单词 | molar |
释义 | molarn.adj.1 A. n. 1. Each of the grinding teeth at the back of a mammal's mouth, typically having a broad occlusal surface and cusps, crescents, or ridges; a molar tooth. In early use only in plural.In humans there are two molars in each quadrant in the deciduous or milk teeth, and three (including the wisdom tooth) in the permanent teeth.See also false molar n. at false adj., adv., and n. Additions, true molar n. at true adj., n., adv., and int. Compounds 1b. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > digestive or excretive organs > digestive organs > mouth > types or spec. teeth > [noun] > molar wang-tootha1000 molara1350 cheek tooth1395 grinder1398 wangc1405 gumc1420 axle-tooth1483 wall-tooth?a1500 gum-tooth1535 chock-tooth1591 jaw-tooth1601 chaw-tooth1678 mill tooth1731 molendinar1823 true molar1825 false molar1827 premolar1842 bicuspid1876 a1350 Gloss. W. de Bibbesworth (Cambr.) 76 (MED) Molares. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 46 Ten oþir [teeth]..ben broode & hatte molares, grinders, abel to grinde mete. ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 12v In somme men þer ben noȝt founden bot 28 [teeth] viz...2 caininez, 8 molarez & 2 casales. ?1541 R. Copland Guy de Chauliac's Questyonary Cyrurgyens ii. sig. Fjv In some is founde .xxxij .xvj. [teeth] in euery Jawe. And in other is founde but [x]xviij. That is to wyt, two douales, two quadruples .viij. molares, and two cassalles [L. duo duales: duo quadrupli: et duo canini: et viii. molares et duo caysales]. 1671 J. Webster Metallographia ix. 140 Two or three of the molares or grinding teeth of an old Cow. 1768 Philos. Trans. 1767 (Royal Soc.) 57 465 None of the molares, or grinding teeth of elephants, are discovered with these tusks. 1834 H. McMurtrie tr. G. Cuvier Animal Kingdom (abridged ed.) 50 The canini have two roots, which causes them to partake of the nature of false molars. 1855 W. S. Dallas in Syst. Nat. Hist. II. 494 The true molars are furnished with sharply tubercular crowns. 1881 St. G. Mivart Cat 29 Behind the third premolar is an exceedingly small tooth, which is called a true molar. 1915 W. Cather Song of Lark i. viii. 60 She finally had the molar pulled, though it was a second tooth and should have been saved. 1937 Life 13 Sept. 55/1 (advt.) Decay had penetrated so far into a molar that a focal infection had set in. 1993 A. R. Siddons Hill Towns (1994) v. 110 They'll steal the fillings out of your back molars if they get a chance. 2. A fish's tooth with a rounded or flat surface. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > fish > parts of fish > [noun] > tooth or parts of tooth osteodentine1849 molar1880 tritor1889 1880 A. Günther Introd. Study of Fishes 344 In all the species the dentition consists of perfectly flat molars, forming a kind of mosaic pavement. 1905 East London Daily Disp. (S. Afr.) 6 Nov. 7/4 Judging by the enormous incisors, and the perfect pavement of rounded molars with which the jaws of these white steenbras are armed, these fish live largely upon shell-fish. 1931 E. G. Boulenger Fishes i. 19 The big Sea Cat, or Wolf Blenny (Anarhichas), has big incisors, tigerish canines, and pavement-like molars that crack up the largest Lobsters and Scallops. 1954 K. H. Barnard S. Afr. Shore-life 58 The Biskop or ‘Brusher’ of Natal, the White Stumpnose, Dasje and Wilde Paard have..strong back molars to grind them [sc. mollusc shells] up. 1981 Science 13 Mar. 1151 Many fish of the region are evolutionarily adapted to these conditions, having molars to crunch nuts. 3. Entomology. = mola n.1 3. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > parts of insects > [noun] > head > mouth-parts or trophi > mandible(s) > basal projection or surface of mola1826 molar1892 1892 J. B. Smith in Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 19 84 Another of the basal pieces,..I propose to call the molar, or grinder... In the present species the molars are ridged and dissimilar. 1906 J. B. Smith Explan. Terms Entomol. 85 When the mandible is compound, the molar corresponds to the subgalea of the maxilla. B. adj.1 1. a. Designating a molar (sense A. 1), as molar tooth. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > fish > parts of fish > [adjective] > of teeth molar1626 cardiform1834 molary1835 villiform1846 ciliiform1849 ctenoid1872 the world > animals > mammals > [adjective] > of parts of > of teeth molar1626 molary1835 homoeodont1888 metaconal1896 taurodont1915 the world > life > the body > digestive or excretive organs > digestive organs > mouth > types or spec. teeth > [adjective] > molar molar1626 molary1689 premolar1851 1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §752 The Back-Teeth, which we call the Molar-Teeth, or Grinders. a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Chesh. 172 How necessary these [sc. mill stones] are for mans sustenance, is proved by the painful experience of such aged persons, who wanting their Molare Teeth must make use of their Gums for Grinders. 1728 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. Molar Teeth (i.e. Grinders), the five outmost Teeth on either side of the Mouth. 1808 T. Jefferson Let. 14 July in Writings (1984) 1191 A fragment of the upper-jaw with one molar tooth much worn. 1871 C. Darwin Descent of Man I. i. 36 It appears as if the posterior molar or wisdom-teeth were tending to become rudimentary in the more civilised races of man. 1888 G. Rolleston & W. H. Jackson Forms Animal Life (ed. 2) 12 The number of molar teeth is greater in the Hare and Rabbit than in any other Rodents. 1955 R. Macintosh & M. Ostlere Local Analgesia Head & Neck xv. 113 A nerve block is indicated, too, in the case of lower molar teeth. 1987 I. McEwan Child in Time iv. 76 Molar teeth and secondary sexual characteristics make their appearance at roughly the same time. b. Of or relating to a molar tooth or molar teeth. ΚΠ 1828 R. Knox tr. H. Cloquet Syst. Human Anat. 596 At the back part, between the masseter and buccinator muscles, are two small bodies formed of the assemblage of..these follicles. They are designated by the name of Molar Glands [Fr. Glandes molaires], because the orifice of their excretory duct is situated opposite the last molar tooth. 1840 R. Owen in Proc. Geol. Soc. 3 163 The resemblance of the molar division..in the new genus..and the Chæropotamus, is sufficiently close. a1884 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. Suppl. 613/2 Molar Forceps, heavy forceps for extracting the molars. 1891 New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon at Molar Molar glands, two or three of the larger buccal glands... They open by separate ducts near the last molar teeth. 1936 Dental Cosmos 78 797/1 This type of molar dentition. 1999 Nature 23 Sept. 363/2 Morphometric analysis and character comparisons show..that its molar structure is primitive (and thus phylogenetically uninformative). ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > grinding or pounding > [adjective] pestling1616 comminuting1776 triturating1822 molar1844 pounding1894 tritural1901 1844 Civil Engineer & Architect's Jrnl. 7 401/2 The peculiar mechanical power which streams employ in forming their channels by the operation of cataracts,..the molar or grinding process, most common in mountainous countries. 2. Entomology. Of or relating to the mola of an insect's mandible. Cf. mola n.1 3. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > parts of insects > [adjective] > of head > relating to or forming trophi > provided with mandibles > of or relating to surface of projection on molar1879 1879 Trans. Entomol. Soc. London 152 In..other ‘Rove-beetles’,..no molar process is developed. 1935 R. E. Snodgrass Princ. Insect Morphol. 139 Surface differentiated into a distal toothed incisor lobe and a proximal molar lobe. 1969 R. F. Chapman Insects i. 15 Often the biting surface is differentiated into a more distal incisor region and a proximal molar region. 1988 Zool. Jrnl. Linn. Soc. 94 100 Other parts of the mandible, such as the collembolan molar plate, may be more variable but are much more difficult to quantify. Derivatives ˈmolar-like adj. resembling (that of) a molar tooth. ΚΠ 1870 Nature 28 Apr. 662/2 Wombat-like Wallabies, with the premolars compact, rounded, and molar-like. 1986 A. S. Romer & T. S. Parsons Vertebr. Body (ed. 6) xi. 345 The premolars generally remain simpler than the molars in cusp pattern. In certain herbivores, however, they are ‘molarized’, that is, assume a molar-like cusp pattern. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2002; most recently modified version published online March 2022). molaradj.2 Medicine. Relating to or of the nature of a mole or abnormal mass within the uterus (see mole n.4). Cf. mola n.1 1. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > disorders of pregnancy or birth > [adjective] > false conception or pregnancy molar1822 pseudopregnant1913 1822 J. M. Good Study Med. IV. 261 Simulating pregnancy, from molar concretions. 1896 W. A. Newman Man. Obstetr. ii. i. 221 A gestation thus prematurely ended is termed a false or molar pregnancy. 1939 Surg., Gynecol & Obstetr. 68 70/2 The test may be negative in missed molar abortion. 1966 Jrnl. Endocrinol. & Metabolism 26 1133/2 The changing indices of thyroid function in molar pregnancy resemble those found in normal pregnancy. 1995 Mil. Med. 160 42/1 Complete molar pregnancy occurs in approximately 1/1,200 pregnancies in the United States. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2002; most recently modified version published online March 2022). molaradj.3 1. Of or relating to mass; acting on or by means of large masses of matter. Often contrasted with molecular adj. 1a. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > atomic chemistry > [adjective] > relating to atoms > relating to mass molar1871 1871 J. Tyndall Fragm. Sci. xiv. 409 This cleavage is..molar, not molecular. 1875 H. Spencer First Princ. (ed. 3) ii. v. §55. 181 The molar motion which disappears when a bell is struck by its clapper, reappears in the bell's vibrations. 1903 F. W. H. Myers Human Personality II. 509 This apparently molar world consists..of at least two interpenetrating environments, molecular and etherial. 1937 S. P. E. Tract (Soc. for Pure Eng.) No. XLVIII. 285 We want a word which the dictionary would describe as ‘of, or pertaining to, bulk’, and the best seems to be molar. 1956 A. A. Townsend Struct. Turbulent Shear Flow i. 1 The high rates of transport are due to turbulent diffusive movements on the molar rather than the molecular scale. 2. Psychology. Designating a large-scale unit of behaviour, esp. an integrated set of responses serving to bring about a common goal, as distinguished from an elementary unit of behaviour such as a physiological response (cf. molecular adj. 5); of or relating to (the study of) such behaviour. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > psychology > behaviourism > [adjective] > relating to unit of behaviour > larger molar1925 1925 C. D. Broad Mind & its Place xiv. 616 I will lump together all such changes under the name of ‘molar behaviour’, as contrasted with ‘molecular behaviour’. 1932 E. C. Tolman Purposive Behavior I. i. 7 On the one hand, he [sc. J. B. Watson] has defined behavior in terms of its strict physical and physiological details, i.e., in terms of receptor-process, conductor-process, and effector-process per se. We shall designate this as the molecular definition of behavior. And on the other hand, he has come to recognize..that behavior..is more than and different from the sum of its physiological parts. Behavior..has descriptive and defining properties of its own. And we shall designate this latter as the molar definition of behavior. 1946 C. Morris Signs, Lang. & Behavior ii. 55 Behavioristics naturally attempts to supplement its description of behavior in molar or macroscopic terms. 1971 Jrnl. Gen. Psychol. 84 157 Attention has been concentrated on those papers which do not support the notion that single cell behavior is reflected in molar behavior. 1993 M. Benedikt Cyberspace 178 Multiple and mutual individual adjustments of position can multiply into unpredictable molar patterns of group behavior, as researchers in ‘artificial life’ often detail. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2002; most recently modified version published online March 2022). molaradj.4 Physical Chemistry. 1. Of or relating to one mole of a substance. Cf. molecular adj. 1c. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > units or measurements > [adjective] > of or relating to moles molecular1867 molar1902 molal1908 1902 A. Findlay tr. W. Ostwald Princ. Inorg. Chem. vi. 89 The ratio of the weight of a given gas to that of an equal volume of the normal gas under the same conditions, is called its molecular weight or its molar weight [Ger. Normalgewicht (1900)]. Since the former name has been derived from certain hypothetical notions regarding the constitution of the gases, notions which are not essential to the actual facts, we shall give preference to the name molar weight although, at present, the other is still the one most used. 1946 J. R. Partington Gen. & Inorg. Chem. i. 7 This is called the molar volume Vm, and Avogadro's hypothesis shows that it is the same for all substances. 1962 P. J. Durrant & B. Durrant Introd. Adv. Inorg. Chem. xi. 303 If both sides of the equation are multiplied by the molecular weight M and divided by the density ρ, (k − 1)M/(k + 2)ρ = 4/ 3 πNα = PM where N is Avogadro's number and PM is known as the molar polarisation. 1978 P. W. Atkins Physical Chem. i. 33 The volume occupied by 1 mol of gas is called the molar volume and denoted Vm. 1991 Acta Metallurgica et Materialia 39 2565/1 The molar Gibbs energy of the copper-rich solid solution phase. 2. Of a solution: containing one mole, or a specified number of moles, of solute per litre of solution. Of a concentration: expressed in terms of these quantities. Cf. molal adj. 2. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > units or measurements > [adjective] > of or relating to moles > specifically of a solution molal1923 molar1927 1927 C. J. Engelder Textbk. Elem. Qualitative Analysis 1. 4 Thus 34·468 grams of HCl or 58·46 grams of NaCl, dissolved and diluted to one liter, are molar solutions of these compounds. 1946 Nature 26 Oct. 585/1 The molar concentration required to produce a given effect is approximately one third that of the preceding member [of a homologous series]. 1960 F. G. Mann & B. C. Saunders Pract. Org. Chem. (ed. 4) ii. 91 Add 20 ml. of a freshly prepared molar (i.e., 2N) solution..of sodium hypochlorite. 1970 Man. Symbols & Terminol. Physicochem. Quantities & Units (I.U.P.A.C.) 12 A solution with a concentration of 0·1 mol dm−3 is often called a 0·1 molar solution. 1987 W. Percy Thanatos Syndrome (1988) iv. iv. 316 The reagent was stenciled on the side. Sodium 24. Concentration? Molar. I see. Compounds molar refraction n. = molar refractivity n. ΚΠ 1912 W. W. Taylor tr. W. Ostwald Outl. Gen. Chem. (ed. 3) ix. 230 For stoichiometric purposes, the refractive index referred to unit mass..is multiplied by the molar weight m... This molar refraction is R = m(n − 1)/d, or R = m(n2 − 10/(n2 + 2)d. 2005 T. Blythe & D. Bloor Electr. Properties of Polymers (ed. 2) ii. 38 To a first approximation the molar refraction of a given molecule may be predicted by taking the sum of contributions from its various parts. molar refractivity n. a quantity calculated from a function of the refractive index of a substance multiplied by its molecular weight and divided by its density, which can be taken as a measure of the volume occupied by a molecule of the substance.The function of the refractive index is now usually expressed as n2 − 1/ n2 + 1, where n is the refractive index, so that the molar refractivity is n2 − 1/ n2 + 1 × M/ d.The concept originated with J. H. Gladstone and T. P. Dale in 1863, who introduced the quantity n − 1/ d (cf. quot. 1912 for molar refraction n.), calling it ‘specific refractive energy’ ( Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 153 320). ΚΠ 1926 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 12 463 A rough comparison of different gases can also be made because for electrons of the same velocity, q2/α should be constant, or since α is proportional to the molar refractivity, P, q2/P should be constant. 1933 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 142 183 In the case of pure liquids the refractive indices are given in full..but for the solutions, for the sake of brevity, only the molar refractivities of the solutes at λ = 5893 A. (Na) and λ = ∞ are given. 2007 Solid State Communic. 144 129/2 Mn (ionic radius: 0.66 Å) must substitute for In (ionic radius: 0.81 Å) as the molar refractivity of an ion is proportional to the cube of its radius and acceptors substituting for P have not been found in bulk InP. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2002; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.adj.1a1350adj.21822adj.31871adj.41902 |
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