl. Polit. Econ. 56 433/2 Oleic acid, stearic acid, copper sulphate, palm niger oil, and glycerin.

1998 Jrnl. Sustainable Agric. 11 5 Coconut and sunflower oils..killed broomrape stems more rapidly than niger and castor oils.

a. Niger morocco n. a type of morocco produced in regions near the River Niger and used for bookbinding.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > book > manufacture or production of books > book-binding > bookbinding equipment > [noun] > materials > leather

roan1383

Turkey leather1655

sheep1705

Turkey1715

Russia1724

rough calf1730

law1738

mottled calf1857

pastegrain1880

Rutland1894

Cambridge calf1895

Niger morocco1898

Niger1946

1898 C. Eyre in Bookbinding by Women 4 From Chiswick there are a number of examples of the very beautiful Niger-morocco bindings.

1901 D. Cockerell Bookbinding xix. 279 It is to be hoped that before long some of the manufacturers interested will produce skins as good in quality and colour as the best Niger morocco.

b. Niger goatskin n. = Niger morocco n. at sense 3a.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > skin or hide > [noun] > skin of goat

goatskina1425

shiverine15..

goat1771

Niger goatskin1901

1901 D. Cockerell Bookbinding xix. 278 The leather that I have found most useful is the Niger goatskin, brought from Africa by the Royal Niger Company.

1930 Times Lit. Suppl. 18 Dec. 1081/3 (advt.) Bound in whole natural niger goat-skin.

1963 B. C. Middleton Hist. Eng. Craft Bookbinding Technique xi. 122 Niger goatskin..was popularized by Douglas Cockerell more than sixty years ago.

II. Simple uses.

4. Usually in form niger. = Niger morocco n. at sense 3a.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > book > manufacture or production of books > book-binding > bookbinding equipment > [noun] > materials > leather

roan1383

Turkey leather1655

sheep1705

Turkey1715

Russia1724

rough calf1730

law1738

mottled calf1857

pastegrain1880

Rutland1894

Cambridge calf1895

Niger morocco1898

Niger1946

1946 E. Diehl Bookbinding II. xxi. 311 ‘Niger’..made from the skins of small goats found in Nigeria and along the Mediterranean coast of Africa..is a superior skin for use in covering books.

1952 J. Carter ABC for Book-collectors 124 True niger..is a soft skin with an unemphatic, variable grain. It is locally tanned and dyed... The slight variations of grain and colour which give niger its character are seldom achieved in the imitations of it.

1988 A. W. Johnson Pract. Guide Bk. Repair 18 Native prepared skins, known as ‘nigers’, are hand dyed.

5. Now frequently in form nyjer. The plant Guizotia abyssinica, from which niger seed is obtained; (also) a seed of this plant.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > plant, nut, or bean yielding oil > [noun] > other oil-plants

Madia1808

Niger1971

1971 Illustr. Weekly India 25 Apr. 42/1 The large tracts of golden paddy fields blended with the molten gold of Niger flowers.

1972 Proc. Royal Soc. B. 181 454 Our results [indicate] that the Compositae..diverged prior to the Rosidae, although this is based solely on the results with mung bean (Rosidae) and sunflower and niger (Asteridae).

1992 F. M. Bradley et al. Rodale's All-new Encycl. Org. Gardening 66/2 Some birds have special favorites: goldfinches, pine siskins, and purple finches love niger thistle.

1996 Proc. Indian National Sci. Acad. B. 62 221 It is proposed that niger was domesticated in Ethiopian highlands earlier than 3000 B.C. and it entered India through trade routes, well before the christian era.

1998 Pittsburgh Post- Gaz. 25 Oct. c14/4 Niger (soon to be referred to as 'Nyjer'). Niger is a tiny..oil-rich, black seed. Finches love it.

2008 D. L. Martin Best-ever Backyard Birding Tips ii. 63/1 Nyjer, niger, niger thistle, thistle. What is this little black seed?

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	niger
释义	† nigern.¹ Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin niger. Etymology: < classical Latin niger (adjective) black, of unknown origin.Compare post-classical Latin nigrogemmeus (adjective) that shines with black or dark gloss (used of jet; from c730 in British sources). Obsolete. rare. A kind of black stone (not identified: perhaps jet). ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > mineral material > [noun] > jet jeta1398 nigera1500 jet stone1598 society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > gem or precious stone > jet > [noun] gagatec900 jeta1398 nigera1500 jet stone?1545 a1500 in J. Evans & M. S. Serjeantson Eng. Mediaeval Lapidaries (1933) 113 (MED) Niger is a stone, & men clepen it galanticen. This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, September 2003; most recently modified version published online June 2019). Nigern.² Brit. /ˈnʌɪdʒə/, U.S. /ˈnaɪdʒər/ Forms: 1800s– Niger; also (in senses 1, 2, and 5) 2000s– Nyger, 2000s– Nyjer; also with lower-case initial. Origin: From a proper name. Etymon: proper name Niger. Etymology: < the name of the River Niger, the largest river of West Africa < post-classical Latin Niger (late 5th cent.), classical Latin Nigris , probably denoting the same river, apparently < niger black (see niger n.¹).Niger occurs as the name of the river in English contexts from c1600 onwards. I. Compounds. In senses 1 and 2 now frequently in form nyjer (a proprietary name in the United States). 1. a. niger seed n. a yellow-flowered annual plant, Guizotia abyssinica (family Asteraceae ( Compositae)), native to tropical Africa and cultivated esp. in Ethiopia and India for its small, black, oil-bearing seeds (also called noug, ramtil); (also) a seed of this plant; these seeds collectively. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > plant, nut, or bean yielding oil > [noun] > ramtil plant or seeds oilseed1562 ramtil1846 niger seed1856 noug1959 1856 P. L. Simmonds in Jrnl. Soc. Arts 29 Feb. 260/2 Niger seed..is the kala teel of Peninsular India... It is the Rametill (Giuzotea olifera) of other parts of India. 1889 G. S. Boulger Uses of Plants 138 Guizotia abyssinica, Cass., Niger or Ramtil seeds, came into the English market about 1851. It..is used in Europe for soap and lubricating oil. 1993 Syracuse (N.Y.) Post-Standard 11 Feb. (Neighbors section: West) w7/4 (advt.) Bird Feed. Nyger Seed..99¢/lb. 1997 Jrnl. Appl. Ecol. 34 734/1 Smallholder farmers used hand hoes and animal traction to cultivate tef, maize, sorghum, noug or niger seed. 2003 J. Osborne I'd rather be Birding 51 Upon learning that she put thistle (nyjer) seed in special finch feeders, I tried the same for three weeks with no luck. b. niger seed oil n. the oil obtained from niger seeds. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > extracted or refined oil > [noun] > other plant-derived oils oil de baya1398 oil roseta1400 alkitranc1400 laurinec1400 oil of spicac1400 seed oil1400 rape oil1420 nut-oil?c1425 masticine?1440 oil de rose?1440 oil of myrtine?a1450 gingellya1544 rose oil1552 alchitrean1562 oil of spike1577 oil of ben1594 myrtle oil1601 sesamus1601 sampsuchine1616 oil of walnuts1622 rape1641 oil of rhodium1649 rapeseed oil1652 neroli1676 oil of mace1681 spirit of scurvy-grass1682 beech-oil1716 poppy oil1737 castor oil1746 oil of sassafras1753 orange-peel oil1757 wood-oil1759 bergamot1766 sunflower oil1768 Russia oil1773 oil castor1779 tung-yu1788 poppy-seed oil1799 cocoa butter1801 sassafras oil1801 phulwara1805 oil of wine1807 grass oil1827 oil of marjoram1829 cajuput oil1832 essence of mustarda1834 picamar1835 spurge oil1836 oenanthic ether1837 tea oil1837 capnomor1838 cinnamon-oil1838 oil of mustard1838 orange-flower oil1838 resinein1841 mustard oil1844 myrrhol1845 styrol1845 oenanthol1847 shea butter1847 wintergreen1847 gaultheria oil1848 ginger-grass oil.1849 nutmeg oil1849 pine oil1849 peppermint oil1850 cocoa fat1851 orange oil1853 neem oil1856 poonga oil1857 xanthoxylene1857 crab-oil1858 illupi oil1858 Shanghai oil1861 stand oil1862 mustard-seed oil1863 carap oilc1865 cocum butter or oilc1865 Kurung oil1866 muduga oil1866 pichurim oil1866 serpolet1866 sumbul oil1868 sesame oil1870 niger oil1872 summer yellow1872 olibene1873 patchouli oil1875 pilocarpene1876 styrolene1881 tung oil1881 becuiba tallow1884 soy oil1884 tea-seed oil1884 eucalyptus1885 sage oil1888 hop-oil1889 cotton-seed oil1891 lemon oil1896 palmarosa oil1897 illipe butter1904 hydnocarpus oil1905 tung1911 niger seed oil1917 sun oil1937 vanaspati1949 fennel oil- 1917 Chambers's Jrnl. May 293/2 Niger-seed oil is used as a substitute for linseed-oil when the latter is scarce. 1990 Jrnl. Food Sci. & Technol. 27 234 Stigmasterol is present in niger seed oil. 2. niger oil n. = niger seed oil n. at sense 1b. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > extracted or refined oil > [noun] > other plant-derived oils oil de baya1398 oil roseta1400 alkitranc1400 laurinec1400 oil of spicac1400 seed oil1400 rape oil1420 nut-oil?c1425 masticine?1440 oil de rose?1440 oil of myrtine?a1450 gingellya1544 rose oil1552 alchitrean1562 oil of spike1577 oil of ben1594 myrtle oil1601 sesamus1601 sampsuchine1616 oil of walnuts1622 rape1641 oil of rhodium1649 rapeseed oil1652 neroli1676 oil of mace1681 spirit of scurvy-grass1682 beech-oil1716 poppy oil1737 castor oil1746 oil of sassafras1753 orange-peel oil1757 wood-oil1759 bergamot1766 sunflower oil1768 Russia oil1773 oil castor1779 tung-yu1788 poppy-seed oil1799 cocoa butter1801 sassafras oil1801 phulwara1805 oil of wine1807 grass oil1827 oil of marjoram1829 cajuput oil1832 essence of mustarda1834 picamar1835 spurge oil1836 oenanthic ether1837 tea oil1837 capnomor1838 cinnamon-oil1838 oil of mustard1838 orange-flower oil1838 resinein1841 mustard oil1844 myrrhol1845 styrol1845 oenanthol1847 shea butter1847 wintergreen1847 gaultheria oil1848 ginger-grass oil.1849 nutmeg oil1849 pine oil1849 peppermint oil1850 cocoa fat1851 orange oil1853 neem oil1856 poonga oil1857 xanthoxylene1857 crab-oil1858 illupi oil1858 Shanghai oil1861 stand oil1862 mustard-seed oil1863 carap oilc1865 cocum butter or oilc1865 Kurung oil1866 muduga oil1866 pichurim oil1866 serpolet1866 sumbul oil1868 sesame oil1870 niger oil1872 summer yellow1872 olibene1873 patchouli oil1875 pilocarpene1876 styrolene1881 tung oil1881 becuiba tallow1884 soy oil1884 tea-seed oil1884 eucalyptus1885 sage oil1888 hop-oil1889 cotton-seed oil1891 lemon oil1896 palmarosa oil1897 illipe butter1904 hydnocarpus oil1905 tung1911 niger seed oil1917 sun oil1937 vanaspati1949 fennel oil- 1872 Proc. Royal Soc. 1871–2 20 319 A drop of each of the following oils formed films with immediate crystallization of the solutions, viz. pale seal-oil, sperm-oil, cotton-seed oil, and niger-oil. 1884 Encycl. Brit. XVII. 746/1 Niger oil is the produce of the seeds (properly achenes) of Guizotia oleifera, a plant native of the east coast of Africa, but cultivated throughout India and to some extent in Germany. 1948 Jrnl. Polit. Econ. 56 433/2 Oleic acid, stearic acid, copper sulphate, palm niger oil, and glycerin. 1998 Jrnl. Sustainable Agric. 11 5 Coconut and sunflower oils..killed broomrape stems more rapidly than niger and castor oils. 3. a. Niger morocco n. a type of morocco produced in regions near the River Niger and used for bookbinding. ΘΚΠ society > communication > book > manufacture or production of books > book-binding > bookbinding equipment > [noun] > materials > leather roan1383 Turkey leather1655 sheep1705 Turkey1715 Russia1724 rough calf1730 law1738 mottled calf1857 pastegrain1880 Rutland1894 Cambridge calf1895 Niger morocco1898 Niger1946 1898 C. Eyre in Bookbinding by Women 4 From Chiswick there are a number of examples of the very beautiful Niger-morocco bindings. 1901 D. Cockerell Bookbinding xix. 279 It is to be hoped that before long some of the manufacturers interested will produce skins as good in quality and colour as the best Niger morocco. b. Niger goatskin n. = Niger morocco n. at sense 3a. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > skin or hide > [noun] > skin of goat goatskina1425 shiverine15.. goat1771 Niger goatskin1901 1901 D. Cockerell Bookbinding xix. 278 The leather that I have found most useful is the Niger goatskin, brought from Africa by the Royal Niger Company. 1930 Times Lit. Suppl. 18 Dec. 1081/3 (advt.) Bound in whole natural niger goat-skin. 1963 B. C. Middleton Hist. Eng. Craft Bookbinding Technique xi. 122 Niger goatskin..was popularized by Douglas Cockerell more than sixty years ago. II. Simple uses. 4. Usually in form niger. = Niger morocco n. at sense 3a. ΘΚΠ society > communication > book > manufacture or production of books > book-binding > bookbinding equipment > [noun] > materials > leather roan1383 Turkey leather1655 sheep1705 Turkey1715 Russia1724 rough calf1730 law1738 mottled calf1857 pastegrain1880 Rutland1894 Cambridge calf1895 Niger morocco1898 Niger1946 1946 E. Diehl Bookbinding II. xxi. 311 ‘Niger’..made from the skins of small goats found in Nigeria and along the Mediterranean coast of Africa..is a superior skin for use in covering books. 1952 J. Carter ABC for Book-collectors 124 True niger..is a soft skin with an unemphatic, variable grain. It is locally tanned and dyed... The slight variations of grain and colour which give niger its character are seldom achieved in the imitations of it. 1988 A. W. Johnson Pract. Guide Bk. Repair 18 Native prepared skins, known as ‘nigers’, are hand dyed. 5. Now frequently in form nyjer. The plant Guizotia abyssinica, from which niger seed is obtained; (also) a seed of this plant. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > plant, nut, or bean yielding oil > [noun] > other oil-plants Madia1808 Niger1971 1971 Illustr. Weekly India 25 Apr. 42/1 The large tracts of golden paddy fields blended with the molten gold of Niger flowers. 1972 Proc. Royal Soc. B. 181 454 Our results [indicate] that the Compositae..diverged prior to the Rosidae, although this is based solely on the results with mung bean (Rosidae) and sunflower and niger (Asteridae). 1992 F. M. Bradley et al. Rodale's All-new Encycl. Org. Gardening 66/2 Some birds have special favorites: goldfinches, pine siskins, and purple finches love niger thistle. 1996 Proc. Indian National Sci. Acad. B. 62 221 It is proposed that niger was domesticated in Ethiopian highlands earlier than 3000 B.C. and it entered India through trade routes, well before the christian era. 1998 Pittsburgh Post- Gaz. 25 Oct. c14/4 Niger (soon to be referred to as 'Nyjer'). Niger is a tiny..oil-rich, black seed. Finches love it. 2008 D. L. Martin Best-ever Backyard Birding Tips ii. 63/1 Nyjer, niger, niger thistle, thistle. What is this little black seed? This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.¹a1500n.²1856
随便看	overcompensating overcompensation overcompensations overcompensatory overcomplacency overcomplete overcomplexity overcomplicate overcomplicated overcomplicates overcomplicating overcomplimentary overcompound overcompounded overcompounding overconcentrate overconcentrated overconcentration overconcentrations overconcern overconcerned overconcerning overconcerns overconcise overcondense

† nigern.1

Nigern.2

† nigern.¹

Nigern.²