munitionn.

Brit.

/mjᵿˈnɪʃn/, U.S.

/mjuˈnɪʃ(ə)n/,

/mjəˈnɪʃ(ə)n/

Forms: Middle English 1600s munycion, Middle English–1500s monysion, Middle English–1500s monysyon, Middle English–1600s municion, 1500s monition, 1500s monycion, 1500s monytion, 1500s muniction, 1500s munishon, 1500s munycyon, 1500s munytion, 1500s– munition, 1600s munisen (Irish English); Scottish pre-1700 monesyȝon, pre-1700 monesyone, pre-1700 moniccion, pre-1700 monicioun, pre-1700 monisioun, pre-1700 monithion, pre-1700 monition, pre-1700 monitioun, pre-1700 monitioune, pre-1700 monutioun, pre-1700 monyshion, pre-1700 municion, pre-1700 municione, pre-1700 municioun, pre-1700 munishon, pre-1700 munissioun, pre-1700 munition, pre-1700 munitione, pre-1700 munitioun, pre-1700 munitioune, pre-1700 munitoun, pre-1700 munycioun, pre-1700 mvnition, pre-1700 mvnitioun, pre-1700 mwnicioun, pre-1700 mwnisioun, pre-1700 mwnycioun.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French municion, monition, munition.

Etymology: < Middle French municion fortification (c1325), monition fortification (1543), provisioning (16th cent.), Middle French, French munition provisioning (1538), fortification (16th cent.), action of defending (1636) < classical Latin mūnītiōn- , mūnītiō fortification, in post-classical Latin also provisioning (from 1180 in British sources) < mūnīt- , past participial stem of mūnīre to fortify (see munite v.) + -iō -ion suffix¹. Compare Old Occitan municion, Italian munizione (14th cent.), Spanish municion (1396), Catalan munició (1505), Portuguese munição (16th cent.).With the phrase munition(s) of war (see sense 4a) compare French munition(s) de guerre (1636 in singular, 1736 in plural). N.E.D. (1908) gives a sense ‘?Apparatus’; for the single quotation which illustrates this sense in N.E.D. see minution n.

†1. A granted right or privilege; = munity n.¹ Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > legal right > [noun] > granted (by will or charter)

munition1448

munity1467

1448 in S. A. Moore Lett. & Papers J. Shillingford (1871) 66 (MED) The Bisshop sholde have..generall municion yn the churche, we to have right noght to don ne make none arestis withynne his fee.

1461 Rolls of Parl. V. 489/2 Almaner Libertees, Privileges, Fraunchises..Municions, Enlargements, Annexions..had or graunted by the seid pretended Kynges.

†2. The action of providing something; provision. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > undertaking > preparation > [noun]

yarkingc1000

forgraithinga1300

apparellingc1315

ordinancec1330

purveyancec1330

graithinga1340

purveying1340

providencea1382

making readyc1384

preparationa1393

paring1393

provisiona1398

parelc1425

apparelc1430

parelling?a1440

ablingc1450

munition1480

preparing1497

arraya1500

readyinga1500

repurveancea1500

ordaining1509

apparation1533

preparementa1538

apprest1539

preparaturea1540

preparance1543

order1545

apparance1546

prepare1548

fore-preparationa1586

ettlingc1600

apparelment1607

parationa1617

comparation1623

address1633

apparatus1638

prep1920

1480 Wardrobe Accts. Edward IV in N. H. Nicolas Privy Purse Expenses Elizabeth of York (1830) 113 Also for to make into the same his saide grete Warderobe monysion of all maner of stuff.

1642 Visct. Saye & Sele Speech conc. Bp. of Canterburies Petition 3 This munition of such formes upon all men.

†3. The action or an act of fortifying or defending something. Also: a fortification, a defensive structure; anything that serves as a defence or protection. Also in extended use. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > [noun]

workeOE

forcementa1382

strengtha1382

strengthinga1382

warding1382

closurea1400

bulwarkc1418

propugnaclea1460

fortification1489

munition?c1500

tuition1513

fortifying1523

furniture1577

munificence1596

bloccuz1600

burg-ward1753

propugnaculum1864

society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > [noun] > construction of defensive works

strengthingc1384

warnestoringc1386

munition?c1500

fortification1562

defences1569

ensconcing1590

munifience1596

refortification1598

garrisoning1681

fortifying1719

forting1756

obstacling1882

?c1500 J. Blount tr. N. Upton Essent. Portions De Studio Militari (1931) 3 Thow schalt not hynder thy sp[e]ciall lorde in eny soche secret cowncell as he pattythe the In truste wythe, nor in eny munitions or savegardes that he hathe made ffor his defence.

1508 in M. Livingstone Reg. Secreti Sigilli Regum Scotorum (1908) I. 253/2 With battelling, machcoling and all uther maner of defens and munitioun.

?c1550 tr. P. Vergil Eng. Hist. (1846) I. vii. 259 Leavinge a garrison for the munition of the porte hee hasted into Denmarcke.

1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde iii. vi. f. 121^v The situation of the place, hath no natural munition or defense.

1565 J. Calfhill Aunswere Treat. Crosse f. 39 Let vs enter into the walled cities, The battayles of the Heretiques doe arise, Let the munitions of Christ holde vs.

1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage 598 The inhabitants..haue the middest of the Groue fortified with a triple wall. The first munition containeth the Kings Pallace; the second [etc.].

1618 G. Chapman tr. Hesiod Georgicks i. ii Then put thy body's best munition on, Soft waistcoats.

a1619 S. Daniel Funerall Poeme Earle of Devonshyre 351 With what munition he did fortifie His heart.

1675 T. Turner Case Bankers & Creditors (ed. 2) 39 Such was the Care of our Ancestors..in the Munition and Fencing about of their Rights and Properties.

a1716 R. South Serm. Several Occasions (1744) VII. 75 The inward firmness of one must be corroborated by the exterior munitions of the other.

1791 W. Cowper tr. Homer Iliad in Iliad & Odyssey I. i. 357 Achilles.., whose might, the chief munition is of all our host.

1816 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. (1818) II. xvii. 27 [Ants] unite more intimately for defence against some common enemy, and to raise works of munition that may resist his attack.

1870 J. B. L. Warren Rehearsals 69 No supplication longer will restore That mild god, your old refuge and supreme Munition.

a. Military equipment of any kind, as weaponry, ammunition, stores, etc. Now usually in plural. Also munition(s) of war. Cf. sense 4e.In the 16th and 17th centuries the singular form was often used spec. for articles used to charge firearms and ordnance, as powder, shot, shell, etc., for which ammunition is now the more usual term; cf. ammunition n. 1a.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > military equipment > [noun]

gearc1275

armourc1300

armsc1325

armingc1330

ordnancea1393

armourer?c1400

artilleryc1405

habiliments1422

artry1447

armaturea1460

apparamenta1464

atour1480

munitionc1515

furnishments1559

furniture1569

equipage1579

ammunition?1588

magazine1588

victuals1653

war1667

armament1668

contraband1753

stuff1883

society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > missile > ammunition for firearms > [noun]

munitionc1515

artillery1540

ammunition?1588

ammo1911

c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) xx. 58 A grete shyppe,..wel furnyshyd with bysket, wynes and flesshe,..and with monysyons of warre [Fr. ordonnee dartillerie].

1517 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1903) V. 122 The hail munitioun, viz. pikkis, halbartis, billis, matokkis [etc.].

1544 in R. G. Marsden Sel. Pleas Court Admiralty (1894) I. 140 All the victelles powder and monycions of the shippe.

1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. lvi They were neyther sufficiently furnished of Munition nor weapons.

1575 T. Churchyard 1st Pt. Chippes f. 98 No maruell thoghe, thear harts with in did quaill Who did..behold Thear powlder faild, thear water waxed skant Thear hoep is small, that doth munishon want.

1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie iii. xxiii. 226 By furnishing him at his neede with store of men and munition to his warres, and now to be thus vsed he thought it a very euill requitall.

1616 J. Bullokar Eng. Expositor Munition, great Ordinance for the warre, great shot.

1624 J. Smith Gen. Hist. Virginia iv. 163 We had of Tooles, Armes, and Munition sufficient.

a1639 J. Spottiswood Hist. Church Scotl. (1677) ii. 81 Right against it was all the munition of the Castle planted.

1642 Petition in House Lords 16 Apr. in Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion (1702) I. v. 383 Armes, and Munition for defence of this Kingdom.

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. Munition, or Ammunition, the Provisions wherewith any Place is furnished in order for defence; or wherewith a Vessel is stock'd for a Voyage; or [those] that follow a Camp for its Subsistence.

1818 Cobbett's Weekly Polit. Reg. 33 200 The President states..that they have given aid to neither of the parties in men, money, ships or munitions of war.

1825 W. Scott Talisman vii, in Tales Crusaders IV. 141 De Vaux having been sent to Ascalon to bring up reinforcements and supplies of military munition.

1868 J. E. T. Rogers Man. Polit. Econ. xvii. 223 Gunpowder, firearms, or any other commodity which may be brought within the definition of munitions of war.

1895 S. Crane Red Badge of Courage xii. 123 There seemed to be a great ruck of men and munitions spread about in the forest and in the fields.

1941 D. Thomas Let. 2 Apr. (1985) 478 The boys of the Government will get me making munitions... Clocking in, turning a screw, winding a wheel..every cartridge case means one less Jerry.

1955 Mil. Affairs 19 74 Atomic munitions which give one aircraft the destructive power of 300 TNT-loaded bombers, or considerably more H-weapons, upsets the offensive-defensive balance still more.

1986 Stone's Justices' Man. (ed. 118) III. v. 6252 An aircraft shall not carry any munition of war unless..with the written permission of the Authority.

†b. In extended use. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. ccxxxiij That olde enemye of mankynde..layeth to all hys munition.

1631 B. Jonson Staple of Newes i. iii. 33 in Wks. II P. Ca.: Here Master Picklocke, Sir, your man o' Law, And learn'd Atturney, has sent you a Bag of munition. P. Iu.: What is't? P. Ca.: Three hundred pieces.

a1634 W. Austin Devotionis Augustinianæ Flamma (1635) 101 Take (after) from the Bodie, all the Munition, that armes, and makes it strong in resisting.

1854 H. D. Thoreau Walden 152 Cellars for the storage of wines and other munitions of peace.

1857 T. Hughes Tom Brown's School Days ii. iv. 295 They carry all their munitions [for birds' nesting] into calling-over.

c. Ministry of Munitions n. (in the British government) a ministry which from 1915 to 1921 controlled the manufacture and supply of munitions. Minister of Munitions n. the minister in charge of the Ministry of Munitions. Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > a or the government > government department or agency > [noun] > with specific responsibility > English or British

admiralty1459

ordnance1485

Navy Office1660

navy board1681

patent office1696

excise-office1698

Treasury Office1706

Plantation Office1708

stamp office1710

War Office1721

India Office1787

home office1795

Woods, Forests, and Land Revenues1803

the Stamps1820

Welsh Office1852

W.O.1860

Local Government Board1871

pall-mall1880

Scottish Office1883

Ministry of Munitions1915

War House1925

Min of Ag1946

Mintech1967

DOE1972

Manpower Services Commission1973

1915 Times 26 May 9/6 The Prime Minister has decided that a new Department shall be created, to be called the Ministry of Munitions.

1915 Act 5 & 6 Geo. V c. 54 §4 If the Minister of Munitions considers it expedient..that any establishment in which munitions work is carried on should be subject to the special provisions, [etc.].

1925 D. Carnegie Hist. Munitions Supply in Canada xxvi. 251 Mr. H. E. Morgan..was sent out to Canada from the Ministry of Munitions.

1957 Encycl. Brit. XV. 963/1 On the formation of the first wartime coalition government in 1915, a major change in organization was made by setting up a ministry of munitions, with David Lloyd George as the first minister.

1993 Jrnl. Mil. Hist. 57 453 Winston Churchill, the First Lord from 1911 through the spring of 1915, and subsequently Minister of Munitions in 1917 and 1918.

d. colloquial. In plural. The production of munitions; factories producing munitions.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > military equipment > production and development of arms > [noun] > manufacture of firearms and ammunition

pyrotechny1579

pyrotechnics1729

gunmaking1846

munition1916

1916 Blackwood's Mag. Feb. 205/1 There is no need at this time to praise the women working on munitions.

1924 B. Gilbert Bly Market 66 I expect..you'll be leaving the schooling and go to the munitions.

1935 A. J. Cronin Stars look Down ii. vii. 301 There was a future in munitions... They were going to put up a line of sheds..filling sheds.

1958 Econ. Jrnl. 68 110 There were also large overtime earnings to be made by those working on munitions and in other occupations.

1991 K. Dayus Where there's Life (ed. 2) 103 Liza left as well and got a job on the munitions with Sally Buckley.

e. In singular. An item of military equipment; a weapon, esp. a missile.

ΚΠ

1962 Ordnance Techn. Terminol. (U.S. Army Ordnance School) 282/1 Smoke pot, a cylindrical metal munition designed to produce smoke for screening or signalling purposes.

1992 C. McInnes in J. Baylis & N. J. Rengger Dilemmas World Polit. v. 141 The anti-tank guided munition..first made an impact in the 1973 Middle East War.

2000 Econ. Affairs 20 25/1 Originally, the US attempted to prevent the use of strong encryption by foreign governments. The export of the technology was prevented under US laws that classed it as a munition.

Compounds

C1.

a. With first element in singular form (in modern use largely superseded by compounds employing the plural form: see Compounds 2).

munition dump n.

ΚΠ

1934 Amer. Jrnl. Inernat. Law 28 191 In the explosion of munition dumps, and misguided shots by policemen, the theory of risk has been added to explain reparation.

1997 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 14 Aug. 34/1 In the ‘meltdown’ districts, the gangs looted the army barracks and munition dumps.

munition factory n.

ΚΠ

1909 Westm. Gaz. 9 Oct. 2/2 In 1895 he visited the chief firearm and munition factories of France.

1999 Grimsby Evening Tel. (Electronic ed.) 31 Dec. Some [women] experienced the workplace for the first time during munition factory jobs in the war.

munition-maker n.

ΚΠ

1916 Home Compan. 12 Aug. 16/1 This is my last chat to you, little mother munition-makers.

1991 Washington Times (Nexis) 12 Dec. a3 Many members were convinced munition-makers and bankers tricked the nation into World War I.

munition-making n.

ΚΠ

1916 ‘B. Cable’ Doing their Bit 24 No man or lathe or tool that can be turned to munition-making is possibly doing anything else.

1994 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 24 Feb. 2 Machine tool manufacturers believed Mr Clark, former trade minister, had given them ‘a nod and a wink’ to keep exporting munition-making equipment to Iraq.

munition work n.

ΚΠ

1916 ‘B. Cable’ Doing their Bit 40 Anything less promising of munition work it would be hard to find.

1992 Toronto Star (Nexis) 29 Apr. a4 Thousands of women are now employed in Toronto factories on munition work.

munition worker n.

ΚΠ

1915 Daily Sketch 18 Aug. 2 (heading) Badges for the volunteer munition worker.

1992 S. Hollaway Courage High! xv. 123 Suitable protective clothing for munition workers.

munition works n.

ΚΠ

1915 Times 30 Sept. 4/5 (headline) Shell fired by the King. Visit to munition works in Sheffield.

1995 Arizona Republic (Nexis) 7 May ve3 We pulled into Pilsen at 8 in the morning, captured the munition works and liberated the breweries.

munition bread n. [Compare Middle French pain de munition (1562)] now rare bread supplied to soldiers as rations.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > military organization > logistics > [noun] > provision or procurement of supplies > supplies > ration

munition-wine1603

munition bread1629

ration1687

estapa1753

1629 tr. S. Pelegromius Descr. S'hertogenbosh 50 The Gouernours diuided also mu [n] ition bread amongst the needy Burgers.

1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. Munition bread, contract or commissariat bread.

1931 Science 74 456 Another dog ate exclusively military or munition bread; his health continued perfectly good.

munition girl n. British colloquial (now historical) = munitionette n.

ΚΠ

1916 M. Cosens (title) Lloyd George's munition girls.

1993 Daily Mail (Nexis) 6 Nov. 28 By mid-afternoon London was bursting at the seams. Lorry-loads of munition girls came in from the factories in packed buses.

munition house n. now historical a building used to store munitions; an ammunition house.

ΚΠ

1539–40 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1907) VII. 346 I dur strikkin furtht in the est end of the munitioun hous.

1569 in J. D. Marwick Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1875) III. 263 To put in the samyn [pikis] in the townys mvnition hous quhair thay war of before.

1618 in J. Imrie & J. G. Dunbar Accts. Masters of Wks. (1982) II. 95 At the redding of the munitioun hous quhen the peices were drawin in.

1650 J. Reynolds Flower of Fidelitie vii. 180 They hied to the Kings munition-house, and there chose each of them a green Armour of Velvet.

1984 J. Gifford et al. Edinburgh i. 88 Designs..for re-casting the New Barracks and the Munition House and Ordnance Stores in a style more French château than Scottish castle.

munition ship n. a ship used to carry munitions.

ΚΠ

1688 N. Boteler Sea-Dialogues 383 What shall become of the munition ships, and of the victuallers?

1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Munition-Ships, such Vessels as are employ'd to carry ammunition &c. and to tend upon a Fleet of Men of War.

1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. Munition ships, those which carry the naval stores for a fleet, as distinguished from the victuallers.

1987 Washington Post (Nexis) 30 Sept. a3 The pontoon causeways were..designed to be carried aboard huge supply and munition ships.

† munition-wine n. Obsolete rare wine supplied to soldiers as rations.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > military organization > logistics > [noun] > provision or procurement of supplies > supplies > ration

munition-wine1603

munition bread1629

ration1687

estapa1753

1603 J. Florio tr. M. de Montaigne Ess. i. xxxv. 113 So hard frosts, that their munition-wines were faine to be cut and broken with hatchets.

C2. With first element in plural form (including many counterparts of the singular forms at Compounds 1); now becoming the predominant usage.

munitions dump n.

ΚΠ

1941 Amer. Jrnl. Internat. Law 35 141 Four thousand men..laid down military telegraph lines, established machine-gun depots, munitions dumps, etc.

1992 New Yorker 24 Aug. 69/2 Air attacks that..would destroy artillery positions, munitions dumps, and air fields.

munitions factory n.

ΚΠ

1915 Amer. Jrnl. Internat. Law 9 936 Disturbances in the Bethlehem Schwab's steel and munitions factory.

2001 Ottawa Citizen (Nexis) 24 Feb. a2 While the Sudanese government has announced its intention to build a munitions factory, construction has not yet begun.

munitions girl n.

ΚΠ

1991 Sunday Times (Nexis) 2 June An affair between a Craiglockhart patient and a munitions girl.

1998 Independent (Nexis) 19 Dec. 11 I will think of the scene for a moment: wrecked houses, dead munitions girls, the water shaking in the river..up to Chelsea.

munitions-maker n.

ΚΠ

1936 C. A. Beard Devil Theory of War vii. 113 Incidentally, but not to their discredit, munitions makers, bankers and other pushers of foreign trade support this conception of policy.

1999 Arizona Republic (Nexis) 30 Apr. b3 Authorities will gather Tuesday to remove non-hazardous materials from a shed and bunker on a ranch once operated by munitions maker Chuck Byers.

munitions-making n.

ΚΠ

1916 Monthly Rev. U.S. Bureau Labor Statistics June 23 (title) Labor conditions in munitions making in Great Britain.

1999 Pittsburgh Post-Gaz. (Nexis) 9 May a10 Eric Harris, one of the two killers who ended his own life after the killings, had posted munitions-making instructions on his America Online home page.

munitions ship n.

ΚΠ

1916 Polit. Sci. Q. 31 44 A German munitions ship, accompanying the submarine, was sunk.

1995 Time Out 9 Aug. 147/1 It's a slangy, jerry-rigged kind of a picture which manages to work in everything from burning munitions ships to voodoo cultists.

munitions work n.

ΚΠ

1916 Econ. Jrnl. 26 176 The whole of what is now termed munitions work was thus in the hands of a relatively small body of highly skilled men.

2001 Hist. Today (Nexis) Jan. 62 It's a Safeways supermarket now. During the war it would have been used for munitions work.

munitions worker n.

ΚΠ

1915 W. Owen Let. 16 Oct. (1967) 359 Dr. Rayner says I should become a Munitions Worker at Birmingham.

1994 Our Times Feb. 37/2 They speak of being munitions workers, members of voluntary aid detachments, ambulance drivers, ‘farmerettes’ (women farmers), and nurses.

munitions works n.

ΚΠ

1915 Times 1 Oct. 9/4 The number of men required for the Navy, Army and munitions works..can be obtained by voluntary means.

2000 Independent (Nexis) 29 Apr. 1 During the First World War, fights at the Gretna munitions works were so bad that the government nationalised the local pubs.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2003; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	munition
释义	munitionn. Brit. /mjᵿˈnɪʃn/, U.S. /mjuˈnɪʃ(ə)n/, /mjəˈnɪʃ(ə)n/ Forms: Middle English 1600s munycion, Middle English–1500s monysion, Middle English–1500s monysyon, Middle English–1600s municion, 1500s monition, 1500s monycion, 1500s monytion, 1500s muniction, 1500s munishon, 1500s munycyon, 1500s munytion, 1500s– munition, 1600s munisen (Irish English); Scottish pre-1700 monesyȝon, pre-1700 monesyone, pre-1700 moniccion, pre-1700 monicioun, pre-1700 monisioun, pre-1700 monithion, pre-1700 monition, pre-1700 monitioun, pre-1700 monitioune, pre-1700 monutioun, pre-1700 monyshion, pre-1700 municion, pre-1700 municione, pre-1700 municioun, pre-1700 munishon, pre-1700 munissioun, pre-1700 munition, pre-1700 munitione, pre-1700 munitioun, pre-1700 munitioune, pre-1700 munitoun, pre-1700 munycioun, pre-1700 mvnition, pre-1700 mvnitioun, pre-1700 mwnicioun, pre-1700 mwnisioun, pre-1700 mwnycioun. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French municion, monition, munition. Etymology: < Middle French municion fortification (c1325), monition fortification (1543), provisioning (16th cent.), Middle French, French munition provisioning (1538), fortification (16th cent.), action of defending (1636) < classical Latin mūnītiōn- , mūnītiō fortification, in post-classical Latin also provisioning (from 1180 in British sources) < mūnīt- , past participial stem of mūnīre to fortify (see munite v.) + -iō -ion suffix¹. Compare Old Occitan municion, Italian munizione (14th cent.), Spanish municion (1396), Catalan munició (1505), Portuguese munição (16th cent.).With the phrase munition(s) of war (see sense 4a) compare French munition(s) de guerre (1636 in singular, 1736 in plural). N.E.D. (1908) gives a sense ‘?Apparatus’; for the single quotation which illustrates this sense in N.E.D. see minution n. †1. A granted right or privilege; = munity n.¹ Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > law > legal right > [noun] > granted (by will or charter) munition1448 munity1467 1448 in S. A. Moore Lett. & Papers J. Shillingford (1871) 66 (MED) The Bisshop sholde have..generall municion yn the churche, we to have right noght to don ne make none arestis withynne his fee. 1461 Rolls of Parl. V. 489/2 Almaner Libertees, Privileges, Fraunchises..Municions, Enlargements, Annexions..had or graunted by the seid pretended Kynges. †2. The action of providing something; provision. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > undertaking > preparation > [noun] yarkingc1000 forgraithinga1300 apparellingc1315 ordinancec1330 purveyancec1330 graithinga1340 purveying1340 providencea1382 making readyc1384 preparationa1393 paring1393 provisiona1398 parelc1425 apparelc1430 parelling?a1440 ablingc1450 munition1480 preparing1497 arraya1500 readyinga1500 repurveancea1500 ordaining1509 apparation1533 preparementa1538 apprest1539 preparaturea1540 preparance1543 order1545 apparance1546 prepare1548 fore-preparationa1586 ettlingc1600 apparelment1607 parationa1617 comparation1623 address1633 apparatus1638 prep1920 1480 Wardrobe Accts. Edward IV in N. H. Nicolas Privy Purse Expenses Elizabeth of York (1830) 113 Also for to make into the same his saide grete Warderobe monysion of all maner of stuff. 1642 Visct. Saye & Sele Speech conc. Bp. of Canterburies Petition 3 This munition of such formes upon all men. †3. The action or an act of fortifying or defending something. Also: a fortification, a defensive structure; anything that serves as a defence or protection. Also in extended use. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > [noun] workeOE forcementa1382 strengtha1382 strengthinga1382 warding1382 closurea1400 bulwarkc1418 propugnaclea1460 fortification1489 munition?c1500 tuition1513 fortifying1523 furniture1577 munificence1596 bloccuz1600 burg-ward1753 propugnaculum1864 society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > [noun] > construction of defensive works strengthingc1384 warnestoringc1386 munition?c1500 fortification1562 defences1569 ensconcing1590 munifience1596 refortification1598 garrisoning1681 fortifying1719 forting1756 obstacling1882 ?c1500 J. Blount tr. N. Upton Essent. Portions De Studio Militari (1931) 3 Thow schalt not hynder thy sp[e]ciall lorde in eny soche secret cowncell as he pattythe the In truste wythe, nor in eny munitions or savegardes that he hathe made ffor his defence. 1508 in M. Livingstone Reg. Secreti Sigilli Regum Scotorum (1908) I. 253/2 With battelling, machcoling and all uther maner of defens and munitioun. ?c1550 tr. P. Vergil Eng. Hist. (1846) I. vii. 259 Leavinge a garrison for the munition of the porte hee hasted into Denmarcke. 1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde iii. vi. f. 121^v The situation of the place, hath no natural munition or defense. 1565 J. Calfhill Aunswere Treat. Crosse f. 39 Let vs enter into the walled cities, The battayles of the Heretiques doe arise, Let the munitions of Christ holde vs. 1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage 598 The inhabitants..haue the middest of the Groue fortified with a triple wall. The first munition containeth the Kings Pallace; the second [etc.]. 1618 G. Chapman tr. Hesiod Georgicks i. ii Then put thy body's best munition on, Soft waistcoats. a1619 S. Daniel Funerall Poeme Earle of Devonshyre 351 With what munition he did fortifie His heart. 1675 T. Turner Case Bankers & Creditors (ed. 2) 39 Such was the Care of our Ancestors..in the Munition and Fencing about of their Rights and Properties. a1716 R. South Serm. Several Occasions (1744) VII. 75 The inward firmness of one must be corroborated by the exterior munitions of the other. 1791 W. Cowper tr. Homer Iliad in Iliad & Odyssey I. i. 357 Achilles.., whose might, the chief munition is of all our host. 1816 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. (1818) II. xvii. 27 [Ants] unite more intimately for defence against some common enemy, and to raise works of munition that may resist his attack. 1870 J. B. L. Warren Rehearsals 69 No supplication longer will restore That mild god, your old refuge and supreme Munition. 4. a. Military equipment of any kind, as weaponry, ammunition, stores, etc. Now usually in plural. Also munition(s) of war. Cf. sense 4e.In the 16th and 17th centuries the singular form was often used spec. for articles used to charge firearms and ordnance, as powder, shot, shell, etc., for which ammunition is now the more usual term; cf. ammunition n. 1a. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military equipment > [noun] gearc1275 armourc1300 armsc1325 armingc1330 ordnancea1393 armourer?c1400 artilleryc1405 habiliments1422 artry1447 armaturea1460 apparamenta1464 atour1480 munitionc1515 furnishments1559 furniture1569 equipage1579 ammunition?1588 magazine1588 victuals1653 war1667 armament1668 contraband1753 stuff1883 society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > missile > ammunition for firearms > [noun] munitionc1515 artillery1540 ammunition?1588 ammo1911 c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) xx. 58 A grete shyppe,..wel furnyshyd with bysket, wynes and flesshe,..and with monysyons of warre [Fr. ordonnee dartillerie]. 1517 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1903) V. 122 The hail munitioun, viz. pikkis, halbartis, billis, matokkis [etc.]. 1544 in R. G. Marsden Sel. Pleas Court Admiralty (1894) I. 140 All the victelles powder and monycions of the shippe. 1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. lvi They were neyther sufficiently furnished of Munition nor weapons. 1575 T. Churchyard 1st Pt. Chippes f. 98 No maruell thoghe, thear harts with in did quaill Who did..behold Thear powlder faild, thear water waxed skant Thear hoep is small, that doth munishon want. 1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie iii. xxiii. 226 By furnishing him at his neede with store of men and munition to his warres, and now to be thus vsed he thought it a very euill requitall. 1616 J. Bullokar Eng. Expositor Munition, great Ordinance for the warre, great shot. 1624 J. Smith Gen. Hist. Virginia iv. 163 We had of Tooles, Armes, and Munition sufficient. a1639 J. Spottiswood Hist. Church Scotl. (1677) ii. 81 Right against it was all the munition of the Castle planted. 1642 Petition in House Lords 16 Apr. in Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion (1702) I. v. 383 Armes, and Munition for defence of this Kingdom. 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. Munition, or Ammunition, the Provisions wherewith any Place is furnished in order for defence; or wherewith a Vessel is stock'd for a Voyage; or [those] that follow a Camp for its Subsistence. 1818 Cobbett's Weekly Polit. Reg. 33 200 The President states..that they have given aid to neither of the parties in men, money, ships or munitions of war. 1825 W. Scott Talisman vii, in Tales Crusaders IV. 141 De Vaux having been sent to Ascalon to bring up reinforcements and supplies of military munition. 1868 J. E. T. Rogers Man. Polit. Econ. xvii. 223 Gunpowder, firearms, or any other commodity which may be brought within the definition of munitions of war. 1895 S. Crane Red Badge of Courage xii. 123 There seemed to be a great ruck of men and munitions spread about in the forest and in the fields. 1941 D. Thomas Let. 2 Apr. (1985) 478 The boys of the Government will get me making munitions... Clocking in, turning a screw, winding a wheel..every cartridge case means one less Jerry. 1955 Mil. Affairs 19 74 Atomic munitions which give one aircraft the destructive power of 300 TNT-loaded bombers, or considerably more H-weapons, upsets the offensive-defensive balance still more. 1986 Stone's Justices' Man. (ed. 118) III. v. 6252 An aircraft shall not carry any munition of war unless..with the written permission of the Authority. †b. In extended use. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. ccxxxiij That olde enemye of mankynde..layeth to all hys munition. 1631 B. Jonson Staple of Newes i. iii. 33 in Wks. II P. Ca.: Here Master Picklocke, Sir, your man o' Law, And learn'd Atturney, has sent you a Bag of munition. P. Iu.: What is't? P. Ca.: Three hundred pieces. a1634 W. Austin Devotionis Augustinianæ Flamma (1635) 101 Take (after) from the Bodie, all the Munition, that armes, and makes it strong in resisting. 1854 H. D. Thoreau Walden 152 Cellars for the storage of wines and other munitions of peace. 1857 T. Hughes Tom Brown's School Days ii. iv. 295 They carry all their munitions [for birds' nesting] into calling-over. c. Ministry of Munitions n. (in the British government) a ministry which from 1915 to 1921 controlled the manufacture and supply of munitions. Minister of Munitions n. the minister in charge of the Ministry of Munitions. Now historical. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > a or the government > government department or agency > [noun] > with specific responsibility > English or British admiralty1459 ordnance1485 Navy Office1660 navy board1681 patent office1696 excise-office1698 Treasury Office1706 Plantation Office1708 stamp office1710 War Office1721 India Office1787 home office1795 Woods, Forests, and Land Revenues1803 the Stamps1820 Welsh Office1852 W.O.1860 Local Government Board1871 pall-mall1880 Scottish Office1883 Ministry of Munitions1915 War House1925 Min of Ag1946 Mintech1967 DOE1972 Manpower Services Commission1973 1915 Times 26 May 9/6 The Prime Minister has decided that a new Department shall be created, to be called the Ministry of Munitions. 1915 Act 5 & 6 Geo. V c. 54 §4 If the Minister of Munitions considers it expedient..that any establishment in which munitions work is carried on should be subject to the special provisions, [etc.]. 1925 D. Carnegie Hist. Munitions Supply in Canada xxvi. 251 Mr. H. E. Morgan..was sent out to Canada from the Ministry of Munitions. 1957 Encycl. Brit. XV. 963/1 On the formation of the first wartime coalition government in 1915, a major change in organization was made by setting up a ministry of munitions, with David Lloyd George as the first minister. 1993 Jrnl. Mil. Hist. 57 453 Winston Churchill, the First Lord from 1911 through the spring of 1915, and subsequently Minister of Munitions in 1917 and 1918. d. colloquial. In plural. The production of munitions; factories producing munitions. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military equipment > production and development of arms > [noun] > manufacture of firearms and ammunition pyrotechny1579 pyrotechnics1729 gunmaking1846 munition1916 1916 Blackwood's Mag. Feb. 205/1 There is no need at this time to praise the women working on munitions. 1924 B. Gilbert Bly Market 66 I expect..you'll be leaving the schooling and go to the munitions. 1935 A. J. Cronin Stars look Down ii. vii. 301 There was a future in munitions... They were going to put up a line of sheds..filling sheds. 1958 Econ. Jrnl. 68 110 There were also large overtime earnings to be made by those working on munitions and in other occupations. 1991 K. Dayus Where there's Life (ed. 2) 103 Liza left as well and got a job on the munitions with Sally Buckley. e. In singular. An item of military equipment; a weapon, esp. a missile. ΚΠ 1962 Ordnance Techn. Terminol. (U.S. Army Ordnance School) 282/1 Smoke pot, a cylindrical metal munition designed to produce smoke for screening or signalling purposes. 1992 C. McInnes in J. Baylis & N. J. Rengger Dilemmas World Polit. v. 141 The anti-tank guided munition..first made an impact in the 1973 Middle East War. 2000 Econ. Affairs 20 25/1 Originally, the US attempted to prevent the use of strong encryption by foreign governments. The export of the technology was prevented under US laws that classed it as a munition. Compounds C1. a. With first element in singular form (in modern use largely superseded by compounds employing the plural form: see Compounds 2). munition dump n. ΚΠ 1934 Amer. Jrnl. Inernat. Law 28 191 In the explosion of munition dumps, and misguided shots by policemen, the theory of risk has been added to explain reparation. 1997 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 14 Aug. 34/1 In the ‘meltdown’ districts, the gangs looted the army barracks and munition dumps. munition factory n. ΚΠ 1909 Westm. Gaz. 9 Oct. 2/2 In 1895 he visited the chief firearm and munition factories of France. 1999 Grimsby Evening Tel. (Electronic ed.) 31 Dec. Some [women] experienced the workplace for the first time during munition factory jobs in the war. munition-maker n. ΚΠ 1916 Home Compan. 12 Aug. 16/1 This is my last chat to you, little mother munition-makers. 1991 Washington Times (Nexis) 12 Dec. a3 Many members were convinced munition-makers and bankers tricked the nation into World War I. munition-making n. ΚΠ 1916 ‘B. Cable’ Doing their Bit 24 No man or lathe or tool that can be turned to munition-making is possibly doing anything else. 1994 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 24 Feb. 2 Machine tool manufacturers believed Mr Clark, former trade minister, had given them ‘a nod and a wink’ to keep exporting munition-making equipment to Iraq. munition work n. ΚΠ 1916 ‘B. Cable’ Doing their Bit 40 Anything less promising of munition work it would be hard to find. 1992 Toronto Star (Nexis) 29 Apr. a4 Thousands of women are now employed in Toronto factories on munition work. munition worker n. ΚΠ 1915 Daily Sketch 18 Aug. 2 (heading) Badges for the volunteer munition worker. 1992 S. Hollaway Courage High! xv. 123 Suitable protective clothing for munition workers. munition works n. ΚΠ 1915 Times 30 Sept. 4/5 (headline) Shell fired by the King. Visit to munition works in Sheffield. 1995 Arizona Republic (Nexis) 7 May ve3 We pulled into Pilsen at 8 in the morning, captured the munition works and liberated the breweries. b. munition bread n. [Compare Middle French pain de munition (1562)] now rare bread supplied to soldiers as rations. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military organization > logistics > [noun] > provision or procurement of supplies > supplies > ration munition-wine1603 munition bread1629 ration1687 estapa1753 1629 tr. S. Pelegromius Descr. S'hertogenbosh 50 The Gouernours diuided also mu [n] ition bread amongst the needy Burgers. 1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. Munition bread, contract or commissariat bread. 1931 Science 74 456 Another dog ate exclusively military or munition bread; his health continued perfectly good. munition girl n. British colloquial (now historical) = munitionette n. ΚΠ 1916 M. Cosens (title) Lloyd George's munition girls. 1993 Daily Mail (Nexis) 6 Nov. 28 By mid-afternoon London was bursting at the seams. Lorry-loads of munition girls came in from the factories in packed buses. munition house n. now historical a building used to store munitions; an ammunition house. ΚΠ 1539–40 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1907) VII. 346 I dur strikkin furtht in the est end of the munitioun hous. 1569 in J. D. Marwick Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1875) III. 263 To put in the samyn [pikis] in the townys mvnition hous quhair thay war of before. 1618 in J. Imrie & J. G. Dunbar Accts. Masters of Wks. (1982) II. 95 At the redding of the munitioun hous quhen the peices were drawin in. 1650 J. Reynolds Flower of Fidelitie vii. 180 They hied to the Kings munition-house, and there chose each of them a green Armour of Velvet. 1984 J. Gifford et al. Edinburgh i. 88 Designs..for re-casting the New Barracks and the Munition House and Ordnance Stores in a style more French château than Scottish castle. munition ship n. a ship used to carry munitions. ΚΠ 1688 N. Boteler Sea-Dialogues 383 What shall become of the munition ships, and of the victuallers? 1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Munition-Ships, such Vessels as are employ'd to carry ammunition &c. and to tend upon a Fleet of Men of War. 1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. Munition ships, those which carry the naval stores for a fleet, as distinguished from the victuallers. 1987 Washington Post (Nexis) 30 Sept. a3 The pontoon causeways were..designed to be carried aboard huge supply and munition ships. † munition-wine n. Obsolete rare wine supplied to soldiers as rations. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military organization > logistics > [noun] > provision or procurement of supplies > supplies > ration munition-wine1603 munition bread1629 ration1687 estapa1753 1603 J. Florio tr. M. de Montaigne Ess. i. xxxv. 113 So hard frosts, that their munition-wines were faine to be cut and broken with hatchets. C2. With first element in plural form (including many counterparts of the singular forms at Compounds 1); now becoming the predominant usage. munitions dump n. ΚΠ 1941 Amer. Jrnl. Internat. Law 35 141 Four thousand men..laid down military telegraph lines, established machine-gun depots, munitions dumps, etc. 1992 New Yorker 24 Aug. 69/2 Air attacks that..would destroy artillery positions, munitions dumps, and air fields. munitions factory n. ΚΠ 1915 Amer. Jrnl. Internat. Law 9 936 Disturbances in the Bethlehem Schwab's steel and munitions factory. 2001 Ottawa Citizen (Nexis) 24 Feb. a2 While the Sudanese government has announced its intention to build a munitions factory, construction has not yet begun. munitions girl n. ΚΠ 1991 Sunday Times (Nexis) 2 June An affair between a Craiglockhart patient and a munitions girl. 1998 Independent (Nexis) 19 Dec. 11 I will think of the scene for a moment: wrecked houses, dead munitions girls, the water shaking in the river..up to Chelsea. munitions-maker n. ΚΠ 1936 C. A. Beard Devil Theory of War vii. 113 Incidentally, but not to their discredit, munitions makers, bankers and other pushers of foreign trade support this conception of policy. 1999 Arizona Republic (Nexis) 30 Apr. b3 Authorities will gather Tuesday to remove non-hazardous materials from a shed and bunker on a ranch once operated by munitions maker Chuck Byers. munitions-making n. ΚΠ 1916 Monthly Rev. U.S. Bureau Labor Statistics June 23 (title) Labor conditions in munitions making in Great Britain. 1999 Pittsburgh Post-Gaz. (Nexis) 9 May a10 Eric Harris, one of the two killers who ended his own life after the killings, had posted munitions-making instructions on his America Online home page. munitions ship n. ΚΠ 1916 Polit. Sci. Q. 31 44 A German munitions ship, accompanying the submarine, was sunk. 1995 Time Out 9 Aug. 147/1 It's a slangy, jerry-rigged kind of a picture which manages to work in everything from burning munitions ships to voodoo cultists. munitions work n. ΚΠ 1916 Econ. Jrnl. 26 176 The whole of what is now termed munitions work was thus in the hands of a relatively small body of highly skilled men. 2001 Hist. Today (Nexis) Jan. 62 It's a Safeways supermarket now. During the war it would have been used for munitions work. munitions worker n. ΚΠ 1915 W. Owen Let. 16 Oct. (1967) 359 Dr. Rayner says I should become a Munitions Worker at Birmingham. 1994 Our Times Feb. 37/2 They speak of being munitions workers, members of voluntary aid detachments, ambulance drivers, ‘farmerettes’ (women farmers), and nurses. munitions works n. ΚΠ 1915 Times 1 Oct. 9/4 The number of men required for the Navy, Army and munitions works..can be obtained by voluntary means. 2000 Independent (Nexis) 29 Apr. 1 During the First World War, fights at the Gretna munitions works were so bad that the government nationalised the local pubs. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2003; most recently modified version published online June 2022). munitionv. Brit. /mjᵿˈnɪʃn/, U.S. /mjuˈnɪʃ(ə)n/, /mjəˈnɪʃ(ə)n/ Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: munition n. Etymology: < munition n. Compare Middle French, French munitionner (1562), Spanish municionar (1645), Portuguese municionar (17th cent.). 1. a. transitive. To supply with munitions. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military equipment > arming or equipping with weapons > arm or equip [verb (transitive)] weaponc1000 aturnc1220 armc1275 atil1297 attire1297 enarmc1320 apparelc1325 tirec1330 garnish?a1400 stuff?a1400 gearc1400 relieve1487 to set forthc1515 to arm out1533 munition1579 1579 in D. Masson Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1880) 1st Ser. III. 79 The citie of Carlisle, with ane strong castell and citidaill thairin, weill munitioned. 1640 J. D. Knave in Graine i. i. sig. B2 A Leaguer cannot be planted, mann'd, victuall'd, and munition'd with a small magazine. 1651 J. Howell S.P.Q.V. 102 Twelve Gallies ready rigg'd and munition'd, which his Holiness shall mann for the service of the League. ?1800 W. Sotheby Cambrian Hero v. iv. 78 Our arms are checked, the winter in advance, Snowden munitioned, and th' exulting foe, High raised in spirit. 1888 M. Morris Claverhouse viii. 144 The castles of Stirling and Edinburgh were munitioned for war. 1895 N. Amer. Rev. Mar. 375 England has strongly fortified and completely munitioned stations at Halifax and St. John's. 1917 H. Macfall Germany at Bay xii. 243 When Russia was gunned and munitioned and well railwayed, she was more than a match for the Germans. 1991 Daily Tel. 22 Feb. 2/3 It never had the defence industry necessary to equip or munition its forces. b. transitive. In extended use: to furnish or equip (a room, table, etc.). ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > furniture and fittings > furnish (a house or room) [verb (transitive)] array1366 furnish1650 munition1862 1862 Continental Monthly Mar. 367 One article of furniture..turned out, on raising the lid, to be a wash-stand, amply munitioned with water, towels, and a new piece of soap. 1877 M. Laffan Hon. Miss Ferrard II. ii. 131 Helena's room was very differently munitioned from the pretty chamber she had left. 1929 J. Galsworthy Exiled ii. (stage direct.) A table, sumptuously munitioned with papers and books of reference. 2. intransitive. To do munition work; to work in a munitions factory. rare. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military equipment > production and development of arms > produce or develop arms [verb (intransitive)] > work in munition factory munition1916 1916 ‘B. Cable’ Doing their Bit 23 A man cast for a commission and refused for the ranks a year ago on account of his eyes has ‘gone munitioning’. 1939 P. G. Chadwick Death Guard v. 172 Why was I there, munitioning, blacklegging, slaving as though my bread depended on it? This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1448v.1579
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munitionn.

Compounds

munitionv.