| 释义 |
mushroomn.adj. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French muserun, mousseron. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman muserun, muscheroun, musheroun, musherum, musscherom, musseron, mussherum, mosheron, Middle French mouceron (c1190 in Old French in form mosseron , compare also musserun (13th cent.), earlier in Franco-Occitan in form moisserun (c1180 in Girart de Roussillon; compare Old French moisseron (c1225)); Middle French, French mousseron (1532 in Middle French; compare mousseron n.)) < an unattested post-classical Latin *mussarion- , *mussario (compare musarion- , musario and mussirion- , mussirio (both 6th cent., although perhaps later: the manuscripts in which the forms are attested are 11th cent.)), of unknown origin. The Franco-Occitan and Middle French palatalized forms in moiss- (which in turn give rise to forms in /ʃ/: compare Anglo-Norman forms cited above, and also Occitan mocharnon , Catalan moixernó (1762)) have not been satisfactorily explained (see Französisches etymol. Wörterbuch at *mussario; and for an alternative theory see J. Coromines Diccionari etimològic i complementari de la llengua catalana (1985) at moixernó). Compare also Old Occitan molsairó (14th cent.), apparently showing the influence of Old Occitan molsa moss n.1 Surv. Eng. Dial. records α forms across a broad swathe of southern England: from Cornwall, Somerset, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Wiltshire, Hampshire, Berkshire, Surrey, Sussex, Kent, and Essex. In sense A. 3 after French champignon (1694 in this sense; 1709 in the source translated in quot. 1712 at sense A. 3: see champignon n.). The word is attested earlier as a surname: Johanne Mussheron (1327), although it is uncertain whether this reflects the Anglo-Norman or the Middle English word. The following quot. apparently shows the Anglo-Norman word:c1300 in T. Hunt Pop. Med. 13th-cent. Eng. (1990) v. 263 Item contra brok: Recipe mussourounys .i. poukisthes qui crescit super sterquilinium .i. miskyn. N.E.D. (1908) gives only the pronunciation (mɒ·ʃrum) /ˈmʌʃruːm/. A. n. 1. the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > vegetables > fungi > [noun] > mushroom the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular vegetables > [noun] > mushrooms or edible fungi > mushroom the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular vegetables > [noun] > mushrooms or edible fungi > mushroom or truffle a1400 (Selden) (1887) 24 (MED) Boletus, fungus idem..angl. tadestol uel padestol, gall. mussherums.] (Harl. 221) 349 Muscheron, toodys hatte, boletus, fungus. c1450 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker (1884) I. 597/13 Mussetum, musserouns. 1539 T. Elyot (new ed.) 89 Beware of musherons,..and al other thinges, whiche wyll sone putrifie. 1563 T. Hill (1593) 30 The Toad stooles or Mushrooms, which grow out of the Walnut tree, and bee stiffe and hard. 1595 R. Southwell (Grosart) 69 He that high grouth on cedars did bestowe, Gave also lowly mushrumpes [v.r. mushrumpts] leave to growe. 1612 W. Parkes 20 That Cædar..Vnder whose girdle, nay beneath whose knee, The little Mesrumes louingly agree. 1656 tr. Marnettè i. 312 With Sparagus, with Hartichokes, with Muscherons, with Cream [etc.]. 1688 R. Holme ii. 85/2 Agarick, an Excrement or hard Mushroom, growing out of the sides of old Trees. 1740 W. Ellis ii. 11 Water natually [sic] breeds a Must, which is a Sort of Mushroom. 1757 S. Foote ii. 39 The Offspring of a Dunghill! Born in a Cellar..and living in a Garret; a Fungus, a Mushroom. 1791 T. Paine i. 135 Execration exchanged itself for applause, and Court popularity sprang up like a mushroom in a night. 1818 J. Keats iv. 171 For wine we left our heath, and yellow brooms, And cold mushrooms. 1846 J. Lindley 37 In Paris none [sc. no fungi] are permitted to appear in the markets except the common Truffle, Morel, and Mushroom. 1861 R. Bentley i. v. 385 Fungi or Mushrooms. 1914 F. B. Jack 304/2 Compote of Game... Put the joints [of roasted birds] into a fireproof terrine or casserole with the mushrooms and cherries. 1948 S. J. Perelman vii. 87 I developed a dramatic fungus growth in the left ear indistinguishable from the mushroom the botanists call the Destroying Angel. 1984 J. W. Deacon (ed. 2) iv. 72 Development of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus has received much attention, for obvious reasons. the world > matter > colour > named colours > red or redness > [noun] > shades of red > pale red or pink 1884 25 Apr. 7/6 The fanciful shade of mushroom. 1903 10 Sept. 4/2 A shade called mushroom..a fascinating sober and unusual tone. 1978 K. Amis (1979) ii. 15 Front door and window-frames and drain-pipes not painted cinnabar or orpiment or minium or light mushroom. 1996 Autumn–Winter 165/4 Colours: dusky pink, wine, mushroom, gold, mint, slate. the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > yielding drug or narcotic > [noun] > other plants yielding drugs 1955 A. Huxley 27 Aug. (1969) 761 Mr Wasson's curandero..was under mushroom trance..in Mexico. 1966 T. Leary iv. 71 We are all divided into two classes: those who have taken the mushroom and are disqualified by the subjective experience, and those who have not taken the mushroom..and are disqualified by their total ignorance of the subject. 1994 D. Rushkoff ii. v. 68 Mushrooms..are the real connector back into the archaic, even more so than LSD. 2000 J. Arthur (title) Mushrooms and mankind: the impact of mushrooms on human consciousness and religion. 2. figurative. the world > time > relative time > the future or time to come > newness or novelty > [noun] > newness, freshness, or originality > one who or that which is new to the scene a1593 C. Marlowe (1594) sig. C3v A night growne mushrump, Such a one as my Lord of Cornewall is. 1622 A 3 b He may not..seeme to shrinke, withdraw, giue way, whilst other mushrumpes doe the state betray. 1651 J. Howell 204 Which Commonwealths may be sayed to have bin but Mushrumps in point of duration. 1721 N. Amhurst (1754) No. 13. 66 I hear them scornfully call a rising great man an upstart, a mushroom, and a thing of yesterday. 1787 J. Bentham xiii. 179 Sheffield is an old oak; Birmingham is a mushroom. 1864 J. H. Burton I. ii. 96 The Stewarts..were mere mushrooms beside the descendants of the Guelphs. 1884 Nov. 132/1 The formation of these ‘third parties’—political mushrooms springing up suddenly and suddenly disappearing—is on the whole a public misfortune. 1971 J. Maddox in A. Bullock 310/2 In the twenties, the most cheerful tale is that of the radio industry, as much a mushroom as any ingredient of the Industrial Revolution. 1979 S. Brett iii. 31 He was one of these showbiz mushrooms who spring up overnight. the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > condition of being held in contempt > [noun] > state or quality of being contemptible > contemptible person 1594 sig. I Summon a parley sirs, that we may know Whether these Mushroms here will yeeld or no. 1677 T. D'Urfey ii. 13 Come Ladies, I'le be your Guardian; Let these Mushrumes stand if they dare. 1680 D. Granville in (1902) 224 I will make a filthy bustle before I dye among the Clergy of the nation, as contemptible a mushrump and silly ignoramus as some do make me. 1769 4 Oct. 2/2 A gouty Mushroom of an Earl from the West. the world > life > biology > biological processes > development, growth, or degeneration > [noun] > growth > a growth, or something that grows > a spontaneous growth the world > space > shape > unevenness > projection or prominence > protuberance or rounded projection > [noun] > a protuberance or protuberant part > an excrescence 1648 W. Prynne 2 They are..the Exorbitances and Mushromes of Prerogative, the Wenns of just Government. 1670 C. Gataker in T. Gataker Ep. Ded. sig. A2v Who endeavour to forget that they are Gods offspring, and would fain be taken for the Mushrooms of Chance. 1973 (Canad. ed.) 25 June 7/1 I got the mushroom treatment...They keep you in the dark, and every once in a while they throw manure on you. 1982 2 July 13/6 The RFA crew considered themselves ‘mushrooms’—they were kept in the dark about almost everything. 1988 17 Sept. 4/5 He was regarded as a mushroom..and not told anything about the system of corruption for fear that he might expose it. 2000 (Electronic ed.) 23 Aug. Binder and other mushrooms like to refer to the conservative wing as..‘Kool-Aid drinkers’. the world > action or operation > doing > activity or occupation > [noun] > one who engages in an activity or occupation > one who takes part in an activity > who is involved by chance 1984 4 Nov. (Weekend Mag.) 19/1 Senseless gangland violence which..claims the lives of one or two ‘mushrooms’—the innocent bystanders who ‘pop up’ in the way of gun-fire from passing cars. 1990 16 July 24/3 Gunmen often don't show remorse for bystanders caught in the cross-fire. ‘Now they call those innocent victims “mushrooms”, meaning they get underfoot, so you trample them.’ 1994 (Electronic ed.) 7 June In poor neighborhoods, children are ‘mushrooms’—tiny bits of the landscape that get picked off if they happen to be in bullets' way. 1712 J. James tr. A.-J. Dézallier d'Argenville 214 Mushrooms are a sort of inverted Bowl-dishes, cut with Scales on the upper Part, over which the Water falls into the Bason below. the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > umbrella or protection against bad weather > [noun] 1839 H. Brandon Dict. Flash or Cant Lang. in W. A. Miles 164/1 Mushroom fakers, itinerant umbrella makers and repairers. 1856 H. Mayhew 6 (note) The mouth has come to be styled the ‘tater-trap’;..umbrellas, ‘mushrooms’. 1871 ‘M. Legrand’ 87 Mr. Pokyr said he would take care of my umbrella—‘mushroom’ was the term he used. 1995 J. M. Sims-Kimbrey 198/2 Mushroom,..a parasol or umbrella. the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > headgear > [noun] > hat > round the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > headgear > [noun] > hat > made of specific material > straw > types of 1843 F. Bellew II. 168 I..saw some European veterans..with large mushroom hats, bobbing for fish on the banks of the river. 1864 J. C. Hotten (new ed.) Mushroom, an inelegant round hat worn by demure ladies. 1888 C. M. Yonge iv. 73 A..lady in a mushroom hat. 1896 G. M. Stisted xi. 265 Many a pretty face..surmounted by the ‘mushroom’ or ‘pork-pie’. 1902 31 May 2/1 Mimi's costume consisted of a short holland overall and a brown straw mushroom. 1963 29 Jan. 7/7 Dots..come on giant mushroom hats. society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > anchoring equipment > [noun] > anchor > anchor with mushroom-shaped head 1888 S. Baring-Gould 9 She was moored to a couple of anchors, one of them a ‘mushroom’. 1890 10 Apr. 539 A temporary light-vessel is substituted,..but probably before her mushroom bites the ground it has dragged somewhat. society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > framework of building > [noun] > other supporting members 1907 May 51/1 The essential feature of this new construction is the formation of a so-called mushroom at the top of each column, by extending its reinforcing rods, laterally, some four feet or more out into the slab in a radial direction. 1927 T. P. Bennett 14 A scheme similar in principle has been employed in a number of factory buildings, and has acquired the name of ‘Mushroom’ construction. 1936 80 113/1 (caption) These conditions have been met by an adaptation of the ‘mushroom’ floor slab type of construction. 1963 tr. G. Hatje et al. 182/2 His [sc. Robert Maillart's] most important invention in the field of high structures was..mushroom slab construction, which he used for the first time on a large scale in 1910. 1969 W. R. Dalzell 41 (caption) Reinforced concrete mushrooms support slab constructions. the world > space > extension in space > expansion or enlargement > [noun] > one who or that which expands or enlarges 1916 J. Buchan xxi. 291 There was the dull shock of an explosion and a mushroom of red earth. 1952 G. Wilson xvi. 129 He..pulled energetically at the stem until a mushroom of smoke hung above his head. 1992 June 75/3 I stop and watch in amazement as a Newberry's drugstore at Venice and Western literally explodes before my eyes, a mushroom of smoke and flames towering 200 feet into the night sky. the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile manufacture > manufacture textile fabric or that which consists of > sewing or ornamenting textile fabric > [noun] > sewing > equipment for > that over which fabric is darned 1931 ‘R. Crompton’ viii. 172 The cavity through which both her fist and the darning ‘mushroom’ slipped so unavailingly. 1931 R. H. Heaton 95 Little comforts for the work-basket... Ribbon threader. Mushroom for darning. 1969 E. H. Pinto vii. 134 Cabbage pressers..are larger versions of ‘mushroom’ darners, usually with the button end about 5 in. in diameter. 1990 N. Gordimer 217 There was a wooden mushroom I remembered my mother used to use for darning our socks. B. adj. 1. the world > time > relative time > the future or time to come > newness or novelty > [adjective] > newly come into existence > suddenly and for a brief time 1600 B. Jonson i. ii. sig. D These Mushrompe Gentlemen, That shoot vp in a night to place and worship. View more context for this quotation 1694 N. H. 26/2 Scrutenize their Originals, and find whether or no they [sc. Persons of honour] are of Mushrom growth, or of Ancient standing, for there is no such prying Inquisitor as Curiosity. a1703 E. Filmer (1707) 130 A new, upstart, Mushroom Sect, sprung from their own filthy Dunghill. 1703 II. vi. 119 This was the end of that Mushroom-Army, which grew up and perish'd so soon. 1764 J. Boswell Jrnl. 5 Oct. in (1953) I. 124 He has..a knack of versifying, which has pleased the German ladies and got him a mushroom reputation. a1863 R. Whately (1864) 145 He outlived his own mushroom-reputation. 1887 June 269 Radical millionaires, and mushroom aristocrats. 1929 17 Nov. 4/4 Copyright royalties and artists' fees have largely increased, and the competition of short-lived mushroom companies has necessitated more costly methods of sale and propaganda. 1975 9 Oct. 892/1 ‘Bed and breakfast’..has turned tourism on British farms into an industry... The reasons for this mushroom development are..hard to discover. society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > town as opposed to country > [adjective] > urbanizing 1819 R. L. Mason Diary 9 Dec. in (1915) 66 Those mushroom towns in a short time will produce their own death. 1857 F. L. Olmsted 6 These mushroom cities mark only a night's camping-place of civilization. 1900 J. Ralph viii. 122 It was of intense interest to see a great post like this—a mushroom military capital—spring up much faster than weeds ever grow. 1967 A. J. Toynbee 17 This source of Belém's wealth was two thousand miles and more away from Belém itself; and the mushroom city of Manaus quickly inserted itself, in between. the world > space > shape > other specific shapes > [adjective] > others 1884 36 34 We must suppose that at first every alternate tree vortex is started by its correlated mushroom vortex. 1930 R. Campbell 50 Their mushroom minarets and toadstool towers. 1963 30 Apr. 14/4 At Sotheby's..a baccarat mushroom [paper-]weight realized £140. 1984 135 66/1 The 2-D computations show the heavy and light fluids undergoing complementary circulatory motions, which result in the formation of alternating inverted-upright mushroom structures along the interface. 1906 J. Galsworthy ii. iii. 150 A mole, not dead an hour, with his mushroom and silver coat untouched by the rain or dew. 1975 M. Hartmann v. 68 He dressed in a mushroom polo-neck and..slacks. 1991 17 372 At first glance the Maven looked like a wasted, blinking hippie scientist with a pale mushroom face and eroding hairline. Compounds C1. a. 1936 A. Defries iv. 24 (caption) Plan of mushroom farm. 1997 J. Birmingham (new ed.) iv. 86 A high hill at the mushroom farm. 1733 S. Harrison i. 3 I therefore advise you to lay in a store of Spices,..neither ought you to be without..Kitchup, or Mushroom Juice. 1869 A. S. Wright 177 Mushroom Catsup. Mushroom juice, 1 gallon; allspice 1 ounce; [etc.]. 1999 Apr. 60/3 Add the peppers, passata, mushroom juices and sun-dried tomato paste. 1962 D. Harden xi. 150 In tombs at Carthage jugs with mushroom or trefoil lips abounded. 1728 E. Smith (ed. 2) 43 To make Mushroom Liquor and Powder. 1992 16 Feb. 68/1 Adding a splash of mushroom liquor to a dish..is sort of like inviting a person with a past to a buttoned-down dinner party: it keeps things interesting. 1848 Dec. 727/1 This mushroom omelet does honor to Macedoine. 1972 P. D. James iv. 137 She made herself a mushroom omelette. 1747 H. Glasse ii. 35 Add a Spoonful of Mushroom Pickle, pickled Mushrooms, or fresh, if you have them. 1911 W. Owen 25 Sept. (1967) 85 In the kitchen making mushroom pickle. 1992 (Nexis) 16 May 107 Spicy mushroom pickle with duck foie gras. 1747 H. Glasse ii. 35 To make Mushroom-Sauce for White Fowls of all Sorts. 1845 E. Acton iv. 141 White Mushroom Sauce. 1992 A. Kurzweil xiv. 98 Marie-Louise bravely continued to lift covers, revealing haricots, artichokes, and a grilled chicken in a mushroom sauce. 1970 30 Sept. B 1/5 This holy mushroom sculpture of gray volcanic stone is part of the pre-Columbian art exhibit. 2000 (Nexis) 1 Nov. 10 The book includes Ansell's own description of breaking into a house and finding it crammed with surreal mushroom sculptures. b. the world > matter > colour > named colours > red or redness > [adjective] > pale red or pink 1770 in T. H. Bayly (1820) 114 (note) A mushroom coloured stock, covered with fine point lace. 1904 13 Feb. 8/5 A..skirt of delicate mushroom-coloured face cloth. 1985 Oct. 34 In a later painting..a half-crouched young woman dries herself over a bidet in a mushroom coloured bathroom. 1835 J. Coldstream in I. 39/2 The principal organ of motion in the pulmograda is the large..mushroom-shaped disc. 1998 May 6/2 There are fewer than 10 populations of the Royal bolete, a mushroom-shaped fungus. C2. society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > anchoring equipment > [noun] > anchor > anchor with mushroom-shaped head a1823 (1845) XIV. 548/1 An anchor of a very peculiar kind is employed to secure the vessels..; it is technically called the mushroom anchor. 1920 June 534 One 1000 pound mushroom anchor secured to a keg buoy was dropped as a marker for each position. 1979 J. D. McDonald (1980) xi. 167 Maybe a mushroom anchor, threaded so you could unscrew the shank. a1990 M. F. Hopkins (2014) viii. 51 By 2245 hours, 10:45 p.m., the scientists and crew had the mushroom anchor set on the bottom of the ocean. the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > cultivation of specific crops > [noun] > mushrooms > mushroom- or truffle-bed 1725 R. Bradley Mushroom-beds..The Dung should be well mix'd..and thrown into the Trench two Foot up Ridge-wise. 1763 J. Mills IV. 186 The spawn of mushrooms may be procured at almost any time, by those who have not already had mushroom-beds in their gardens. 1866 R. M. Copeland 624 Make in a good place, out of doors, a mushroom bed. 1990 B. Swain (BNC) 80 Mushroom compost is the material from mushroom beds after cropping has finished, by which time the urine content has gone. 1879 19 342 As regards the general structure of the so-called mushroom-body and its stem, Leydig makes little advance on what was done by Dujardin. 1914 24 285 These two large masses of the posterior roots of the mushroom body have been frequently termed ‘ocellar glomeruli’ in the literature of insect brains. 1978 July 85/1 Histologists of the 19th century observed that mushroom bodies are particularly prominent in social insects and inferred that the highest brain functions (learning, memory and complex social behaviour) are probably located there. the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > vegetables > fungi > [noun] > mushroom > cap of 1938 Oct. 61/2 To a Béchamel which you have allowed to cook until a little thicker than usual, add a wineglass (1/4 cup) of mushroom liquor, two or three diced mushroom caps, and a tablespoon of tomato purée. 1990 J. Shields (1991) ii. 83/1 These sherried mushroom caps, stuffed with a filling voluptuously endowed with crabmeat, can't be topped for a first course or for warm pass-arounds at formal cocktail parties. the world > matter > colour > named colours > red or redness > [noun] > shades of red > pale red or pink 1900 16 Aug. 3/1 It is as near as you can get to it unless you say mushroom-colour. 1975 ‘E. Ferrars’ ii. 18 The wallpaper..had faded to a patchy mushroom colour. 1926 13 394 Greenhouse soil plus mushroom compost. 1989 (BNC) 14 Oct. 43 I now..give an annual mulch of bark to the acid areas and spent mushroom compost to the rest. the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > rock > concretion or petrifaction > [noun] > coral > specific 1681 N. Grew iii. i. iii. 280 Mushroom-Coral. Fungites. So called from a little likeness it hath to a Toad-Stool. 1879 H. N. Moseley xv. 385 The common Mushroom Coral,..(Fungia sp.), is most extraordinarily abundant. 1976 Sept. 41/2 Some corals, such as the mushroom coral, consist of a single giant polyp up to two feet long lying unattached on the ocean bottom. the world > the earth > land > landscape > fertile land or place > land with vegetation > [noun] > specific plants 1731 P. Miller I. at Mushrooms You should put in some of the Knobs of Mushroom Earth, about six Inches asunder. the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > tailoring or making clothes > making other clothing > [noun] > repairing umbrellas > one who 1839Mushroom faker [see sense A. 4]. 1851 H. Mayhew II. 115/2 The mushroom-fakers will repair any umbrella on the owner's premises. the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > vegetables > fungi > [noun] > mushroom > cap of 1747 H. Glasse xi. 121 Two Quarts of the large Mushroom Flaps rubbed to Pieces. 1861 I. M. Beeton x. 226 Choose full-grown mushroom-flaps, and take care they are perfectly fresh-gathered. 1753 Suppl. Mushroom Galls..a name given by authors to a small species of galls very common on the leaves of the oak in September and October. 1853 20 Aug. 596/2 Men..employed in mushroom growing in the carrières..receive higher wages than their friends above ground. 1994 Jan. 3/2 We suggest you start mushroom growing with Pink Oyster (Pleurotus salmoneo-stramineus) an edible and ornamental mushroom. 1827 G. Higgins 86 I have no experience of mushroom-grown men. 1997 J. Lasdun 51 Then came madness, the mind's own Catabolic horrors, mushroom-grown In the putresecence of itself. the world > relative properties > quantity > increase in quantity, amount, or degree > [noun] > rapid or sharp increase 1727 W. Somervile 245 In Troops the recent Gentry rise, Of Mushroom Growth. 1839 5–12 Dec. 793 I eschew, as I would an infected district, that mushroom growth of human habitations which has climbed the airy heights of west Boston. 1931 2 May 944/2 Thus has terminated the career of a bank which enjoyed a mushroom growth immediately after the war. 1992 T. Enright tr. S. O'Crohan (1993) 141 Tis no mushroom growth you are, Jack. 1872 R. Heath in Sept. 628/2 It was a notion held among the peasantry in olden times, that he who could in one night erect a ‘Mushroom Hall’ or a ‘now-or-never,’..without hindrance from the officials of the manor, had obtained a copyhold right to the land. the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > equipment and buildings > [noun] > greenhouse or glass-house > other types of glass-house or hothouse 1797 W. Nicol vi. 73 (heading) On the Construction of the Mushroom House. 1826 Apr. 215 In a back shed heated by a flue and denominated the mushroom-house, are several beds of mushrooms raised in Oldham's manner. 1906 J. Galsworthy (1996) i. Interlude 322 Luncheon was a successful meal, the mushrooms which he himself had picked in the mushroom house. 1997 in D. S. Smith et al. vii. 196 The new type of mushroom house is much more airtight, in order to prevent invasion of insects. 1788 17 Jan. He has, for Sale..Mushroom ketchup, in pints. 1789 J. Woodforde 13 Nov. (1927) III. 151 A Quart Bottle of Mushroom Catchup. 1859 21 May 78/1 Chili vinegar, mushroom catsup, or ‘bull’, he would take in any quantity. 1986 B. Fussell iii. xi. 180 The Virginia Housewife (1824), calls for a mushroom ketchup ‘To Barbecue Shote’ (also spelled shoat), the name Southerners give ‘to a fat young hog’. the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > bread dish > [noun] > other bread dishes 1769 E. Raffald xii. 264 To make Mushroom Loaves. 1892 Mushroom-men, men, having very little or no capital, who hire looms and start to compete in the cotton industry, on the principle that they have all to gain and nothing to lose. 1989 18 Mar. 71/1 In a more extreme form this manifests itself in the familiar philosophy of ‘mushroom management’ (keep them in the dark and feed them bullshit). 1998 (Electronic ed.) 20 Aug. That old favourite ‘mushroom management’, where workers are kept in the dark and have corporate manure shovelled on top of them, must go. 1728 E. Smith (ed. 2) 43 To make Mushroom Liquor and Powder. 1778 July 226 Put them into a stewpan with..a little mushroom powder. 1973 14 490/1 He had been given by the Komi a mushroom powder, with the suggestion that he chew it. the world > the supernatural > supernatural being > fairy or elf > [noun] > fairy-ring 1807 (Royal Soc.) 97 138 I cut a groove..along the diameter of a mushroom-ring. 1863 C. Patmore vii. 51 Marriage, like a mushroom-ring, Spreads its sure circle every Spring. 1958 J. K. Baxter 61 The stars..Shine..on mushroom rings Darker green than the sheep-nibbled grass. 1928 C. F. S. Gamble xx. 358 A large canister buoy was laid down with a mushroom sinker. the world > plants > particular plants > fungi > [noun] > parts of > cells and tissue 1753 Suppl. at Mushroom Into this [trench]..should be put in the knobs of Mushroom spawn. 1850 J. Pereira (ed. 3) II: Pt. i. 952 Mushroom spawn is the name given by gardeners to the white branching cottony fibres (mycelia) which form the so-called root of the mushroom. 1950 L. E. Hawker i. 6 The so-called ‘mushroom spawn’ consists of a block of compost through which the hyphae or mycelium of the mushroom have ramified. 1993 18 125/1 SW 27 was isolated from commercial mushroom spawn. 1840 J. Pereira ii. 572 Mushroom sugar has been found identical with mannite. 1862 H. Watts tr. L. Gmelin XV. 301 The mushroom-sugar (sucre des champignons, Schwammzucker), observed by Braconnot,..is fermentable, crystallises easily in four-sided prisms, and is less sweet than cane-sugar. society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > parts of machines > control(s) > [noun] > valve > lift 1877 7 July 114/3 Exhaust valve, consisting of ordinary mushroom valve. 1924 S. G. Wheeler I. vii. 102 Occasionally steam engines are controlled by ‘mushroom’ valves like internal combustion engines. 1979 29/1 It is not practical to use poppet or mushroom valves operated by cams in two-stroke motorcycle engines. 1967 16 Sept. 710/1 The finding of precipitin antibodies in two of the four cases provides the final evidence that mushroom worker's lung is merely a variant of farmer's lung. 1995 D. J. Weatherall et al. (ed. 3) II. xvii. 2810/2 Although those [microorganisms] associated with the most celebrated disorders—farmer's lung, mushroom worker's lung, and bagassosis—are usually thermophilic, the majority are not. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2003; most recently modified version published online June 2022). mushroomv. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: mushroom n. Etymology: < mushroom n. N.E.D. (1908) gives only the pronunciation (mɒ·ʃrum) /ˈmʌʃruːm/. 1747 S. Richardson I. xl. 268 None but the prosperous upstart, mushroom'd into rank (another of his peculiars) was arrogantly proud of it. the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > picking or gathering > [verb (intransitive)] > gather mushrooms 1855 8 288 Every one who was so happy as to go mushrooming in his early days, remembers his delight when..he pounces on an unmistakeable mushroom. 1894 2 Jan. 7/2 While walking across a field mushrooming. 1969 29 Nov. 2 People are still mushrooming in the woods round Moscow, and some cherry trees have blossomed a second time. 1987 5 72 At the age of eight he would go mushrooming with his father. 3. society > armed hostility > military equipment > operation and use of weapons > action of propelling missile > discharge of firearms > discharge firearms [verb (intransitive)] > actions of bullet or shot 1893 F. C. Selous 431 Such a bullet will mushroom on striking an animal. 1900 No. 2054. 1158 The result is that the lead mushrooms out. 1905 A. Conan Doyle i. 5 The revolver bullet, which had mushroomed out, as soft nosed bullets will, and so inflicted a wound which must have caused instantaneous death. 1987 July 14/2 The 125-gr. Federal .357 slug mushroomed perfectly and did not exit the leg. society > armed hostility > military equipment > production and development of arms > produce or develop arms [verb (transitive)] > sift shot > prepare bullet to expand and flatten 1896 16 Dec. 6/3 The bullet was either mushroomed or the nickel shell and lead had parted company. 4. the world > space > extension in space > expansion or enlargement > expand or enlarge [verb (intransitive)] > rapidly 1903 2 Nov. 3 The flames had gone up the stairs to the very top of the house, and had then ‘mushroomed’ out, as the firemen say. 1911 10 Aug. The flames mushroomed from the shaft on all floors above. 1937 D. L. Sayers v. 97 The loosened soot of centuries came plunging in a mad cascade down the chimney; it met the floor with a soft and deadly violence and mushroomed up in a Stygian cloud. 1947 J. C. Rich ix. 249 If the end [of the chisel] receiving the impact of the carving hammer is too soft, it will quickly ‘mushroom’. 1992 July–Oct. 1437/2 The ‘domed’ head has been heat treated to prevent chipping, nor will it mushroom. 1917 17 106 At the point of junction a wooden rivet, the ends of which are burred or ‘mushroomed’ by hammering, unites the rods firmly together. 1932 32 116 The upper ring of each [axe] is kept from slipping off by ‘mushrooming’ the head of the haft. 1948 A. 194 301 The specimens [of steel] were usually ‘mushroomed’ by the impact. the world > relative properties > quantity > increase in quantity, amount, or degree > [verb (intransitive)] > rapidly or sharply 1951 J. Lait & L. Mortimer i. i. 1/2 It is an old-fashioned, tree-shaded Southern town..taken over by a gigantic governmental apparatus which..has mushroomed into the world's greatest bureaucracy. 1959 1 Dec. 11/8 A private Bill, promoted by the L.C.C.; it is intended to secure greater control of clubs which have ‘mushroomed’ into existence in recent years. 1972 48 429 The number of publishing companies, both in Europe and North America, which have prepared new editions of primary sources [in linguistics] has mushroomed. 1996 2 Feb. 18/3 As Altamira Equity mushrooms past $2 billion in assets—now the fourth-largest Canadian equity fund—the margin of outperformance has been shrinking. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022). <  n.adj.1440 v.1747 |
